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Mastitis</span></div></div></header><div class="site-inner"><div class="content-sidebar-wrap"><main class="content"><article class="post-15225 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail category-animal-health-and-agrigenomics tag-animal-health tag-bovine-mastitis tag-m-bovis tag-pcr entry" aria-label="The Importance of Sensitivity and Specificity in Diagnosing Bovine Mastitis"><header class="entry-header"><h1 class="entry-title">The Importance of Sensitivity and Specificity in Diagnosing Bovine Mastitis</h1> <span class="post-info-author"> By <a href="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/author/behind-the-bench-staff/" title="Posts by Behind The Bench Staff" rel="author">Behind The Bench Staff</a> </span> <span class="post-info-date"> 06.14.2021 </span> </header><div class="entry-content"><p><img decoding="async" class="aligncenter wp-image-15237 size-full" title="PCR offers specificity and sensitivity for bovine mastitis diagnosis" src="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/behindthebench/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/2021/06/PG2321-PJT6891-COL115142-EP2-Mastitis-Blog-Banners-GLOBAL-F_Social-2-1200x628_0002_Layer-1-1.jpg" alt="free range dairy cows grazing in green pasture" width="1200" height="628" srcset="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/behindthebench/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/2021/06/PG2321-PJT6891-COL115142-EP2-Mastitis-Blog-Banners-GLOBAL-F_Social-2-1200x628_0002_Layer-1-1.jpg 1200w, https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/behindthebench/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/2021/06/PG2321-PJT6891-COL115142-EP2-Mastitis-Blog-Banners-GLOBAL-F_Social-2-1200x628_0002_Layer-1-1-300x157.jpg 300w, https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/behindthebench/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/2021/06/PG2321-PJT6891-COL115142-EP2-Mastitis-Blog-Banners-GLOBAL-F_Social-2-1200x628_0002_Layer-1-1-1024x536.jpg 1024w, https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/behindthebench/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/2021/06/PG2321-PJT6891-COL115142-EP2-Mastitis-Blog-Banners-GLOBAL-F_Social-2-1200x628_0002_Layer-1-1-768x402.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px" /></p> <p>Have you ever received a “no growth” result in a bacterial culture when trying to <a title="Bovine Mastitis Diagnosis Has Never Been This Fast and Easy" href="https://www.thermofisher.com/us/en/home/industrial/animal-health/bovine-cattle-diagnostic-solutions/bovine-diseases/bovine-mastitis.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">diagnose mastitis</a>? About 40–50% of clinically abnormal milk samples tested with traditional culture will come back with a “no growth” result, leaving dairy farmers right where they started—with a mastitic cow and no diagnosis for accurate treatment.</p> <h2>Sensitivity and Specificity for Accurate Disease Diagnosis</h2> <p>A diagnostic test with high sensitivity and specificity is the key to solving this problem. Sensitivity and specificity are measures of a diagnostic test’s ability to correctly classify an animal as having a disease or not having a disease.</p> <h3>High Sensitivity Means Fewer Positive Cases Are Missed</h3> <p>Sensitivity describes the ability to designate an animal with a disease as positive; if the diagnostic test is highly sensitive, it has few false-negative results, so fewer positive cases are missed.</p> <h3>High Specificity Means Few False-Positive Results</h3> <p>Specificity refers to the ability to identify an animal that does not have a disease as negative; if a test has high specificity, there are fewer false-positive results. It’s ideal to use a test that has both high sensitivity and high specificity.</p> <h2>M. Bovis Pathogen is Difficult to Culture</h2> <p>Some economically damaging mastitis pathogens like <em>Mycoplasma bovis</em> (<em>M. bovis</em>) are more difficult to identify than other pathogens. <em>M. bovis</em> is not an easy pathogen to culture because it’s highly delicate and can take up to 10 days to incubate. Unfortunately, many laboratories don’t have the capability to transport, handle, isolate and culture <em>M. bovis</em>, given its fragile nature.</p> <h3>Diagnosis by Culture Can Lead to Inaccurate Diagnoses</h3> <h4>There are multiple points of potential failure in the diagnosis by culture process.</h4> <p>With culture, it’s necessary to use a specialized transfer medium for <em>Mycoplasma</em> and transport the <em>M. bovis</em> sample to the lab quickly; otherwise, growth may be compromised. Plus, experts say lab staff must know exactly what they are looking for when it comes to <em>M. bovis</em>. Diagnosis by culture is a rather subjective process, which can further lead to inaccurate diagnoses. For all these reasons, it’s very difficult to get an accurate result for <em>M. bovis</em> using a standard culture technique. <em> </em></p> <h3>No Growth is Not a Failed Sample</h3> <h4>It means the culture did not identify the pathogen.</h4> <p>Farmers often think of a “no growth” result as a failed sample. However, a “no growth” result simply means the culture grown didn’t identify the pathogen. The clinical or subclinical mastitis could be caused by a variety of issues, including:</p> <ul> <li>A gram-negative pathogen</li> <li>An intermittent <strong><em>Staphylococcus aureus</em></strong> shedder</li> <li>A mycoplasma that is too delicate and didn’t survive transport to the laboratory</li> </ul> <h3>Knowing Pathogen Load is Critical</h3> <p>With culture, it’s common for a few pathogens to grow large colonies that dominate the dish, prohibiting the growth of other pathogens. Unfortunately, fast-growing pathogens aren’t necessarily the most important or the only pathogens to target. Knowing and understanding the full pathogen load is critical to solving a farmer’s mastitis infection rate in the herd.</p> <h3>Diagnosis by Culture Can Cost Farmers Time and Money</h3> <h4>No growth result requires extra testing, delays in diagnosis and risk of further herd infection.</h4> <p>The real downside to a “no growth” result is that it costs farmers time and money—time because additional testing will be required to get a conclusive result, and money because during the culture growth time, <em>M. bovis</em> and other mastitis-causing pathogens may spread to other cows, causing a negative economic impact on a farmer’s bottom line. Also, antibiotics administered to cows with mastitis could result in a “no growth” result, and the farmer is left unsure whether the cow had mastitis or the antibiotic cleared the pathogen. It’s critical to know what pathogen you are dealing with to help make the best mastitis treatment or management decision.</p> <p><strong>Related</strong>: <a title="Protect herd health and productivity with PCR" href="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/behindthebench/protect-herd-health-and-productivity-with-pcr/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Protect Herd Health and Productivity With Real-Time PCR</a></p> <h2>PCR Offers Numerous Advantages Over Diagnosis by Culture</h2> <div style="width: 510px" class="wp-caption alignright"><img decoding="async" class="alignright" style="float: right;margin: 5px" title="PCR offers specificity and sensitivity" src="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/behindthebench/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/2021/06/cdc-rhcnmh9vlmw-unsplash-1-scaled.jpg" alt="Hands wearing green gloves fill pipettes in a lab" width="500" height="375" /><p class="wp-caption-text">Photo credit: CDC</p></div> <h3>Choose PCR for Fast, Accurate Diagnosis and Ease of Use</h3> <ul> <li>Real-time PCR delivers highly accurate results with low levels of false-positive or false-negative results.</li> <li>PCR doesn’t require a viable organism; only DNA is needed to get a reliable result.</li> <li>Real-time PCR diagnostic tests provide mastitis results in 2.5 to 3 hours and can be relayed to the farmer the same day. Culture results can take up to 10 days.</li> <li>The quick and accurate results of PCR can help to mitigate the spread of disease and potential economic loss, especially when testing for highly contagious mastitis pathogens that may require culling the herd.</li> <li>PCR can identify DNA from viable, dead or growth-inhibited pathogens.</li> <li>Results from a PCR test can provide detection of multiple mastitis-causing pathogens and offer more information to farmers and veterinarians to be able to monitor, track, and identify pathogen load over time in a herd using historical data.</li> </ul> <p><strong>Related</strong>: <a title="Real-Time PCR for Fast Results in Diagnosing Bovine Mastitis" href="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/behindthebench/diagnosing-bovine-mastitis-real-time-pcr-for-fast-results/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Diagnosing Bovine Mastitis: Real-Time PCR for Fast Results</a></p> <h3>PCR Provides Many Advantages</h3> <h4>Early detection of M. Bovis keeps disease off the farm and out of the herd.</h4> <p>One of the biggest risk factors of <em>M. bovis</em> transmission is the introduction of new cows to the herd. With the ability to detect infections before clinical signs have developed, PCR can offer buyers the opportunity to screen new additions to the herd and increase their biosecurity by keeping disease off the farm and out of the herd. It also helps to identify and remove those animals with persistent, subclinical infections, which continue to infect other cows in the herd.</p> <h4>Sample Gathering and Storage Flexibility</h4> <p>PCR can be used with individual cow samples or bulk milk samples, which can be fresh, frozen or preserved. Plus, PCR offers the flexibility to store samples in refrigerators or even in freezers. In contrast, culture samples must be recent and fresh, and are more susceptible to mishandling.</p> <h4>Faster Diagnosis</h4> <p>Overall, PCR allows for a faster diagnosis, which allows the veterinarian and farmer to quickly develop an action plan.</p> <p>Find out more at <a title="Bovine Mastitis Diagnosis Has Never Been This Fast and Easy" href="https://www.thermofisher.com/us/en/home/industrial/animal-health/bovine-cattle-diagnostic-solutions/bovine-diseases/bovine-mastitis.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">thermofisher.com/mastitis</a></p> <p>For veterinary use only. For <em>in vitro</em> use only. 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