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</ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reasons_for_an_interventionist_reporting_style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reasons_for_an_interventionist_reporting_style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Reasons for an interventionist reporting style</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reasons_for_an_interventionist_reporting_style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Journalistic interventionism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="/wiki/Business_journalism" title="Business journalism">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_journalism" title="Data journalism">Data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_journalism" title="Entertainment journalism">Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_journalism" title="Environmental journalism">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_journalism" title="Fashion journalism">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_news" title="Local news">Local</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_journalism" title="Medical journalism">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_journalism" title="Music journalism">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_journalism" title="Political journalism">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_journalism" title="Science journalism">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_journalism" title="Sports journalism">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_journalism" title="Technology journalism">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_reporting" title="Traffic reporting">Traffic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_journalism" title="Video game journalism">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_correspondent" title="War correspondent">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_forecasting" title="Weather forecasting">Weather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_news" title="World news">World</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#efefef;"> Genres</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adversarial_journalism" title="Adversarial journalism">Adversarial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advocacy_journalism" title="Advocacy journalism">Advocacy</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Interventionism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytic_journalism" title="Analytic journalism">Analytic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blog" title="Blog">Blogging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_journalism" title="Broadcast journalism">Broadcast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churnalism" title="Churnalism">Churnalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_journalism" title="Citizen journalism">Citizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_journalism" title="Civic journalism">Civic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_journalism" title="Collaborative journalism">Collaborative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comics_journalism" title="Comics journalism">Comics-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_journalism" title="Community journalism">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_journalism" title="Data journalism">Data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database_journalism" title="Database journalism">Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_journalism" title="Digital journalism">Digital/Online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explanatory_journalism" title="Explanatory journalism">Explanatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fact-checking" title="Fact-checking">Fact-checking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzo_journalism" title="Gonzo journalism">Gonzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human-interest_story" title="Human-interest story">Human-interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immersion_journalism" title="Immersion journalism">Immersion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpretive_journalism" title="Interpretive journalism">Interpretive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investigative_journalism" title="Investigative journalism">Investigative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimedia_journalism" title="Multimedia journalism">Multimedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_journalism" title="Narrative journalism">Narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Journalism" title="New Journalism">New Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-profit_journalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-profit journalism">Non-profit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opinion_journalism" title="Opinion journalism">Opinion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_journalism" title="Peace journalism">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photojournalism" title="Photojournalism">Photojournalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Press_release" title="Press release">Press release</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensor_journalism" title="Sensor journalism">Sensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabloid_journalism" title="Tabloid journalism">Tabloid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_press" title="Underground press">Underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_journalism" title="Video journalism">Video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_journalism" title="Visual journalism">Visual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watchdog_journalism" title="Watchdog journalism">Watchdog</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#efefef;"> Social impact</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news" title="Fake news">Fake news</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Estate" title="Fourth Estate">Fourth Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Estate" title="Fifth Estate">Fifth Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Freedom of the press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infotainment" title="Infotainment">Infotainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_race_journalism" title="Horse race journalism">Horse race journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Media bias</a> (<a href="/wiki/False_balance" title="False balance">False balance</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_desert" title="News desert">News desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink-slime_journalism" title="Pink-slime journalism">Pink-slime journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">Public relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_model" title="Propaganda model">Propaganda model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_journalism" title="Yellow journalism">Yellow journalism</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#efefef;"> <a href="/wiki/News_media" title="News media">News media</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newspaper" title="Newspaper">Newspapers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Newspaper_of_record" title="Newspaper of record">Newspaper of record</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magazine" title="Magazine">Magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_broadcasting" title="News broadcasting">TV and radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_newspaper" title="Online newspaper">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_agency" title="News agency">News agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_media" title="Alternative media">Alternative media</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#efefef;"> Roles</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Journalist" title="Journalist">Journalists (reporters)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columnist" title="Columnist">Columnist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blog" title="Blog">Blogger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Editing" title="Editing">Editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copy_editing" title="Copy editing">Copy editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteorologist" title="Meteorologist">Meteorologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_presenter" title="News presenter">News presenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photojournalism" title="Photojournalism">Photographer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pundit" title="Pundit">Pundit / commentator</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-top:0.1em;border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg/16px-Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg/24px-Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg/32px-Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Journalism" title="Portal:Journalism">Journalism portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Journalism" title="Category:Journalism">Category: Journalism</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Journalism_sidebar" title="Template:Journalism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Journalism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Journalism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Journalism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Journalism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Journalistic interventionism</b> "reflects the extent to which <a href="/wiki/Journalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Journalists">journalists</a> pursue a particular mission and promote certain values".<sup id="cite_ref-HanitzschA_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HanitzschA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Journalists with a high interventionist attitude do not report neutrally and objectively but are engaged in the subjects they are reporting about. An interventionist reporting style aims at influencing <a href="/wiki/Public_opinion" title="Public opinion">public opinion</a>. Moreover, "<a href="/wiki/Journalism_culture" title="Journalism culture">journalism cultures</a> that follow an interventionist approach may act on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/Socially_disadvantaged" class="mw-redirect" title="Socially disadvantaged">socially disadvantaged</a> or as <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mouthpiece" class="extiw" title="wikt:mouthpiece">mouthpiece</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">political party</a> and other groups whose interest are at stake".<sup id="cite_ref-HanitzschA_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HanitzschA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Range_of_journalistic_interventionism">Range of journalistic interventionism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journalistic_interventionism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Range of journalistic interventionism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Journalistic interventionism takes place in <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">politics</a> such as in <a href="/wiki/Election_campaigns" class="mw-redirect" title="Election campaigns">election campaigns</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Peace_journalism" title="Peace journalism">peace journalism</a>. Thomas Hanitzsch, associate professor of Communication Studies and Media Research at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Munich" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Munich">University of Munich</a>, proposes a continuum on which the degree of interventionism is measured. "The intervention pole of the continuum becomes manifest in role models like the 'participant', 'advocate', and 'missionary'" with journalists taking a more active role in their reporting.<sup id="cite_ref-HanitzschA_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HanitzschA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are two factors that interrelate interventionism and <a href="/wiki/Journalism_culture" title="Journalism culture">journalistic culture</a>: Distance to power holders and <a href="/wiki/Market_orientation" title="Market orientation">market orientation</a>. Journalists with distance to power holders are expected to be more skeptical whereas journalists with close proximity to power holders tend to be more defensive of them and do not intervene as much as the skeptical journalist.<sup id="cite_ref-HanitzschA_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HanitzschA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Journalists in a market-oriented news culture, on the other hand, perceive citizens as consumers. In contrast, journalists in a public-interest culture are less market-oriented and regard their audience as citizens rather than consumers. They "produce news in regard to the democratic needs of society" and are less interventionist.<sup id="cite_ref-Esser_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Esser-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The "critical change agent", one of the four professional journalistic milieus that Hanitzsch suggests, tends to "emphasize the importance of advocating social change, influencing public opinion and setting the <a href="/wiki/Political_agenda" title="Political agenda">political agenda</a>" and serves as an example of an interventionist reporting style.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The degree of interventionism in journalistic reporting varies across different countries. In a study conducted by Hanitzsch et al. that interviewed 2100 professional journalists from 18 countries, it turned out that journalists from non-western contexts tend to be more interventionist in their role perceptions and more flexible in their ethical views. According to this study, 73% of the Egyptian journalists and 68% of the Turkish journalists regard themselves as "critical change agent" and thus as rather interventionist. In Germany, only 10% and in the USA 21% of the journalists regard themselves as "critical change agent".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Generally, "high interventionism is found in a journalistic culture that is labeled 'pragmatic'".<sup id="cite_ref-Esser_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Esser-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a pragmatic news culture, only political material with a high news value will be included into <a href="/wiki/News_programs" class="mw-redirect" title="News programs">news programs</a> whereas other political material will be excluded. Moreover, candidates' statements are used as raw material out of which the journalist then constructs his or her own story.<sup id="cite_ref-Esser_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Esser-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interventionism_in_election_campaigns">Interventionism in election campaigns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journalistic_interventionism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Interventionism in election campaigns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting" title="Broadcasting">broadcasting</a> of election campaigns, journalists intervene in the process of political change when they, for instance, navigate the <a href="/wiki/Politician" title="Politician">politician</a>'s amount of speech. Generally, journalistic interventionism is most likely to occur in a political communication culture that is media-oriented.<sup id="cite_ref-Pfetsch_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pfetsch-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Here, politicians or political <a href="/wiki/Spokesperson" title="Spokesperson">spokespersons</a> "have to accept the maxims of media production as their own rules if they are to be in any position at all to communicate their messages".<sup id="cite_ref-Pfetsch_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pfetsch-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a consequence, there emerges a tendency towards a "personalization of politics, a preference for political human-touch aspects, and a predilection for visual and (television) dramaturgical <a href="/wiki/Infotainment" title="Infotainment">infotainment</a> formats".<sup id="cite_ref-Pfetsch_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pfetsch-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Frank Esser, professor of International and Comparative Media at the University of Zurich, conducted a research about the length of sound and image bites (short quotations and visual images of politicians on television news) in order to analyze journalistic intervention. </p><p>Esser shows in his work which factors influence journalistic intervention in the broadcasting of election campaigns (in different national contexts). In professional journalism, the media structure as well as the political structure have influence on the extent of journalistic interventionism.<sup id="cite_ref-Esser_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Esser-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to this model, interventionism occurs in a <a href="/wiki/Political_culture" title="Political culture">political culture</a> in which public opinion is distrustful of political institutions. Generally, interventionism most likely occurs when the media has achieved a high status of independence, especially from political control.<sup id="cite_ref-Esser_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Esser-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, the sound bites of politicians in an interventionist report tend to be rather short whereas those from the journalists tend to be longer. High interventionism in an election campaign also leads to "a smaller amount of election news coverage in general".<sup id="cite_ref-Esser_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Esser-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an interventionist reporting style, journalism becomes more focused on journalists instead on the politicians or the subject they report about, and thus journalists "increase their <a href="/wiki/Social_influence" title="Social influence">influence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">authority</a>, and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/prestige" class="extiw" title="wikt:prestige">prestige</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Esser_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Esser-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, media interventionism is high when journalists convey the content of election campaigns in their own words.<sup id="cite_ref-Dimitrova_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dimitrova-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jesper Strömbäck, professor of Media and Communication at the Mid Sweden University and Daniela V. Dimitrova, assistant professor at the Greenlee School of Journalism and Communication at the Iowa State University, developed indicators with which the degree of journalistic interventionism can be measured in, for instance, election campaigns.<sup id="cite_ref-Dimitrova_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dimitrova-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They found the following indicators relevant: </p> <ol><li>The length of the politician's speech parts (determined by the journalist).</li> <li>The degree of the journalist's visibility: "The more journalists are visible – for example through stand-ups or anchors interviewing reporters live or in studio – the more they insert themselves between viewers and that which the news content is ostensibly about".<sup id="cite_ref-Dimitrova_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dimitrova-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The extent to which politicians are granted the wrap-up, this means the concluding speech part.</li> <li>Lip flaps; that means that the journalists voice drowns the politician's voice and thus "is in effect silencing the politicians".<sup id="cite_ref-Dimitrova_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dimitrova-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The framing of a <a href="/wiki/Canvass" class="mw-redirect" title="Canvass">canvass</a> as a strategic game or a horse race through journalist's reporting style.</li> <li>The degree to which news content is mediatized; that means the dependence of a political system on mass media; is related to the journalistic style of news reports.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Interpretative and descriptive reporting styles are opposed.<sup id="cite_ref-Dimitrova_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dimitrova-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The interpretative style attempts to go beyond the obvious and provides analysis or context. This style gives journalists more control over the message and is thus more interventionist since the journalist has the power to shape the story.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>With the help of these indicators, the degree of journalistic interventionism in political news report can be measured. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interventionism_in_peace_journalism">Interventionism in peace journalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journalistic_interventionism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Interventionism in peace journalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Peace journalism is inherently interventionist since it actively promotes <a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">peace</a> through public communication.<sup id="cite_ref-HanitzschB_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HanitzschB-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, "Peace Journalism combines journalism with peace as an external aim".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Journalists who advocate for peace are no longer neutral observers but report selectively. "Peace journalism is when <a href="/wiki/Editing" title="Editing">editors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reporters" class="mw-redirect" title="Reporters">reporters</a> make choices – of what stories to report, and how to report them".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hanitzsch claims that peace journalists understand their audience as passive which needs to be enlightened by their journalistic work.<sup id="cite_ref-HanitzschB_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HanitzschB-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a journalistic form which functions beyond the values of <a href="/wiki/Objectivity_(journalism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Objectivity (journalism)">objectivity</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/neutral" class="extiw" title="wikt:neutral">neutrality</a>, and detachment.<sup id="cite_ref-HanitzschB_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HanitzschB-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Peace journalism inherits a <a href="/wiki/Normative" class="mw-redirect" title="Normative">normative</a> impetus; it prioritizes peace as its central value and analytical starting point".<sup id="cite_ref-HanitzschB_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HanitzschB-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is interventionist since its primary goal is not to report neutrally but it creates reality, sets examples and calls for change.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It regards itself as a vehicle for the <a href="/wiki/Advocacy" title="Advocacy">advocacy</a> of peace and non-violent conflict resolutions.<sup id="cite_ref-HanitzschB_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HanitzschB-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reasons_for_an_interventionist_reporting_style">Reasons for an interventionist reporting style</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journalistic_interventionism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Reasons for an interventionist reporting style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One reason for the development of an interventional journalism in news report about politics is for instance the <a href="/wiki/Commercialization" title="Commercialization">commercialization</a> of journalism.<sup id="cite_ref-Hallin_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hallin-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Commercialization shifts the power from the politicians to the <a href="/wiki/News_media" title="News media">news media</a>, and media becomes more central in the political communication and thus gains power to shape political news content.<sup id="cite_ref-Hallin_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hallin-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a commercialized broadcasting system and a "pluralistic, internally autonomous press with high degree of political autonomy", political communication is dominated by the media.<sup id="cite_ref-Pfetsch_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pfetsch-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, in a culture in which public opinion is rather distrustful of political institutions, adversarial – and thus interventionist journalism – is socially accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-Esser_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Esser-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, in an independent, highly professionalized journalistic culture, "the development of autonomous and distinctively journalistic criteria" leads to "proactive, party-distant" and thus also interventionist journalistic style.<sup id="cite_ref-Esser_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Esser-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journalistic_interventionism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Interventional journalism is a non-neutral form of reporting and deviates from the general journalistic values to report objectively. However, it is difficult to determine at which point a journalistic contribution is interventionist. "It is exceedingly difficult to determine, for example, whether negative or positive coverage of a politician or issue is a result of partisan bias, the nature of events, or other factors".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in terms of political news content, it is difficult to "find a yardstick for 'appropriate' proximity or distance to political spokespersons and journalists".<sup id="cite_ref-Pfetsch_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pfetsch-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, it is difficult to determine whether – and to which degree – a journalist acts as an interventionist. Generally, it is hard to classify interventionism as a journalistic style as merely positive or negative. The discussion about journalistic interventionism mirrors the general debate about what professional journalism is, and how it can be defined, also in different countries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journalistic_interventionism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Journalism_culture" title="Journalism culture">Journalism culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_journalism" title="Peace journalism">Peace journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_communication" title="Political communication">Political communication</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journalistic_interventionism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-HanitzschA-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HanitzschA_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HanitzschA_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HanitzschA_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HanitzschA_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hanitzsch 2007a, 373-374</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Esser-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Esser_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Esser_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Esser_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Esser_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Esser_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Esser_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Esser_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Esser_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Esser_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Esser 2008, 403-405</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hanitzsch 2011, 485</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">worldsofjournalism.org, 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pfetsch-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pfetsch_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pfetsch_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pfetsch_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pfetsch_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pfetsch_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pfetsch 2004, 352-359</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dimitrova-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dimitrova_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dimitrova_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dimitrova_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dimitrova_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dimitrova_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Strömbäck, Dimitrova 2008, 35-43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Asp 1986, 359</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Donsbach 2000, 250</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HanitzschB-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HanitzschB_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HanitzschB_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HanitzschB_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HanitzschB_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HanitzschB_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hanitzsch 2007b, 1-7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kempf 2008, 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lynch and McGoldrick 2005, 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Becker 2002, 14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hallin-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hallin_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hallin_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hallin and Mancini 2004, 37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Donsbach and Patterson 2004, 257</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journalistic_interventionism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Asp, Kent. Mäktiga massmedier. Studier i politisk opinionsbildning. Stockholm: Akademilitteratur, 1986.</li> <li>Becker, Jörg. "Medien im Krieg". Medien zwischen Krieg und Frieden. Albrecht, U., Becker, J. Baden-Baden: Nomos, 2002. 13-26.</li> <li>Patterson, Thomas. "The United States: News in a Free-Market Society." Democracy and the Media: A Comparative Perspective. Ed. Richard Gunther, Anthony Mughan. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000.</li> <li>Donsbach, W, Patterson, T. "Political News Journalists. Partisanship, Professionalization, and Political Roles in Five Countries". Comparing Political Communication: Theories, Cases, and Challenges. Ed. Barbara Pfetsch, Frank Esser. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.</li> <li>Esser, Frank. "France, Germany, Great Britain, and the United States. Dimensions of Political News Cultures: Sound Bite and Image Bite News. <i><a href="/wiki/The_International_Journal_of_Press/Politics" title="The International Journal of Press/Politics">The International Journal of Press/Politics</a></i> 13 (2008). 401-428.</li> <li>Hallin, D. C. & Mancini, P. (2004). Comparing media systems: Three models of media and politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.</li> <li>Hanitzsch, Thomas. "Deconstructing journalism culture: Towards a universal theory". <i><a href="/wiki/Communication_Theory_(journal)" title="Communication Theory (journal)">Communication Theory</a></i>, 17 (2007a). 367-385.</li> <li>Hanitzsch, Thomas. "Situation peace journalism in journalism studies: A critical appraisal". Conflict & Communication online, 6 (2007b). 1-9.</li> <li>Hanitzsch, Thomas. "Populist disseminators, detached watchdogs, critical change agents and opportunist facilitators: Professional milieus, the journalistic field and autonomy in 18 countries". International Communication Gazette (2011), 73. 477-494.</li> <li>Kempf, Wilhelm. "Peace Journalism: Between advocacy journalism and constructive conflict coverage". Communication in Peace. Conflict in Communication. Famagusta: Eastern Mediterranean University Press, 2008. pp. 17–24.</li> <li>Lynch, J. and McGoldrick, A. Peace Journalism. Stroud, UK. Hawthorn Press, 2005.</li> <li>Pfetsch, Barbara. "From Political Culture to Political Communication Culture". Comparing Political Communication. Theories, Cases, and Challenges. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. 344-365.</li> <li>Strömbäck, Jesper, Daniela V. Dimitrova. "Mediatization and Media Interventionism: A Comparative Analysis of Sweden and the United States". The International Journal of Press/Politics 16 (2011). 30-49.</li> <li>Worlds of Journalism, Pilot Study (22.03.12) <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120110180236/http://www.worldsofjournalism.org/pilot.htm">https://web.archive.org/web/20120110180236/http://www.worldsofjournalism.org/pilot.htm</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Journalistic_interventionism&oldid=1224582157">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Journalistic_interventionism&oldid=1224582157</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Journalism" title="Category:Journalism">Journalism</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 19 May 2024, at 06:36<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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