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detection</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: lane detection"> <meta name="keywords" content="lane detection"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="lane detection"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 3560</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: lane detection</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3560</span> Real-Time Lane Marking Detection Using Weighted Filter</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ayhan%20Kucukmanisa">Ayhan Kucukmanisa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Orhan%20Akbulut"> Orhan Akbulut</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Oguzhan%20Urhan"> Oguzhan Urhan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Nowadays, advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) have become popular, since they enable safe driving. Lane detection is a vital step for ADAS. The performance of the lane detection process is critical to obtain a high accuracy lane departure warning system (LDWS). Challenging factors such as road cracks, erosion of lane markings, weather conditions might affect the performance of a lane detection system. In this paper, 1-D weighted filter based on row filtering to detect lane marking is proposed. 2-D input image is filtered by 1-D weighted filter considering four-pixel values located symmetrically around the center of candidate pixel. Performance evaluation is carried out by two metrics which are true positive rate (TPR) and false positive rate (FPR). Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed approach provides better lane marking detection accuracy compared to the previous methods while providing real-time processing performance. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lane%20marking%20filter" title="lane marking filter">lane marking filter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lane%20detection" title=" lane detection"> lane detection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ADAS" title=" ADAS"> ADAS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=LDWS" title=" LDWS"> LDWS</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/90804/real-time-lane-marking-detection-using-weighted-filter" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/90804.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">194</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3559</span> Lane Detection Using Labeling Based RANSAC Algorithm</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yeongyu%20Choi">Yeongyu Choi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ju%20H.%20Park"> Ju H. Park</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ho-Youl%20Jung"> Ho-Youl Jung</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, we propose labeling based RANSAC algorithm for lane detection. Advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) have been widely researched to avoid unexpected accidents. Lane detection is a necessary system to assist keeping lane and lane departure prevention. The proposed vision based lane detection method applies Canny edge detection, inverse perspective mapping (IPM), K-means algorithm, mathematical morphology operations and 8 connected-component labeling. Next, random samples are selected from each labeling region for RANSAC. The sampling method selects the points of lane with a high probability. Finally, lane parameters of straight line or curve equations are estimated. Through the simulations tested on video recorded at daytime and nighttime, we show that the proposed method has better performance than the existing RANSAC algorithm in various environments. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Canny%20edge%20detection" title="Canny edge detection">Canny edge detection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=k-means%20algorithm" title=" k-means algorithm"> k-means algorithm</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=RANSAC" title=" RANSAC"> RANSAC</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inverse%20perspective%20mapping" title=" inverse perspective mapping"> inverse perspective mapping</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/92894/lane-detection-using-labeling-based-ransac-algorithm" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/92894.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">244</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3558</span> Improving Lane Detection for Autonomous Vehicles Using Deep Transfer Learning</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Richard%20O%E2%80%99Riordan">Richard O’Riordan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saritha%20Unnikrishnan"> Saritha Unnikrishnan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) are incorporating an increasing number of ADAS features, including automated lane-keeping systems. In recent years, many research papers into lane detection algorithms have been published, varying from computer vision techniques to deep learning methods. The transition from lower levels of autonomy defined in the SAE framework and the progression to higher autonomy levels requires increasingly complex models and algorithms that must be highly reliable in their operation and functionality capacities. Furthermore, these algorithms have no room for error when operating at high levels of autonomy. Although the current research details existing computer vision and deep learning algorithms and their methodologies and individual results, the research also details challenges faced by the algorithms and the resources needed to operate, along with shortcomings experienced during their detection of lanes in certain weather and lighting conditions. This paper will explore these shortcomings and attempt to implement a lane detection algorithm that could be used to achieve improvements in AV lane detection systems. This paper uses a pre-trained LaneNet model to detect lane or non-lane pixels using binary segmentation as the base detection method using an existing dataset BDD100k followed by a custom dataset generated locally. The selected roads will be modern well-laid roads with up-to-date infrastructure and lane markings, while the second road network will be an older road with infrastructure and lane markings reflecting the road network's age. The performance of the proposed method will be evaluated on the custom dataset to compare its performance to the BDD100k dataset. In summary, this paper will use Transfer Learning to provide a fast and robust lane detection algorithm that can handle various road conditions and provide accurate lane detection. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ADAS" title="ADAS">ADAS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=autonomous%20vehicles" title=" autonomous vehicles"> autonomous vehicles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=deep%20learning" title=" deep learning"> deep learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=LaneNet" title=" LaneNet"> LaneNet</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lane%20detection" title=" lane detection"> lane detection</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/162354/improving-lane-detection-for-autonomous-vehicles-using-deep-transfer-learning" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/162354.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">104</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3557</span> Optimized Road Lane Detection Through a Combined Canny Edge Detection, Hough Transform, and Scaleable Region Masking Toward Autonomous Driving</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Samane%20Sharifi%20Monfared">Samane Sharifi Monfared</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lavdie%20Rada"> Lavdie Rada</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Nowadays, autonomous vehicles are developing rapidly toward facilitating human car driving. One of the main issues is road lane detection for a suitable guidance direction and car accident prevention. This paper aims to improve and optimize road line detection based on a combination of camera calibration, the Hough transform, and Canny edge detection. The video processing is implemented using the Open CV library with the novelty of having a scale able region masking. The aim of the study is to introduce automatic road lane detection techniques with the user’s minimum manual intervention. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hough%20transform" title="hough transform">hough transform</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=canny%20edge%20detection" title=" canny edge detection"> canny edge detection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optimisation" title=" optimisation"> optimisation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=scaleable%20masking" title=" scaleable masking"> scaleable masking</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=camera%20calibration" title=" camera calibration"> camera calibration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=improving%20the%20quality%20of%20image" title=" improving the quality of image"> improving the quality of image</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=image%20processing" title=" image processing"> image processing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=video%20processing" title=" video processing"> video processing</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/156139/optimized-road-lane-detection-through-a-combined-canny-edge-detection-hough-transform-and-scaleable-region-masking-toward-autonomous-driving" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/156139.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">94</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3556</span> Self-Directed-Car on GT Road: Grand Trunk Road</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rameez%20Ahmad">Rameez Ahmad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aqib%20Mehmood"> Aqib Mehmood</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Imran%20Khan"> Imran Khan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Self-directed car (SDC) that can drive itself from one fact to another without support from a driver. Certain trust that self-directed car obligate the probable to transform the transportation manufacturing while essentially removing coincidences, and cleaning up the environment. This study realizes the effects that SDC (also called a self-driving, driver or robotic) vehicle travel demands and ride scheme is likely to have. Without the typical obstacles that allows detection of a audio vision based hardware and software construction (It (SDC) and cost benefits, the vehicle technologies, Gold (Generic Obstacle and Lane Detection) to a knowledge-based system to predict their potential and consider the shape, color, or balance) and an organized environment with colored lane patterns, lane position ban. Discovery the problematic consequence of (SDC) on GT (grand trunk road) road and brand the car further effectual. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SDC" title="SDC">SDC</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gold" title=" gold"> gold</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GT" title=" GT"> GT</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=knowledge-based%20system" title=" knowledge-based system"> knowledge-based system</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30033/self-directed-car-on-gt-road-grand-trunk-road" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30033.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">370</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3555</span> The Prediction of Effective Equation on Drivers' Behavioral Characteristics of Lane Changing</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Khashayar%20Kazemzadeh">Khashayar Kazemzadeh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Hanif%20Dasoomi"> Mohammad Hanif Dasoomi </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> According to the increasing volume of traffic, lane changing plays a crucial role in traffic flow. Lane changing in traffic depends on several factors including road geometrical design, speed, drivers’ behavioral characteristics, etc. A great deal of research has been carried out regarding these fields. Despite of the other significant factors, the drivers’ behavioral characteristics of lane changing has been emphasized in this paper. This paper has predicted the effective equation based on personal characteristics of lane changing by regression models. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=effective%20equation" title="effective equation">effective equation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lane%20changing" title=" lane changing"> lane changing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=drivers%E2%80%99%20behavioral%20characteristics" title=" drivers’ behavioral characteristics"> drivers’ behavioral characteristics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=regression%20models" title=" regression models"> regression models</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36201/the-prediction-of-effective-equation-on-drivers-behavioral-characteristics-of-lane-changing" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36201.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">450</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3554</span> The Use of Lane-Centering to Assure the Visible Light Communication Connectivity for a Platoon of Autonomous Vehicles</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Y.%20Abualhoul">Mohammad Y. Abualhoul</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Edgar%20Talavera%20Munoz"> Edgar Talavera Munoz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fawzi%20Nashashibi"> Fawzi Nashashibi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The new emerging Visible Light Communication (VLC) technology has been subjected to intensive investigation, evaluation, and lately, deployed in the context of convoy-based applications for Intelligent Transportations Systems (ITS). The technology limitations were defined and supported by different solutions proposals to enhance the crucial alignment and mobility limitations. In this paper, we propose the incorporation of VLC technology and Lane-Centering (LC) technique to assure the VLC-connectivity by keeping the autonomous vehicle aligned to the lane center using vision-based lane detection in a convoy-based formation. Such combination can ensure the optical communication connectivity with a lateral error less than 30 cm. As soon as the road lanes are detectable, the evaluated system showed stable behavior independently from the inter-vehicle distances and without the need for any exchanged information of the remote vehicles. The evaluation of the proposed system is verified using VLC prototype and an empirical result of LC running application over 60 km in Madrid M40 highway. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=visible%20light%20communication" title="visible light communication">visible light communication</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lane-centerin" title=" lane-centerin"> lane-centerin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=platooning" title=" platooning"> platooning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=intelligent%20transportation%20systems" title=" intelligent transportation systems"> intelligent transportation systems</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=road%20safety%20applications" title=" road safety applications"> road safety applications</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/90821/the-use-of-lane-centering-to-assure-the-visible-light-communication-connectivity-for-a-platoon-of-autonomous-vehicles" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/90821.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">171</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3553</span> Optical-Based Lane-Assist System for Rowing Boats</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Stephen%20Tullis">Stephen Tullis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20David%20DiDonato"> M. David DiDonato</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hong%20Sung%20Park"> Hong Sung Park</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Rowing boats (shells) are often steered by a small rudder operated by one of the backward-facing rowers; the attention required of that athlete then slightly decreases the power that that athlete can provide. Reducing the steering distraction would then increase the overall boat speed. Races are straight 2000 m courses with each boat in a 13.5 m wide lane marked by small (~15 cm) widely-spaced (~10 m) buoys, and the boat trajectory is affected by both cross-currents and winds. An optical buoy recognition and tracking system has been developed that provides the boat’s location and orientation with respect to the lane edges. This information is provided to the steering athlete as either: a simple overlay on a video display, or fed to a simplified autopilot system giving steering directions to the athlete or directly controlling the rudder. The system is then effectively a “lane-assist” device but with small, widely-spaced lane markers viewed from a very shallow angle due to constraints on camera height. The image is captured with a lightweight 1080p webcam, and most of the image analysis is done in OpenCV. The colour RGB-image is converted to a grayscale using the difference of the red and blue channels, which provides good contrast between the red/yellow buoys and the water, sky, land background and white reflections and noise. Buoy detection is done with thresholding within a tight mask applied to the image. Robust linear regression using Tukey’s biweight estimator of the previously detected buoy locations is used to develop the mask; this avoids the false detection of noise such as waves (reflections) and, in particular, buoys in other lanes. The robust regression also provides the current lane edges in the camera frame that are used to calculate the displacement of the boat from the lane centre (lane location), and its yaw angle. The interception of the detected lane edges provides a lane vanishing point, and yaw angle can be calculated simply based on the displacement of this vanishing point from the camera axis and the image plane distance. Lane location is simply based on the lateral displacement of the vanishing point from any horizontal cut through the lane edges. The boat lane position and yaw are currently fed what is essentially a stripped down marine auto-pilot system. Currently, only the lane location is used in a PID controller of a rudder actuator with integrator anti-windup to deal with saturation of the rudder angle. Low Kp and Kd values decrease unnecessarily fast return to lane centrelines and response to noise, and limiters can be used to avoid lane departure and disqualification. Yaw is not used as a control input, as cross-winds and currents can cause a straight course with considerable yaw or crab angle. Mapping of the controller with rudder angle “overall effectiveness” has not been finalized - very large rudder angles stall and have decreased turning moments, but at less extreme angles the increased rudder drag slows the boat and upsets boat balance. The full system has many features similar to automotive lane-assist systems, but with the added constraints of the lane markers, camera positioning, control response and noise increasing the challenge. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=auto-pilot" title="auto-pilot">auto-pilot</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lane-assist" title=" lane-assist"> lane-assist</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=marine" title=" marine"> marine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optical" title=" optical"> optical</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rowing" title=" rowing"> rowing</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/127018/optical-based-lane-assist-system-for-rowing-boats" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/127018.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">132</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3552</span> PLO-AIM: Potential-Based Lane Organization in Autonomous Intersection Management</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Berk%20Ecer">Berk Ecer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ebru%20Akcapinar%20Sezer"> Ebru Akcapinar Sezer</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Traditional management models of intersections, such as no-light intersections or signalized intersection, are not the most effective way of passing the intersections if the vehicles are intelligent. To this end, Dresner and Stone proposed a new intersection control model called Autonomous Intersection Management (AIM). In the AIM simulation, they were examining the problem from a multi-agent perspective, demonstrating that intelligent intersection control can be made more efficient than existing control mechanisms. In this study, autonomous intersection management has been investigated. We extended their works and added a potential-based lane organization layer. In order to distribute vehicles evenly to each lane, this layer triggers vehicles to analyze near lanes, and they change their lane if other lanes have an advantage. We can observe this behavior in real life, such as drivers, change their lane by considering their intuitions. Basic intuition on selecting the correct lane for traffic is selecting a less crowded lane in order to reduce delay. We model that behavior without any change in the AIM workflow. Experiment results show us that intersection performance is directly connected with the vehicle distribution in lanes of roads of intersections. We see the advantage of handling lane management with a potential approach in performance metrics such as average delay of intersection and average travel time. Therefore, lane management and intersection management are problems that need to be handled together. This study shows us that the lane through which vehicles enter the intersection is an effective parameter for intersection management. Our study draws attention to this parameter and suggested a solution for it. We observed that the regulation of AIM inputs, which are vehicles in lanes, was as effective as contributing to aim intersection management. PLO-AIM model outperforms AIM in evaluation metrics such as average delay of intersection and average travel time for reasonable traffic rates, which is in between 600 vehicle/hour per lane to 1300 vehicle/hour per lane. The proposed model reduced the average travel time reduced in between %0.2 - %17.3 and reduced the average delay of intersection in between %1.6 - %17.1 for 4-lane and 6-lane scenarios. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=AIM%20project" title="AIM project">AIM project</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=autonomous%20intersection%20management" title=" autonomous intersection management"> autonomous intersection management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lane%20organization" title=" lane organization"> lane organization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=potential-based%20approach" title=" potential-based approach"> potential-based approach</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/133634/plo-aim-potential-based-lane-organization-in-autonomous-intersection-management" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/133634.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">139</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3551</span> Laser Data Based Automatic Generation of Lane-Level Road Map for Intelligent Vehicles</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zehai%20Yu">Zehai Yu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hui%20Zhu"> Hui Zhu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Linglong%20Lin"> Linglong Lin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Huawei%20Liang"> Huawei Liang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Biao%20Yu"> Biao Yu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Weixin%20Huang"> Weixin Huang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> With the development of intelligent vehicle systems, a high-precision road map is increasingly needed in many aspects. The automatic lane lines extraction and modeling are the most essential steps for the generation of a precise lane-level road map. In this paper, an automatic lane-level road map generation system is proposed. To extract the road markings on the ground, the multi-region Otsu thresholding method is applied, which calculates the intensity value of laser data that maximizes the variance between background and road markings. The extracted road marking points are then projected to the raster image and clustered using a two-stage clustering algorithm. Lane lines are subsequently recognized from these clusters by the shape features of their minimum bounding rectangle. To ensure the storage efficiency of the map, the lane lines are approximated to cubic polynomial curves using a Bayesian estimation approach. The proposed lane-level road map generation system has been tested on urban and expressway conditions in Hefei, China. The experimental results on the datasets show that our method can achieve excellent extraction and clustering effect, and the fitted lines can reach a high position accuracy with an error of less than 10 cm. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=curve%20fitting" title="curve fitting">curve fitting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lane-level%20road%20map" title=" lane-level road map"> lane-level road map</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=line%20recognition" title=" line recognition"> line recognition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multi-thresholding" title=" multi-thresholding"> multi-thresholding</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=two-stage%20clustering" title=" two-stage clustering"> two-stage clustering</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/132360/laser-data-based-automatic-generation-of-lane-level-road-map-for-intelligent-vehicles" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/132360.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">128</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3550</span> Microscopic Simulation of Toll Plaza Safety and Operations </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bekir%20O.%20Bartin">Bekir O. Bartin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kaan%20Ozbay"> Kaan Ozbay</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sandeep%20Mudigonda"> Sandeep Mudigonda</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hong%20Yang"> Hong Yang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The use of microscopic traffic simulation in evaluating the operational and safety conditions at toll plazas is demonstrated. Two toll plazas in New Jersey are selected as case studies and were developed and validated in Paramics traffic simulation software. In order to simulate drivers’ lane selection behavior in Paramics, a utility-based lane selection approach is implemented in Paramics Application Programming Interface (API). For each vehicle approaching the toll plaza, a utility value is assigned to each toll lane by taking into account the factors that are likely to impact drivers’ lane selection behavior, such as approach lane, exit lane and queue lengths. The results demonstrate that similar operational conditions, such as lane-by-lane toll plaza traffic volume can be attained using this approach. In addition, assessment of safety at toll plazas is conducted via a surrogate safety measure. In particular, the crash index (CI), an improved surrogate measure of time-to-collision (TTC), which reflects the severity of a crash is used in the simulation analyses. The results indicate that the spatial and temporal frequency of observed crashes can be simulated using the proposed methodology. Further analyses can be conducted to evaluate and compare various different operational decisions and safety measures using microscopic simulation models. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microscopic%20simulation" title="microscopic simulation">microscopic simulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=toll%20plaza" title=" toll plaza"> toll plaza</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=surrogate%20safety" title=" surrogate safety"> surrogate safety</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=application%20programming%20interface" title=" application programming interface"> application programming interface</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/95990/microscopic-simulation-of-toll-plaza-safety-and-operations" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/95990.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">183</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3549</span> Evaluation of Impact on Traffic Conditions Due to Electronic Toll Collection System Design in Thailand</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kankrong%20Suangka">Kankrong Suangka</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This research explored behaviors of toll way users that impact their decision to use the Electronic Toll Collection System (ETC). It also went on to explore and evaluated the efficiency of toll plaza in terms of number of ETC booths in toll plaza and its lane location. The two main parameters selected for the scenarios analyzed were (1) the varying ration of ETC enabled users (2) the varying locations of the dedicated ETC lane. There were a total of 42 scenarios analyzed. Researched data indicated that in A.D.2013, the percentage of ETC user from the total toll user is 22%. It was found that the delay at the payment booth was reduced by increasing the ETC booth by 1 more lane under the condition that the volume of ETC users passing through the plaza less than 1,200 vehicles/hour. Meanwhile, increasing the ETC lanes by 2 lanes can accommodate an increased traffic volume to around 1,200 to 1,800 vehicles/hour. Other than that, in terms of the location of ETC lane, it was found that if for one ETC lane-plazas, installing the ETC lane at the far right are the best alternative. For toll plazas with 2 ETC lanes, the best layout is to have 1 lane in the middle and 1 lane at the far right. This layout shows the least delay when compared to other layouts. Furthermore, the results from this research showed that micro-simulator traffic models have potential for further applications and use in designing toll plaza lanes. Other than that, the results can also be used to analyze the system of the nearby area with similar traffic volume and can be used for further design improvements. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=the%20electronic%20toll%20collection%20system" title="the electronic toll collection system">the electronic toll collection system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=average%20queuing%20delay" title=" average queuing delay"> average queuing delay</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=toll%20plaza%20configuration" title=" toll plaza configuration"> toll plaza configuration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bioinformatics" title=" bioinformatics"> bioinformatics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biomedicine" title=" biomedicine"> biomedicine</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/11127/evaluation-of-impact-on-traffic-conditions-due-to-electronic-toll-collection-system-design-in-thailand" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/11127.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">239</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3548</span> Cellular Automata Model for Car Accidents at a Signalized Intersection</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rachid%20Marzoug">Rachid Marzoug</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Noureddine%20Lakouari"> Noureddine Lakouari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Beatriz%20Castillo%20T%C3%A9llez"> Beatriz Castillo Téllez</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Margarita%20Castillo%20T%C3%A9llez"> Margarita Castillo Téllez</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gerardo%20Alberto%20Mej%C3%ADa%20P%C3%A9rez"> Gerardo Alberto Mejía Pérez</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper developed a two-lane cellular automata model to explain the relationship between car accidents at a signalized intersection and traffic-related parameters. It is found that the increase of the lane-changing probability P?ₕ? increases the risk of accidents, besides, the inflow α and the probability of accidents Pₐ? exhibit a nonlinear relationship. Furthermore, depending on the inflow, Pₐ? exhibits three different phases. The transition from phase I to phase II is of first (second) order when P?ₕ?=0 (P?ₕ?>0). However, the system exhibits a second (first) order transition from phase II to phase III when P?ₕ?=0 (P?ₕ?>0). In addition, when the inflow is not very high, the green light length of one road should be increased to improve road safety. Finally, simulation results show that the traffic at the intersection is safer adopting symmetric lane-changing rules than asymmetric ones. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=two-lane%20intersection" title="two-lane intersection">two-lane intersection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=accidents" title=" accidents"> accidents</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fatality%20risk" title=" fatality risk"> fatality risk</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lane-changing" title=" lane-changing"> lane-changing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phase%20transition" title=" phase transition"> phase transition</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/140637/cellular-automata-model-for-car-accidents-at-a-signalized-intersection" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/140637.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">218</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3547</span> Challenges for a WPT 4 Waiting Lane Concept - Laboratory and Practical Experience</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Julia%20Langen">Julia Langen</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This article describes the challenges of a wireless charging system for a cab waiting lane in a public space and presents a concept for solving them. In this concept, multiple cabs can be charged simultaneously and during stopping and rolling. Particular technical challenges are a coil topology that meets the EMF requirements and an intelligent control concept that allows the individual coil segments to be switched on and off. The charging concept explained here is currently being implemented as a pilot project, so that initial results on the operation can be presented. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=charge%20lane" title="charge lane">charge lane</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inductive%20charging%20solution" title=" inductive charging solution"> inductive charging solution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=smart%20city" title=" smart city"> smart city</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wireless%20power%20transfer" title=" wireless power transfer"> wireless power transfer</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/142962/challenges-for-a-wpt-4-waiting-lane-concept-laboratory-and-practical-experience" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/142962.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">176</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3546</span> RAFU Functions in Robotics and Automation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alicia%20C.%20Sanchez">Alicia C. Sanchez</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper investigates the implementation of RAFU functions (radical functions) in robotics and automation. Specifically, the main goal is to show how these functions may be useful in lane-keeping control and the lateral control of autonomous machines, vehicles, robots or the like. From the knowledge of several points of a certain route, the RAFU functions are used to achieve the lateral control purpose and maintain the lane-keeping errors within the fixed limits. The stability that these functions provide, their ease of approaching any continuous trajectory and the control of the possible error made on the approximation may be useful in practice. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=automatic%20navigation%20control" title="automatic navigation control">automatic navigation control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lateral%20control" title=" lateral control"> lateral control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lane-keeping%20control" title=" lane-keeping control"> lane-keeping control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=RAFU%20approximation" title=" RAFU approximation"> RAFU approximation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/138558/rafu-functions-in-robotics-and-automation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/138558.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">302</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3545</span> Capacity Loss at Midblock Sections of Urban Arterials Due to Pedestrian Crossings</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ashish%20Dhamaniya">Ashish Dhamaniya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Satish%20Chandra"> Satish Chandra</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Pedestrian crossings at grade in India are very common and pedestrian cross the carriageway at undesignated locations where they found the path to access the residential and commercial areas. Present paper aims to determine capacity loss on 4-lane urban arterials due to such crossings. Base capacity which is defined as the capacity without any influencing factor is determined on 4-lane roads by collecting speed-flow data in the field. It is observed that base capacity is varying from 1636 pcu/hr/lane to 2043 pcu/hr/lane which is attributed to the different operating conditions at different sections. The variation in base capacity is related with the operating speed on the road sections. Free flow speed of standard car is measured in the field and 85th percentile of this speed is reported as operating speed. Capacity of the 4-lane road sections with different pedestrian cross-flow is also determined and compared with the capacity of base section. The difference in capacity values is reported as capacity loss due to the average number of pedestrian crossings in one hour. It has been observed that capacity of 4-lane road section reduces from 18 to 30 percent with pedestrian cross-flow of 800 to 1550 peds/hr. A model is proposed between capacity loss and pedestrian cross-flow from the observed data. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=capacity" title="capacity">capacity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=free%20flow%20speed" title=" free flow speed"> free flow speed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pedestrian" title=" pedestrian"> pedestrian</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=urban%20arterial" title=" urban arterial"> urban arterial</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transport" title=" transport"> transport</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35845/capacity-loss-at-midblock-sections-of-urban-arterials-due-to-pedestrian-crossings" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35845.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">449</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3544</span> Holistic and Naturalistic Traditions of British Hygiene and Medicine, Reflected in E. W. Lane's Hygienic Medicine, 1859</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Min%20Bae">Min Bae</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Hygiene had traditionally meant ways of healthy and right living. However, the nineteenth century was the time when a gradual shift in medical and hygienic paradigms took place from holism to reductionism. Against this medical and social background, E. W. Lane (MD, Edinburgh, 1853) formulated his own medical philosophies in his book Hydropathy: Or Hygienic Medicine (1859). Until the 1880s when he published his last book on the hygienic medicine, he consistently intended to raise the importance of hygienic holism in medicine, while adopting hydropathy as his main therapeutic measure. Lane’s case reflects the mid-nineteenth century trend in which since the 1840s, the rational and holistic facets in medicine had significantly transferred to hydropathy, which was the most naturalistic healing system in the medical market. Hygiene for Lane was no longer the ancient form of ‘six non-naturals’. He emphasised physiology as the rational grounds for his project of the medicalisation of hygiene. His medical philosophy was profoundly naturalistic and holistic against the opposite trend of the contemporary hygiene and medicine. Conflicting aspects may often be best embodied in persons who stood on the boundaries between inside and outside. Lane’s theories on hygienic medicine did not develop into a new medical system which he believed would reconciliate orthodox medicine and hydropathy of his time had also adopted increasingly reductionist approaches since 1860s. Nevertheless, the naturalistic philosophies and approaches in Lane’s hygienic medicine demonstrates a continuous effort for a theoretical reformulation of hydropathy during its stagnant and declining period to constantly fit into the holistic paradigm of medicine and hygiene. Considering the fact that the nature cure concept in hydropathy and its individualistic approach were succeeded by naturopathy at the end of the century, analysis of Lane’s medical thoughts reveals part of a ‘thin red line’ of naturalism in the battleground between reductionism and holism during the nineteenth century in the history of medicine and hygiene. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20W.%20Lane" title="E. W. Lane">E. W. Lane</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hygienic%20medicine" title=" hygienic medicine"> hygienic medicine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydropathy" title=" hydropathy"> hydropathy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=naturopath" title=" naturopath"> naturopath</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/89802/holistic-and-naturalistic-traditions-of-british-hygiene-and-medicine-reflected-in-e-w-lanes-hygienic-medicine-1859" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/89802.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">334</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3543</span> LanE-change Path Planning of Autonomous Driving Using Model-Based Optimization, Deep Reinforcement Learning and 5G Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communications </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=William%20Li">William Li</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Lane-change path planning is a crucial and yet complex task in autonomous driving. The traditional path planning approach based on a system of carefully-crafted rules to cover various driving scenarios becomes unwieldy as more and more rules are added to deal with exceptions and corner cases. This paper proposes to divide the entire path planning to two stages. In the first stage the ego vehicle travels longitudinally in the source lane to reach a safe state. In the second stage the ego vehicle makes lateral lane-change maneuver to the target lane. The paper derives the safe state conditions based on lateral lane-change maneuver calculation to ensure collision free in the second stage. To determine the acceleration sequence that minimizes the time to reach a safe state in the first stage, the paper proposes three schemes, namely, kinetic model based optimization, deep reinforcement learning, and 5G vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communications. The paper investigates these schemes via simulation. The model-based optimization is sensitive to the model assumptions. The deep reinforcement learning is more flexible in handling scenarios beyond the model assumed by the optimization. The 5G V2V eliminates uncertainty in predicting future behaviors of surrounding vehicles by sharing driving intents and enabling cooperative driving. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lane%20change" title="lane change">lane change</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=path%20planning" title=" path planning"> path planning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=autonomous%20driving" title=" autonomous driving"> autonomous driving</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=deep%20reinforcement%20learning" title=" deep reinforcement learning"> deep reinforcement learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=5G" title=" 5G"> 5G</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=V2V%20communications" title=" V2V communications"> V2V communications</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=connected%20vehicles" title=" connected vehicles"> connected vehicles</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/118114/lane-change-path-planning-of-autonomous-driving-using-model-based-optimization-deep-reinforcement-learning-and-5g-vehicle-to-vehicle-communications" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/118114.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">252</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3542</span> Traffic Study and Proposal for a Bike Lane for the University of the Basque Country</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Elisabete%20Alberdi">Elisabete Alberdi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Irantzu%20%C3%81lvarez"> Irantzu Álvarez</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Laura%20Gir%C3%B3n"> Laura Girón</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The objective of this work is to propose a cycle path or network of paths to the UPV/EHU Campus in Leioa. The proposal will be presented from the point of view of sustainability. In order to achieve this, the roads that are already built will be used, and the road or network will be proposed to be built with the least amount of money possible. To select the most suitable route for the bike lane, various sources of information have been used. Through this data, we analyse the transport infrastructure and the mobility around the UPV/EHU Campus in Leioa. This work aims to satisfy the mobility needs of users on the University Campus to contribute to the sustainability of the campus. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cycle%20lane" title="cycle lane">cycle lane</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainability" title=" sustainability"> sustainability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=accessibility" title=" accessibility"> accessibility</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transport" title=" transport"> transport</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=agenda%202030" title=" agenda 2030"> agenda 2030</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/142084/traffic-study-and-proposal-for-a-bike-lane-for-the-university-of-the-basque-country" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/142084.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">228</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3541</span> Speed Characteristics of Mixed Traffic Flow on Urban Arterials</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ashish%20Dhamaniya">Ashish Dhamaniya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Satish%20Chandra"> Satish Chandra</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Speed and traffic volume data are collected on different sections of four lane and six lane roads in three metropolitan cities in India. Speed data are analyzed to fit the statistical distribution to individual vehicle speed data and all vehicles speed data. It is noted that speed data of individual vehicle generally follows a normal distribution but speed data of all vehicle combined at a section of urban road may or may not follow the normal distribution depending upon the composition of traffic stream. A new term Speed Spread Ratio (SSR) is introduced in this paper which is the ratio of difference in 85<sup>th</sup> and 50<sup>th</sup> percentile speed to the difference in 50<sup>th</sup> and 15<sup>th</sup> percentile speed. If SSR is unity then speed data are truly normally distributed. It is noted that on six lane urban roads, speed data follow a normal distribution only when SSR is in the range of 0.86 – 1.11. The range of SSR is validated on four lane roads also. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=normal%20distribution" title="normal distribution">normal distribution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=percentile%20speed" title=" percentile speed"> percentile speed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=speed%20spread%20ratio" title=" speed spread ratio"> speed spread ratio</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=traffic%20volume" title=" traffic volume"> traffic volume</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/1902/speed-characteristics-of-mixed-traffic-flow-on-urban-arterials" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/1902.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">422</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3540</span> Data Presentation of Lane-Changing Events Trajectories Using HighD Dataset</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Basma%20Khelfa">Basma Khelfa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Antoine%20Tordeux"> Antoine Tordeux</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ibrahima%20Ba"> Ibrahima Ba</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> We present a descriptive analysis data of lane-changing events in multi-lane roads. The data are provided from The Highway Drone Dataset (HighD), which are microscopic trajectories in highway. This paper describes and analyses the role of the different parameters and their significance. Thanks to HighD data, we aim to find the most frequent reasons that motivate drivers to change lanes. We used the programming language R for the processing of these data. We analyze the involvement and relationship of different variables of each parameter of the ego vehicle and the four vehicles surrounding it, i.e., distance, speed difference, time gap, and acceleration. This was studied according to the class of the vehicle (car or truck), and according to the maneuver it undertook (overtaking or falling back). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=autonomous%20driving" title="autonomous driving">autonomous driving</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=physical%20traffic%20model" title=" physical traffic model"> physical traffic model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=prediction%20model" title=" prediction model"> prediction model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=statistical%20learning%20process" title=" statistical learning process"> statistical learning process</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/132642/data-presentation-of-lane-changing-events-trajectories-using-highd-dataset" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/132642.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">261</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3539</span> Optimization Based Obstacle Avoidance</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Dariani">R. Dariani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Schmidt"> S. Schmidt</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Kasper"> R. Kasper</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Based on a non-linear single track model which describes the dynamics of vehicle, an optimal path planning strategy is developed. Real time optimization is used to generate reference control values to allow leading the vehicle alongside a calculated lane which is optimal for different objectives such as energy consumption, run time, safety or comfort characteristics. Strict mathematic formulation of the autonomous driving allows taking decision on undefined situation such as lane change or obstacle avoidance. Based on position of the vehicle, lane situation and obstacle position, the optimization problem is reformulated in real-time to avoid the obstacle and any car crash. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=autonomous%20driving" title="autonomous driving">autonomous driving</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=obstacle%20avoidance" title=" obstacle avoidance"> obstacle avoidance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optimal%20control" title=" optimal control"> optimal control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=path%20planning" title=" path planning"> path planning</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/13122/optimization-based-obstacle-avoidance" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/13122.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">370</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3538</span> Closed Loop Traffic Control System Using PLC</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chinmay%20Shah">Chinmay Shah</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The project is all about development of a close loop traffic light control system using PLC (Programmable Logic Controller). This project is divided into two parts which are hardware and software. The hardware part for this project is a model of four way junction of a traffic light. Three indicator lamps (Red, Yellow and Green) are installed at each lane for represents as traffic light signal. This traffic control model is a replica of actuated traffic control. Actuated traffic control system is a close loop traffic control system which controls the timing of the indicator lamps depending on the fluidity of traffic for a particular lane. To make it autonomous, in each lane three IR sensors are placed which helps to sense the percentage of traffic present on any particular lane. The IR Sensors and Indicator lamps are connected to LG PLC XGB series. The PLC controls every signal which is coming from the inputs (IR Sensors) to software and display to the outputs (Indicator lamps). Default timing for the indicator lamps is 30 seconds for each lane. But depending on the percentage of traffic present, if the traffic is nearly 30-35%, green lamp will be on for 10 seconds, for 65-70% traffic it will be 20 seconds, for full 100% traffic it will be on for full 30 seconds. The software part that operates with LG PLC is “XG 5000” Programmer. Using this software, the ladder logic diagram is programmed to control the traffic light base on the flow chart. At the end of this project, the traffic light system is actuated successfully by PLC. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=close%20loop" title="close loop">close loop</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=IR%20sensor" title=" IR sensor"> IR sensor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PLC" title=" PLC"> PLC</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=light%20control%20system" title=" light control system "> light control system </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/13631/closed-loop-traffic-control-system-using-plc" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/13631.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">571</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3537</span> Deep Learning Based Road Crack Detection on an Embedded Platform</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nurhak%20Alt%C4%B1n">Nurhak Altın</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ayhan%20Kucukmanisa"> Ayhan Kucukmanisa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Oguzhan%20Urhan"> Oguzhan Urhan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> It is important that highways are in good condition for traffic safety. Road crashes (road cracks, erosion of lane markings, etc.) can cause accidents by affecting driving. Image processing based methods for detecting road cracks are available in the literature. In this paper, a deep learning based road crack detection approach is proposed. YOLO (You Look Only Once) is adopted as core component of the road crack detection approach presented. The YOLO network structure, which is developed for object detection, is trained with road crack images as a new class that is not previously used in YOLO. The performance of the proposed method is compared using different training methods: using randomly generated weights and training their own pre-trained weights (transfer learning). A similar training approach is applied to the simplified version of the YOLO network model (tiny yolo) and the results of the performance are examined. The developed system is able to process 8 fps on NVIDIA Jetson TX1 development kit. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=deep%20learning" title="deep learning">deep learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=embedded%20platform" title=" embedded platform"> embedded platform</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=real-time%20processing" title=" real-time processing"> real-time processing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=road%20crack%20detection" title=" road crack detection"> road crack detection</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/87638/deep-learning-based-road-crack-detection-on-an-embedded-platform" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/87638.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">339</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3536</span> Visual Inspection of Road Conditions Using Deep Convolutional Neural Networks</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Christos%20Theoharatos">Christos Theoharatos</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dimitris%20Tsourounis"> Dimitris Tsourounis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Spiros%20Oikonomou"> Spiros Oikonomou</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Andreas%20Makedonas"> Andreas Makedonas</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper focuses on the problem of visually inspecting and recognizing the road conditions in front of moving vehicles, targeting automotive scenarios. The goal of road inspection is to identify whether the road is slippery or not, as well as to detect possible anomalies on the road surface like potholes or body bumps/humps. Our work is based on an artificial intelligence methodology for real-time monitoring of road conditions in autonomous driving scenarios, using state-of-the-art deep convolutional neural network (CNN) techniques. Initially, the road and ego lane are segmented within the field of view of the camera that is integrated into the front part of the vehicle. A novel classification CNN is utilized to identify among plain and slippery road textures (e.g., wet, snow, etc.). Simultaneously, a robust detection CNN identifies severe surface anomalies within the ego lane, such as potholes and speed bumps/humps, within a distance of 5 to 25 meters. The overall methodology is illustrated under the scope of an integrated application (or system), which can be integrated into complete Advanced Driver-Assistance Systems (ADAS) systems that provide a full range of functionalities. The outcome of the proposed techniques present state-of-the-art detection and classification results and real-time performance running on AI accelerator devices like Intel’s Myriad 2/X Vision Processing Unit (VPU). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=deep%20learning" title="deep learning">deep learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=convolutional%20neural%20networks" title=" convolutional neural networks"> convolutional neural networks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=road%20condition%20classification" title=" road condition classification"> road condition classification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=embedded%20systems" title=" embedded systems"> embedded systems</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/116793/visual-inspection-of-road-conditions-using-deep-convolutional-neural-networks" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/116793.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">134</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3535</span> Design and Analysis of Wireless Charging Lane for Light Rail Transit</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Watcharet%20Kongwarakom">Watcharet Kongwarakom</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tosaphol%20Ratniyomchai"> Tosaphol Ratniyomchai</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Thanatchai%20Kulworawanichpong"> Thanatchai Kulworawanichpong</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper presents a design and analysis of wireless charging lane system (WCLS) for light rail transit (LRT) by considering the performance of wireless charging, traffic conditions and energy consumption drawn by the LRT system. The dynamic of the vehicle movement in terms of the vehicle speed profile during running on the WCLS, a dwell time during stopping at the station for taking the WCLS and the capacity of the WCLS in each section are taken into account to alignment design of the WCLS. This paper proposes a case study of the design of the WCLS into 2 sub-cases including continuous and discontinuous WCLS with the same distance of WCLS in total. The energy consumption by the LRT through the WCLS with the different designs of the WCLS is compared to find out the better configuration of those two cases by considering the best performance of the power transfer between the LRT and the WCLS. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Light%20rail%20transit" title="Light rail transit">Light rail transit</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wireless%20charging%20lane" title=" Wireless charging lane"> Wireless charging lane</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Energy%20consumption" title=" Energy consumption"> Energy consumption</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Power%20transfer" title=" Power transfer "> Power transfer </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/122597/design-and-analysis-of-wireless-charging-lane-for-light-rail-transit" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/122597.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">153</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3534</span> Long Short-Time Memory Neural Networks for Human Driving Behavior Modelling</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lu%20Zhao">Lu Zhao</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nadir%20Farhi"> Nadir Farhi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yeltsin%20Valero"> Yeltsin Valero</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zoi%20Christoforou"> Zoi Christoforou</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nadia%20Haddadou"> Nadia Haddadou</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, a long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network model is proposed to replicate simultaneously car-following and lane-changing behaviors in road networks. By combining two kinds of LSTM layers and three input designs of the neural network, six variants of the LSTM model have been created. These models were trained and tested on the NGSIM 101 dataset, and the results were evaluated in terms of longitudinal speed and lateral position, respectively. Then, we compared the LSTM model with a classical car-following model (the intelligent driving model (IDM)) in the part of speed decision. In addition, the LSTM model is compared with a model using classical neural networks. After the comparison, the LSTM model demonstrates higher accuracy than the physical model IDM in terms of car-following behavior and displays better performance with regard to both car-following and lane-changing behavior compared to the classical neural network model. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=traffic%20modeling" title="traffic modeling">traffic modeling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=neural%20networks" title=" neural networks"> neural networks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=LSTM" title=" LSTM"> LSTM</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=car-following" title=" car-following"> car-following</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lane-change" title=" lane-change"> lane-change</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/139730/long-short-time-memory-neural-networks-for-human-driving-behavior-modelling" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/139730.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">261</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3533</span> Pregnancy and Women's Subjectivity Represented in Ali's Brick Lane, Cusk's Arlington Park, and Mcgregor's If Nobody Speaks of Remarkable Things</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nurul%20Imansari">Nurul Imansari</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The study object in this research is 'pregnancy and women’s subjectivity represented in Ali’s Brick Lane, Cusk’s Arlington Park, and McGregor’s If Nobody Speaks of Remarkable Things'. Pregnancy is invested with both figurative and literal significance in the novels. Being a symbol of domesticity of the woman in the novels, pregnancy conveys the relationship of the women due to their role as a mother and wife in a family and their subjectivity as a woman. The aim of this study is to examine to what extent pregnancy affects the subjectivity of woman in Ali’s 'Brick Lane', Cusk’s 'Arlington Park', and McGregor’s 'If Nobody Speaks of Remarkable Things'. It also discusses on how pregnancy can be seen as a symbolic sense and the things that symbolise it. The study uses theoretical ideas of female subjectivity proposed by Julia Kristeva. She stated that in patriarchal culture, the meaning of a woman is always being reduced to the function of reproduction. She has emphasized a new discourse about pregnancy that recognizes the importance of maternal function in the development of subjectivity and in culture. The result shows that the three novels represent pregnancy as something which can affect women’s subjectivity but the way in representing the pregnancy are different from each other. Kristeva’s idea about pregnancy and women’s subjectivity can be applied in both Cusk’s Arlington Park, and McGregor’s If Nobody Speaks of Remarkable Things as the characters in the texts come from the same background as her. However, it can hardly be applied to Ali’s Brick Lane because this idea can justify the women to choose their own way and South Asian culture still bound to the strong patriarchal system. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=culture" title="culture">culture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pregnancy" title=" pregnancy"> pregnancy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=subjectivity" title=" subjectivity"> subjectivity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=women" title=" women"> women</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/55667/pregnancy-and-womens-subjectivity-represented-in-alis-brick-lane-cusks-arlington-park-and-mcgregors-if-nobody-speaks-of-remarkable-things" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/55667.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">338</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3532</span> Long-Baseline Single-epoch RTK Positioning Method Based on BDS-3 and Galileo Penta-Frequency Ionosphere-Reduced Combinations</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Liwei%20Liu">Liwei Liu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shuguo%20Pan"> Shuguo Pan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wang%20Gao"> Wang Gao</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In order to take full advantages of the BDS-3 penta-frequency signals in the long-baseline RTK positioning, a long-baseline RTK positioning method based on the BDS-3 penta-frequency ionospheric-reduced (IR) combinations is proposed. First, the low noise and weak ionospheric delay characteristics of the multi-frequency combined observations of BDS-3is analyzed. Second, the multi-frequency extra-wide-lane (EWL)/ wide-lane (WL) combinations with long-wavelengths are constructed. Third, the fixed IR EWL combinations are used to constrain the IR WL, then constrain narrow-lane (NL)ambiguityies and start multi-epoch filtering. There is no need to consider the influence of ionospheric parameters in the third step. Compared with the estimated ionospheric model, the proposed method reduces the number of parameters by half, so it is suitable for the use of multi-frequency and multi-system real-time RTK. The results using real data show that the stepwise fixed model of the IR EWL/WL/NL combinations can realize long-baseline instantaneous cimeter-level positioning. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=penta-frequency" title="penta-frequency">penta-frequency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ionospheric-reduced%20%28IR%29" title=" ionospheric-reduced (IR)"> ionospheric-reduced (IR)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=RTK%20positioning" title=" RTK positioning"> RTK positioning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=long-baseline" title=" long-baseline"> long-baseline</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/145983/long-baseline-single-epoch-rtk-positioning-method-based-on-bds-3-and-galileo-penta-frequency-ionosphere-reduced-combinations" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/145983.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">169</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3531</span> Effects of Non-Motorized Vehicles on a Selected Intersection in Dhaka City for Non Lane Based Heterogeneous Traffic Using VISSIM 5.3</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20C.%20Dey">A. C. Dey</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20M.%20Ahsan"> H. M. Ahsan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Heterogeneous traffic composed of both motorized and non-motorized vehicles that are a common feature of urban Bangladeshi roads. Popular non-motorized vehicles include rickshaws, rickshaw-van, and bicycle. These modes performed an important role in moving people and goods in the absence of a dependable mass transport system. However, rickshaws play a major role in meeting the demand for door-to-door public transport services to the city dwellers. But there is no separate lane for non-motorized vehicles in this city. Non-motorized vehicles generally occupy the outermost or curb-side lanes, however, at intersections non-motorized vehicles get mixed with the motorized vehicles. That’s why the conventional models fail to analyze the situation completely. Microscopic traffic simulation software VISSIM 5.3, itself a lane base software but default behavioral parameters [such as driving behavior, lateral distances, overtaking tendency, CCO=0.4m, CC1=1.5s] are modified for calibrating a model to analyze the effects of non-motorized traffic at an intersection (Mirpur-10) in a non-lane based mixed traffic condition. It is seen from field data that NMV occupies an average 20% of the total number of vehicles almost all the link roads. Due to the large share of non-motorized vehicles, capacity significantly drop. After analyzing simulation raw data, significant variation is noticed. Such as the average vehicular speed is reduced by 25% and the number of vehicles decreased by 30% only for the presence of NMV. Also the variation of lateral occupancy and queue delay time increase by 2.37% and 33.75% respectively. Thus results clearly show the negative effects of non-motorized vehicles on capacity at an intersection. So special management technics or restriction of NMV at major intersections may be an effective solution to improve this existing critical condition. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lateral%20occupancy" title="lateral occupancy">lateral occupancy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=non%20lane%20based%20intersection" title=" non lane based intersection"> non lane based intersection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nmv" title=" nmv"> nmv</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=queue%20delay%20time" title=" queue delay time"> queue delay time</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=VISSIM%205.3" title=" VISSIM 5.3"> VISSIM 5.3</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/98140/effects-of-non-motorized-vehicles-on-a-selected-intersection-in-dhaka-city-for-non-lane-based-heterogeneous-traffic-using-vissim-53" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/98140.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">155</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lane%20detection&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lane%20detection&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" 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