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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Types and purpose</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types_and_purpose-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types and purpose subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types_and_purpose-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Regional_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Regional organizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regional_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Participation_and_involvement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Participation_and_involvement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Participation and involvement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Participation_and_involvement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Privileges_and_immunities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Privileges_and_immunities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Privileges and immunities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Privileges_and_immunities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Nations_agencies_and_related_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Nations_agencies_and_related_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>United Nations agencies and related organizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Nations_agencies_and_related_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Expansion_and_growth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expansion_and_growth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Expansion and growth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expansion_and_growth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">International organization</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 76 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-76" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">76 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B8%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="منظمة دولية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="منظمة دولية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizaci%C3%B3n_internacional" title="Organización internacional – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Organización internacional" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyn%C9%99lxalq_t%C9%99%C5%9Fkilat" title="Beynəlxalq təşkilat – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Beynəlxalq təşkilat" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE" title="আন্তর্জাতিক সংস্থা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আন্তর্জাতিক সংস্থা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kok-ch%C3%A8_cho%CD%98-chit" title="Kok-chè cho͘-chit – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kok-chè cho͘-chit" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisasi_Internasional" title="Organisasi Internasional – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Organisasi Internasional" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%A1-%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Халыҡ-ара ойошма – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Халыҡ-ара ойошма" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Міжнародная арганізацыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Міжнародная арганізацыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Международна организация – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Международна организация" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodne_organizacije" title="Međunarodne organizacije – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Međunarodne organizacije" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organitzaci%C3%B3_internacional" title="Organització internacional – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Organització internacional" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezin%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD_organizace" title="Mezinárodní organizace – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mezinárodní organizace" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_organisation" title="International organisation – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="International organisation" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationale_Organisation_(V%C3%B6lkerrecht)" title="Internationale Organisation (Völkerrecht) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Internationale Organisation (Völkerrecht)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahvusvaheline_organisatsioon" title="Rahvusvaheline organisatsioon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rahvusvaheline organisatsioon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B5%CE%B8%CE%BD%CE%AE%CF%82_%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Διεθνής οργανισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Διεθνής οργανισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizaci%C3%B3n_internacional" title="Organización internacional – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Organización internacional" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internacia_organiza%C4%B5o" title="Internacia organizaĵo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Internacia organizaĵo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazioarteko_erakunde" title="Nazioarteko erakunde – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nazioarteko erakunde" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%84%DB%8C" title="سازمان بین‌المللی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سازمان بین‌المللی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altj%C3%B3%C3%B0a_felagsskapur" title="Altjóða felagsskapur – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Altjóða felagsskapur" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_internationale" title="Organisation internationale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Organisation internationale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relazions_e_Organizazions_Internazion%C3%A2ls" title="Relazions e Organizazions Internazionâls – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Relazions e Organizazions Internazionâls" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizaci%C3%B3n_internacional" title="Organización internacional – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Organización internacional" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%8E%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Дунен халкъашта юкъера организаци – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Дунен халкъашта юкъера организаци" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C%EA%B8%B0%EA%B5%AC" title="국제기구 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="국제기구" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%BA%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Միջազգային կազմակերպություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Միջազգային կազմակերպություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%A8" title="अन्तर्राष्ट्रीय संगठन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अन्तर्राष्ट्रीय संगठन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodna_organizacija" title="Međunarodna organizacija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Međunarodna organizacija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisasi_internasional" title="Organisasi internasional – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Organisasi internasional" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C3%BEj%C3%B3%C3%B0astofnun" title="Alþjóðastofnun – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Alþjóðastofnun" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizzazione_internazionale" title="Organizzazione internazionale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Organizzazione internazionale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9F-%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99" title="ארגון בין-לאומי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ארגון בין-לאומי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%AF_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%98%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81" title="ಅಂತರರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಸಂಘಟನೆಗಳು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಂತರರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಸಂಘಟನೆಗಳು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="საერთაშორისო ორგანიზაცია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="საერთაშორისო ორგანიზაცია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D2%B1%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Халықаралық ұйымдар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Халықаралық ұйымдар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D1%83%D1%8E%D0%BC" title="Эл аралык уюм – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Эл аралык уюм" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisaziuns_internazionales" title="Organisaziuns internazionales – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Organisaziuns internazionales" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starptautiska_organiz%C4%81cija" title="Starptautiska organizācija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Starptautiska organizācija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarptautin%C4%97_organizacija" title="Tarptautinė organizacija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tarptautinė organizacija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%93%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Меѓународна организација – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Меѓународна организација" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%98%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE" title="അന്താരാഷ്ട്ര സംഘടനകൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അന്താരാഷ്ട്ര സംഘടനകൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%94_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ერეფოშქაშე ორგანიზაცია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ერეფოშქაშე ორგანიზაცია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertubuhan_antarabangsa" title="Pertubuhan antarabangsa – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pertubuhan antarabangsa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisasi_antarobanso" title="Organisasi antarobanso – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Organisasi antarobanso" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationale_organisatie" title="Internationale organisatie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Internationale organisatie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%9A%9B%E6%A9%9F%E9%96%A2" title="国際機関 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="国際機関" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internasjonal_organisasjon" title="Internasjonal organisasjon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Internasjonal organisasjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xalqaro_tashkilot" title="Xalqaro tashkilot – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Xalqaro tashkilot" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%A0%E0%A8%A8" title="ਅੰਤਰਰਾਸ਼ਟਰੀ ਸੰਗਠਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅੰਤਰਰਾਸ਼ਟਰੀ ਸੰਗਠਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DA%93%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="نړیوال سازمان – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="نړیوال سازمان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizacja_mi%C4%99dzynarodowa" title="Organizacja międzynarodowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Organizacja międzynarodowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organiza%C3%A7%C3%A3o_internacional" title="Organização internacional – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Organização internacional" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organiza%C8%9Bie_interna%C8%9Bional%C4%83" title="Organizație internațională – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Organizație internațională" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Международная организация – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Международная организация" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%B4%D1%83_%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8D" title="Аан дойду тэрилтэлэрэ – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Аан дойду тэрилтэлэрэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urganizzazzioni_ntirnazziunali" title="Urganizzazzioni ntirnazziunali – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Urganizzazzioni ntirnazziunali" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_organization" title="International organization – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="International organization" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A_%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B8%D9%8A%D9%85" title="بين الاقوامي تنظيم – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="بين الاقوامي تنظيم" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medzin%C3%A1rodn%C3%A1_organiz%C3%A1cia" title="Medzinárodná organizácia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Medzinárodná organizácia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%92%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Међународна организација – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Међународна организација" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodna_organizacija" title="Međunarodna organizacija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Međunarodna organizacija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansainv%C3%A4linen_j%C3%A4rjest%C3%B6" title="Kansainvälinen järjestö – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kansainvälinen järjestö" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationell_organisation" title="Internationell organisation – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Internationell organisation" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9A_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="சர்வதேச அமைப்பு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சர்வதேச அமைப்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Халыкара оешма – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Халыкара оешма" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8" title="องค์การระหว่างประเทศ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="องค์การระหว่างประเทศ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uluslararas%C4%B1_kurulu%C5%9F" title="Uluslararası kuruluş – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Uluslararası kuruluş" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Міжнародна організація – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Міжнародна організація" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B8%DB%8C%D9%85" title="بین الاقوامی تنظیم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بین الاقوامی تنظیم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizasion_internasiona%C5%82e" title="Organizasion internasionałe – Venetian" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Organization established by treaty between governments</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palace_of_Nations_Geneva_20102014_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Palace_of_Nations_Geneva_20102014_02.jpg/220px-Palace_of_Nations_Geneva_20102014_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Palace_of_Nations_Geneva_20102014_02.jpg/330px-Palace_of_Nations_Geneva_20102014_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Palace_of_Nations_Geneva_20102014_02.jpg/440px-Palace_of_Nations_Geneva_20102014_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4848" data-file-height="3152" /></a><figcaption>The offices of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> in <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a> (Switzerland), which is the city that hosts the highest number of international organizations in the world<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>international organization</b>, also known as an <b>intergovernmental organization</b> or an <b>international institution</b>, is an <a href="/wiki/Organization" title="Organization">organization</a> that is established by a <a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">treaty</a> or other type of instrument governed by <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a> and possesses its own legal personality, such as the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature" title="International Union for Conservation of Nature">International Union for Conservation of Nature</a>, and <a href="/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">BRICS</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> International organizations are composed of primarily <a href="/wiki/Member_state" title="Member state">member states</a>, but may also include other entities, such as other international organizations, firms, and nongovernmental organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, entities (including states) may hold observer status.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Examples for international organizations include: <a href="/wiki/UN_General_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="UN General Assembly">UN General Assembly</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a>, <a href="/wiki/African_Development_Bank" title="African Development Bank">African Development Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Economic_and_Social_Council" title="United Nations Economic and Social Council">UN Economic and Social Council</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">UN Security Council</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asian_Development_Bank" title="Asian Development Bank">Asian Development Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Bank_for_Reconstruction_and_Development" title="International Bank for Reconstruction and Development">International Bank for Reconstruction and Development</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Finance_Corporation" title="International Finance Corporation">International Finance Corporation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Development_Bank" title="Inter-American Development Bank">Inter-American Development Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Environment_Programme" title="United Nations Environment Programme">United Nations Environment Programme.</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_organization&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scottish law professor <a href="/wiki/James_Lorimer_(advocate)" title="James Lorimer (advocate)">James Lorimer</a> has been credited with coining the term "international organization" in a 1871 article in the <i>Revue de Droit International et de Legislation Compare</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lorimer use the term frequently in his two-volume <i>Institutes of the Law of Nations</i> (1883, 1884). Other early uses of the term were by law professor <a href="/wiki/Walther_Sch%C3%BCcking" title="Walther Schücking">Walther Schucking</a> in works published in 1907, 1908 and 1909, and by political science professor <a href="/wiki/Paul_Samuel_Reinsch" title="Paul Samuel Reinsch">Paul S. Reinsch</a> in 1911.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1935, Pitman B. Potter defined international organization as "an association or union of nations established or recognized by them for the purpose of realizing a common end". He distinguished between bilateral and multilateral organizations on one end and customary or conventional organizations on the other end.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his 1922 book <i>An Introduction to the Study of International Organization</i>, Potter argued that international organization was distinct from "<a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">international intercourse</a>" (all relations between states), "international law" (which lacks enforcement) and <a href="/wiki/World_government" title="World government">world government</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>International Organizations are sometimes referred to as <b>intergovernmental organizations</b> (IGOs), to clarify the distinction from <a href="/wiki/International_non-governmental_organization" title="International non-governmental organization">international non-governmental organizations</a> (INGOs), which are <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">non-governmental organizations</a> (NGOs) that operate internationally. These include international <a href="/wiki/Nonprofit_organization" title="Nonprofit organization">nonprofit organizations</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/World_Organization_of_the_Scout_Movement" title="World Organization of the Scout Movement">World Organization of the Scout Movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a> and <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res" title="Médecins Sans Frontières">Médecins Sans Frontières</a>, as well as lobby groups that represent the interests of multinational corporations. </p><p>IGOs are established by a <a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">treaty</a> that acts as a charter creating the group. Treaties are formed when lawful representatives (governments) of several states go through a ratification process, providing the IGO with an international legal personality. Intergovernmental organizations are an important aspect of <a href="/wiki/Public_international_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Public international law">public international law</a>. </p><p>Intergovernmental organizations in a legal sense should be distinguished from simple groupings or coalitions of states, such as the <a href="/wiki/Group_of_Seven" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of Seven">G7</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Quartet_on_the_Middle_East" title="Quartet on the Middle East">Quartet</a>. Such groups or associations have not been founded by a constituent document and exist only as <a href="/wiki/Task_force" title="Task force">task groups</a>. Intergovernmental organizations must also be distinguished from treaties. Many treaties (such as the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">North American Free Trade Agreement</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/General_Agreement_on_Tariffs_and_Trade" title="General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade">General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade</a> before the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a>) do not establish an independent secretariat and instead rely on the parties for their administration, for example by setting up a <a href="/wiki/Joint_committee_(diplomatic)" title="Joint committee (diplomatic)">joint committee</a>. Other treaties have established an administrative apparatus which was not deemed to have been granted binding legal authority.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The broader concept wherein relations among three or more states are organized according to certain principles they hold in common is <a href="/wiki/Multilateralism" title="Multilateralism">multilateralism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_and_purpose">Types and purpose</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_organization&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Types and purpose"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Intergovernmental organizations differ in function, membership, and membership criteria. They have various goals and scopes, often outlined in the treaty or <a href="/wiki/Charter" title="Charter">charter</a>. Some IGOs developed to fulfill a need for a neutral forum for debate or negotiation to resolve disputes. Others developed to carry out mutual interests with unified aims to preserve peace through <a href="/wiki/Conflict_resolution" title="Conflict resolution">conflict resolution</a> and better <a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">international relations</a>, promote international cooperation on matters such as <a href="/wiki/List_of_supranational_environmental_agencies" title="List of supranational environmental agencies">environmental protection</a>, to promote <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a>, to promote <a href="/wiki/Social_change" title="Social change">social development</a> (education, <a href="/wiki/Health_care" title="Health care">health care</a>), to render <a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_aid" title="Humanitarian aid">humanitarian aid</a>, and to <a href="/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development">economic development</a>. Some are more general in scope (the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>) while others may have subject-specific missions (such as <a href="/wiki/Interpol" title="Interpol">INTERPOL</a> or the <a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telecommunication Union</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Standards_organization" title="Standards organization">standards organizations</a>). Common types include: </p> <ul><li>Worldwide or global organizations – generally open to nations worldwide as long as certain criteria are met: This category includes the United Nations (UN) and its specialized agencies, the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>, the <a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telecommunication Union</a> (ITU), the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> (IMF). It also includes globally operating intergovernmental organizations that are not an agency of the UN, including for example: the <a href="/wiki/Hague_Conference_on_Private_International_Law" title="Hague Conference on Private International Law">Hague Conference on Private International Law</a>, an operating intergovernmental organization based in <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a> that pursues the progressive unification of <a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_laws" title="Conflict of laws">private international law</a>; the <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a> that adjudicates crimes defined under the <a href="/wiki/Rome_Statute" title="Rome Statute">Rome Statute</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/CGIAR" title="CGIAR">CGIAR</a> (formerly the Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research), a global partnership that unites intergovernmental organizations engaged in research for a food-secured future.</li> <li>Cultural, linguistic, ethnic, religious, or historical organizations – open to members based on some cultural, linguistic, ethnic, religious, or historical link. Examples include the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a>, <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Organisation internationale de la Francophonie</a></span></span>, <a href="/wiki/Community_of_Portuguese_Language_Countries" title="Community of Portuguese Language Countries">Community of Portuguese Language Countries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Turkic_States" title="Organization of Turkic States">Organization of Turkic States</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_of_Turkic_Culture" title="International Organization of Turkic Culture">International Organization of Turkic Culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a> (CIS).</li> <li>Economic organizations – based on macro-economic policy goals: Some are dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a> and reduction of trade barriers, e.g. <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>. Others are focused on <a href="/wiki/International_Development_Research_Centre" title="International Development Research Centre">international development</a>. International <a href="/wiki/Cartel" title="Cartel">cartels</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a>, also exist. <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)</a> was founded as an economic-policy-focused organization. An example of a recently formed economic IGO is the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_the_South" title="Bank of the South">Bank of the South</a>.</li> <li>Educational organizations – centered around tertiary-level study. <a href="/wiki/EUCLID_(university)" class="mw-redirect" title="EUCLID (university)">EUCLID University</a> was chartered as a university and umbrella organization dedicated to sustainable development in signatory countries. The United Nations has founded multiple universities, notably the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_University" title="United Nations University">United Nations University</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_for_Peace" title="University for Peace">University for Peace</a>, for research and education around issues relevant to the UN, such as peace and sustainable development. The United Nations also has a dedicated training arm: the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Institute_for_Training_and_Research" title="United Nations Institute for Training and Research">United Nations Institute for Training and Research</a> (UNITAR).</li> <li>Health and Population Organizations – based on common perceived health and population goals. These are formed to address those challenges collectively, for example, the intergovernmental partnership for population and development Partners in Population and Development.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_organization" title="Regional organization">Regional organizations</a> – open to members from a particular continent or other specific region of the world. This category includes the <a href="/wiki/Community_of_Latin_American_and_Caribbean_States" title="Community of Latin American and Caribbean States">Community of Latin American and Caribbean States</a> (CLACS), <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a> (CoE), <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (EU), <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Eurasian Economic Union">Eurasian Economic Union</a> (EAEU), <a href="/wiki/Energy_Community" title="Energy Community">Energy Community</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="North Atlantic Treaty Organization">North Atlantic Treaty Organization</a> (NATO), <a href="/wiki/Economic_Community_of_West_African_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic Community of West African States">Economic Community of West African States</a> (ECOWAS), <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe</a> (OSCE), <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a> (AU), <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States</a> (OAS), <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Caribbean_States" title="Association of Caribbean States">Association of Caribbean States</a> (ACS), <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Association of Southeast Asian Nations">Association of Southeast Asian Nations</a> (ASEAN), <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Development_Bank" title="Islamic Development Bank">Islamic Development Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_American_Nations" title="Union of South American Nations">Union of South American Nations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asia_Cooperation_Dialogue" title="Asia Cooperation Dialogue">Asia Cooperation Dialogue</a> (ACD), <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands_Forum" title="Pacific Islands Forum">Pacific Islands Forum</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation</a> (SAARC), <a href="/wiki/Asian-African_Legal_Consultative_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian-African Legal Consultative Organization">Asian-African Legal Consultative Organization</a> (AALCO) and the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Eastern_Caribbean_States" title="Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States">Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States</a> (OECS).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regional_organizations">Regional organizations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_organization&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Regional organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In regional organizations like the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>, <a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mercosur" title="Mercosur">Mercosur</a>, there are restrictions on membership due to factors such as geography or political regimes. To enter the European Union (EU), the states require different criteria; member states need to be European, liberal-democratic political system, and be a capitalist economy.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The oldest <a href="/wiki/Regional_organization" title="Regional organization">regional organization</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Central_Commission_for_Navigation_on_the_Rhine" title="Central Commission for Navigation on the Rhine">Central Commission for Navigation on the Rhine</a>, created in 1815 by the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Participation_and_involvement">Participation and involvement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_organization&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Participation and involvement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_organization&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There are several different reasons a state may choose membership in an intergovernmental organization. But there are also reasons membership may be rejected. </p><p>Reasons for participation: </p> <ul><li>Economic rewards: In the case of the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">North American Free Trade Agreement</a> (NAFTA), membership in the free trade agreement benefits the parties' economies. For example, Mexican companies are given better access to <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">U.S.</a> markets due to their membership. External actors can also contribute to economic rewards and fuel the attractiveness of IGOs - notably for developing countries. For example, external donor funding from the European Union to IGOs in the Global South.<sup id="cite_ref-Springer_International_Publishing_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Springer_International_Publishing-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Political influence: Smaller countries, such as <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, who do not carry much political clout on the international stage, are given a substantial increase in influence through membership in IGOs such as the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>. Also for countries with more influence such as <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, IGOs are beneficial as the nation increases influence in the smaller countries' internal affairs and expanding other nations dependence on themselves, so to preserve allegiance.</li> <li>Security: Membership in an IGO such as <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> gives security benefits to member countries. This provides an arena where political differences can be resolved.</li> <li>Democracy: It has been noted that member countries experience a greater degree of democracy and those democracies survive longer.</li></ul> <p>Reasons for rejecting membership: </p> <ul><li>Loss of <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a>: Membership often comes with a loss of state sovereignty as treaties are signed that require co-operation on the part of all member states.</li> <li>Insufficient benefits: Often membership does not bring about substantial enough benefit to warrant membership in the organization.</li> <li>Attractive external options: Bilateral co-operation with external actors or competing IGOs may provide more attractive (external) policy options for member states. Thus, powerful external actors may undermine existing IGOs.<sup id="cite_ref-Springer_International_Publishing_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Springer_International_Publishing-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Privileges_and_immunities">Privileges and immunities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_organization&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Privileges and immunities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_immunity" title="Diplomatic immunity">Diplomatic immunity</a></div> <p>Intergovernmental organizations are provided with privileges and immunities that are intended to ensure their independent and effective functioning. They are specified in the treaties that give rise to the organization (such as the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Privileges_and_Immunities_of_the_United_Nations" title="Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations">Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_the_Privileges_and_Immunities_of_the_International_Criminal_Court" title="Agreement on the Privileges and Immunities of the International Criminal Court">Agreement on the Privileges and Immunities of the International Criminal Court</a>), which are normally supplemented by further multinational agreements and national regulations (for example the <i><a href="/wiki/International_Organizations_Immunities_Act" title="International Organizations Immunities Act">International Organizations Immunities Act</a></i> in the United States). The organizations are thereby immune from the jurisdiction of national courts. Certain privileges and immunities are also specified in the <i>Vienna Convention on the Representation of States in their Relations with International Organizations of a Universal Character</i> of 1975,.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which however has so far not been signed by 35 states and is thus not yet in force (status: 2022).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rather than by national jurisdiction, legal <a href="/wiki/Accountability" title="Accountability">accountability</a> is intended to be ensured by legal mechanisms that are internal to the intergovernmental organization itself<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and access to administrative tribunals. In the course of many court cases where private parties tried to pursue claims against international organizations, there has been a gradual realization that alternative means of dispute settlement are required as states have <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_human_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamental human rights">fundamental human rights</a> obligations to provide plaintiffs with access to court in view of their <a href="/wiki/Right_to_a_fair_trial" title="Right to a fair trial">right to a fair trial</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Shadow_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shadow-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 77">: 77 </span></sup> Otherwise, the organizations' immunities may be put in question in national and international courts.<sup id="cite_ref-Shadow_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shadow-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 72">: 72 </span></sup> Some organizations hold proceedings before tribunals relating to their organization to be confidential, and in some instances have threatened disciplinary action should an employee disclose any of the relevant information. Such confidentiality has been criticized as a lack of <a href="/wiki/Transparency_(social)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transparency (social)">transparency</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The immunities also extend to <a href="/wiki/Employment_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Employment law">employment law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this regard, immunity from national jurisdiction necessitates that reasonable alternative means are available to effectively protect employees' rights;<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in this context, a first instance Dutch court considered an estimated duration of proceedings before the <a href="/wiki/Administrative_Tribunal_of_the_International_Labour_Organization" title="Administrative Tribunal of the International Labour Organization">Administrative Tribunal of the International Labour Organization</a> of 15 years to be too long.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An international organization does not pay taxes, is difficult to prosecute in court and is not obliged to provide information to any parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_Nations_agencies_and_related_organizations">United Nations agencies and related organizations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_organization&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: United Nations agencies and related organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The United Nations focuses on five main areas: "maintaining <a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">peace</a> and <a href="/wiki/Security" title="Security">security</a>, protecting <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a>, delivering <a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_aid" title="Humanitarian aid">humanitarian aid</a>, supporting <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">sustainable development</a>, and upholding <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/UN_agencies" class="mw-redirect" title="UN agencies">UN agencies</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/UN_Relief_and_Works_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Relief and Works Agency">UN Relief and Works Agency</a>, are generally regarded as international organizations in their own right. Additionally, the United Nations has <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Specialized_Agencies" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Specialized Agencies">Specialized Agencies</a>, which are organizations within the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_System" title="United Nations System">United Nations System</a> that have their member states (often nearly identical to the <a href="/wiki/UN_member_states" class="mw-redirect" title="UN member states">UN Member States</a>) and are governed independently by them; examples include international organizations that predate the UN, such as the <a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telecommunication Union</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Postal_Union" title="Universal Postal Union">Universal Postal Union</a>, as well as organizations that were created after the UN such as the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (which was made up of regional organizations such as <a href="/wiki/Pan_American_Health_Organization" title="Pan American Health Organization">PAHO</a> that predated the UN). A few UN special agencies are very centralized in policy and decision-making, but some are decentralized; for example, the country-based projects or missions' directors and managers can decide what they want to do in the fields.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The UN agencies have a variety of tasks based on their specialization and their interests. The UN agencies provide different kinds of assistance to <a href="/wiki/Low-income_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Low-income countries">low-income countries</a> and middle-income countries, and this assistance would be a good resource for developmental projects in developing countries. The UN has to protect against any kind of human rights violation, and in the UN system, some specialized agencies, like ILO and United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (<a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">UNHCR</a>), work in the human rights' protection fields.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The UN agency, ILO, is trying to end any kind of discrimination in the work field and child labor; after that, this agency promotes fundamental labor rights and to get safe and secure for the laborers.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> United Nations Environment Program(UNEP) is one of the UN's (United Nations) agencies and is an international organization that coordinates U.N. activities on the environment.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_organization&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An early prominent example of an international organization is the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> of 1814–1815, which was an international diplomatic conference to reconstitute the European political order after the downfall of the French Emperor Napoleon. States then became the main decision makers who preferred to maintain their sovereignty as of 1648 at the Westphalian treaty that closed the 30 Years' War in Europe. </p><p>The first and oldest international organization—being established employing a treaty, and creating a permanent secretariat, with a global membership—was the <a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telecommunication Union</a> (founded in 1865). The first general international organization—addressing a variety of issues—was the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>, founded on 10 January 1920 with a principal mission of maintaining world peace after World War I. The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> followed this model after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. This was signed on 26 June 1945, in San Francisco, at the conclusion of the United Nations Conference on International Organization, and came into force on 24 October 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Currently, the UN is the main IGO with its arms such as the United Nations Security Council (UNSC), the General Assembly (UNGA), the International Court of Justice (ICJ), the Secretariat (UNSA), the Trusteeship Council (UNTC) and the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expansion_and_growth">Expansion and growth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_organization&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Expansion and growth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When defined as "organizations with at least three state parties, a permanent headquarters or secretariat, as well as regular meetings and budgets", the number of IGOs in the world increased from about 60 in 1940 to about 350 in 1980, after which it has remained roughly constant.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_organization&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/56px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/28px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/42px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/56px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intergovernmentalism" title="Intergovernmentalism">Intergovernmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_financial_institutions" title="International financial institutions">International financial institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_organisations_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="International organisations in Europe">International organisations in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">International relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_trade" title="International trade">International trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_international_trade_topics" class="mw-redirect" title="Index of international trade topics">Index of international trade topics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_intergovernmental_organizations" title="List of intergovernmental organizations">List of intergovernmental organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_organizations_with_.int_domain_names" title="List of organizations with .int domain names">List of organizations with .int domain names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_organizations_by_population" title="List of regional organizations by population">List of regional organizations by population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_supranational_environmental_agencies" title="List of supranational environmental agencies">List of supranational environmental agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_blocs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of trade blocs">List of trade blocs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilateralism" title="Multilateralism">Multilateralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-aggression_pact" title="Non-aggression pact">Non-aggression pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Economic_Communities" title="Regional Economic Communities">Regional Economic Communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_integration" title="Regional integration">Regional integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_organization" title="Regional organization">Regional organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supranational_aspects_of_international_organizations" title="Supranational aspects of international organizations">Supranational aspects of international organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supranational_union" title="Supranational union">Supranational union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_bloc" title="Trade bloc">Trade bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_government" title="World government">World government</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_organization&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> François Modoux, "La Suisse engagera 300 millions pour rénover le Palais des Nations", <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Temps" title="Le Temps">Le Temps</a></i>, Friday 28 June 2013, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGaja2011" class="citation web cs1">Gaja, Giorgio (9 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legal.un.org/avl/ha/ario/ario.html">"Articles on the Responsibility of International Organisations"</a>. <i>Audiovisual Library of International 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.peacepalacelibrary.nl/research-guides/international-organisations-and-relations/international-organizations/">the original</a> on 13 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"In the shadow of Waite and Kennedy – the jurisdictional immunity of international organizations, the individual's right of access to the courts and administrative tribunals as alternative means of dispute settlement". <i>International Organizations Law Review</i>. <b>1</b> (1): 59–110. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1572374043242330">10.1163/1572374043242330</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Organizations+Law+Review&rft.atitle=In+the+shadow+of+Waite+and+Kennedy+%E2%80%93+the+jurisdictional+immunity+of+international+organizations%2C+the+individual%27s+right+of+access+to+the+courts+and+administrative+tribunals+as+alternative+means+of+dispute+settlement&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=59-110&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1572374043242330&rft.aulast=Reinisch&rft.aufirst=August&rft.au=Weber%2C+Ulf+Andreas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+organization" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zsu-schmelz.univie.ac.at/fileadmin/user_upload/int_beziehungen/Personal/Publikationen_Reinisch/waite_kennedy_iolr_2004.pdf">Pdf.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131019171912/http://zsu-schmelz.univie.ac.at/fileadmin/user_upload/int_beziehungen/Personal/Publikationen_Reinisch/waite_kennedy_iolr_2004.pdf">Archived</a> 2013-10-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brettonwoodslaw.com/the-success-of-which-we-cannot-speak/">The success of which we cannot speak</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131019133530/http://www.brettonwoodslaw.com/the-success-of-which-we-cannot-speak/">Archived</a> 2013-10-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, brettonwoodlaw.com, 11 September 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReinisch2008" class="citation journal cs1">Reinisch, August (July 2008). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://echr.ketse.com/doc/26991.95-en-19960412/view/">the original</a> on 19 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Van+der+Peet+vs.+Germany&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fechr.ketse.com%2Fdoc%2F26991.95-en-19960412%2Fview%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+organization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sim.law.uu.nl/sim/caselaw/Hof.nsf/2422ec00f1ace923c1256681002b47f1/6093b338dfb67368c1256727004ba9e5?OpenDocument"><i>Waite and Kennedy v. Germany</i> (1999)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130825103035/http://sim.law.uu.nl/sim/caselaw/Hof.nsf/2422ec00f1ace923c1256681002b47f1/6093b338dfb67368c1256727004ba9e5?OpenDocument">Archived</a> 2013-08-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dvdw.nl/en/expertise/employment-law/epo-no-immunity-in-labour-cases/">EPO: no immunity in labor cases?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131019052612/http://www.dvdw.nl/en/expertise/employment-law/epo-no-immunity-in-labour-cases/">Archived</a> 2013-10-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, dvdw.nl, 27 August 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fragdenstaat.de/blog/2023/05/19/icmpd-die-migrations-manager/">"International Centre for Migration Policy Development (ICMPD): Die Migrations-Manager"</a> (in German). 19 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Routledge. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415706650" title="Special:BookSources/9780415706650"><bdi>9780415706650</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=International+Institutions.+Classification+and+main+characteristics&rft.btitle=Management+of+International+Institutions+and+NGOs%3A+Frameworks%2C+practices+and+challenges&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-12-17&rft.isbn=9780415706650&rft.aulast=Alesani&rft.aufirst=Daniele&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+organization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlyth-Kubota1992" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Blyth-Kubota, Fiona (16 April 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/journals/nord/61-62/1-4/article-p193_22.xml">"Specialised Agencies and Other United Nations Organs Working in the Field of Human Rights"</a>. <i>Nordic Journal of International Law</i>. 61–62 (1–4): 193–195. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F15718107-90000022">10.1163/15718107-90000022</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0902-7351">0902-7351</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nordic+Journal+of+International+Law&rft.atitle=Specialised+Agencies+and+Other+United+Nations+Organs+Working+in+the+Field+of+Human+Rights&rft.volume=61-62&rft.issue=1%E2%80%934&rft.pages=193-195&rft.date=1992-04-16&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F15718107-90000022&rft.issn=0902-7351&rft.aulast=Blyth-Kubota&rft.aufirst=Fiona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fjournals%2Fnord%2F61-62%2F1-4%2Farticle-p193_22.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+organization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HJEue9-lTgg"><i>The ILO at Work</i></a>. 24 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2022</span> – via <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+ILO+at+Work&rft.date=2021-03-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DHJEue9-lTgg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+organization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnvironment2023" class="citation web cs1">Environment, U. N. (5 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unep.org/topics/climate-action?gad_source=1&gclid=Cj0KCQjw1Yy5BhD-ARIsAI0RbXbr72ncS-UKMHqGeHHOp0dRxpaXdSWePn3paXG4_IqdLOoi7ZkM6h0aAu7eEALw_wcB">"Climate action | UNEP - UN Environment Programme"</a>. <i>www.unep.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.unep.org&rft.atitle=Climate+action+%7C+UNEP+-+UN+Environment+Programme&rft.date=2023-10-05&rft.aulast=Environment&rft.aufirst=U.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unep.org%2Ftopics%2Fclimate-action%3Fgad_source%3D1%26gclid%3DCj0KCQjw1Yy5BhD-ARIsAI0RbXbr72ncS-UKMHqGeHHOp0dRxpaXdSWePn3paXG4_IqdLOoi7ZkM6h0aAu7eEALw_wcB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+organization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charter of the United Nations and Statute of the International Court of Justice</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEilstrup-Sangiovanni2020" class="citation journal cs1">Eilstrup-Sangiovanni, Mette (1 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11558-018-9340-5">"Death of international organizations. The organizational ecology of intergovernmental organizations, 1815–2015"</a>. <i>The Review of International Organizations</i>. <b>15</b> (2): 339–370. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11558-018-9340-5">10.1007/s11558-018-9340-5</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1814%2F60598">1814/60598</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1559-744X">1559-744X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Review+of+International+Organizations&rft.atitle=Death+of+international+organizations.+The+organizational+ecology+of+intergovernmental+organizations%2C+1815%E2%80%932015&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=339-370&rft.date=2020-04-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1814%2F60598&rft.issn=1559-744X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11558-018-9340-5&rft.aulast=Eilstrup-Sangiovanni&rft.aufirst=Mette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs11558-018-9340-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+organization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_organization&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Barnett, Michael and Finnemore, M. 2004. <i>Rules for the World: International Organizations in Global Politics</i>. Cornell University Press.</li> <li>Hurd, Ian. 2018. <i>International Organizations: Politics, Law, Practice</i>. Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Lall, Ranjit. 2017. "Beyond Institutional Design: Explaining the Performance of International Organizations." <i>International Organization</i> 53: 699–732.</li> <li>Lall, Ranjit. 2023. <i>Making International Institutions Work: The Politics of Performance</i>. Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Lavelle, Kathryn C. (2020): The Challenges of Multilateralism. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300230451.</li> <li>Muntschick, Johannes, ed. (2022): <i>Regionalism in Africa and External Partners. Uneven Relationships and (Un)Intended Effects</i>. Cham: Palgrave. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-031-10702-3">10.1007/978-3-031-10702-3</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClaude1964" class="citation book cs1">Claude, Inis L. Jr. (1964) [1959]. <i>Swords into Plowshares: The problems and progress of international organization</i> (3rd ed.). New York: Random House. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/559717722">559717722</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Swords+into+Plowshares%3A+The+problems+and+progress+of+international+organization&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F559717722&rft.aulast=Claude&rft.aufirst=Inis+L.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+organization" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Datasets: <ul><li>Pevehouse, Jon C.W., Timothy Nordstron, Roseanne W McManus, Anne Spencer Jamison, "Tracking Organizations in the World: The Correlates of War IGO Version 3.0 datasets", Journal of Peace Research.</li> <li>Roger, Charles., Sam Rowan, "The New Terrain of Global Governance: Mapping Membership in Informal International Organizations.", Journal of Conflict Resolution, <b>67</b> (6): 281–310.</li> <li>Lundgren, Magnus; Squatrito, Theresa; Sommerer, Thomas; Tallberg, Jonas (2023). "Introducing the Intergovernmental Policy Output Dataset (IPOD)". <i>The Review of International Organizations</i>.</li> <li>Eilstrup-Sangiovanni, Mette (2021-03). "What kills international organisations? When and why international organisations terminate". <i>European Journal of International Relations</i>. <b>27</b> (1).</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_organization&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thegeneralknowledge.in/2015/03/headquarters-of-international.html">Headquarters of International Organisation</a> List of International Organisation and their Headquarters</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legal.un.org/avl/ha/ario/ario.html">Procedural history and related documents</a> on the 'Articles on the Responsibility of International Organizations' in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legal.un.org/avl/historicarchives.html">Historic Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Audiovisual_Library_of_International_Law" title="United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law">United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141228214550/http://snn.co.in/world-news.html">World News related documents</a> on the World News related documents</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120722070858/http://library.stanford.edu/depts/jonsson/collections/intl/igosearch.html">IGO Search</a>: IGO/NGO google custom search engine built by the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080807171534/http://wikis.ala.org/godort/">Govt Documents Round Table (GODORT)</a> of the American Library Association.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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organizations</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Category:International_organizations" title="Category:International organizations">list</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Intergovernmental organization">Intergovernmental<br />organizations</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/List_of_intergovernmental_organizations" title="List of intergovernmental organizations">list</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-cultural <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Intergovernmental organization">IGOs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_for_International_Settlements" title="Bank for International Settlements">Bank for International Settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Seabed_Authority" title="International Seabed Authority">International Seabed Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Customs_Organization" title="World Customs Organization">World Customs Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Parliamentary_Union" title="Inter-Parliamentary Union">Inter-Parliamentary Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpol" title="Interpol">Interpol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Development_Bank" title="New Development Bank">New Development Bank</a></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/Glossary_of_international_relations_terms" title="Glossary of international relations terms">Glossary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">BRICS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization">Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court (ICC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations (UN)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_world" title="Political history of the world">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_relations_(1648%E2%80%931814)" title="International relations (1648–1814)">1648–1814</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_relations_(1814%E2%80%931919)" title="International relations (1814–1919)">1814–1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_relations_(1919%E2%80%931939)" title="International relations (1919–1939)">1919–1939</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II" title="Diplomatic history of World War II">Diplomatic history of World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_relations_since_1989" title="International relations since 1989">International relations since 1989</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance" title="Alliance">Alliance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Entente_(alliance)" title="Entente (alliance)">Entente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition" title="Coalition">Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_alliance" title="Military alliance">Military</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appeasement" title="Appeasement">Appeasement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-belligerence" title="Co-belligerence">Co-belligerence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_security" title="Collective security">Collective security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis" title="Crisis">Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deterrence_theory" title="Deterrence theory">Deterrence theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansionism" title="Expansionism">Expansionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey-zone_(international_relations)" title="Grey-zone (international relations)">Grey-zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">Hegemony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism_in_international_relations" title="Idealism in international relations">Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_community" title="International community">International community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internationality" title="Internationality">Internationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_institutionalism" title="Liberal institutionalism">Liberal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interventionism_(politics)" title="Interventionism (politics)">Interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isolationism" title="Isolationism">Isolationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_interest" title="National interest">National interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_country" title="Neutral country">Neutral country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-belligerent" title="Non-belligerent">Non-belligerent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-state_actor" title="Non-state actor">Non-state actor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(international_relations)" title="Power (international relations)">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_conquest" title="Right of conquest">Right of conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">Suzerainty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">Treaty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilateral_treaty" title="Bilateral treaty">Bilateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_friendship" title="Treaty of friendship">Friendship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilateral_treaty" title="Multilateral treaty">Multilateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-aggression_pact" title="Non-aggression pact">Non-aggression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_treaty" title="Peace treaty">Peace</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whole-of-society" title="Whole-of-society">Whole-of-society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_relations_theory" title="International relations theory">Theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constructivism_(international_relations)" title="Constructivism (international relations)">Constructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_school_of_international_relations_theory" title="English school of international relations theory">English school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_international_relations" title="Feminism in international relations">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_(international_relations)" title="Liberalism (international relations)">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_international_relations_theory" title="Marxist international relations theory">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_international_relations" title="Postcolonial international relations">Postcolonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realism_(international_relations)" title="Realism (international relations)">Realism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related fields and subfields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_politics" title="Comparative politics">Comparative politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomacy" 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text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11941598v">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Organisations internationales"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11941598v">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00566438">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="mezinárodní instituce a organizace"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph249764&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007558029505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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