CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Comrade - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"5c936f41-9dbf-4723-9ae9-797b6dc7c014","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Comrade","wgTitle":"Comrade","wgCurRevisionId":1258876715,"wgRevisionId":1258876715,"wgArticleId":647502,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from August 2017","Articles with permanently dead external links","CS1 uses Russian-language script (ru)","CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 uses Chinese-language script (zh)","Articles containing Chinese-language text","CS1 Indonesian-language sources (id)","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata", "Articles needing additional references from August 2015","All articles needing additional references","Articles containing Spanish-language text","Articles containing Latin-language text","Articles containing French-language text","Articles containing German-language text","Articles containing Russian-language text","Articles containing Old Turkic-language text","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015","Articles containing Xhosa-language text","Articles containing Albanian-language text","Articles containing Arabic-language text","Articles containing Armenian-language text","Articles containing Azerbaijani-language text","Articles containing Belarusian-language text","Articles containing Bulgarian-language text","Articles containing Burmese-language text","Articles containing Catalan-language text","Articles containing Czech-language text","Articles containing Dutch-language text", "Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017","Articles containing Danish-language text","Articles containing Esperanto-language text","Articles containing Estonian-language text","Articles containing Finnish-language text","Articles containing Georgian-language text","Articles with unsourced statements from January 2022","Articles containing Greek-language text","Articles containing Hebrew-language text","Articles containing Hungarian-language text","Articles containing Icelandic-language text","Articles containing Indonesian-language text","Articles containing Irish-language text","Articles containing Italian-language text","Articles containing Japanese-language text","Articles containing Kannada-language text","Articles containing Kazakh-language text","Pages with Kazakh IPA","Articles containing Khmer-language text","Articles containing Korean-language text","Articles containing Kurdish-language text","Articles containing Latvian-language text", "Articles containing Lithuanian-language text","Articles containing Macedonian-language text","Articles containing Malay (macrolanguage)-language text","Articles containing Malayalam-language text","Articles containing Mongolian-language text","Articles containing Nepali (macrolanguage)-language text","Articles containing Norwegian-language text","Articles containing Tagalog-language text","Articles containing Pashto-language text","Articles containing Polish-language text","Articles containing Portuguese-language text","Articles containing Punjabi-language text","Articles containing Romani-language text","Articles containing Romanian-language text","Articles containing Serbo-Croatian-language text","Articles containing Slovak-language text","Articles containing Slovene-language text","Articles containing Sindhi-language text","Articles containing Somali-language text","Articles containing Sinhala-language text","Articles containing Swahili (macrolanguage)-language text", "Articles containing Swedish-language text","Articles containing Tamil-language text","Articles containing Tetun Dili-language text","Articles containing Thai-language text","Articles containing Turkish-language text","Articles containing Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text","Articles containing Ukrainian-language text","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2009","Articles containing Vietnamese-language text","Political terminology","Communist terminology","Socialism","Islamism"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Comrade","wgRelevantArticleId":647502,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{ "pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q632316","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading", "ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init", "ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Harrison_Fisher_WWI_American_Red_Cross_poster.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1633"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Harrison_Fisher_WWI_American_Red_Cross_poster.jpg/800px-Harrison_Fisher_WWI_American_Red_Cross_poster.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1089"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Harrison_Fisher_WWI_American_Red_Cross_poster.jpg/640px-Harrison_Fisher_WWI_American_Red_Cross_poster.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="871"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Comrade - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comrade"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Comrade&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comrade"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Comrade rootpage-Comrade skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Comrade" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Comrade" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Comrade" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Comrade" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Etymology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Background </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Political usage </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_usage-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Political usage subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Political_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Russian_and_Soviet_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_and_Soviet_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Russian and Soviet usage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_and_Soviet_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chinese_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Chinese usage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_African_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_African_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 South African usage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_African_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zimbabwean_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zimbabwean_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Zimbabwean usage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zimbabwean_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Sudanese_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Sudanese_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 South Sudanese usage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Sudanese_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 British usage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kenyan_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kenyan_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Kenyan usage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kenyan_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuban_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuban_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 Cuban usage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuban_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_other_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_other_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 In other languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_other_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Comrade</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" > 42 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%82" title="رفيق – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رفيق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A1" title="কমরেড – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কমরেড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B4ng-ch%C3%AC" title="Tông-chì – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tông-chì" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Другар – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Другар" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camarada" title="Camarada – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Camarada" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soudruh" title="Soudruh – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Soudruh" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genosse" title="Genosse – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Genosse" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%8D%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Σύντροφος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σύντροφος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camarada" title="Camarada – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Camarada" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamarado" title="Kamarado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kamarado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%82" title="رفیق – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رفیق" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camarade" title="Camarade – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Camarade" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1" title="कॉमरेड – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कॉमरेड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug" title="Drug – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Drug" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamarado" title="Kamarado – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kamarado" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamerad" title="Kamerad – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kamerad" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compagno_(politica)" title="Compagno (politica) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Compagno (politica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%AB%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%8D" title="ສະຫາຍ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ສະຫາຍ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Другар – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Другар" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%96%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D" title="സഖാവ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സഖാവ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B9ng-c%C3%A9" title="Dùng-cé – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Dùng-cé" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1" title="कमरेड – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कमरेड" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E5%BF%97" title="同志 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="同志" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamerat" title="Kamerat – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kamerat" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A1" title="ਕਾਮਰੇਡ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਾਮਰੇਡ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%88" title="کامریڈ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کامریڈ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Towarzysz" title="Towarzysz – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Towarzysz" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camarada" title="Camarada – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Camarada" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%89" title="Товарищ – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Товарищ" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shok_(politik%C3%AB)" title="Shok (politikë) – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shok (politikë)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comrade" title="Comrade – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Comrade" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAdruh" title="Súdruh – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Súdruh" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%95%DA%A4%D8%A7%DA%B5" title="ھەڤاڵ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھەڤاڵ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug" title="Drug – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Drug" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toveri" title="Toveri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Toveri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamrat_(tilltalsord)" title="Kamrat (tilltalsord) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kamrat (tilltalsord)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="தோழர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தோழர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%88_(%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F)" title="Товариш (звертання) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Товариш (звертання)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%88" title="کامریڈ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کامریڈ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng_ch%C3%AD" title="Đồng chí – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đồng chí" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E5%BF%97" title="同志 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="同志" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E5%BF%97_(%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB)" title="同志 (政治) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="同志 (政治)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q632316#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Comrade" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Comrade" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Comrade">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comrade&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comrade&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Comrade">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comrade&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comrade&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Comrade" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Comrade" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comrade&oldid=1258876715" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comrade&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Comrade&id=1258876715&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FComrade">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FComrade">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Comrade&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comrade&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Comrades" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q632316" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Term meaning friend, colleague or ally, with political connotations</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Camaraderie" redirects here. For a definition of that term, see the Wiktionary entry <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/camaraderie" class="extiw" title="wikt:camaraderie">camaraderie</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Comrade_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Comrade (disambiguation)">Comrade (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Comrade" title="Special:EditPage/Comrade">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Comrade%22">"Comrade"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Comrade%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Comrade%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Comrade%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Comrade%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Comrade%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (August 2015) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harrison_Fisher_WWI_American_Red_Cross_poster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Harrison_Fisher_WWI_American_Red_Cross_poster.jpg/220px-Harrison_Fisher_WWI_American_Red_Cross_poster.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Harrison_Fisher_WWI_American_Red_Cross_poster.jpg/330px-Harrison_Fisher_WWI_American_Red_Cross_poster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Harrison_Fisher_WWI_American_Red_Cross_poster.jpg/440px-Harrison_Fisher_WWI_American_Red_Cross_poster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1102" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> <a href="/wiki/American_Red_Cross" title="American Red Cross">American Red Cross</a> poster by <a href="/wiki/Harrison_Fisher" title="Harrison Fisher">Harrison Fisher</a>, 1918</figcaption></figure> In political contexts, comrade means a fellow party member, usually <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">left-wing</a>. The political use was inspired by the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, after which it grew into a <a href="/wiki/Style_(form_of_address)" title="Style (form of address)">form of address</a> between socialists and workers. Since the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a>, popular culture in the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">West</a> has often associated it with <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>. As such, it can be used as a derogatory reference to left-wingers, akin to "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/commie" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:commie">commie</a>". In particular, the Russian word <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%89#Russian" class="extiw" title="wikt:товарищ">товарищ</a> (tovarishch) may be used as derogatory reference to <a href="/wiki/Communists" class="mw-redirect" title="Communists">Communists</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Comrade&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> The term comrade generally means 'mate', 'colleague', or 'ally', and derives from the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> term camarada,<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'chamber mate', from Latin camera, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'chamber' or 'room'.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> It may also specifically mean "fellow soldier", <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/comrade_in_arms#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:comrade in arms">comrade in arms</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Comrade&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> Upon abolishing the titles of <a href="/wiki/French_nobility" title="French nobility">nobility in France</a>, and the terms monsieur and madame (literally, 'my lord' and 'my lady'), the revolutionaries employed the term citoyen for men and citoyenne for women (both meaning '<a href="/wiki/Citizen" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizen">citizen</a>') to refer to each other.<a href="#cite_note-Heuer2007-3">[3]</a> The deposed King <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a>, for instance, was referred to as Citoyen Louis <a href="/wiki/Capetian_dynasty" title="Capetian dynasty">Capet</a> to emphasize his loss of privilege.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> When the socialist movement gained momentum in the mid-19th century, socialists elsewhere began to look for a similar <a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">egalitarian</a> alternative to terms like "<a href="/wiki/Mr." title="Mr.">Mister</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Miss" title="Miss">Miss</a>", or "<a href="/wiki/Mrs." title="Mrs.">Missus</a>". In <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, the word <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamerad_(Milit%C3%A4r)" class="extiw" title="de:Kamerad (Militär)">Kamerad</a> had long been used as an affectionate form of address among people linked by some strong common interest, such as a sport, a college, a profession (notably as a soldier), or simply friendship.<a href="#cite_note-PittYoung1971-5">[5]</a> The term was often used with political overtones in the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">revolutions of 1848</a>, and was subsequently borrowed by French and English. In English, the first known use of the word comrade with this meaning was in 1884 in the socialist magazine <a href="/wiki/Justice_(newspaper)" title="Justice (newspaper)">Justice</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Harris2016-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_usage">Political usage</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Comrade&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Political usage">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian_and_Soviet_usage">Russian and Soviet usage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Comrade&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Russian and Soviet usage">edit</a>]</div> In the late 19th century, Russian <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxists</a> and other leftist revolutionaries adopted the word "tovarisch" (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%89" class="extiw" title="wikt:товарищ">товарищ</a>) as a translation for the German term <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kamerad" class="extiw" title="wikt:Kamerad">Kamerad</a>. Originally, "tovarisch" meant "business companion" or "travel (or other adventure) mate" deriving from the <a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic" title="Old Turkic">Old Turkic</a> tavar ishchi; abbreviated tov., and related to the noun товар (tovar, meaning 'merchandise').<a href="#cite_note-vienna-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-laden-8">[8]</a> In socialist and <a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">labour movements</a>, it became a common form of address, as in Tovarisch Plekhanov or Tovarisch Chairman or simply as Tovarisch (especially German) <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democracy</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a>, translations of "tovarisch" spread globally among <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communists</a>, though the term "comrade" became closely associated with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> specifically in the eyes of many.<a href="#cite_note-:0-9">[9]</a> With the February Revolution of 1917, traditional forms of address common in Tsarist Russia would become deeply unpopular and were replaced by the more republican and egalitarian title of citizen. However, this would be overshadowed by the address of comrade due to the more revolutionary connotations. The term "citizen" did not seem sufficiently pro-revolutionary as many monarchists identified themselves as 'Russian citizens and loyal subjects of the sovereign-Emperor'. In contrast being called "comrade" implied a kind of revolutionary zeal and exceptionalism. Yet, it was widely used across society-socialists in the Provisional Government were known as 'comrade ministers', policemen and Cossacks were addressed as 'comrades', and even rural witch-doctors became 'comrade spirits'.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">revolutionary period</a>, once the Bolsheviks had taken power, they continued to use "comrade" to address or refer to people presumed to be sympathetic to the revolution and to the Soviet state, such as workers, members of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party</a>, and (for a time) <a href="/wiki/Left_Socialist-Revolutionaries" title="Left Socialist-Revolutionaries">Left Socialist-Revolutionaries</a>. For everyone else, citizen was the preferred term; however, it could also serve as an insult especially if the individual expected a more respectful address. For instance, the guards of Nicholas II deliberately called him 'citizen Romanov' during his captivity. The anti-Bolshevik socialists, such as the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Revolutionary_Party" title="Socialist Revolutionary Party">Socialist Revolutionaries</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mensheviks" title="Mensheviks">Mensheviks</a>, also addressed each other as "comrade", while the <a href="/wiki/White_movement" title="White movement">Whites</a> mockingly, referred to their enemies as 'the comrades'.<a href="#cite_note-:0-9">[9]</a> As discontent with the Bolshevik regime grew, even within the Soviet camp, comrade could be seen as an insult. in one instance, a woman on a Petrograd tram, when addressed as "comrade", replied: 'What's all this 'comrade' talk? Take your 'comrade' and go to hell!".<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> By the mid-1920s, the address Tovarisch had become so widespread in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> that it was used casually as titles like "Mister" or "Sir" in English. That use persisted until the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a>. Still, the original meaning partly re-surfaced in some contexts: criminals and suspects were only addressed as "citizens" and not as tovarischi, and expressly refusing to address someone as tovarisch would generally be perceived as a hostile act or, in <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinist</a> times, even as an accusation of being "<a href="/wiki/Anti-Sovietism" title="Anti-Sovietism">Anti-Soviet</a>".<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chinese_usage">Chinese usage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Comrade&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Chinese usage">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tongzhi_(term)" title="Tongzhi (term)">Tongzhi (term)</a></div> In <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>, the translation of comrade is 同志 (<a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: tóng zhì), literally meaning '(people with) the same spirit, goal, ambition, etc.'. It was first introduced in the political sense by <a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a> to refer to his followers.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> (Nationalist Party), which was co-founded by Sun Yat-Sen, has a long tradition of using this term to refer to its members, usually as a noun rather than a title; for example, a KMT member would say "Mr. Chang is a loyal and reliable comrade (同志)."<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Nevertheless, the term was promoted most actively by the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> during its struggle for power. It was used both as a noun and as a title for basically anyone in <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">mainland China</a> after the <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a> was founded. For example, women were nü tongzhi ('female comrade'), children were xiao tongzhi ('little comrade') and seniors were lao tongzhi ('old comrade'). However, after the 1980s and the onset of China's market-oriented reforms, this term has been moving out of such daily usage. It remains in use as a respectful term of public address among middle-aged Chinese and members of the Chinese Communist Party. Within the Communist Party, failure to address a fellow member as tóng zhì is seen as a subtle but unmistakable sign of disrespect and enmity.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] At party or civil meetings, the usage of the term has been retained. Officials often address each other as Tongzhi, and thus the usage here is not limited to Communist Party members alone. In addition, Tongzhi is the term of preference to address any national leader when their titles are not attached (e.g., Comrade Mao Zedong, Comrade Deng Xiaoping).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In October 2016, the <a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party</a> issued a directive urging all 90 million party members to keep calling each other "comrades" instead of less egalitarian terms.<a href="#cite_note-comrades2016-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-comradesBBC-15">[15]</a> It is also in the regulations of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">Chinese Armed Forces</a> as one of three appropriate ways to formally address another member of the military ("comrade" plus rank or position, as in "Comrade Colonel", or simply "comrade/s" when lacking information about the person's rank, or talking to several servicepeople.)<a href="#cite_note-military-16">[16]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">SAR</a> territories of Hong Kong and Macau generally use tongzhi as a catch-all term to refer to members of the <a href="/wiki/LGBT" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT">LGBT</a> community; its use as a word for "comrade" has historically been uncommon due to both territories formerly being under foreign administrations. This definition of tongzhi is becoming increasingly popular among mainland Chinese youth and a growing number of older Chinese people have stopped using tongzhi due to its new association with the LGBT community.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_African_usage">South African usage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Comrade&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: South African usage">edit</a>]</div> During the 1970s and 1980s, comrade emerged as a popular revolutionary form of address in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> among those involved in anti-<a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a> political activities.<a href="#cite_note-Jaster-18">[18]</a> For example, members of the <a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress">African National Congress</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_African_Communist_Party" title="South African Communist Party">South African Communist Party</a> frequently referred to each other as comrade.<a href="#cite_note-SACP-19">[19]</a> Among poor residents of the country's segregated <a href="/wiki/Township_(South_Africa)" title="Township (South Africa)">townships</a>, it was also used to specifically denote members of militant youth organisations.<a href="#cite_note-ZA1-20">[20]</a> These radical activists led <a href="/wiki/Boycott" title="Boycott">consumer boycotts</a>, organised anti-apartheid rallies and demonstrations, and intimidated those suspected of having ties to the South African government or security forces.<a href="#cite_note-ZA1-20">[20]</a> In this particular context, the English title comrades was also used interchangeably with the <a href="/wiki/Xhosa_language" title="Xhosa language">Xhosa</a> term amabutho.<a href="#cite_note-ZA1-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zimbabwean_usage">Zimbabwean usage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Comrade&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Zimbabwean usage">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>, the term is used for persons affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/ZANU%E2%80%93PF" title="ZANU–PF">ZANU–PF</a> political party.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> The state media also use Cde as short for comrade.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Members of other political parties mainly the <a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Democratic_Change_%E2%80%93_Tsvangirai" title="Movement for Democratic Change – Tsvangirai">Movement for Democratic Change</a> are often referred by their names or Mr, Mrs or Prof.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The revived <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_African_People%27s_Union" title="Zimbabwe African People's Union">Zimbabwe African People's Union</a> (ZAPU) members also call themselves comrades.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Sudanese_usage">South Sudanese usage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Comrade&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: South Sudanese usage">edit</a>]</div> Members of the <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan_People%27s_Defence_Forces" title="South Sudan People's Defence Forces">Sudan People's Liberation Army</a> call each other 'Comrade'.<a href="#cite_note-Baas2012-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_usage">British usage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Comrade&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: British usage">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/British_Union_of_Fascists" title="British Union of Fascists">British Union of Fascists</a> used the word commonly to refer to members. Their marching song, set to the music of the <a href="/wiki/Horst-Wessel-Lied" title="Horst-Wessel-Lied">Horst-Wessel-Lied</a> began 'Comrades, the voices'. The writer, E.D. Randall, defended the usage of the word by stating that 'comrades' ‘fittingly and completely expresses the ideal of unity in the service of a common cause’<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kenyan_usage">Kenyan usage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Comrade&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Kenyan usage">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, the use of the word comrade is in a more traditional sense to mean 'member'. It is commonly used by trade unionists, political parties and University students as a form of solidarity and common identity. It features prominently in chant songs by University student leaders and popular youth culture as a term of endearment. <a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuban_usage">Cuban usage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Comrade&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Cuban usage">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> the corresponding revolutionary form of address was compañero, e.g., <a href="/wiki/Compa%C3%B1ero_Fidel" class="mw-redirect" title="Compañero Fidel">Compañero Fidel</a>; see <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Spanish" title="Cuban Spanish">Cuban Spanish</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_other_languages">In other languages</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Comrade&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: In other languages">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>, the word shok (meaning friend, from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> socius) was used within communist circles. The female form is shoqe.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> the <a href="/wiki/Amharic" title="Amharic">Amharic</a> word for "comrade" is "Guade" written with ancient <a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez" title="Geʽez">Geʽez</a> script as "ጓድ". The word "Guade" trace its origin to the Amharic word of "Guadegna/ ጓደኛ" meaning " a friend". The word was in popular use after the 1974 revolution particularly by members of the socialist party to refer to another person of the similar political group, belongs to the same ideology, or similar style. The usage of the word is eroded since 1991 and it is limited to political party conventions or meetings. A rather the most popular variation of the word in the past and currently is "Guadochae/ ጓዶቼ" meaning "my friends" which is a humble way of address for a valued colleague or friend.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> word رفيق (Rafīq) (meaning comrade, companion) is used in <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urdu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu language">Urdu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Farsi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Farsi language">Persian</a> with the same political connotation as "comrade". The term is used both among <a href="/wiki/Arab_Communist_Organization" title="Arab Communist Organization">Arab communists</a> as well as within the <a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party" title="Ba'ath Party">Ba'ath movement</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Forces" title="Lebanese Forces">Lebanese Forces</a>. The term predates modern political usage, and is an Arabic male proper name. <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iranian</a> communists use the same term. In <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, the term is sometimes used to refer to Islamist members of <a href="/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami_Pakistan" title="Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan">Jama'at-e-Islami</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islami_Jamiat-e-Talaba" title="Islami Jamiat-e-Talaba">Islami Jamiat-e-Talaba</a> (the student wing of Jamaat-e-Islami).</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a> word for comrade is ընկեր (unger) for boys and men and ընկերուհի (ungerouhi) for girls and women. This word literally translates as 'friend'. It is used by members of the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation" title="Armenian Revolutionary Federation">Armenian Revolutionary Federation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ramgavar" title="Ramgavar">Ramgavar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_Democrat_Hunchakian_Party" title="Social Democrat Hunchakian Party">Social Democrat Hunchakian Party</a> when addressing other members of the party. The term is also used by the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Communist_Party" title="Armenian Communist Party">Armenian Communist Party</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a> word for comrade is Yoldaş (literally "co-traveller").</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a> word for comrade is таварыш (tavaryš), with the same origin as the Russian word. It is usually used only with a political or historical meaning in connection with the Communists.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a> word কমরেড (Kômrēḍ) is used by all leftist groups especially by the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Bangladesh" title="Communist Party of Bangladesh">Communist Party of Bangladesh</a> (বাংলাদেশের কমিউনিস্ট পার্টি-সিপিবি), <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India" title="Communist Party of India">Communist Party of India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)" title="Communist Party of India (Marxist)">Communist Party of India (Marxist)</a> and other Communist Parties in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> (especially in the States of <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tripura" title="Tripura">Tripura</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Bangladesh" title="Socialist Party of Bangladesh">Socialist Party of Bangladesh</a>-SPB, <a href="/wiki/Jatiyo_Samajtantrik_Dal-JSD" class="mw-redirect" title="Jatiyo Samajtantrik Dal-JSD">Jatiyo Samajtantrik Dal-JSD</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>) etc.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a> word yèbaw is used in the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Burma" title="Communist Party of Burma">Communist Party of Burma</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a> word for comrade is другар (drugar), female другарка (drugarka). It translates as friend or colleague. In Communist times, it was the general form of address, also used in reference to schoolteachers etc.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>, the word for comrade is company for males, companya for females. It is still in widespread use among communist and anarchist organisations, but it also occurs often in everyday speech to refer to neutral relationships such as classmates or flatmates with no political connotation.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>, the word 同志 (<a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: Tóngzhì) is used. The meaning of the word refers to a like-minded person. It is, through usage, associated with Communism, however, it may be used as a friendly epithet between friends or colleagues, mostly of the older generation. It is still currently used in Chinese state media to address top party and state leaders such as <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a> as well as within the <a href="/wiki/People%E2%80%99s_Liberation_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="People’s Liberation Army">People’s Liberation Army</a> to address soldiers and officers. In current usage, it is also used by <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_China" title="Homosexuality in China">LGBT</a> people in China to refer to one another.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a> word for comrade is soudruh (m.) and soudružka (f.). In 19th century Czech, it was a poetic word, meaning 'fellow'. As elsewhere in Europe, the term was originally introduced by the Czech Social Democrats and subsequently carried over to Czech Communists as well when these split off from the Social Democrats. After the Communist Party gained power in 1948, the word displaced all prior titles like pan, paní ("Mister", "Madam") and became the title used generally for everyone. Nowadays, it is used only in (actual or, more often, ironic) Communist context. After the <a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a>, an attempt was made in the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Social_Democratic_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech Social Democratic Party">Czech Social Democratic Party</a> to replace soudruh with přítel ("friend") as a form of an address, but it didn't catch on. A cognate to English word 'comrade', kamarád, means "friend" in Czech. It is a very commonly used word and it has no political connotations. A cognate (now obsolete) to the Russian word tovarishch, tovaryš, means "<a href="/wiki/Journeyman" title="Journeyman">journeyman</a>" in Czech and has no political connotations (compare <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Tovaryšstvo Ježíšovo</a>, lit. "Jesus's Journeymen").</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> word is kameraad. In <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Language_Union" title="Dutch Language Union">Common Dutch</a> the word is mostly reminiscent of communists,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] whereas in informal speech and dialects it can be used to indicate friends or acquaintances. It was used as a form of address in the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Netherlands" title="Communist Party of the Netherlands">Communist Party of the Netherlands</a>, as well as in the pre-war <a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands">National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands</a>, the latter also using the female neologism kameraadske.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> The pseudo-<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> word kameraadski is used informally as a <a href="/wiki/Sobriquet" title="Sobriquet">sobriquet</a> for a person with leftist sympathies.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a> word is kammerat (plural kammerater) which literally translates as "<a href="/wiki/Mate_(colloquialism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mate (colloquialism)">mate</a>," or "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/buddy" class="extiw" title="wikt:buddy">buddy</a>". It is normally used to refer to someone's childhood friend or friends, but can also be used interchangeably with ven, which means friend.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto">Esperanto</a> word for comrade is kamarado either in the sense of a friend or a political fellow-traveller. In the latter case, when used in writing, it is often abbreviated to K-do. It is the preferred form of address among members of <a href="/wiki/Sennacieca_Asocio_Tutmonda" title="Sennacieca Asocio Tutmonda">Sennacieca Asocio Tutmonda</a>. The word samideano, literally "same-thinker", usually refers to a fellow Esperantist.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a> word is seltsimees which originally comes from German Geselle. Having initially a neutral meaning, the term was later adapted by local communists. Today it has an ironical meaning, referring to Soviet times.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a> word is toveri which literally translates as '<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/companion" class="extiw" title="wikt:companion">companion</a>'. This has a heavy socialist connotation, but may sometimes be used in humorous manner. Mates in an institution like school, jail or hospital could also be addressed thus, but not in the army.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> word is camarade. It is mainly used by communists and can apply to classmates or friends.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a> word is ამხანაგი (amkhanagi).</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, the word is Kamerad for a male, or Kameradin for a female. The meaning is that of a fellow, a companion or an associate. Since Kamerad is the usual term for a fellow soldier in German military language, the word is associated with right-wing rather than left-wing groups. Communists and socialists, especially party members of the <a href="/wiki/Sozialistische_Einheitspartei_Deutschlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands">SED</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sozialdemokratische_Partei_Deutschlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands">SPD</a> use the word Genosse (fem. Genossin; i.e. "partner", in the sense of a fellow member of a <a href="/wiki/Co-operative" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-operative">co-operative</a>) with the socialist association that 'comrade' has in English.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]. The members of the Nazi party <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">NSDAP</a> used the variant Parteigenosse (lit. party-comrade).</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> word is σύντροφος (syntrophos, m.) and συντρόφισσα (syntrophissa, f.), used by communists, socialists and other left-wing groups. Other meanings of this word are: mate, pal, friend, companion, even partner or associate etc.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a> equivalent is Chaver (חבר), a word which can mean both 'friend' and 'member' (of a group or organization). During the time of <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Zionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Zionist">Socialist Zionist</a> political and ideological dominance of the 1930s to the 1960s, the word in a sense similar to English "comrade" was in widespread use, in the <a href="/wiki/Kibbutz" title="Kibbutz">Kibbutz</a> movement, the <a href="/wiki/Histadrut" title="Histadrut">Histadrut</a> trade unions, the driver-owned bus companies etc., though this implication is carried only when it is used as a title to precede a name, in which case it includes a <a href="/wiki/Definite_article" class="mw-redirect" title="Definite article">definite article</a> (e.g. החבר סטאלין). At present, its political use is considered old-fashioned, mainly restricted to Israeli Communists; the same word exists also in <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a>, which is one possible origin of the colloquial <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australian</a> word <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cobber" class="extiw" title="wikt:cobber">cobber</a>.) The Hebrew Chaver and the female Chavera are still widely used in a non-political sense, as meaning simply 'friend' (in certain contexts also meaning 'boyfriend'/'girlfriend').</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> equivalent for comrade is kômrēḍ (कॉमरेड) or sāthī (साथी). It is widely used among leftist (communist) parties of India, e.g., <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India" title="Communist Party of India">Communist Party of India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)" title="Communist Party of India (Marxist)">Communist Party of India (Marxist)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Socialist_Party_(India)" title="Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)">Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forward_Bloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Forward Bloc">Forward Bloc</a> and others.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a> word for comrade is elvtárs; elv means '<a href="/wiki/Principle" title="Principle">principle</a>' or '<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tenet" class="extiw" title="wikt:tenet">tenet</a>' while társ means 'fellow'. As the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Working_People%27s_Party" title="Hungarian Working People's Party">Hungarian Working People's Party</a> gradually gained power after the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, the word displaced all prior titles like úr ("Mister") and became the title used generally for everyone except for people who were obviously not "tenet fellows" e.g. those who committed <a href="/wiki/Political_crime" title="Political crime">political crime</a> against the socialist state. After the democratic transition the word became obsolete and it is used derogatorily to address politicians on the <a href="/wiki/Political_left" class="mw-redirect" title="Political left">political left</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a> word for comrade is félagi, which is cognate to English “fellow”. It is used as a less intimate alternative to vinur (friend). It is also the word used for a "member" of club or association. When used as a title to precede a name (e.g., félagi Tító or félagi Dimitroff) it has a communist implication.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>, the word is kamerad. In the early days of independence, Bung, meaning "brother", was commonly used as an egalitarian form of address for people of any status. The word kawan (friend) is now also widely used among leftists. <a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Irish_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Language">Irish</a> the word for comrade is comrádaí, with a chara (friend) used as a term of address. Both expressions are used largely by <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republicans" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Republicans">Irish Republicans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_Nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Nationalism">Nationalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Communism_in_Ireland" title="Category:Communism in Ireland">Communists</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Category:Socialism_in_Ireland" title="Category:Socialism in Ireland">Socialists</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> word for comrade is compagno (male) or compagna (female), meaning "companion". This word is in widespread use among left-wing circles, including not just communists but also many socialists. The literal translation of the word comrade is camerata, with the specific meaning of "comrade-in-arms" or "fellow soldier": it is used by nationalist and militarist right-wing groups. Using one word or the other is a quick way to announce one's political views.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a> word for comrade is 同志 (dōshi), using the same Han characters as in Chinese. The word is used to refer to like-minded persons and the usage is not necessarily limited to Communists, though the word is to some extent associated with Communism. The word should not be confused with a homonym 同士, which is a more commonly used postfix to show people sharing a certain property.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a>, the word ಗೆಳೆಯರೇ, ಗೆಳೆಯ (Geḷeẏa) is used among communist people's while addressing its people.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a>, the translation of "tovarish" was similar to other Turkic translations, "жолдас"; "joldas" <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Kazakh pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Kazakh" title="Help:IPA/Kazakh">[ʐɔɫdɑs]</a> (literally "co-traveller", most often used referring to friends and spouses) was used.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Khmer_people" title="Khmer people">Khmer</a>, the word comrade (<a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a>: សមមិត្ត Samakmit) was used by members of the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge" title="Khmer Rouge">Khmer Rouge</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Democratic Kampuchea">communist rule</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pol_Pot" title="Pol Pot">Pol Pot</a> in 1975–1979 and by the <a href="/wiki/Kampuchean_United_Front_for_National_Salvation" title="Kampuchean United Front for National Salvation">Kampuchean United Front for National Salvation</a> during the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Kampuchea" title="People's Republic of Kampuchea">People's Republic of Kampuchea</a> era.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>, a good equivalent of the word would be 동무 (tongmu) or 동지 (tongji, senior comrade). Although the word was originally used by Korean people all over the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean Peninsula">Korean Peninsula</a>, people living south of the <a href="/wiki/38th_parallel_north" title="38th parallel north">38th Parallel</a> began avoiding using the word after a <a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">communist state</a> was set up in the north. In <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>, the word tongmu replaced all prior social titles and earned a new meaning as "a fellow man fighting for the revolution". The word originally meant “friend”. On the other hand, the word 동지 (tongji) is frequently used in North Korean state media to address senior state and party leaders such as <a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong-un" class="mw-redirect" title="Kim Jong-un">Kim Jong-un</a>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a>, the word <a href="/wiki/Heval" class="mw-redirect" title="Heval">Heval</a> ("friend" or "companion on a long journey") is widely used among Kurdish political parties and organizations.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a>, the word is biedrs for males and biedre or biedrene for females.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a>, the word is draugas for males and draugė for females; both of which originally meant 'friend'.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a>, the word is другар (drugar) for males and другарka (drugarka) for females.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>, the words Komrad, Kawan and Sahabat are used among socialist organizations.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a>, the word സഖാവ് (sakhavu) (meaning friend, ally, partner) is used among communist organizations while addressing fellow members. Due to the strong presence of the Communist Party of India in Kerala, the word is almost exclusively used to refer to a member of the party or to imply an association with communism.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, the word is camarada and compañero can be (and often is) used with no political connotation.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a>, the word is нөхөр (nökhör). It is still in use but less than before.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a> equivalent for comrade is kamrēḍ (कमरेड) or sāthī (साथी) as in Hindi. It is used by communists in Nepal such as the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Maoist_Centre)" title="Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)">Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Unified_Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)" title="Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)">Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Janamorcha_Nepal" title="Janamorcha Nepal">Janamorcha Nepal</a> and others.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a>, the word is kamerat. It can be associated with communist usage, but more commonly refers simply to an associate, a co-worker (arbeidskamerat), or a classmate in school (klassekamerat or skolekamerat). In everyday use, the word kamerat on its own is considered a masculine term, referring to boys/men. For girls/women, the term venninne (female form of venn friend) is used instead. When joined with other words, such as klassekamerat, the word is gender neutral. (Although Norwegians would understand what is meant by klassevenninne, it would also sound awkward and somewhat archaic.)</li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, communist and left-leaning activists prefer the term kasama (roughly, companion), and the short form, Ka before the name (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Crispin_Beltran" title="Crispin Beltran">Ka Bel</a>). <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_the_Philippines" title="Protestantism in the Philippines">Protestant</a> (usually <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Protestantism" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Protestantism">Evangelical</a>) clerics and members of the <a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a> also use Ka before names or <a href="/wiki/Nicknames" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicknames">nicknames</a>, but as a contraction of kapatíd ('brother'/'sister'), denoting spiritual brotherhood. Practitioners of law informally use the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_Philippines" title="Spanish language in the Philippines">Spanish</a> terms compañero and compañera when referring to each other, albeit without any socio-political connotation.</li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/Pashto_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashto language">Pashto language</a>, the word for comrade is malgury. It is used by and refers to communists, socialists, or supporters of the communist system across the <a href="/wiki/Durand_Line" title="Durand Line">Durand Line</a> (i.e. in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>) by Pashto speakers. For the last decade or so it has also been used by the nationalists. The word is also used by common people both male and female for a very close friend.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, the word is <a href="/wiki/Towarzysz" class="mw-redirect" title="Towarzysz">towarzysz</a>, which has the same origin as the Russian word. In non-political sense, it means "companion".</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, the word is camarada, now being commonly employed to refer to communists or supporters of the communist system (result of the overusage of the term in the <a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">post-revolutionary</a> society). It is also prevalent in the army, and has been gaining popularity among nationalist movements. The term used among socialist activists nowadays tends to be companheiro / companheira although in Portugal camarada is still commonly used. Brazilian president <a href="/wiki/Lula" class="mw-redirect" title="Lula">Lula</a> is widely known for addressing his political mates and supporters as companheiro, however this decreased during the last years of his presidential term, while it was very popular during the elections, often imitated by comedians who satirized Lula's idiosyncratic manners. The terms camarada and companheiro(s)/companheira(s) are also used without political connotations, meaning 'mate', 'partner', 'fella'.</li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi language</a> the word for comrade is Sāthī (ਸਾਥੀ). However, the word "Comrade" itself, or ਕਾਮਰੇਡ (Kāmrēḍ), is used to refer to a communist or communist party member, and is often used as a more linguistically acceptable replacement for the word "communist," with the communist party often being called "The Comrades" or communist thought being called "ਕਾਮਰੇਡ ਸੋਚਣੀ" (Kāmrēḍ Sōcaṇī).</li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani language</a> the word for comrade is Dosti as seen in the phrase Te vestinel o dosti Tito, te vestinena o jugoslovenske manusha or Long live comrade <a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Tito</a> and long live the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavs" title="Yugoslavs">Yugoslav people</a>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a> the exact translation is camarad, a <a href="/wiki/Neologism" title="Neologism">neologism</a> introduced from <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> in the 19th century, which does not bear a political connotation, referring mainly to wartime allies and friends. During the communist era an older term, tovarăș, derived from a Slavic source, was used to convey the political meaning.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a> equivalent for comrade is drug (друг) for males and drugarica (другарица) for females; it's also a regular and colloquial word for 'friend', although largely replaced by prijatelj and prijateljica in standard varieties of the language. <a href="/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Yugoslavia" title="League of Communists of Yugoslavia">Communist Party/League of Communists of Yugoslavia</a> promoted the use of the term between the members and generally among the society throughout existence of the <a href="/wiki/SFRY" class="mw-redirect" title="SFRY">Socialist Yugoslavia</a>, from <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> in early 1940s to <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a> in early 1990s. It was not unusual to hear political leaders referring to their audience as drugarice i drugovi. Its intention was to emphasize empathy and equality, and it is still used by the most fervocious adherents of leftist ideologies.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a> word for comrade is súdruh (m.) and súdružka (f.). The term kamarát is used too, but it is normally translated as friend.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovenian</a> word for comrade is tovariš (m.) and tovarišica (f.), first attested in the 16th century. After the Second World War it was also colloquially used for 'teacher' (as an elliptical form of the official tovariš učitelj (m.) and tovarišica učiteljica (f.) 'comrade teacher'). After 1991 it rapidly fell out of use as a general term of address, but is still used when expressing comradeship among individuals.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a> word for comrade is Saṅgat, سنگت; it is normally translated as friend.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a> word for comrade is jaalle; it is normally translated as friend. It was widely used by the erstwhile <a href="/wiki/Somali_Revolutionary_Socialist_Party" title="Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party">Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party</a> (1969-1991). The word fell out of use after the fall of the Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, the word is compañero (m.) / compañera (f.) ('companion'); the term camarada ('comrade') has also been used, but it is more associated with the communist and <a href="/wiki/Falangism" title="Falangism">Falange</a> tradition. In <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> the word compañero can be (and often is) used with no political connotation. <ul><li>The standard form in <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> is compañero / compañera, as it was in socialist <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>. In some parts of Latin America, camarada is the more frequent word, except in <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, where the term is commonly associated with the <a href="/wiki/Nom_de_guerre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nom de guerre">nom de guerre</a> of members of <a href="/wiki/Far_left" class="mw-redirect" title="Far left">far left</a> groups <a href="/wiki/Shining_Path" title="Shining Path">Shining Path</a> and <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BApac_Amaru_Revolutionary_Movement" title="Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement">MRTA</a>, while members of the social-democrat party <a href="/wiki/American_Popular_Revolutionary_Alliance" title="American Popular Revolutionary Alliance">APRA</a> as well as other left parties or left-leaning organizations employ compañero to refer to fellow members. The term camarada is the more normal among <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Spain_(main)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of Spain (main)">Spanish Communists</a>.</li> <li>In Chile, much like as in Italy, camarada has traditionally been used by <a href="/wiki/Chilean_Army" title="Chilean Army">its army</a>, and historically by fascist groups, such as the <a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_of_Chile" title="National Socialist Movement of Chile">National Socialist Movement of Chile</a>, while compañero is commonplace within far-left wing groups and the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Chile" title="Socialist Party of Chile">Socialist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Chile" title="Communist Party of Chile">Communist</a> parties.</li></ul></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a>, the word is සහෝදරයා sahōdarayā, which literally means brother.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a>, the equivalent word is ndugu for brother-in-arms, or dada for a female comrade. The word ndugu is still used in formerly socialist Tanzania as a way of showing (political) solidarity.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> word is kamrat. Although it can be associated with communist usage, it can equally well refer simply to a friend, a co-worker (arbetskamrat), or a classmate in school (klasskamrat or skolkamrat). Unlike the corresponding <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a> word, the term is commonly used for both boys and girls in non-communist usage. See also <a href="/wiki/Idrottsf%C3%B6reningen_Kamraterna" title="Idrottsföreningen Kamraterna">Idrottsföreningen Kamraterna</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> word for comrade is Tōḻar (தோழர்) and is a regular word for 'friend'.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Tetum_language" title="Tetum language">Tetun</a>, the national language of <a href="/wiki/Timor_Leste" class="mw-redirect" title="Timor Leste">Timor Leste</a>, the word camarada is used – a direct loan from the language of the former colonial power, Portugal. During the 1970s the word was a common term of address within the left-leaning <a href="/wiki/Fretilin" title="Fretilin">Fretilin</a> party, and after the Indonesian invasion, continued to be used by the Fretilin associated guerrillas waging a war of resistance in the jungle. Though largely falling out of use since 1999 Fretilin politicians and veterans of the guerrillas struggle continue to use the term to refer to each other.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a> word sahai (สหาย) was used in the communist movement.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> word yoldaş (literally 'co-traveller') has become used within the communist movement, yol meaning 'way' and 'cause'. <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> <a href="/wiki/Janissaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Janissaries">Janissaries</a> used to call each other yoldaş (یولداش 'comrade') or yoldaşân (یولداشان, plural: 'comrades').<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Turkish communists, being morally affected by <a href="/wiki/Bektashi_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Bektashi Order">Bektashi</a> values of the older era, adopted this term. In the climate of harsh anticommunist repression the word largely disappeared from common usage. Yoldaş is also a male name in Turkish.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> comrade was still the standard form of address in the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Ukraine" title="Armed Forces of Ukraine">armed forces</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Police_of_Ukraine" title="National Police of Ukraine">police</a> until October 2018, when it was changed into 'sir' (<a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>: пан, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ukrainian" title="Romanization of Ukrainian">romanized</a>: pan) by law.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, political use of the term comrade is strongly associated with both Communism and, historically, Fascism. However it is still used as an informal form of address among some <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> members, and in a more serious manner by many smaller parties of the left. Use of the term is generally restricted to people with whom the speaker agrees politically. It is usually written in full, the abbreviation Cde being associated with southern African usage. The honorific terms sister and brother, also declining in usage, are more politically inclusive, encompassing everyone from the centre-left to the far-left, without necessarily indicating complete political agreement. All three terms are occasionally used in a mocking or patronising manner by political opponents. On the far right, comrade was the standard form of address between members of the <a href="/wiki/British_Union_of_Fascists" title="British Union of Fascists">British Union of Fascists</a> and featured widely in their publications and marching songs.</li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, the word comrade carries a strong connotation with Communism, <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a>, and the former Soviet Union. Especially during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, to address someone as "comrade" marked either the speaker, person addressed, or both as suspected communist sympathizers. It is frequently used ironically in that way. In addition, it is still used in its generic context[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] by some American socialists. Despite this, it has been adopted into the U.S. Army <a href="/wiki/Soldier%27s_Creed" title="Soldier's Creed">Soldier's Creed</a> in the statement "I will never leave a fallen comrade". It is also used at meetings of the <a href="/wiki/Veterans_of_Foreign_Wars" title="Veterans of Foreign Wars">Veterans of Foreign Wars</a> to address a fellow member.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a> word is đồng chí, which is derived from Chinese 同志. Due to the influence of Chinese revolutionary groups during the early 20th century on the Vietnamese independence movement, its usage was first seen among members of the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a>-backed <a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Qu%E1%BB%91c_D%C3%A2n_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng" title="Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng">Vietnamese Nationalist Party</a> and then later spread to members of the <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnamese Communist Party">Vietnamese Communist Party</a>. It is still being used openly in public to address state and Communist Party leaders as well as among soldiers and military officers in the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam" title="People's Army of Vietnam">People's Army of Vietnam</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Comrade&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special:Search/intitle:%22comrade%22" title="Special:Search/intitle:"comrade"">All pages with titles containing comrade</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Comrade&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://atilf.atilf.fr/dendien/scripts/generic/cherche.exe?15;s=785465025;;">Camarade - Académie française</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=comrade">"Online Etymology Dictionary"</a>. etymonline.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=etymonline.com&rft.atitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dcomrade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComrade" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heuer2007-3"><a href="#cite_ref-Heuer2007_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJennifer_Ngaire_Heuer2007" class="citation book cs1">Jennifer Ngaire Heuer (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OBUV4R9Ue3sC&pg=PA11">The Family and the Nation: Gender and Citizenship in Revolutionary France, 1789–1830</a>. Cornell University Press. pp. 11–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-7408-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-7408-8"><bdi>978-0-8014-7408-8</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Family+and+the+Nation%3A+Gender+and+Citizenship+in+Revolutionary+France%2C+1789%E2%80%931830&rft.pages=11-&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-7408-8&rft.au=Jennifer+Ngaire+Heuer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOBUV4R9Ue3sC%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComrade" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.humanite.fr/node/421828">"Louis XVI et le citoyen Capet"</a>. <a href="/wiki/L%27Humanit%C3%A9" title="L'Humanité">L'Humanité</a>. 11 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=L%27Humanit%C3%A9&rft.atitle=Louis+XVI+et+le+citoyen+Capet&rft.date=2009-08-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.humanite.fr%2Fnode%2F421828&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComrade" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PittYoung1971-5"><a href="#cite_ref-PittYoung1971_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrie_PittPeter_Young1971" class="citation book cs1">Barrie Pitt; Peter Young (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wQBBAQAAIAAJ">History of the First World War</a>. Purnell – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+First+World+War&rft.pub=Purnell&rft.date=1971&rft.au=Barrie+Pitt&rft.au=Peter+Young&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwQBBAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComrade" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harris2016-6"><a href="#cite_ref-Harris2016_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirsten_Harris2016" class="citation book cs1">Kirsten Harris (29 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3kV-CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA13">Walt Whitman and British Socialism: 'The Love of Comrades'</a>. Routledge. pp. 13–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-63481-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-63481-2"><bdi>978-1-317-63481-2</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Walt+Whitman+and+British+Socialism%3A+%27The+Love+of+Comrades%27&rft.pages=13-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016-01-29&rft.isbn=978-1-317-63481-2&rft.au=Kirsten+Harris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3kV-CwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComrade" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-vienna-7"><a href="#cite_ref-vienna_7-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110611222928/http://www.vienna.at/news/tp:vol:oesterreich/cn/vol-news-vpircher-20040721-081125">Anrede "Genosse" nicht mehr zeitgemäß</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-laden-8"><a href="#cite_ref-laden_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.textlog.de/schlagworte-genosse.html">"Schlagworte: Genosse - Genossin"</a>. textlog.de.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=textlog.de&rft.atitle=Schlagworte%3A+Genosse+-+Genossin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.textlog.de%2Fschlagworte-genosse.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComrade" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmele2015" class="citation book cs1">Smele, Jonathan D. (2015). Historical Dictionary of the Russian Civil Wars, 1916-1926. United States: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 289. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-5281-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-5281-3"><bdi>978-1-4422-5281-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Russian+Civil+Wars%2C+1916-1926&rft.place=United+States&rft.pages=289&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-5281-3&rft.aulast=Smele&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComrade" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFigesKolonitskii1999" class="citation book cs1">Figes, Orlando; Kolonitskii, Boris (1999). Interpreting the Russian Revolution: The Language and Symbols of 1917. Great Britain: Yale University Press. pp. 60–61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-08106-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-08106-5"><bdi>0-300-08106-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Interpreting+the+Russian+Revolution%3A+The+Language+and+Symbols+of+1917&rft.place=Great+Britain&rft.pages=60-61&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-300-08106-5&rft.aulast=Figes&rft.aufirst=Orlando&rft.au=Kolonitskii%2C+Boris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComrade" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiges1996" class="citation book cs1">Figes, Orlando (1996). A People's Tragedy, The Russian Revolution 1891-1924 (100th Anniversary ed.). Great Britain: The Bodley Head (published 2017). p. 694. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781847924513" title="Special:BookSources/9781847924513"><bdi>9781847924513</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+People%27s+Tragedy%2C+The+Russian+Revolution+1891-1924&rft.place=Great+Britain&rft.pages=694&rft.edition=100th+Anniversary&rft.pub=The+Bodley+Head&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9781847924513&rft.aulast=Figes&rft.aufirst=Orlando&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComrade" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFИ.С._Выходцева2004" class="citation conference cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">И.С. Выходцева (4–6 October 2004). K.R. Galiullina (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120214112043/http://www.ksu.ru/f10/publications/2004/articles_1_1.php?id=8&num=9000000">O probleme obshcheupotrebitel'nogo obrashcheniya v russkom yazyke <bdi lang="ru">О проблеме общеупотребительного обращения в русском языке</bdi></a> [On the problem of common circulation in the Russian language]. Русская и сопоставительная филология: состояние и перспективы: Международная научная конференция, посвященная 200-летию Казанского университета [Russian and comparative philology: state and prospects: International scientific conference dedicated to the 200th anniversary of <a href="/wiki/Kazan_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazan University">Kazan University</a>] (in Russian). <a href="/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan">Kazan</a>. pp. 211–212. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ksu.ru/f10/publications/2004/articles_1_1.php?id=8&num=9000000">the original</a> on 14 February 2012. Retrieved 18 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=O+probleme+obshcheupotrebitel%27nogo+obrashcheniya+v+russkom+yazyke+%D0%9E+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B2+%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B5&rft.place=Kazan&rft.pages=211-212&rft.date=2004-10-04%2F2004-10-06&rft.au=%D0%98.%D0%A1.+%D0%92%D1%8B%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ksu.ru%2Ff10%2Fpublications%2F2004%2Farticles_1_1.php%3Fid%3D8%26num%3D9000000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComrade" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> See, for example, the remarks of <a href="/wiki/Frank_Hsieh" title="Frank Hsieh">Frank Hsieh</a> after losing the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China">Republic of China</a> presidential election in 2008: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.chinatimes.com/2007Cti/2007Cti-Focus/2007Cti-Focus-Content/0,4518,9703280341+0+0+155807+0,00.html">凝聚黨內團結　謝長廷：我決定留到五二五</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726140631/http://news.chinatimes.com/2007Cti/2007Cti-Focus/2007Cti-Focus-Content/0,4518,9703280341+0+0+155807+0,00.html">Archived</a> 2011-07-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: "很多同志希望我能夠留到五月二十五日" ("Many comrades hoped that I could stay to May 25". See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kmt.org.tw/category_1/category1_2_3_n.asp?sn=99">中國國民黨第17屆中央委員會第2次全體會議出、列席同志發言須知</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080503221231/http://www.kmt.org.tw/category_1/category1_2_3_n.asp?sn=99">Archived</a> 2008-05-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> ("Rules for speaking for attending comrades at the 2nd plenary meeting of the 17th central committee of the Chinese Kuomintang") for an example of its usage in the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-comrades2016-14"><a href="#cite_ref-comrades2016_14-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161124090948/http://dzb.studytimes.cn/shtml/xxsb/20151019/15606.shtml">"Xuéxí shíbào" <bdi lang="zh">学习时报</bdi></a> [Learning Times]. dzb.studytimes.cn. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dzb.studytimes.cn/shtml/xxsb/20151019/15606.shtml">the original</a> on 2016-11-24. Retrieved 2016-11-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dzb.studytimes.cn&rft.atitle=Xu%C3%A9x%C3%AD+sh%C3%ADb%C3%A0o+%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0%E6%97%B6%E6%8A%A5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdzb.studytimes.cn%2Fshtml%2Fxxsb%2F20151019%2F15606.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComrade" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-comradesBBC-15"><a href="#cite_ref-comradesBBC_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-news-from-elsewhere-30099560">"China: Keep using 'comrade', says Communist Party"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News_Online" title="BBC News Online">BBC News Online</a>. 19 November 2014. Retrieved 2 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News+Online&rft.atitle=China%3A+Keep+using+%27comrade%27%2C+says+Communist+Party&rft.date=2014-11-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fblogs-news-from-elsewhere-30099560&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComrade" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-military-16"><a href="#cite_ref-military_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlasco2011" class="citation book cs1">Blasco, Dennis J (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MpCHGYHjyEAC&pg=PT61">"The Four General Departments"</a>. The Chinese Army Today: Tradition and Transformation for the 21st Century (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415783224" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415783224"><bdi>978-0415783224</bdi></a>. <q>According to regulations, members of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">PLA</a> address each other: (1) by their duty position, or (2) by their position plus surname, or (3) by their position plus the title "comrade" (tongzhi). When the duty position of the other person is not known, one service member may address the other by military rank plus the word "comrade" or only as comrade.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Four+General+Departments&rft.btitle=The+Chinese+Army+Today%3A+Tradition+and+Transformation+for+the+21st+Century&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0415783224&rft.aulast=Blasco&rft.aufirst=Dennis+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMpCHGYHjyEAC%26pg%3DPT61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComrade" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQin2016" class="citation news cs1">Qin, Amy (15 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/16/world/asia/china-comrade-tongzhi-gay.html">"Xi Jinping Wants to Be 'Comrade.' For Gay Chinese, That Means Something Else"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 2020-09-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Xi+Jinping+Wants+to+Be+%27Comrade.%27+For+Gay+Chinese%2C+That+Means+Something+Else.&rft.date=2016-11-15&rft.aulast=Qin&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F11%2F16%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fchina-comrade-tongzhi-gay.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComrade" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jaster-18"><a href="#cite_ref-Jaster_18-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaster1992" class="citation book cs1">Jaster, Robert Scott (1992). South Africa's Other Whites: Voices for Change. Basingstoke: Palgrave-Macmillan. p. 110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0333522080" title="Special:BookSources/978-0333522080"><bdi>978-0333522080</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Africa%27s+Other+Whites%3A+Voices+for+Change&rft.place=Basingstoke&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=Palgrave-Macmillan&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0333522080&rft.aulast=Jaster&rft.aufirst=Robert+Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComrade" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SACP-19"><a href="#cite_ref-SACP_19-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSechabaEllis1992" class="citation book cs1">Sechaba, Tsepo; Ellis, Stephen (1992). Comrades Against Apartheid: The ANC & the South African Communist Party in Exile. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0253210623" title="Special:BookSources/978-0253210623"><bdi>978-0253210623</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comrades+Against+Apartheid%3A+The+ANC+%26+the+South+African+Communist+Party+in+Exile&rft.place=Bloomington&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0253210623&rft.aulast=Sechaba&rft.aufirst=Tsepo&rft.au=Ellis%2C+Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComrade" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZA1-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ZA1_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZA1_20-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZA1_20-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBornmanvan_EedenWentzel1998" class="citation book cs1">Bornman, Elirea; van Eeden, Renee; Wentzel, Marie (1998). Violence in South Africa: A Variety of Perspectives. Pretoria: HRSC, Publishers. p. 110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0796918581" title="Special:BookSources/978-0796918581"><bdi>978-0796918581</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Violence+in+South+Africa%3A+A+Variety+of+Perspectives&rft.place=Pretoria&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=HRSC%2C+Publishers&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0796918581&rft.aulast=Bornman&rft.aufirst=Elirea&rft.au=van+Eeden%2C+Renee&rft.au=Wentzel%2C+Marie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComrade" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.herald.co.zw/latest-zanu-pf-sits-to-recall-president-mugabe/">"EARLIER: End of an era for President Mugabe ... - The Herald"</a>. www.herald.co.zw.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.herald.co.zw&rft.atitle=EARLIER%3A+End+of+an+era+for+President+Mugabe+...+-+The+Herald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.herald.co.zw%2Flatest-zanu-pf-sits-to-recall-president-mugabe%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComrade" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2017/11/mnangagwa-flees-zimbabwe/">"Mnangagwa flees Zimbabwe - The Zimbabwean"</a>. 8 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mnangagwa+flees+Zimbabwe+-+The+Zimbabwean&rft.date=2017-11-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thezimbabwean.co%2F2017%2F11%2Fmnangagwa-flees-zimbabwe%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComrade" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171121224142/http://www.zbc.co.zw/2017/11/19/president-mugabe-out-cde-mnangagwa-in/">"President Mugabe out, Cde Mnangagwa in - ZBC News Online"</a>. www.zbc.co.zw. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zbc.co.zw/2017/11/19/president-mugabe-out-cde-mnangagwa-in/">the original</a> on 2017-11-21. Retrieved 2017-11-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.zbc.co.zw&rft.atitle=President+Mugabe+out%2C+Cde+Mnangagwa+in+-+ZBC+News+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zbc.co.zw%2F2017%2F11%2F19%2Fpresident-mugabe-out-cde-mnangagwa-in%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComrade" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171116100833/http://www.zbc.co.zw/2017/11/15/cde-chipanga-apologises-to-zdf/">"Cde Chipanga apologises to ZDF Commander - ZBC News Online"</a>. www.zbc.co.zw. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zbc.co.zw/2017/11/15/cde-chipanga-apologises-to-zdf/">the original</a> on 2017-11-16. Retrieved 2017-11-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.zbc.co.zw&rft.atitle=Cde+Chipanga+apologises+to+ZDF+Commander+-+ZBC+News+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zbc.co.zw%2F2017%2F11%2F15%2Fcde-chipanga-apologises-to-zdf%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComrade" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baas2012-25"><a href="#cite_ref-Baas2012_25-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaskia_Baas2012" class="citation book cs1">Saskia Baas (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d33CuhKeiFAC&pg=PA76">From Civilians to Soldiers and from Soldiers to Civilians: Mobilization and Demobilization in Sudan</a>. Amsterdam University Press. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-8964-396-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-8964-396-4"><bdi>978-90-8964-396-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Civilians+to+Soldiers+and+from+Soldiers+to+Civilians%3A+Mobilization+and+Demobilization+in+Sudan&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=Amsterdam+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-90-8964-396-4&rft.au=Saskia+Baas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd33CuhKeiFAC%26pg%3DPA76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComrade" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacklinGraham2013" class="citation journal cs1">Macklin, Graham; Graham, Macklin (September 2013). "'Onward Blackshirts!' Music and the British Union of Fascists". Patterns of Prejudice. 47 (4–5): 430–457. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0031322X.2013.845447">10.1080/0031322X.2013.845447</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143471819">143471819</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Patterns+of+Prejudice&rft.atitle=%27Onward+Blackshirts%21%27+Music+and+the+British+Union+of+Fascists&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=4%E2%80%935&rft.pages=430-457&rft.date=2013-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0031322X.2013.845447&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143471819%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Macklin&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft.au=Graham%2C+Macklin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComrade" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/ureport/story/2000214217/10-types-of-comrades-you-will-find-in-campo">"EARLIER: Type of comrades you'll find in university ... - The Standard"</a>. www.standardmedia.co.ke.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.standardmedia.co.ke&rft.atitle=EARLIER%3A+Type+of+comrades+you%27ll+find+in+university+...+-+The+Standard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.standardmedia.co.ke%2Fureport%2Fstory%2F2000214217%2F10-types-of-comrades-you-will-find-in-campo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComrade" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiYan2021" class="citation journal cs1">Wei, Wei; Yan, Yunxiang (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/21620555.2021.1981129?journalCode=mcsa20">"Rainbow parents and the familial model of tongzhi (LGBT) activism in contemporary China"</a>. Chinese Sociological Review. 53 (5). Taylor & Francis: 451–472. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F21620555.2021.1981129">10.1080/21620555.2021.1981129</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:241258297">241258297</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chinese+Sociological+Review&rft.atitle=Rainbow+parents+and+the+familial+model+of+tongzhi+%28LGBT%29+activism+in+contemporary+China&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=451-472&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F21620555.2021.1981129&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A241258297%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Wei&rft.aufirst=Wei&rft.au=Yan%2C+Yunxiang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F21620555.2021.1981129%3FjournalCode%3Dmcsa20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComrade" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090531035833/http://www.verzetsmuseum.org/tweede-wereldoorlog/nl/achtergrond/achtergrond,nsb">"NSB, Nationaal-Socialistische Beweging"</a>. Verzetsmuseum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.verzetsmuseum.org/tweede-wereldoorlog/nl/achtergrond/achtergrond,nsb">the original</a> on 2009-05-31. Retrieved 2009-06-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NSB%2C+Nationaal-Socialistische+Beweging&rft.pub=Verzetsmuseum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.verzetsmuseum.org%2Ftweede-wereldoorlog%2Fnl%2Fachtergrond%2Fachtergrond%2Cnsb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComrade" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170531104608/http://home.btclick.com/ukc802510745/eo/vortlist/gcselist.htm">"Esperanto GCSE Wordlist"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.btclick.com/ukc802510745/eo/vortlist/gcselist.htm">the original</a> on 2017-05-31. Retrieved 2008-08-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Esperanto+GCSE+Wordlist&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhome.btclick.com%2Fukc802510745%2Feo%2Fvortlist%2Fgcselist.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComrade" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgus_R._Sardjono2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Agus R. Sardjono (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HNyWZKcEjzwC&q=bung&pg=PA131">Bahasa dan bonafiditas hantu</a> [Language and the genuineness of ghosts] (in Indonesian). IndonesiaTera. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789799375162" title="Special:BookSources/9789799375162"><bdi>9789799375162</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bahasa+dan+bonafiditas+hantu&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=IndonesiaTera&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9789799375162&rft.au=Agus+R.+Sardjono&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHNyWZKcEjzwC%26q%3Dbung%26pg%3DPA131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComrade" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtilla_Çetin" class="citation web cs1">Atilla Çetin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224172439/https://tarihtarih.com/?Syf=26&Syz=381889">"Garp Ocaklarında Türk Varlığı"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tarihtarih.com/?Syf=26&Syz=381889">the original</a> on 2021-02-24. Retrieved 2019-07-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Garp+Ocaklar%C4%B1nda+T%C3%BCrk+Varl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1&rft.au=Atilla+%C3%87etin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tarihtarih.com%2F%3FSyf%3D26%26Syz%3D381889&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComrade" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unian.info/politics/10285848-ukraine-s-parliament-approves-new-army-police-greeting.html">Ukraine's parliament approves new army, police greeting</a>, <a href="/wiki/UNIAN" class="mw-redirect" title="UNIAN">UNIAN</a> (4 October 2018) </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/535728.html">Rada approves salute 'Glory to Ukraine' in Ukrainian army</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interfax-Ukraine" title="Interfax-Ukraine">Interfax-Ukraine</a> (4 October 2018) </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Comrade&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/comrade" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/comrade">comrade</a> at Wiktionary</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Comrade&oldid=1258876715">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Comrade&oldid=1258876715</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_terminology" title="Category:Political terminology">Political terminology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Communist_terminology" title="Category:Communist terminology">Communist terminology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Socialism" title="Category:Socialism">Socialism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islamism" title="Category:Islamism">Islamism</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_August_2017" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from August 2017">Articles with dead external links from August 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_uses_Russian-language_script_(ru)" title="Category:CS1 uses Russian-language script (ru)">CS1 uses Russian-language script (ru)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Russian-language_sources_(ru)" title="Category:CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)">CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_uses_Chinese-language_script_(zh)" title="Category:CS1 uses Chinese-language script (zh)">CS1 uses Chinese-language script (zh)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Chinese-language text">Articles containing Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Indonesian-language_sources_(id)" title="Category:CS1 Indonesian-language sources (id)">CS1 Indonesian-language sources (id)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_August_2015" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from August 2015">Articles needing additional references from August 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Spanish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Spanish-language text">Articles containing Spanish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing German-language text">Articles containing German-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Russian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Russian-language text">Articles containing Russian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Old_Turkic-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Old Turkic-language text">Articles containing Old Turkic-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2015" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Xhosa-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Xhosa-language text">Articles containing Xhosa-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Albanian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Albanian-language text">Articles containing Albanian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Arabic-language text">Articles containing Arabic-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Armenian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Armenian-language text">Articles containing Armenian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Azerbaijani-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Azerbaijani-language text">Articles containing Azerbaijani-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Belarusian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Belarusian-language text">Articles containing Belarusian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Bulgarian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Bulgarian-language text">Articles containing Bulgarian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Burmese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Burmese-language text">Articles containing Burmese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Catalan-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Catalan-language text">Articles containing Catalan-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Czech-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Czech-language text">Articles containing Czech-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Dutch-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Dutch-language text">Articles containing Dutch-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2017" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Danish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Danish-language text">Articles containing Danish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Esperanto-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Esperanto-language text">Articles containing Esperanto-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Estonian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Estonian-language text">Articles containing Estonian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Finnish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Finnish-language text">Articles containing Finnish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Georgian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Georgian-language text">Articles containing Georgian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Greek-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Greek-language text">Articles containing Greek-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Hebrew-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Hebrew-language text">Articles containing Hebrew-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Hungarian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Hungarian-language text">Articles containing Hungarian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Icelandic-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Icelandic-language text">Articles containing Icelandic-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Indonesian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Indonesian-language text">Articles containing Indonesian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Irish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Irish-language text">Articles containing Irish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Italian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Italian-language text">Articles containing Italian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Japanese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Japanese-language text">Articles containing Japanese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Kannada-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Kannada-language text">Articles containing Kannada-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Kazakh-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Kazakh-language text">Articles containing Kazakh-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Kazakh_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Kazakh IPA">Pages with Kazakh IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Khmer-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Khmer-language text">Articles containing Khmer-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Korean-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Korean-language text">Articles containing Korean-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Kurdish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Kurdish-language text">Articles containing Kurdish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latvian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latvian-language text">Articles containing Latvian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Lithuanian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Lithuanian-language text">Articles containing Lithuanian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Macedonian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Macedonian-language text">Articles containing Macedonian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Malay_(macrolanguage)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Malay (macrolanguage)-language text">Articles containing Malay (macrolanguage)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Malayalam-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Malayalam-language text">Articles containing Malayalam-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Mongolian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Mongolian-language text">Articles containing Mongolian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Nepali_(macrolanguage)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Nepali (macrolanguage)-language text">Articles containing Nepali (macrolanguage)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Norwegian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Norwegian-language text">Articles containing Norwegian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Tagalog-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Tagalog-language text">Articles containing Tagalog-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Pashto-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Pashto-language text">Articles containing Pashto-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Polish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Polish-language text">Articles containing Polish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Portuguese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Portuguese-language text">Articles containing Portuguese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Punjabi-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Punjabi-language text">Articles containing Punjabi-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Romani-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Romani-language text">Articles containing Romani-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Romanian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Romanian-language text">Articles containing Romanian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Serbo-Croatian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Serbo-Croatian-language text">Articles containing Serbo-Croatian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Slovak-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Slovak-language text">Articles containing Slovak-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Slovene-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Slovene-language text">Articles containing Slovene-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Sindhi-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Sindhi-language text">Articles containing Sindhi-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Somali-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Somali-language text">Articles containing Somali-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Sinhala-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Sinhala-language text">Articles containing Sinhala-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Swahili_(macrolanguage)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Swahili (macrolanguage)-language text">Articles containing Swahili (macrolanguage)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Swedish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Swedish-language text">Articles containing Swedish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Tamil-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Tamil-language text">Articles containing Tamil-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Tetun_Dili-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Tetun Dili-language text">Articles containing Tetun Dili-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Thai-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Thai-language text">Articles containing Thai-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Turkish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Turkish-language text">Articles containing Turkish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ottoman_Turkish_(1500-1928)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text">Articles containing Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ukrainian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ukrainian-language text">Articles containing Ukrainian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_February_2009" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2009">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2009</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Vietnamese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Vietnamese-language text">Articles containing Vietnamese-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 22 November 2024, at 03:16 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Comrade&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b8d669998-dnvbs","wgBackendResponseTime":196,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.142","walltime":"1.318","ppvisitednodes":{"value":6636,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":148230,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":6479,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":10,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":108621,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1169.716 1 -total"," 28.84% 337.364 1 Template:Reflist"," 23.10% 270.215 234 Template:Lang"," 13.18% 154.127 12 Template:Cite_web"," 11.34% 132.637 1 Template:Wikt-lang"," 8.29% 96.940 7 Template:Citation_needed"," 8.10% 94.724 8 Template:Fix"," 7.22% 84.429 12 Template:Cite_book"," 6.63% 77.521 1 Template:Short_description"," 5.66% 66.203 1 Template:More_citations_needed"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.728","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":21507386,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-57488d5c7d-4k7v5","timestamp":"20241128023251","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Comrade","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Comrade","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q632316","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q632316","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-05-11T03:37:22Z","dateModified":"2024-11-22T03:16:26Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/2\/27\/Harrison_Fisher_WWI_American_Red_Cross_poster.jpg","headline":"term meaning friend, colleague or ally, with political connotations"}</script> </body> </html>