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NAAMAH - NAHUM - JewishEncyclopedia.com

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<div class="yui3-u-1-3"> <h1 class="logo"><a href="/">JewishEncyclopedia.com</a></h1> </div> <div class="yui3-u-1-3"> </div> <div class="yui3-u-1-3"> <input type="text" class="st-default-search-input" style="width:275px"> </div> </div> <div class="yui3-g"> <nav class="yui3-u-1"> <ul id="nav"> <li class=&#39;notselectedletter&#39;> <a href="#" class="letterlink">A</a> <ul> <li> <a title="AACH - Abdima (Abdimi) of Sepphoris" href="/directory/A/1"> AACH - ABDI </a> </li> <li> <a title="Abdimi Mallaḥa - ABRAHAM OF BOHEMIA" href="/directory/A/205"> ABDI - ABRA </a> </li> <li> <a title="ABRAHAM IBN BOLAT - ABRAHAM BEN YOM-ṬOB OF TUDELA" href="/directory/A/408"> ABRA - ABRA </a> </li> <li> <a title="ABRAHAM ẒARFATI - ADLER, DAVID BARUCH" href="/directory/A/611"> ABRA - ADLE </a> </li> <li> <a title="ADLER, ELKAN NATHAN - AIN MUSA" href="/directory/A/814"> ADLE - AINM </a> </li> <li> <a title="AIRE - ALGAZI, YOM-ṬOB BEN ISRAEL JACOB" href="/directory/A/1017"> AIRE - ALGA </a> </li> <li> <a 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JACOB HA-KOHEN" href="/directory/M/10220"> MAAC - MALA </a> </li> <li> <a title="MALAGA - MARKS, SAMUEL" href="/directory/M/10324"> MALA - MARK </a> </li> <li> <a title="MARKUS, LUDWIG - MEASURES" href="/directory/M/10428"> MARK - MEAS </a> </li> <li> <a title="MEAT-TAX - MENAHEM MENDEL BEN BARUCH BENDET" href="/directory/M/10532"> MEAT - MENA </a> </li> <li> <a title="MENAHEM OF MERSEBURG - METER IN THE BIBLE" href="/directory/M/10636"> MENA - METE </a> </li> <li> <a title="METHODOLOGY - MILLET" href="/directory/M/10739"> METH - MILL </a> </li> <li> <a title="MILMAN, HENRY HART - MONDAY AND THURSDAY PRAYER" href="/directory/M/10842"> MILM - MOND </a> </li> <li> <a title="MONEY - MOSER" href="/directory/M/10945"> MONE - MOSE </a> </li> <li> <a title="MOSER, MOSES - MOSES OF SMOLENSK" href="/directory/M/11048"> MOSE - MOSE </a> </li> <li> <a title="MOSES SOFER - MYSTICISM" href="/directory/M/11151"> MOSE - MYST </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class=&#39;selectedletter active&#39;> <a href="#" class="letterlink">N</a> <ul> <li> <a title="NAAMAH - NAHUM" href="/directory/N/11254"> NAAM - NAHU </a> </li> <li> <a title="NAHUM ELIEZER BEN JACOB - NASI, DAVID" href="/directory/N/11293"> NAHU - NASI </a> </li> <li> <a title="NASI GRACIA MENDESIA - NATHAN NATA OF SHKLOV" href="/directory/N/11332"> NASI - NATH </a> </li> <li> <a title="NATHAN BEN SAMUEL - NEBUZAR-ADAN" href="/directory/N/11371"> NATH - NEBU </a> </li> <li> <a title="NECHO - NESEK" href="/directory/N/11410"> NECH - NESE </a> </li> <li> <a title="NESVIZH - NEUZEIT, DIE" href="/directory/N/11448"> NESV - NEUZ </a> </li> <li> <a title="NEVAKHOVICH, LÖB - NICHOLAS III., IV., V" href="/directory/N/11486"> NEVA - NICH </a> </li> <li> <a title="NICHOLAS OF DAMASCUS (NICOLAUS DAMASCENUS) - NISSIM BEN MOSES OF MARSEILLES" href="/directory/N/11524"> NICH - NISS </a> </li> <li> <a title="NISSIM B. REUBEN GERONDI - NOSE-RING" href="/directory/N/11562"> NISS - NOSE </a> </li> <li> <a title="NOSSIG, ALFRED - NYONS" href="/directory/N/11600"> NOSS - NYON </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class=&#39;notselectedletter&#39;> <a href="#" class="letterlink">O</a> <ul> <li> <a title="OAK AND TEREBINTH - OHOLIAB" href="/directory/O/11638"> OAKA - OHOL </a> </li> <li> <a title="OHOLIBAMAH - OPFERPFENNIG, GOLDENER" href="/directory/O/11678"> OHOL - OPFE </a> </li> <li> <a title="OPHEL - OREGON" href="/directory/O/11718"> OPHE - OREG </a> </li> <li> <a title="OREN - OSTROG" href="/directory/O/11758"> OREN - OSTR </a> </li> <li> <a title="OSTROGORSKI, MOISEI YAKOVLEVICH - &#39;OZER BEN MEÏR" href="/directory/O/11797"> OSTR - OZER </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class=&#39;notselectedletter&#39;> <a href="#" class="letterlink">P</a> <ul> <li> <a title="PABLO ALVARO - PAPPENHEIM" href="/directory/P/11836"> PABL - PAPP </a> </li> <li> <a title="PAPPENHEIM, ISRAEL HIRSCH - PATTO, SAMSON GOMEZ" href="/directory/P/11893"> PAPP - PATT </a> </li> <li> <a title="PAUL DE BURGOS - PENITENTIAL DAYS" href="/directory/P/11950"> PAUL - PENI </a> </li> <li> <a title="PENNSYLVANIA - PESIḲTA (DE-RAB KAHANA; RABBATI; ZUṬARTI)" href="/directory/P/12007"> PENN - PESI </a> </li> <li> <a title="PESSELES, JOSEPH (ELIAS) - PHINEHAS" href="/directory/P/12063"> PESS - PHIN </a> </li> <li> <a title="PHINEHAS BEN CLUSOTH - PINSKER, DOB BÄR B. NATHAN" href="/directory/P/12119"> PHIN - PINS </a> </li> <li> <a title="PINSKER, LEV (LEV SEMIONOVICH) - POLA" href="/directory/P/12175"> PINS - POLA </a> </li> <li> <a title="POLACCO, VITTORIO - PORGES, NATHAN" href="/directory/P/12231"> POLA - PORG </a> </li> <li> <a title="PORGES VON PORTHEIM - PREGNANCY" href="/directory/P/12287"> PORG - PREG </a> </li> <li> <a title="PREMEDITATION - PROVENCE" href="/directory/P/12343"> PREM - PROV </a> </li> <li> <a title="PROVERBS - PYKE, LIONEL EDWARD" href="/directory/P/12399"> PROV - PYKE </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class=&#39;notselectedletter&#39;> <a href="#" class="letterlink">Q</a> <ul> <li> <a title="QUADRATUS, UMMIDIUS CAIUS - QUORUM" href="/directory/Q/12455"> QUAD - QUOR </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class=&#39;notselectedletter&#39;> <a href="#" class="letterlink">R</a> <ul> <li> <a title="RAAB - RABINOVICH (RABBINOWITZ), OSIP AARONOVICH" href="/directory/R/12465"> RAAB - RABI </a> </li> <li> <a title="RABINOVITZ, JOSHUA BEN ELIJAH - RAMESES" href="/directory/R/12510"> RABI - RAME </a> </li> <li> <a title="RAMI B. 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ARAẒOT - WALLER STEIN, ABRAHAM BEN ASHER" href="/directory/W/14741"> WAAD - WALL </a> </li> <li> <a title="WALLICH - WATER-DRAWING, FEAST OF" href="/directory/W/14768"> WALL - WATE </a> </li> <li> <a title="WATER-RIGHTS - WEIGHTS AND MEASURES" href="/directory/W/14795"> WATE - WEIG </a> </li> <li> <a title="WEIL, ADOLF - WEISS, MARKUS NISSA" href="/directory/W/14822"> WEIL - WEIS </a> </li> <li> <a title="WEISS, MAX - WESSELY, WOLFGANG" href="/directory/W/14849"> WEIS - WESS </a> </li> <li> <a title="WEST - WIENER, LEOPOLD" href="/directory/W/14876"> WEST - WIEN </a> </li> <li> <a title="WIENER, MEïR - WILLIAM OF AUVERGNE" href="/directory/W/14903"> WIEN - WILL </a> </li> <li> <a title="WILLIAM OF NORWICH - WISE, STEPHEN SAMUEL" href="/directory/W/14930"> WILL - WISE </a> </li> <li> <a title="WISMAR - WOLFENBÜTTEL" href="/directory/W/14957"> WISM - WOLF </a> </li> <li> <a title="WOLFENSTEIN, MARTHA - WOOLF, EDWARD" href="/directory/W/14984"> WOLF - WOOL </a> </li> <li> <a title="WOOLF, SIDNEY - WYSBER, LUDWIG" href="/directory/W/15011"> WOOL - WYSB </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class=&#39;notselectedletter&#39;> <a href="#" class="letterlink">X</a> <ul> <li> <a title="XABILLO - XYSTUS" href="/directory/X/15038"> XABI - XYST </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class=&#39;notselectedletter&#39;> <a href="#" class="letterlink">Y</a> <ul> <li> <a title="YA&#39;ABEẒ - YARḤI, ABRAHAM" href="/directory/Y/15045"> YAAB - YARH </a> </li> <li> <a title="YARMOUTH - YEVREISKAYA BIBLIOTEKA" href="/directory/Y/15064"> YARM - YEVR </a> </li> <li> <a title="YEẒER HA-RA&#39; - YIẒḤAḲ BAR JUDAH" href="/directory/Y/15083"> YEZE - YIZH </a> </li> <li> <a title="YIẒḤAḲ OF MAGDALA - YOM KIPPUR ḲAṬAN" href="/directory/Y/15101"> YIZH - YOMK </a> </li> <li> <a title="YOM-ṬOB BEN ABRAHAM ISHBILI - YUSUF IBN TESHUFIN" href="/directory/Y/15119"> YOMT - YUSU </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class=&#39;notselectedletter&#39;> <a href="#" class="letterlink">Z</a> <ul> <li> <a title="ZABARA, JOSEPH - ZALINSKI, MOSES G." href="/directory/Z/15137"> ZABA - ZALI </a> </li> <li> <a title="ZALMUNNA - ẒARFATI, ẒAREFATI" href="/directory/Z/15155"> ZALM - ZARF </a> </li> <li> <a title="ẒARFATI - ẒEBI ASHKENAZI" href="/directory/Z/15173"> ZARF - ZEBI </a> </li> <li> <a title="ẒEBI HIRSCH BEN ḤAYYIM - ẒEDEḲ, JOSEPH KOHEN-" href="/directory/Z/15191"> ZEBI - ZEDE </a> </li> <li> <a title="ZEDEKIAH - ZEITLIN, WILLIAM" href="/directory/Z/15209"> ZEDE - ZEIT </a> </li> <li> <a title="ZEITSCHRIFT FÜR DIE GESCHICHTE DER JUDEN IN DEUTSCHLAND - ZEPHANIAH BEN MORDECAI TROKI" href="/directory/Z/15227"> ZEIT - ZEPH </a> </li> <li> <a title="ZERAHIAH BEN ISAAC HA-LEVI GERONDI - ZIMMERN, HELEN" href="/directory/Z/15244"> ZERA - ZIMM </a> </li> <li> <a title="ZIMRAT HA-AREẒ - ZODIAC" href="/directory/Z/15261"> ZIMR - ZODI </a> </li> <li> <a title="ZOHAR - ZUKERTORT, JOHANNES HERMANN" href="/directory/Z/15278"> ZOHA - ZUKE </a> </li> <li> <a title="ZUKUNFT, DIE - ZWEIFEL, PAUL" href="/directory/Z/15295"> ZUKU - ZWEI </a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </header> <div id="bd" class="yui3-u-1"> <div class="yui3-g"> <div class="yui3-u-4-5"> <nav class="pagination"> <span class="page current"> 1 </span> <span class="page"> <a rel="next" href="/directory/N/11254?page=2">2</a> </span> <span class="next"> <a rel="next" href="/directory/N/11254?page=2">Next &rsaquo;</a> </span> <span class="last"> <a href="/directory/N/11254?page=2">Last &raquo;</a> </span> </nav> <table class="searchresults"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <a href="/articles/11254-naamah">NAAMAH</a> &ndash; 1. Daughter of Lamech and Zillah and sister of Tubal-cain (Gen. iv. 22). According to Abba b. Kahana, Naamah was Noah's wife and was called "Naamah" (pleasant) because her conduct was pleasing to God. But the majority of the... </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/articles/11255-naaman">NAAMAN</a> &ndash; 1. Biblical Data: Syrian general whose miraculous recovery from leprosy is told in II Kings v. The name, meaning "pleasantness," is held by Lagarde to represent Adonis, on the assumption that (Isa. xvii. 10) means "the plantings... </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/articles/11256-naar-isaac">NAAR, ISAAC</a> &ndash; akam, and, according to De Barrios, physician of the seventeenth century; born at Amsterdam; studied with Moses Zacuto and Baruch Spinoza under Saul Levi Morteira at the Talmud Torah 'Eẓ Ḥayyim, where he subsequently taught. A... </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/articles/11257-naasites">NAASITES</a> &ndash; See Ophites. </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/articles/11258-nabal">NABAL</a> &ndash; Calebite noble who appears in one of the incidents which marked David's wanderings (I Sam. xxv.). Nabal was a man of great wealth and possessed numerous flocks; but he was of a niggardly and churlish disposition and was referred... </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/articles/11259-nabataeans">NABATÆANS</a> &ndash; Semitic tribe or group of tribes which overran the ancient Edomite country and established a kingdom which extended from Damascus on the north to Hegra (Al-Hajr) on the south. Their power at one period was felt in central Arabia... </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/articles/11260-nablus">NABLUS</a> &ndash; See Shechem. </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/articles/11261-nabon">NABON</a> &ndash; Turkish family which, from the seventeenth century onward, produced several rabbinical writers. It had several branches, of which one was at Jerusalem and another at Constantinople.Benjamin Nabon: Rabbinical writer; was living... </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/articles/11262-nabopolassar">NABOPOLASSAR</a> &ndash; See Nebuchadnezzar. </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/articles/11263-naboth">NABOTH</a> &ndash; Jezreelite of the time of Ahab, King of Israel; owner of a small plot of ground near Jezreel (II Kings ix. 21, 25-26) and of a vineyard contiguous to Ahab's palace at Jezreel (I Kings xxi. 1); the Septuagint reads, "a vineyard... </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/articles/11264-nadab">NADAB</a> &ndash; 1. Eldest son of Aaron and Elisheba; one of the leaders of the children of Israel who went with Moses to Sinai and "saw the God of Israel" (Ex. vi. 23; xxiv. 1, 9 et seq.; Num. iii. 2, xxvi. 60; I Chron. v. 29 [A. V. vi. 3],... </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/articles/11265-nadson-simon-yakovlevich">NADSON, SIMON YAKOVLEVICH</a> &ndash; Russian poet; born at St. Petersburg Dec. 26, 1862; died at Yalta Dec. 31, 1886. His father was a Jew who had entered the Greek Orthodox Church; his mother, Antonina Stepanovna, was a poetess and a member of a noble family. He... </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/articles/11266-nagar">NAGAR</a> &ndash; See Najara. </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/articles/11267-nagari-moses-ben-judah">NAGARI, MOSES BEN JUDAH</a> &ndash; Philosophical writer. According to Steinschneider, he lived at Rome about 1300, and his name should be read "Na'ar" ( ), he being of the Ne'arim family ("Adolescentoli"). He wrote "Ma'amar ba-Ma'areket,"an index to Maimonides'... </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/articles/11268-nagasaki">NAGASAKI</a> &ndash; Commercial seaport in the ken of the same name, Japan. Of its Jewish community most of the members emigrated from Russia. In the year 1894 a synagogue (Beth Israel) was founded by R. H. Goldenberg with the cooperation of S. D.... </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/articles/11269-nagawkar-benjamin-shalom">NAGAWKAR, BENJAMIN SHALOM</a> &ndash; Beni-Israel soldier; born at Bombay before 1830. He enlisted in the 25th Regiment Bombay Native Light Infantry July 1, 1848; was made jemidar Jan. 1, 1868; subahdar Jan. 1, 1873; and subahdar-major April 15, 1879. Nagawkar was... </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/articles/11270-nagawkar-samuel-moses">NAGAWKAR, SAMUEL MOSES</a> &ndash; Jewish Burial-Ground, Nagasaki, Japan.(From a photograph.)Beni-Israel soldier; born at Bombay about 1810. He enlisted in the 10th Regiment Native Infantry Oct. 1, 1832. He was on foreign service at Aden from 1840 to 1844, served... </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/articles/11271-nagdela-nagrela-abu-husain-joseph-ibn">NAGDELA (NAGRELA), ABU ḤUSAIN JOSEPH IBN</a> &ndash; Spanish statesman; born about 1031; died Dec. 30, 1066; son of Samuel ibn Nagdela. A highly educated and clever man, he succeeded his father as vizier and as rabbi of the community of Granada, directing at the same time an... </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/articles/11272-nagdela-samuel-ibn">NAGDELA, SAMUEL IBN</a> &ndash; See Samuel ha-Nagid. </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/articles/11273-nagid">NAGID</a> &ndash; See Egypt. </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/articles/11274-nagy-kanizsa">NAGY-KANIZSA</a> &ndash; Hungarian town, in the county of Szalad. The antiquity of its disused cemetery, which dates back to the end of the seventeenth century, is the only index to the period of the first settlement of the Jews in Nagy-Kanizsa. This... </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/articles/11275-naharaim">NAHARAIM</a> &ndash; See Aram-naharaim. </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/articles/11276-nahash">NAHASH</a> &ndash; 1. King of the Ammonites. At the beginning of Saul's reign Nahash attacked Jabesh-gilead, and when the people of that place asked for terms of surrender he gave them the alternatives of having their right eyes thrust out or of... </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/articles/11277-nahawendi-benjamin">NAHAWENDI, BENJAMIN</a> &ndash; See Benjamin ben Moses Nahawendi. </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/articles/11278-nahman-ben-hayyim-ha-kohen">NAḤMAN BEN ḤAYYIM HA-KOHEN</a> &ndash; French tosafist; flourished toward the end of the twelfth century. As Gross concludes from "Kol Bo" (ed. Venice, 1562), No. 101, Naḥman was the son of Ḥayyim ben Hananeel ha-Kohen. He was the author of "Sefer Naḥmani," which... </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> <footer id="ft" class="yui3-u-1"> <div class="yui3-g"> <div id="footer-nav" class="yui3-u-2-5"> <div class="title">About Jewish Encyclopedia</div> <ul> <li><a href="/literary_directorate_listing">Literary Directorate Listing</a></li> <li><a href="/preface">Preface</a></li> <li><a href="/synopsis_of_jewish_encyclopedia">Synopsis of Jewish Encyclopedia</a></li> <li><a href="/systems_of_transliteration_citation_of_proper_names">Systems of Transliteration Citation of Proper Names</a></li> <li><a href="/abbreviations_listings">Abbreviations Listings</a></li> <li><a href="/list_of_patrons">List of Patrons</a></li> </ul> </div> <div id="kopelmanlogo" class="yui3-u-1-5"> <a href="http://www.kopelman.org"><img alt="Funded by The Kopelman Foundation" src="/images/logo-foundation.jpg" /></a> </div> <div id="copyright" class="yui3-u-2-5"> <em>&copy;2002-2021, JewishEncyclopedia.com. 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