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glossing abbreviations">abbreviated</a> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;"><b>DEO</b></span></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_modality" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic modality">linguistic modality</a> that indicates how the world ought to be<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> according to certain norms, expectations, speaker desires, etc. In other words, a deontic expression indicates that the state of the world (where 'world' is loosely defined here in terms of the surrounding circumstances) does not meet some standard or ideal, whether that standard be social (such as laws), personal (desires), etc. The sentence containing the deontic modal generally indicates some action that would change the world so that it becomes closer to the standard or ideal. </p><p>This category includes the following subcategories:<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Commissive modality (the speaker's commitment to do something, like a promise or threat; <a href="/wiki/Alethic_modality" title="Alethic modality">alethic logic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Temporal_logic" title="Temporal logic">temporal logic</a> would apply):<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "I shall help you."</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Directive_modality&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Directive modality (page does not exist)">Directive modality</a> (commands, requests, etc.; <a href="/wiki/Deontic_logic" title="Deontic logic">deontic logic</a> would apply): "Come!", "Let's go!", "You've got to taste this curry!"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volitive_modality" title="Volitive modality">Volitive modality</a> (wishes, desires, etc.; <a href="/wiki/Modal_operator#Boulomaic" title="Modal operator">boulomaic</a> logic would apply): "If only I were rich!"</li></ul> <p>A related type of modality is <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_modality" title="Dynamic modality">dynamic modality</a>, which indicates a subject's internal capabilities or willingness as opposed to external factors such as permission or orders given.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Realisation_in_speech">Realisation in speech</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deontic_modality&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Realisation in speech"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Deontic moods</b> are a category of <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_mood" title="Grammatical mood">grammatical moods</a> that are used to express deontic modality. An example for a deontic mood is the <a href="/wiki/Imperative_mood" title="Imperative mood">imperative</a> ("Come!"). </p><p>However, many languages (like English) have additional ways to express deontic modality, like <a href="/wiki/Modal_verb" title="Modal verb">modal verbs</a> ("I <i>shall</i> help you.") and other verbs ("I <i>hope</i> to come soon."), as well as <a href="/wiki/Adverbial" title="Adverbial">adverbials</a> (<i>hopefully</i>) and other constructions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constructed_languages">Constructed languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deontic_modality&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Constructed languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Esperanto">Esperanto</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deontic_modality&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Esperanto"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto">Esperanto</a> has a mood formally called "volitive" which is also used for various directive uses, so it can be seen as a broader deontic mood. However, it is not used to express commissive modality. It is formed by adding <b><span title="Esperanto-language text"><i lang="eo">-u</i></span></b> to the verb stem, and it is used for orders and commands as well as for expressing will, desire, and purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><span title="Esperanto-language text"><i lang="eo">Est<b>u</b> feliĉa!</i></span> "(May you) Be happy!"</li> <li><span title="Esperanto-language text"><i lang="eo">Don<b>u</b> al mi panon.</i></span> "Give me bread."</li> <li><span title="Esperanto-language text"><i lang="eo">Ni ir<b>u</b>!</i></span> "Let's go!"</li> <li><span title="Esperanto-language text"><i lang="eo">Mi leg<b>u</b> tion.</i></span> "Let me read that."</li> <li><span title="Esperanto-language text"><i lang="eo">Mi volas, ke vi help<b>u</b> min.</i></span> "I want you to help me."</li> <li><span title="Esperanto-language text"><i lang="eo">Ĉu mi far<b>u</b> tion?</i></span> "Shall I do that?"</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deontic_modality&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angelika_Kratzer" title="Angelika Kratzer">Angelika Kratzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deontic_logic" title="Deontic logic">Deontic logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistemic_modality" title="Epistemic modality">Epistemic modality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_choice_inference" title="Free choice inference">Free choice inference</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deontic_modality&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLoosSusan_AndersonDwight_H._Day,_Jr.Paul_C._Jordan" class="citation web cs1">Loos, Eugene E.; Susan Anderson; Dwight H. Day, Jr.; Paul C. Jordan; J. Douglas Wingate. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glossary.sil.org/term/deontic-modality">"What is a deontic modality?"</a>. <i>Glossary of linguistic terms</i>. <a href="/wiki/SIL_International" title="SIL International">SIL International</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-12-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Glossary+of+linguistic+terms&rft.atitle=What+is+a+deontic+modality%3F&rft.aulast=Loos&rft.aufirst=Eugene+E.&rft.au=Susan+Anderson&rft.au=Dwight+H.+Day%2C+Jr.&rft.au=Paul+C.+Jordan&rft.au=J.+Douglas+Wingate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglossary.sil.org%2Fterm%2Fdeontic-modality&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeontic+modality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhat1999" class="citation book cs1">Bhat, D. N. Shankara (1999). <i>The prominence of tense, aspect, and mood</i>. John Benjamins Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-272-3052-8" title="Special:BookSources/90-272-3052-8"><bdi>90-272-3052-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+prominence+of+tense%2C+aspect%2C+and+mood&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=90-272-3052-8&rft.aulast=Bhat&rft.aufirst=D.+N.+Shankara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeontic+modality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoosSusan_AndersonDwight_H._Day,_Jr.Paul_C._Jordan" class="citation web cs1">Loos, Eugene E.; Susan Anderson; Dwight H. Day, Jr.; Paul C. Jordan; J. Douglas Wingate. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glossary.sil.org/term/commissive-modality">"What is a commissive modality?"</a>. <i>Glossary of linguistic terms</i>. SIL International<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-12-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Glossary+of+linguistic+terms&rft.atitle=What+is+a+commissive+modality%3F&rft.aulast=Loos&rft.aufirst=Eugene+E.&rft.au=Susan+Anderson&rft.au=Dwight+H.+Day%2C+Jr.&rft.au=Paul+C.+Jordan&rft.au=J.+Douglas+Wingate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglossary.sil.org%2Fterm%2Fcommissive-modality&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeontic+modality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Palmer, F.R., <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xKUvDFTARR8C&q=%22Deontic+modality%22">Mood and Modality</a></i>, Cambridge University Press, 2001, p. 70 ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFryer" class="citation book cs1">Fryer, Helen. "Lesson 10". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/8177/8177-h/8177-h.htm"><i>The Esperanto Teacher</i></a> (10th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lesson+10&rft.btitle=The+Esperanto+Teacher&rft.edition=10th&rft.pub=Project+Gutenberg&rft.aulast=Fryer&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F8177%2F8177-h%2F8177-h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeontic+modality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deontic_modality&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rickmor.x10.mx/lexical_semantics.html#S16_0">modality in a machine-translation interlingua</a></li></ul> <div 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and <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_mood" title="Grammatical mood">grammatical moods</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Realis_mood" title="Realis mood">Realis</a><br /><i>(what is)</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Realis_mood#Other" title="Realis mood">Indicative/declarative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aggressive_mood" title="Aggressive mood">Aggressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realis_mood#Other" title="Realis mood">Energetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidentiality" title="Evidentiality">Evidential</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sensory_evidential_mood" title="Sensory evidential mood">Sensory</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnomic_aspect" title="Gnomic aspect">Generic/gnomic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirative" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirative">Mirative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Irrealis_mood" title="Irrealis mood">Irrealis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Deontic</a><br /><i>(what should be)</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benedictive" title="Benedictive"> Benedictive</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Commissive" class="mw-redirect" title="Commissive">Commissive</a></b> <i>(promises, threats)</i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Directive_moods" class="mw-redirect" title="Directive moods">Directive</a></b> <i>(commands, requests, requirements)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debitive" title="Debitive">Debitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deliberative_mood" title="Deliberative mood">Deliberative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_modality" title="Dynamic modality">Dynamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hortative" title="Hortative">Hortative (+ subtypes)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperative_mood" title="Imperative mood">Imperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Injunctive_mood" title="Injunctive mood">Injunctive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jussive_mood" title="Jussive mood">Jussive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necessitative_mood" title="Necessitative mood">Necessitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permissive_mood" title="Permissive mood">Permissive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precative_mood" class="mw-redirect" title="Precative mood">Precative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibitive_mood" class="mw-redirect" title="Prohibitive mood">Prohibitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propositive_mood" title="Propositive mood">Propositive</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Volitive_modality" title="Volitive modality">Volitive</a></b> <i>(hopes, wishes, fears)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desiderative_mood" title="Desiderative mood">Desiderative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imprecative_mood" title="Imprecative mood">Imprecative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optative_mood" title="Optative mood">Optative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Epistemic_modality" title="Epistemic modality">Epistemic</a><br /><i>(what may be)</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>(inferences, possibilities, questions, etc.)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alethic_modality" title="Alethic modality">Alethic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumptive_mood" title="Assumptive mood">Assumptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deductive_mood" title="Deductive mood">Deductive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubitative_mood" title="Dubitative mood">Dubitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothetical_mood" title="Hypothetical mood">Hypothetical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferential_mood" title="Inferential mood">Inferential/renarrative/oblique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrogative" title="Interrogative">Interrogative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potential_mood" class="mw-redirect" title="Potential mood">Potential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculative_mood" title="Speculative mood">Speculative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subjunctive_mood" title="Subjunctive mood">Subjunctive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependent circumstances<br /><i>(what would be)</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conditional_mood" title="Conditional mood">Conditional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eventive_mood" class="mw-redirect" title="Eventive mood">Eventive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Formal_semantics_(natural_language)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Formal_semantics" title="Template:Formal semantics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Formal_semantics" title="Template talk:Formal semantics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Formal_semantics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Formal semantics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Formal_semantics_(natural_language)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Formal_semantics_(natural_language)" title="Formal semantics (natural language)">Formal semantics (natural language)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principle_of_compositionality" title="Principle of compositionality">Compositionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denotation" title="Denotation">Denotation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entailment" class="mw-redirect" title="Entailment">Entailment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extension_(semantics)" title="Extension (semantics)">Extension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalized_quantifier" title="Generalized quantifier">Generalized quantifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intension" title="Intension">Intension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logical_form_(linguistics)" title="Logical form (linguistics)">Logical form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presupposition" title="Presupposition">Presupposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposition" title="Proposition">Proposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reference" title="Reference">Reference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scope_(formal_semantics)" title="Scope (formal semantics)">Scope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_act" title="Speech act">Speech act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syntax%E2%80%93semantics_interface" title="Syntax–semantics interface">Syntax–semantics interface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truth-conditional_semantics" title="Truth-conditional semantics">Truth conditions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaphora_(linguistics)" title="Anaphora (linguistics)">Anaphora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambiguity" title="Ambiguity">Ambiguity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binding_(linguistics)" title="Binding (linguistics)">Binding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conditional_sentence" title="Conditional sentence">Conditionals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Definiteness" title="Definiteness">Definiteness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disjunction" class="mw-redirect" title="Disjunction">Disjunction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidentiality" title="Evidentiality">Evidentiality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focus_(linguistics)" title="Focus (linguistics)">Focus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indexicality" title="Indexicality">Indexicality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexical_semantics" title="Lexical semantics">Lexical semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_modality" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic modality">Modality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negation" title="Negation">Negation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propositional_attitudes" class="mw-redirect" title="Propositional attitudes">Propositional attitudes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93mood" title="Tense–aspect–mood">Tense–aspect–mood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantifier_(logic)" title="Quantifier (logic)">Quantification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagueness" title="Vagueness">Vagueness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phenomena</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antecedent-contained_deletion" title="Antecedent-contained deletion">Antecedent-contained deletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataphora" title="Cataphora">Cataphora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coercion_(linguistics)" title="Coercion (linguistics)">Coercion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservativity" title="Conservativity">Conservativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterfactuals" class="mw-redirect" title="Counterfactuals">Counterfactuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossover_effects" title="Crossover effects">Crossover effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumulativity_(linguistics)" title="Cumulativity (linguistics)">Cumulativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_dicto_and_de_re" title="De dicto and de re">De dicto and de re</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_se" title="De se">De se</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Deontic modality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourse_relation" title="Discourse relation">Discourse relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donkey_anaphora" class="mw-redirect" title="Donkey anaphora">Donkey anaphora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistemic_modality" title="Epistemic modality">Epistemic modality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhaustivity" title="Exhaustivity">Exhaustivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faultless_disagreement" title="Faultless disagreement">Faultless disagreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_choice_inference" title="Free choice inference">Free choice inferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Givenness" title="Givenness">Givenness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homogeneity_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Homogeneity (linguistics)">Homogeneity (linguistics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurford_disjunction" title="Hurford disjunction">Hurford disjunction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inalienable_possession" title="Inalienable possession">Inalienable possession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersective_modifier" title="Intersective modifier">Intersective modification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logophoricity" title="Logophoricity">Logophoricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirativity" title="Mirativity">Mirativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modal_subordination" title="Modal subordination">Modal subordination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opaque_context" title="Opaque context">Opaque contexts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performative_utterance" title="Performative utterance">Performatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarity_item" title="Polarity item">Polarity items</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privative_adjective" title="Privative adjective">Privative adjectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantificational_variability_effect" title="Quantificational variability effect">Quantificational variability effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Responsive_predicate" title="Responsive predicate">Responsive predicate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rising_declarative" title="Rising declarative">Rising declaratives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalar_implicature" title="Scalar implicature">Scalar implicature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sloppy_identity" title="Sloppy identity">Sloppy identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsective_modifier" title="Subsective modifier">Subsective modification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subtrigging" title="Subtrigging">Subtrigging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telicity" title="Telicity">Telicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperature_paradox" title="Temperature paradox">Temperature paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veridicality" title="Veridicality">Veridicality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Formalism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Formal systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_semantics" title="Alternative semantics">Alternative semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Categorial_grammar" title="Categorial grammar">Categorial grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combinatory_categorial_grammar" title="Combinatory categorial grammar">Combinatory categorial grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourse_representation_theory" title="Discourse representation theory">Discourse representation theory (DRT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_semantics" title="Dynamic semantics">Dynamic semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_grammar" title="Generative grammar">Generative grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glue_semantics" title="Glue semantics">Glue semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisitive_semantics" title="Inquisitive semantics">Inquisitive semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensional_logic" title="Intensional logic">Intensional logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambda_calculus" title="Lambda calculus">Lambda calculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mereology" title="Mereology">Mereology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montague_grammar" title="Montague grammar">Montague grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segmented_discourse_representation_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Segmented discourse representation theory">Segmented discourse representation theory (SDRT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situation_semantics" title="Situation semantics">Situation semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervaluationism" title="Supervaluationism">Supervaluationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_theory" title="Type theory">Type theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_theory_with_records" title="Type theory with records">TTR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomy_of_syntax" title="Autonomy of syntax">Autonomy of syntax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Context_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Context set">Context set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuation" title="Continuation">Continuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversational_scoreboard" title="Conversational scoreboard">Conversational scoreboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downward_entailing" title="Downward entailing">Downward entailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existential_closure" title="Existential closure">Existential closure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Function_application" title="Function application">Function application</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meaning_postulate" title="Meaning postulate">Meaning postulate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monad_(functional_programming)" title="Monad (functional programming)">Monads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plural_quantification" title="Plural quantification">Plural quantification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possible_world" title="Possible world">Possible world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantifier_raising" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantifier raising">Quantifier raising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantization_(linguistics)" title="Quantization (linguistics)">Quantization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Question_under_discussion" title="Question under discussion">Question under discussion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_parsing" title="Semantic parsing">Semantic parsing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squiggle_operator" title="Squiggle operator">Squiggle operator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strawson_entailment" title="Strawson entailment">Strawson entailment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strict_conditional" title="Strict conditional">Strict conditional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_shifter" title="Type shifter">Type shifter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_grinder" title="Universal grinder">Universal grinder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_semantics" title="Cognitive semantics">Cognitive semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_semantics" title="Computational semantics">Computational semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributional_semantics" title="Distributional semantics">Distributional semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_grammar" title="Formal grammar">Formal grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferentialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Inferentialism">Inferentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_translation" title="Logic translation">Logic translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistics_wars" title="Linguistics wars">Linguistics wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_language" title="Philosophy of language">Philosophy of language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatics" title="Pragmatics">Pragmatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantics_of_logic" title="Semantics of logic">Semantics of logic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deontic_modality&oldid=1253551352">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deontic_modality&oldid=1253551352</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" 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