COLUMN: THE IRONIES OF PADMAVAT - Newspaper

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height: 1px; overflow:hidden; position: absolute; white-space: nowrap; width: 1px;">Facebook Count</span><span data-fb-count-url="https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1389982"><span class="count"></span></span></a> </div> <div class="social social--icon social--black social--flat social--twitter float-left mr-1 my-2 "> <a onclick="return !window.open(this.href, 'Tweet', 'width=640, height=300')" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224153020/https://twitter.com/share?text=COLUMN%3A%20THE%20IRONIES%20OF%20PADMAVAT&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1389982&counturl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1389982" target="_blank"><span style="clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow:hidden; position: absolute; white-space: nowrap; width: 1px;">Twitter Share</span></a> </div> <div class="social hidden-xs-down social--print social--icon social--black social--flat float-left mr-1 my-2"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224153020/https://www.dawn.com/news/print/1389982">   </a> </div> <div class="social social--email social--icon social--black social--flat float-left mr-1 my-2"> <a onclick="$('.mailer [name^=id]').val(1389982);$('.mailer').modal().open()" href="javascript:void(0)"></a> </div> <div class="mailer themodal themodal--centered" style="width:400px;height:260px;background:#fff"> <h3>Email</h3> <br/> <form accept-charset="utf-8" class="form-vertical emailer" onsubmit="javascript:$.post(this.action, $(this).serialize());$(this).html('Mail sent, thank you!');return false;" method="POST" action="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224153020/https://www.dawn.com/news/email/1389982"><input class="form-control" type="hidden" name="jscheck" value=""><div class="form-group"><label for="sender" class="control-label">Your Name</label><input class="form-control" id="sender-2" type="text" name="sender"></div><div class="form-group"><label for="to" class="control-label">Recipient Email</label><input class="form-control" id="to-2" type="text" name="to"></div><input class="form-control" type="hidden" name="id" value=""><input class="btn mt-2" type="submit" value="Email"><input class="form-control" type="hidden" name="_token" value=""></form> </div> <div class="social social--comment social--icon social--black social--flat social--label text--700 float-left mr-1 my-2"> <a href="#comments">1</a> </div></div> </div>   <div class="template__main clearfix modifier--open px-1 modifier--widedefault modifier--quote-center-narrow">   <div class="story__content pt-1 mt-1"><div style="display: none"></div><figure class="media five-eighths palm--one-whole media--center media--uneven media--stretch"> <div class="media__item "><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224153020im_/https://i.dawn.com/primary/2018/02/5a875f4923faf.jpg" alt=""/></div> </figure> <p> </p><p class="">The fortunes of the fecund text <em>Padmavat</em>, on which the controversial Sanjay Leela Bhansali Bollywood film of this name is based, embody a fascinating irony of history. And more, here the irony is complex, manifold and intriguing.</p><p class="">But what is the <em>Padmavat</em>? It is an epic poem written by a South Asian Muslim, the Sufi Malik Muhammad Jayasi. The language of the text is an Indo-European bhasha called Awadhi, classified also as Eastern Hindi. In addition to India’s Awadh and the lower Doab regions of Uttar Pradesh, Awadhi is also found in Nepal and Fiji. And let’s note: while one does find later transcriptions of the <em>Padmavat</em> in the Devanagari script, it was originally written in the Persian Nastaliq. The earliest extant manuscript of the text dates from 1675, copied in Amroha, containing interlinear Persian translations. Contemporary reports have it that the epic took the literary world by storm and one finds over the centuries numerous renderings, rewritings and adaptations — one of the most celebrated being the <em>Shama wa Parvana</em>, a reworking of the text in the mid-17th century by a governor of Aurangzeb. </p><p class="">Here, a few facts ought to be carved in our historical consciousness. First, that the <em>Padmavat</em> is a Sufi work of fiction, not of history. It has three main characters: the Turko-Afghan sultan of India, the much maligned and darkened character in the film, Alauddin Khalji; the proud Rajput ruler of Chittor, Ratan Sen; and, of course, Ratan Sen’s beloved wife, the queen Padmavati. Now, the first two of these figures are indeed historical, but ironically, there exists a virtual consensus among historians that Padmavati’s character is apocryphal; in all probability she has no historical existence. Second, that the epic was written in 1540, more than 200 years after Khalji. And third, that the <em>Padmavat</em> is a mythic work, full of Sufi symbolism and allegories. </p><p class="">Jayasi’s story moves on the crest of a moral tide, a story in which the agency of a talking parrot, Hiraman, plays a crucial role. Hiraman is a friend of Rani Padmavati of the Singhal kingdom (modern Sri Lanka). Her father, being dismissive of this closeness, orders the parrot’s execution. The parrot escapes and ends up as a pet of Raval [Raja] Ratan Sen. Now, it is this Hiraman whose descriptions of Padmavati’s beauty prompt the Raval to cross seven seas and visit the Singhal kingdom. Here, as Ratan Sen is desperately trying to win the heart of the famed beauty, the deities Shiva and Parvati induce him to attack the fortress of Singhal — which he does. Finally, through a confluence of events the Raval is married to Padmavati. </p><p class="">Note the symbolism: seven seas, counsel of the deities and a parrot with rational attributes. But more, there enters a down-to-earth element here. Back in Chittor, the Raval’s first wife, Nagmati, is resentful and sends a message to him through a bird. So he makes his way back home, now with an inflated pride that he is returning with a bride who happens to be the world’s most beautiful woman. Again, Jayasi weaves his tales allegorically, integrating real human emotions with his powerful mythic symbolism. We are told that the Raval is punished for his pride by a sea storm, but is rescued by the Ocean whose daughter Lakshmi puts him through a test of his love for Padmavati; he passes the test. </p><blockquote> <p class="">One, Ratan Sen is not dishonourably killed by Khalji. Two, Padmavati surrenders herself to sati. Three, she is not a Rajput.</p></blockquote> <p class="">Jayasi then sets his scene in Delhi at the court of Sultan Alauddin Khalji — that crafty, indulgent, pitch-dark villain of Bhansali’s commercial film. A banished Brahmin courtier of Ratan Sen informs the Sultan of the supreme beauty of Padmavati and induces him to claim her for himself. So incited, Khalji lays siege to that formidable stone structure that stands in its grandeur until this day — the Chittor fort. He demands Padmavati; Ratan Sen refuses and the Khalji siege continues. Finally, following an understanding between the two rulers, the Sultan is invited inside the fort where he sneakily catches a glimpse of Padmavati in a mirror, captures the Raval and returns to Delhi. </p><p class="">But through clever trickery, Ratan Sen is freed by two of his vassals. Upon his joyous homecoming, he finds out that in his absence another Rajput ruler, Devpal, had been sending marriage overtures to Padmavati. Incensed, Ratan Sen decides to punish Devpal. A combat ensues and both rulers are killed. Nagmati and Padmavati then embrace death by <em>sati</em>, or widow’s self-immolation. Note that by the time the Khalji army reaches the Chittor fort again, Padmavati is no more. Upon the Sultan’s victory, all the women of the grand fort end their lives by jauhar, or mass self-immolation. </p><p class="">Does Alaudin Khalji really win this battle? In a moral and Sufi posture, Jayasi makes us pause over an irony. Indeed, the Sultan captures a fort of ashes! This is what lust does — it only brings about defeat. Here, three more highlights of the fiction ought to be singled out: One, contrary to what Bhansali’s film depicts, Ratan Sen is not dishonourably killed by Khalji, but by a fellow Rajput. Two, the non-historical character Padmavati does not commit jauhar after Khalji’s capture of her fort; indeed, she is a victim of the internecine warfare of the Rajput rulers themselves and surrenders herself to sati. Three, she is not a Rajput.</p><p class="">So if we examine the film <em>Padmaavat</em>, or if we attend to the rhetorical grounds of the violent Hindu nationalist acts against it, we see a multiplicity of ironies. They both betray Jayasi and they both betray history. How strange that the fringe Hindu groups selectively consider Padmavati to be historical, but what about the talking parrot? The Ocean? Lakshmi? Placing bounties on the head of the actress who played the character, the fringe Hindu group Shri Rajput Karni Sena made the Archaeological Survey of India remove a plaque at the Chittor fort that declared the Padmavati story a legend. They also forced the removal of a mirror in which Alaudin Khalji was supposed to have caught the glimpse of Padmavati. The mind boggles...</p><p class=""><em>The columnist is a professor and advisor of the social sciences and liberal arts programme at the IBA, Karachi, and visiting faculty at the University of Pennsylvania</em></p><p class=""><em>Published in Dawn, Books & Authors, February 18th, 2018</em></p> </div> </div>   <div class="template__footer clearfix modifier--open px-1"> <div class="row no-gutters"> <div class="col-12 col-sm-10 col-sm-offset-1"> <div class="row no-gutters"> <div class="col-12 col-sm-11"> <div class="ml-0 ml-sm-6 px-0 px-sm-2"> <hr> <div class="row no-gutters"> <div class="col-12 col-sm-6"> </div> <div class="col-12 col-sm-6"> <div class="mt-2 mt-sm-0 clearfix social-container">  <div class="social social--icon social--black social--flat social--facebook social--count float-left mr-1 "> <a onclick="return !window.open(this.href, 'Share on Facebook', 'width=640, height=536')" 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data-layout="story">  <h2 data-layout="story" data-id="1391170" class="story__title "><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224153020/https://www.dawn.com/news/1391170/regrettable-verdict" class="story__link">Regrettable verdict</a></h2> </article>  </div> <div class="slideshow--row__item lap-and-up-border--right palm-border--bottom" data-id="2" style="float:left;width:32.333333333333%;">  <article class="box story p-1" data-id="1391032" data-layout="story">  <h2 data-layout="story" data-id="1391032" class="story__title "><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224153020/https://www.dawn.com/news/1391032/indian-student-arrested-in-online-child-porn-bust" class="story__link">Indian student arrested in online child porn bust</a></h2> </article>  </div> </div><div class="popular-row lap-and-up-border--bottom"> <div class="slideshow--row__item lap-and-up-border--right palm-border--bottom" data-id="3" style="float:left;width:32.333333333333%;margin-right:1.5%;">  <article class="box story p-1" data-id="1391118" data-layout="story">  <h2 data-layout="story" data-id="1391118" class="story__title "><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224153020/https://www.dawn.com/news/1391118/witness-says-calibri-font-existed-in-beta-version-when-trust-deed-was-prepared" class="story__link">Witness says Calibri font existed in beta version when trust deed was prepared</a></h2> </article>  </div> <div class="slideshow--row__item lap-and-up-border--right palm-border--bottom" data-id="4" style="float:left;width:32.333333333333%;margin-right:1.5%;">  <article class="box story p-1" data-id="1391010" data-layout="story">  <h2 data-layout="story" data-id="1391010" class="story__title "><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224153020/https://www.dawn.com/news/1391010/kulsoom-nawaz-to-be-made-new-pml-n-president-source" class="story__link">Kulsoom Nawaz to be made new PML-N president: source</a></h2> </article>  </div> <div class="slideshow--row__item lap-and-up-border--right palm-border--bottom" data-id="5" style="float:left;width:32.333333333333%;">  <article class="box story p-1" data-id="1391204" data-layout="story">  <h2 data-layout="story" data-id="1391204" class="story__title "><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224153020/https://www.dawn.com/news/1391204/abbasi-ghani-inaugurate-long-awaited-tapi-gas-pipeline" class="story__link">Abbasi, Ghani inaugurate long-awaited TAPI gas pipeline</a></h2> </article>  </div> </div><div class="popular-row lap-and-up-border--bottom"> <div class="slideshow--row__item lap-and-up-border--right palm-border--bottom" data-id="6" style="float:left;width:32.333333333333%;margin-right:1.5%;">  <article class="box story p-1" data-id="1391021" data-layout="story">  <h2 data-layout="story" data-id="1391021" class="story__title "><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224153020/https://www.dawn.com/news/1391021/newcomers-sultans-thrash-peshawar-zalmi-by-7-wickets-in-psl-2018-opener" class="story__link">Newcomers Sultans thrash Peshawar Zalmi by 7 wickets in PSL 2018 opener</a></h2> </article>  </div> <div class="slideshow--row__item lap-and-up-border--right palm-border--bottom" data-id="7" style="float:left;width:32.333333333333%;margin-right:1.5%;">  <article class="box story p-1" data-id="1391202" data-layout="story">  <h2 data-layout="story" data-id="1391202" class="story__title "><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224153020/https://www.dawn.com/news/1391202/modi-hugs-trudeau-amid-indo-canada-invitation-embarrassment" class="story__link">Modi hugs Trudeau amid Indo-Canada invitation embarrassment</a></h2> </article>  </div> <div class="slideshow--row__item lap-and-up-border--right palm-border--bottom" data-id="8" style="float:left;width:32.333333333333%;">  <article class="box story p-1" data-id="1391018" data-layout="story">  <h2 data-layout="story" data-id="1391018" class="story__title "><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224153020/https://www.dawn.com/news/1391018/saudi-arabia-to-spend-billions-on-western-style-entertainment" class="story__link">Saudi Arabia to spend billions on Western-style entertainment</a></h2> </article>  </div> </div><div class="popular-row lap-and-up-border--bottom"> </div></div> </div> <div class="border--top border--thick border--black mx-sm-2 mx-0 clearfix"> <h3 class="mustread-stories font--playfair-display my-2"><a class="mustread-stories" href="/web/20180224153020/https://www.dawn.com/must-read">Must read</a></h3> <div class=" slideshow--list pr-0 pr-sm-2 col-sm-4 col-12 float-left slideshow--mustread--first mt-2"> <div class="clear--both"> <div class="slideshow--row__item active pr-0 pr-sm-2 mb-2 lap-and-up-border--right palm-border--bottom equalize float-left" data-id="0" style="float:left;width:99%;">  <article class="box story mt-1 mb-1 mb-sm-2 mt-sm-0 pt-0 pb-2 pt-1 pt-sm-0 pr-0" data-id="1391402" data-layout="story">  <figure class="media media--stretch col-12 px-0 "> <div class="media__item "><a title="" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224153020/https://www.dawn.com/news/1391402/can-the-three-pillars-of-the-state-coexist-in-harmony"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224153020im_/https://i.dawn.com/medium/2018/02/5a90df2ff3e38.jpg" alt="Can the three pillars of the state coexist in harmony?"/></a></div> </figure> <div class="clearfix"></div>  <h2 data-layout="story" data-id="1391402" class="story__title font--playfair-display "><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224153020/https://www.dawn.com/news/1391402/can-the-three-pillars-of-the-state-coexist-in-harmony" class="story__link">Can the three pillars of the state coexist in harmony?</a></h2>  <div class="story__excerpt size-three font--georgia ">One yearns for the good old days when courts avoided passing judgement on cases of an overtly political nature. </div> </article>  </div> </div><div class="clear--both"> </div></div> <div class=" slideshow--list slideshow--mustread col-sm-8 col-12 float-left mt-2"> <div class="clear--both"> <div class="slideshow--row__item active pr-0 pr-sm-2 mb-2 lap-and-up-border--right palm-border--bottom equalize float-left" data-id="0" style="float:left;width:24%;margin-right:1.3333333333333%;">  <article class="box story mt-1 mb-1 mb-sm-2 mt-sm-0 pt-0 pb-1 pb-sm-2 pt-1 pt-sm-0 pr-0" data-id="1391419" data-layout="story">  <figure class="media media--focus media--stretch col-sm-12 col-3 mr-sm-0 mr-2 float-sm-none px-0 "> <div class="media__item media__item--100 "><a title="" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224153020/https://www.dawn.com/news/1391419/an-election-held-without-candidates-from-the-countrys-largest-political-party-is-an-undeniable-farce"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224153020im_/https://i.dawn.com/medium/2018/02/5a912b9dea92b.jpg" alt="An election held without candidates from the country&#39;s largest political party is an undeniable farce"/></a></div> </figure>  <h2 data-layout="story" data-id="1391419" class="story__title font--playfair-display py-0 "><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224153020/https://www.dawn.com/news/1391419/an-election-held-without-candidates-from-the-countrys-largest-political-party-is-an-undeniable-farce" class="story__link">An election held without candidates from the country's largest political party is an undeniable farce</a></h2> <div class=" mt-1 "><span class="story__byline size-three text--black "></span> </div></article>  </div> <div class="slideshow--row__item pr-0 pr-sm-2 mb-2 lap-and-up-border--right palm-border--bottom equalize float-left" data-id="1" style="float:left;width:24%;margin-right:1.3333333333333%;">  <article class="box story mt-1 mb-1 mb-sm-2 mt-sm-0 pt-0 pb-1 pb-sm-2 pt-1 pt-sm-0 pr-0" data-id="1391428" data-layout="story">  <figure class="media media--focus media--stretch col-sm-12 col-3 mr-sm-0 mr-2 float-sm-none px-0 "> <div class="media__item media__item--100 "><a title="" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224153020/https://www.dawn.com/news/1391428/girls-take-lead-in-the-regional-round-of-math-challenge-2018-in-karachi"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224153020im_/https://i.dawn.com/medium/2018/02/5a91625fc419f.jpg" alt="Girls take lead in the regional round of Math Challenge 2018 in Karachi"/></a></div> </figure>  <h2 data-layout="story" data-id="1391428" class="story__title font--playfair-display py-0 "><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224153020/https://www.dawn.com/news/1391428/girls-take-lead-in-the-regional-round-of-math-challenge-2018-in-karachi" class="story__link">Girls take lead in the regional round of Math Challenge 2018 in Karachi</a></h2> <div class=" mt-1 "><span class="story__byline size-three text--black "><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224153020/https://www.dawn.com/authors/3517/bilal-karim-mughal">Bilal Karim Mughal</a></span> </div></article>  </div> <div class="slideshow--row__item pr-0 pr-sm-2 mb-2 lap-and-up-border--right palm-border--bottom equalize float-left" data-id="2" style="float:left;width:24%;margin-right:1.3333333333333%;">  <article class="box story mt-1 mb-1 mb-sm-2 mt-sm-0 pt-0 pb-1 pb-sm-2 pt-1 pt-sm-0 pr-0" data-id="1391351" data-layout="story">  <figure class="media media--focus media--stretch col-sm-12 col-3 mr-sm-0 mr-2 float-sm-none px-0 "> <div class="media__item media__item--100 "><a title="" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224153020/https://www.dawn.com/news/1391351/trudeaus-india-trip-is-a-total-disaster-and-he-has-himself-to-blame"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224153020im_/https://i.dawn.com/medium/2018/02/5a90b4e7ec7a1.jpg" alt="Trudeau’s India trip is a total disaster, and he has himself to blame"/></a></div> </figure>  <h2 data-layout="story" data-id="1391351" class="story__title font--playfair-display py-0 "><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224153020/https://www.dawn.com/news/1391351/trudeaus-india-trip-is-a-total-disaster-and-he-has-himself-to-blame" class="story__link">Trudeau’s India trip is a total disaster, and he has himself to blame</a></h2> <div class=" mt-1 "><span class="story__byline size-three text--black "><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224153020/https://www.dawn.com/authors/6521/barkha-dutt">Barkha Dutt</a></span> </div></article>  </div> <div class="slideshow--row__item pr-0 pr-sm-2 mb-2 lap-and-up-border--right palm-border--bottom equalize float-left" data-id="3" style="float:left;width:24%;">  <article class="box story mt-1 mb-1 mb-sm-2 mt-sm-0 pt-0 pb-1 pb-sm-2 pt-1 pt-sm-0 pr-0" data-id="1391405" data-layout="story">  <figure class="media media--focus media--stretch col-sm-12 col-3 mr-sm-0 mr-2 float-sm-none px-0 "> <div class="media__item media__item--100 "><a title="" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224153020/https://www.dawn.com/news/1391405/pepsi-was-among-the-first-brands-to-patronise-cricket-in-pakistan"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224153020im_/https://i.dawn.com/medium/2018/02/5a9139724a3f6.jpg" alt="&#39;Pepsi was among the first brands to patronise cricket in Pakistan&#39;"/></a></div> </figure>  <h2 data-layout="story" data-id="1391405" class="story__title font--playfair-display py-0 "><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224153020/https://www.dawn.com/news/1391405/pepsi-was-among-the-first-brands-to-patronise-cricket-in-pakistan" class="story__link">'Pepsi was among the first brands to patronise cricket in Pakistan'</a></h2> <div class=" mt-1 "><span class="story__byline size-three text--black "></span> </div></article>  </div> </div><div class="clear--both"> </div></div> </div> <div class="border--top border--thick border--black mx-sm-2 mx-0 clearfix"> <h3 class="opinion-stories font--playfair-display my-2"><a class="opinion-stories" href="/web/20180224153020/https://www.dawn.com/opinion">Opinion</a></h3> <div class=" slideshow--list pr-0 pr-sm-2 col-sm-4 col-12 float-left slideshow--opinion--first mt-2"> <div class="clear--both"> <div class="slideshow--row__item active pr-0 pr-sm-2 mb-2 lap-and-up-border--right palm-border--bottom equalize float-left" data-id="0" style="float:left;width:99%;">  <article class="box story mt-1 mb-1 mb-sm-2 mt-sm-0 pt-0 pb-2 pt-1 pt-sm-0 pr-0" data-id="1391388" data-layout="story">  <figure class="media media--stretch col-12 px-0 "> <div class="media__item "><a title="" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224153020/https://www.dawn.com/news/1391388/judicial-overreach"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224153020im_/https://i.dawn.com/medium/2018/02/5a90bed6bd969.jpg" alt="Judicial overreach"/></a></div> </figure> <div class="clearfix"></div>  <h2 data-layout="story" data-id="1391388" class="story__title font--playfair-display "><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224153020/https://www.dawn.com/news/1391388/judicial-overreach" class="story__link">Judicial overreach</a></h2>  <div class="story__excerpt size-three font--georgia ">Can the three pillars of the state coexist in harmony? </div> </article>  </div> </div><div class="clear--both"> </div></div> <div class=" slideshow--list slideshow--opinion col-sm-8 col-12 float-left mt-2"> <div class="clear--both"> <div class="slideshow--row__item active pr-0 pr-sm-2 mb-2 lap-and-up-border--right palm-border--bottom equalize float-left" data-id="0" style="float:left;width:24%;margin-right:1.3333333333333%;">  <article class="box story mt-1 mb-1 mb-sm-2 mt-sm-0 pt-0 pb-1 pb-sm-2 pt-1 pt-sm-0 pr-0" data-id="1391387" data-layout="story">  <figure class="media media--focus media--stretch col-sm-12 col-3 mr-sm-0 mr-2 float-sm-none px-0 "> <div class="media__item media__item--100 "><a title="" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224153020/https://www.dawn.com/news/1391387/disqualification"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224153020im_/https://i.dawn.com/medium/2018/02/5a90be616e6a1.jpg" alt="Disqualification"/></a></div> </figure>  <h2 data-layout="story" data-id="1391387" class="story__title font--playfair-display py-0 "><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224153020/https://www.dawn.com/news/1391387/disqualification" class="story__link">Disqualification</a></h2> <div class=" mt-1 "><span class="story__byline size-three text--black "><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224153020/https://www.dawn.com/authors/1277/a-g-noorani">A.G. Noorani</a></span> </div></article>  </div> <div class="slideshow--row__item pr-0 pr-sm-2 mb-2 lap-and-up-border--right palm-border--bottom equalize float-left" data-id="1" style="float:left;width:24%;margin-right:1.3333333333333%;">  <article class="box story mt-1 mb-1 mb-sm-2 mt-sm-0 pt-0 pb-1 pb-sm-2 pt-1 pt-sm-0 pr-0" data-id="1391386" data-layout="story">  <figure class="media media--focus media--stretch col-sm-12 col-3 mr-sm-0 mr-2 float-sm-none px-0 " data-focus-x="0%" data-focus-y="0%"> <div class="media__item media__item--100 "><a title="" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224153020/https://www.dawn.com/news/1391386/back-to-the-future"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224153020im_/https://i.dawn.com/medium/2018/02/5a90be0659f1e.jpg?r=719563700" alt="Back to the future"/></a></div> </figure>  <h2 data-layout="story" data-id="1391386" class="story__title font--playfair-display py-0 "><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224153020/https://www.dawn.com/news/1391386/back-to-the-future" class="story__link">Back to the future</a></h2> <div class=" mt-1 "><span class="story__byline size-three text--black "><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224153020/https://www.dawn.com/authors/112/abbas-nasir">Abbas Nasir</a></span> </div></article>  </div> <div class="slideshow--row__item pr-0 pr-sm-2 mb-2 lap-and-up-border--right palm-border--bottom equalize float-left" data-id="2" style="float:left;width:24%;margin-right:1.3333333333333%;">  <article class="box story mt-1 mb-1 mb-sm-2 mt-sm-0 pt-0 pb-1 pb-sm-2 pt-1 pt-sm-0 pr-0" data-id="1391385" data-layout="story">  <figure class="media media--focus media--stretch col-sm-12 col-3 mr-sm-0 mr-2 float-sm-none px-0 "> <div class="media__item media__item--100 "><a title="" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224153020/https://www.dawn.com/news/1391385/securing-the-nation"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224153020im_/https://i.dawn.com/medium/2018/02/5a90bdb0ea5ec.jpg" alt="Securing the nation"/></a></div> </figure>  <h2 data-layout="story" data-id="1391385" class="story__title font--playfair-display py-0 "><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224153020/https://www.dawn.com/news/1391385/securing-the-nation" class="story__link">Securing the nation</a></h2> <div class=" mt-1 "><span class="story__byline size-three text--black "><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224153020/https://www.dawn.com/authors/933/tariq-khosa">Tariq Khosa</a></span> </div></article>  </div> <div class="slideshow--row__item pr-0 pr-sm-2 mb-2 lap-and-up-border--right palm-border--bottom equalize float-left" data-id="3" style="float:left;width:24%;">  <article class="box story mt-1 mb-1 mb-sm-2 mt-sm-0 pt-0 pb-1 pb-sm-2 pt-1 pt-sm-0 pr-0" data-id="1391176" data-layout="story">  <figure class="media media--focus media--stretch col-sm-12 col-3 mr-sm-0 mr-2 float-sm-none px-0 " data-focus-x="0%" data-focus-y="0%"> <div class="media__item media__item--100 "><a title="" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224153020/https://www.dawn.com/news/1391176/manifestos-and-education"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224153020im_/https://i.dawn.com/medium/2018/02/5a8f7b6a47fc9.jpg" alt="Manifestos and education"/></a></div> </figure>  <h2 data-layout="story" data-id="1391176" class="story__title font--playfair-display py-0 "><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224153020/https://www.dawn.com/news/1391176/manifestos-and-education" class="story__link">Manifestos and education</a></h2> <div class=" mt-1 "><span class="story__byline size-three text--black "><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224153020/https://www.dawn.com/authors/568/faisal-bari">Faisal Bari</a></span> </div></article>  </div> </div><div class="clear--both"> </div></div> </div> <div class="border--top border--thick border--black mx-sm-2 mx-0"> <h3 class="editorial-stories font--playfair-display my-2"><a class="editorial-stories" href="/web/20180224153020/https://www.dawn.com/opinion">Editorial</a></h3> <div class=" slideshow--list slideshow--editorial mt-2"> <div class="clear--both"> <div class="slideshow--row__item active pr-0 pr-sm-2 mb-2 lap-and-up-border--right palm-border--bottom equalize float-left" data-id="0" style="float:left;width:15.666666666667%;margin-right:1.2%;">  <article class="box story mt-1 mb-1 mb-sm-2 mt-sm-0 pt-0 pb-1 pb-sm-2 pt-1 pt-sm-0 pr-0" data-id="1391384" data-layout="story"><span class="story__time size-two text--gray font--arial "><span class="timestamp--label">Updated</span> February 24, 2018</span>  <h2 data-layout="story" data-id="1391384" class="story__title size-four font--playfair-display "><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224153020/https://www.dawn.com/news/1391384/senate-poll-challenge" class="story__link">Senate poll challenge</a></h2>  <div class="story__excerpt size-three font--georgia ">An unusual problem has been solved in an unusual manner, giving rise to the usual speculation of partisanship and bias. </div> </article>  </div> <div class="slideshow--row__item pr-0 pr-sm-2 mb-2 lap-and-up-border--right palm-border--bottom equalize float-left" data-id="1" style="float:left;width:15.666666666667%;margin-right:1.2%;">  <article class="box story mt-1 mb-1 mb-sm-2 mt-sm-0 pt-0 pb-1 pb-sm-2 pt-1 pt-sm-0 pr-0" data-id="1391383" data-layout="story"><span class="story__time size-two text--gray font--arial "><span class="timestamp--label">Updated</span> February 24, 2018</span>  <h2 data-layout="story" data-id="1391383" class="story__title size-four font--playfair-display "><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224153020/https://www.dawn.com/news/1391383/back-to-load-shedding" class="story__link">Back to load-shedding</a></h2>  <div class="story__excerpt size-three font--georgia ">The govt has acknowledged that there is more to resolving the persistent power shortages than raw megawatts alone. </div> </article>  </div> <div class="slideshow--row__item pr-0 pr-sm-2 mb-2 lap-and-up-border--right palm-border--bottom equalize float-left" data-id="2" style="float:left;width:15.666666666667%;margin-right:1.2%;">  <article class="box story mt-1 mb-1 mb-sm-2 mt-sm-0 pt-0 pb-1 pb-sm-2 pt-1 pt-sm-0 pr-0" data-id="1391382" data-layout="story"><span class="story__time size-two text--gray font--arial ">February 24, 2018</span>  <h2 data-layout="story" data-id="1391382" class="story__title size-four font--playfair-display "><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224153020/https://www.dawn.com/news/1391382/dangerous-nexus" class="story__link">Dangerous nexus</a></h2>  <div class="story__excerpt size-three font--georgia ">INEXTRICABLY linked, illicit economies and organised crime pose extreme threats to societies. In Karachi’s... </div> </article>  </div> <div class="slideshow--row__item pr-0 pr-sm-2 mb-2 lap-and-up-border--right palm-border--bottom equalize float-left" data-id="3" style="float:left;width:15.666666666667%;margin-right:1.2%;">  <article class="box story mt-1 mb-1 mb-sm-2 mt-sm-0 pt-0 pb-1 pb-sm-2 pt-1 pt-sm-0 pr-0" data-id="1391170" data-layout="story"><span class="story__time size-two text--gray font--arial "><span class="timestamp--label">Updated</span> February 23, 2018</span>  <h2 data-layout="story" data-id="1391170" class="story__title size-four font--playfair-display "><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224153020/https://www.dawn.com/news/1391170/regrettable-verdict" class="story__link">Regrettable verdict</a></h2>  <div class="story__excerpt size-three font--georgia ">The highest court in the land should be accorded the highest respect. Without the judiciary, rule of law is impossible. </div> </article>  </div> <div class="slideshow--row__item pr-0 pr-sm-2 mb-2 lap-and-up-border--right palm-border--bottom equalize float-left" data-id="4" style="float:left;width:15.666666666667%;margin-right:1.2%;">  <article class="box story mt-1 mb-1 mb-sm-2 mt-sm-0 pt-0 pb-1 pb-sm-2 pt-1 pt-sm-0 pr-0" data-id="1391169" data-layout="story"><span class="story__time size-two text--gray font--arial "><span class="timestamp--label">Updated</span> February 23, 2018</span>  <h2 data-layout="story" data-id="1391169" class="story__title size-four font--playfair-display "><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224153020/https://www.dawn.com/news/1391169/no-place-for-newborns" class="story__link">No place for newborns</a></h2>  <div class="story__excerpt size-three font--georgia ">As the primary stakeholders in this venture, women must be empowered to exercise their rights and demand quality care. </div> </article>  </div> <div class="slideshow--row__item pr-0 pr-sm-2 mb-2 lap-and-up-border--right palm-border--bottom equalize float-left" data-id="5" style="float:left;width:15.666666666667%;">  <article class="box story mt-1 mb-1 mb-sm-2 mt-sm-0 pt-0 pb-1 pb-sm-2 pt-1 pt-sm-0 pr-0" data-id="1391168" data-layout="story"><span class="story__time size-two text--gray font--arial "><span class="timestamp--label">Updated</span> February 23, 2018</span>  <h2 data-layout="story" data-id="1391168" class="story__title size-four font--playfair-display "><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224153020/https://www.dawn.com/news/1391168/syrias-nightmare" class="story__link">Syria’s nightmare</a></h2>  <div class="story__excerpt size-three font--georgia ">Is it only a matter of time before a new regional conflict in the Middle East materialises? </div> </article>  </div> </div><div class="clear--both"> </div></div> </div> <div class="px-2">   <div class="ad py-4 d-block d-sm-none" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="ad__label " style="max-width:728px;">Advertisement</div> <div class="js-ad clearfix" style="max-width:728px;padding-bottom:12.362637362637%;text-align:center;margin:0 auto;overflow:hidden;"> <div class="radWrapper ad__wrapper"> <div id="div-gpt-ad-1455531878761-2" class="ad__wrapper__slot" style="width:728px;position:absolute"> <script>googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1455531878761-2'); });</script> </div> </div> </div> </div>  </div> </div>  </div> </div> <div class="navstory navstory--prev" title="You can also use your keyboard ← (left arrow) or → (right arrow) to navigate stories"> <a class="navstory__arrow navstory__arrow--prev" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224153020/https://www.dawn.com/news/1391133/iran-envoy-to-pakistan-regrets-delay-in-opening-of-bilateral-banking-ties">&lsaquo;</a> <div class="navstory__article navstory__article--prev">  <article class="box story " data-id="1391133" data-layout="story">  <h2 data-layout="story" data-id="1391133" class="story__title "><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224153020/https://www.dawn.com/news/1391133/iran-envoy-to-pakistan-regrets-delay-in-opening-of-bilateral-banking-ties" class="story__link">Iran envoy to Pakistan regrets delay in opening of bilateral banking ties</a></h2>  <figure class="media media--stretch col-12 px-0 "> <div class="media__item "><a title="" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224153020/https://www.dawn.com/news/1391133/iran-envoy-to-pakistan-regrets-delay-in-opening-of-bilateral-banking-ties"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224153020im_/https://i.dawn.com/thumbnail/2018/02/5a8f8a1c04c9a.jpg" alt="Iran envoy to Pakistan regrets delay in opening of bilateral banking ties"/></a></div> </figure> <div class="clearfix"></div> </article>  </div> </div> <div class="navstory navstory--next" title="You can also use your keyboard ← (left arrow) or → (right arrow) to navigate stories"> <a class="navstory__arrow navstory__arrow--next" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224153020/https://www.dawn.com/news/1391170/regrettable-verdict">&rsaquo;</a> <div class="navstory__article navstory__article--next">  <article class="box story " data-id="1391170" data-layout="story">  <h2 data-layout="story" data-id="1391170" class="story__title "><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224153020/https://www.dawn.com/news/1391170/regrettable-verdict" class="story__link">Regrettable verdict</a></h2> </article>  </div> </div> <footer> <script src="//web.archive.org/web/20180224153020js_/https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/blockadblock/3.2.1/blockadblock.min.js" crossorigin="anonymous"></script> <div class="pt-2 px-2 mb-2 clearfix"> </div> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224153020js_/https://code.jquery.com/jquery-3.2.1.min.js" defer="true"></script> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224153020js_/https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js" defer="true"></script> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224153020js_/https://www.dawn.com/_js/all.20180208183910.js" defer="true"></script> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224153020js_/https://www.dawn.com/_js/prev-next-stories.20180110020739.js" defer="true"></script> <script>setTimeout(function() {dailymotionSyndicationId(202395)}, 2000)</script> <script> setTimeout(function() { if ($('.template__main .social--top').length) { var isRtl = $('body').attr('dir'); 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