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Issue 3</div></div><div class="sap__metadata-section"><div class="sap__title" id="article-metadata-show-more"><div class="show-more"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">add</span>Show more</div><div class="show-less"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">remove</span>Show less</div></div><div id="article-metadata-extra"><div class="sap__sidebar-section"><div class="sap__sidebar-sub-section-row"><div class="sap__sidebar-dates-graphic"><svg fill="none" height="131" viewBox="0 0 5 131" width="5" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><line stroke="black" x1="2.5" x2="2.50001" y1="131" y2="4"></line><circle cx="2.5" cy="2.5" fill="black" r="2.5"></circle><circle cx="2.5" cy="65.5" fill="black" r="2.5"></circle><circle cx="2.5" cy="128.5" fill="black" r="2.5"></circle></svg></div><div class="sap__sidebar-sub-section-dates"><div class="sap__sidebar-sub-section"><div class="sap__title">Received</div><div class="sap__sidebar-content">July 06, 2024</div></div><div class="sap__sidebar-sub-section"><div class="sap__title">Accepted</div><div class="sap__sidebar-content">November 05, 2024</div></div><div class="sap__sidebar-sub-section"><div class="sap__title">Published</div><div class="sap__sidebar-content">November 21, 2024</div></div></div></div></div><div class="sap__sidebar-section"><div class="sap__sidebar-sub-section"><div class="sap__title_bold">Academic editors</div></div><style type="text/css">html{font-size:16px !important}.ds2-5-person-metadata{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.ds2-5-person-metadata__title{font-family:var(--type-font-family-sans-serif, "Roboto"),Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;font-size:var(--type-body-md-size, 16px);line-height:var(--type-body-md-line-height, 24px);font-weight:var(--type-body-md-font-weight, 400);color:var(--text-primary, #070A15)}.ds2-5-person-metadata__content{font-family:var(--type-font-family-sans-serif, "Roboto"),Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;font-size:var(--type-body-md-size, 16px);line-height:var(--type-body-md-line-height, 24px);font-weight:var(--type-body-md-font-weight, 400);color:var(--text-secondary, #676E7B);overflow-wrap:break-word;word-break:break-word}.ds2-5-person-metadata__links-container{display:flex;gap:var(--spacing-xs-16, 16px);padding-top:var(--spacing-xs-4, 4px)}.ds2-5-person-metadata__link{font-family:var(--type-font-family-sans-serif, "Roboto"),Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;font-size:var(--type-body-md-size, 16px);line-height:var(--type-body-md-line-height, 24px);font-weight:var(--type-body-md-font-weight, 400);text-decoration-line:underline;color:var(--text-primary, #070A15)}</style><div class="ds2-5-person-metadata"><div class="ds2-5-person-metadata__title">Dr. Wai Kai Hou</div><div class="ds2-5-person-metadata__content">Editorial Board Member</div><div class="ds2-5-person-metadata__links-container"><a class="ds2-5-person-metadata__link" href="https://ied.academia.edu/WaiKaiHou" target="_blank">Profile</a><a class="ds2-5-person-metadata__link" href="https://repository.eduhk.hk/en/persons/wai-kai%E4%BE%AF%E7%B6%AD%E4%BD%B3-hou" target="_blank">Institution</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="sap__header-grid-contents"><div class="sap__header-mobile-top-row"><div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="DownloadButton" data-props="{"author":{"id":95574,"first_name":"Paul","middle_initials":"T P","last_name":"Wong","page_name":"PaulTPWong","domain_name":"trentu","created_at":"2009-12-05T04:58:17.704-08:00","display_name":"Paul T P Wong","url":"https://trentu.academia.edu/PaulTPWong","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/95574/26444/24382/s200_paul_t._p..wong.jpg"},"downloadUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/119728974/download_file?s=sap","reactionPrompt":null,"work":{"id":125740963,"title":"Existential wellbeing may be of utmost importance to many people","translatedTitle":"","metadata":{"doi":"10.20935/MHealthWellB7416","issn":"2997-9196","abstract":"Existential wellbeing (EWB) may be the most important type of wellbeing because, compared with other types of wellbeing, it may be more relevant to all people in all circumstances. However, it remains the most neglected form of wellbeing in mainstream positive psychology (PP). In this brief concept paper, we first explain the fundamental problems pertaining to the PP approach in research on wellbeing, which ignored the PP of suffering and EWB. Next, we present the existential positive psychology (EPP) as a more promising framework for a global wellbeing research that is more realistic, inclusive, and sustainable. Using the EPP framework, we then define the elements, processes, and outcomes of EWB. 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(2024) “Existential wellbeing may be of utmost importance to many people.” Academia Mental Health and Well-Being, 1(3). doi: 10.20935/MHealthWellB7416."}],"published_letter_id":7416}" data-trace="false" data-dom-id="CitationButton-react-component-662c8965-6cdc-4320-a095-bc41d67610f3"></div> <div id="CitationButton-react-component-662c8965-6cdc-4320-a095-bc41d67610f3"></div> </div></div></div></div><div id="article-stats"><div class="sap__stats-container"><div class="ds2-5-stat-with-graphic"><div class="ds2-5-stat--basic-large"><div class="ds2-5-stat--basic-large__label">Downloads</div><div class="ds2-5-stat--basic-large__value">904</div></div><div class="ds2-5-stat--graphic"><svg fill="none" height="45" viewBox="0 0 71 45" width="71" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M29.8689 18.6812C15.101 27.6249 7.7171 40.0466 0.333158 43.955L0.332999 44.7939H70.3328L70.333 0.793945C47.8919 19.2502 44.3229 9.92772 29.8689 18.6812Z" fill="url(#paint0_linear_7284_156)"></path><defs><lineargradient gradientUnits="userSpaceOnUse" id="paint0_linear_7284_156" x1="35.333" x2="35.333" y1="0.793945" y2="44.7939"><stop stop-color="#5069E6" stop-opacity="0.7"></stop><stop offset="1" stop-color="#5069E6" stop-opacity="0.1"></stop></lineargradient></defs></svg></div></div><div class="ds2-5-stat-with-graphic"><div class="ds2-5-stat--basic-large"><div class="ds2-5-stat--basic-large__label">Views</div><div class="ds2-5-stat--basic-large__value">3,646</div></div><div class="ds2-5-stat--graphic"><svg fill="none" height="45" viewBox="0 0 71 45" width="71" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M29.8689 18.6812C15.101 27.6249 7.7171 40.0466 0.333158 43.955L0.332999 44.7939H70.3328L70.333 0.793945C47.8919 19.2502 44.3229 9.92772 29.8689 18.6812Z" fill="url(#paint0_linear_7284_156)"></path><defs><lineargradient gradientUnits="userSpaceOnUse" id="paint0_linear_7284_156" x1="35.333" x2="35.333" y1="0.793945" y2="44.7939"><stop stop-color="#5069E6" stop-opacity="0.7"></stop><stop offset="1" stop-color="#5069E6" stop-opacity="0.1"></stop></lineargradient></defs></svg></div></div></div></div><div id="article-table-of-contents"></div><div id="article-metadata-sidebar"><div class="sap__sidebar-section"><div class="sap__sidebar-sub-section"><div class="sap__title">Academia Mental Health and Well-Being</div><div class="sap__sidebar-content">Volume 1; Issue 3 <a class="sap__sidebar-content" href="https://www.doi.org/10.20935/MHealthWellB7416">doi.org/10.20935/MHealthWellB7416</a></div></div><div class="sap__sidebar-sub-section-row"><div class="sap__sidebar-dates-graphic"><svg fill="none" height="131" viewBox="0 0 5 131" width="5" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><line stroke="black" x1="2.5" x2="2.50001" y1="131" y2="4"></line><circle cx="2.5" cy="2.5" fill="black" r="2.5"></circle><circle cx="2.5" cy="65.5" fill="black" r="2.5"></circle><circle cx="2.5" cy="128.5" fill="black" r="2.5"></circle></svg></div><div class="sap__sidebar-sub-section-dates"><div class="sap__sidebar-sub-section"><div class="sap__title">Received</div><div class="sap__sidebar-content">July 06, 2024</div></div><div class="sap__sidebar-sub-section"><div class="sap__title">Accepted</div><div class="sap__sidebar-content">November 05, 2024</div></div><div class="sap__sidebar-sub-section"><div class="sap__title">Published</div><div class="sap__sidebar-content">November 21, 2024</div></div></div></div></div><div class="sap__sidebar-section"><div class="sap__sidebar-sub-section"><div class="sap__title_bold">Academic editors</div></div><style type="text/css">html{font-size:16px !important}.ds2-5-person-metadata{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.ds2-5-person-metadata__title{font-family:var(--type-font-family-sans-serif, "Roboto"),Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;font-size:var(--type-body-md-size, 16px);line-height:var(--type-body-md-line-height, 24px);font-weight:var(--type-body-md-font-weight, 400);color:var(--text-primary, #070A15)}.ds2-5-person-metadata__content{font-family:var(--type-font-family-sans-serif, "Roboto"),Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;font-size:var(--type-body-md-size, 16px);line-height:var(--type-body-md-line-height, 24px);font-weight:var(--type-body-md-font-weight, 400);color:var(--text-secondary, #676E7B);overflow-wrap:break-word;word-break:break-word}.ds2-5-person-metadata__links-container{display:flex;gap:var(--spacing-xs-16, 16px);padding-top:var(--spacing-xs-4, 4px)}.ds2-5-person-metadata__link{font-family:var(--type-font-family-sans-serif, "Roboto"),Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;font-size:var(--type-body-md-size, 16px);line-height:var(--type-body-md-line-height, 24px);font-weight:var(--type-body-md-font-weight, 400);text-decoration-line:underline;color:var(--text-primary, #070A15)}</style><div class="ds2-5-person-metadata"><div class="ds2-5-person-metadata__title">Dr. Wai Kai Hou</div><div class="ds2-5-person-metadata__content">Editorial Board Member</div><div class="ds2-5-person-metadata__links-container"><a class="ds2-5-person-metadata__link" href="https://ied.academia.edu/WaiKaiHou" target="_blank">Profile</a><a class="ds2-5-person-metadata__link" href="https://repository.eduhk.hk/en/persons/wai-kai%E4%BE%AF%E7%B6%AD%E4%BD%B3-hou" target="_blank">Institution</a></div></div></div></div><div class="sap__section" id="article-about"><a id="about"></a><h2 class="sap__main-title">About this article</h2><div class="sap__sub-section"><h3 class="sap__section-title">Citation</h3><div class="sap__citation-grid"><div class="sap__citation-container"><div class="sap__title">MLA</div><div class="sap__content">Yu, Timothy T. F., and Paul T. P. Wong. Existential Wellbeing May Be of Utmost Importance to Many People. Vol. 1, no. 3, Academia Mental Health and Well-Being, 2024. https://doi.org/10.20935/MHealthWellB7416</div></div><div class="sap__citation-container"><div class="sap__title">APA</div><div class="sap__content">Yu, T. T. F., & Wong, P. T. P. (2024). Existential wellbeing may be of utmost importance to many people, 1(3). https://doi.org/10.20935/MHealthWellB7416</div></div><div class="sap__citation-container"><div class="sap__title">Chicago</div><div class="sap__content">Yu, Timothy T. F., and Paul T. P. Wong. “Existential Wellbeing May Be of Utmost Importance to Many People” 1, no. 3 (2024). doi:10.20935/MHealthWellB7416.</div></div><div class="sap__citation-container"><div class="sap__title">Vancouver</div><div class="sap__content">Yu TTF, Wong PTP. Existential wellbeing may be of utmost importance to many people. 2024;1(3). https://doi.org/10.20935/MHealthWellB7416</div></div><div class="sap__citation-container"><div class="sap__title">Harvard</div><div class="sap__content">Yu, T. T. F. and Wong, P. T. P. (2024) “Existential wellbeing may be of utmost importance to many people.” Academia Mental Health and Well-Being, 1(3). doi: 10.20935/MHealthWellB7416.</div></div></div></div><div class="sap__sub-section"><h3 class="sap__section-title">Publication dates & DOI</h3><div class="sap__publication-section-row"><div class="sap__content-container"><div class="sap__title">Received</div><div class="sap__content">July 06, 2024</div></div><div class="sap__content-container"><div class="sap__title">Accepted</div><div class="sap__content">November 05, 2024</div></div><div class="sap__content-container"><div class="sap__title">Published</div><div class="sap__content">November 21, 2024</div></div></div></div><div class="sap__sub-section"><div class="sap__title">DOI</div><a class="sap__content" href="https://www.doi.org/10.20935/MHealthWellB7416">doi.org/10.20935/MHealthWellB7416</a></div></div><div id="article-download-container"><div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="DownloadButton" data-props="{"author":{"id":95574,"first_name":"Paul","middle_initials":"T P","last_name":"Wong","page_name":"PaulTPWong","domain_name":"trentu","created_at":"2009-12-05T04:58:17.704-08:00","display_name":"Paul T P Wong","url":"https://trentu.academia.edu/PaulTPWong","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/95574/26444/24382/s200_paul_t._p..wong.jpg"},"downloadUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/119728974/download_file?s=sap","reactionPrompt":null,"work":{"id":125740963,"title":"Existential wellbeing may be of utmost importance to many people","translatedTitle":"","metadata":{"doi":"10.20935/MHealthWellB7416","issn":"2997-9196","abstract":"Existential wellbeing (EWB) may be the most important type of wellbeing because, compared with other types of wellbeing, it may be more relevant to all people in all circumstances. 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567px){.ds2-5-article-card__figure-highlight__big-image-link{display:none}}.ds2-5-article-card__authors{font-family:var(--type-font-family-sans-serif, "Roboto"),Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;font-size:var(--type-body-md-size, 16px);line-height:var(--type-body-md-line-height, 24px);font-weight:var(--type-body-md-font-weight, 400)}.ds2-5-article-card__stat-group{display:flex;flex-direction:row;width:100%}.ds2-5-article-card__stat-group__stat{width:50%}@media(min-width: 568px)and (max-width: 1279px){.ds2-5-article-card__stat-group__stat{width:33%}}@media(min-width: 1280px){.ds2-5-article-card__stat-group__stat{width:33%}}</style><div class="ds2-5-article-card"><div class="ds2-5-article-card__metadata"><div class="ds2-5-article-card__metadata__article-type"><span class="color-indicator brief_communication"></span><span>Brief communication</span></div><div class="ds2-5-article-card__metadata__publication_date">October 31, 2024</div></div><a class="ds2-5-article-card__article-title-link" href="/articles/10.20935/MHealthWellB7395?source=academia-mental-health-and-well-being-sap-page">Emotional resilience and well-being in employability of nurses: a “Triangular Theory of Love’’ approach</a><div class="ds2-5-article-card__authors">George V. Joy, Abdulqadir J. Nashwan </div><div class="ds2-5-article-card__stat-group"><div class="ds2-5-article-card__stat-group__stat"><div class="ds2-5-stat--basic-small"><div class="ds2-5-stat--basic-small__label">downloads</div><div class="ds2-5-stat--basic-small__value">697</div></div></div><div class="ds2-5-article-card__stat-group__stat"><div class="ds2-5-stat--basic-small"><div class="ds2-5-stat--basic-small__label">views</div><div class="ds2-5-stat--basic-small__value">1,977</div></div></div></div></div><style type="text/css">html{font-size:16px !important}.ds2-5-article-card{font-size:16px;color:var(--text-primary, #070a15);display:flex;flex-direction:column;border-top:1px solid var(--stroke-dark, #070A15);color:var(--text-primary, #070A15);width:100%;padding-top:var(--content-card-padding-t, 24px);gap:var(--spacing-xs-16, 16px)}@media(min-width: 568px)and (max-width: 1279px){.ds2-5-article-card{padding-top:var(--content-card-padding-t, 40px)}}@media(min-width: 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class="ds2-5-article-card__metadata__publication_date">October 30, 2024</div></div><a class="ds2-5-article-card__article-title-link" href="/articles/10.20935/MHealthWellB7384?source=academia-mental-health-and-well-being-sap-page">Would you rather be a hero (unsung) or a celebrity?</a><div class="ds2-5-article-card__authors">Jeremy Grabbe, Bethany Jurs, Lynn McCutcheon, Scott Peterson, Emilia Flint</div><div class="ds2-5-article-card__stat-group"><div class="ds2-5-article-card__stat-group__stat"><div class="ds2-5-stat--basic-small"><div class="ds2-5-stat--basic-small__label">downloads</div><div class="ds2-5-stat--basic-small__value">268</div></div></div><div class="ds2-5-article-card__stat-group__stat"><div class="ds2-5-stat--basic-small"><div class="ds2-5-stat--basic-small__label">views</div><div class="ds2-5-stat--basic-small__value">1,559</div></div></div></div></div><style type="text/css">html{font-size:16px !important}.ds2-5-article-card{font-size:16px;color:var(--text-primary, 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400)}.ds2-5-article-card__stat-group{display:flex;flex-direction:row;width:100%}.ds2-5-article-card__stat-group__stat{width:50%}@media(min-width: 568px)and (max-width: 1279px){.ds2-5-article-card__stat-group__stat{width:33%}}@media(min-width: 1280px){.ds2-5-article-card__stat-group__stat{width:33%}}</style><div class="ds2-5-article-card"><div class="ds2-5-article-card__metadata"><div class="ds2-5-article-card__metadata__article-type"><span class="color-indicator case_study"></span><span>Case study</span></div><div class="ds2-5-article-card__metadata__publication_date">October 25, 2024</div></div><a class="ds2-5-article-card__article-title-link" href="/articles/10.20935/MHealthWellB7376?source=academia-mental-health-and-well-being-sap-page">Case study about a patient suffering from body integrity dysphoria and gender dysphoria</a><div class="ds2-5-article-card__authors">Erich Kasten</div><div class="ds2-5-article-card__stat-group"><div class="ds2-5-article-card__stat-group__stat"><div class="ds2-5-stat--basic-small"><div class="ds2-5-stat--basic-small__label">downloads</div><div class="ds2-5-stat--basic-small__value">346</div></div></div><div class="ds2-5-article-card__stat-group__stat"><div class="ds2-5-stat--basic-small"><div class="ds2-5-stat--basic-small__label">views</div><div class="ds2-5-stat--basic-small__value">1,809</div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd"> <html> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> <title>Yu, Wong, and Hou: Existential wellbeing may be of utmost importance to many people</title> </head> <body><div id="article-root"> <div id="article-front-container" class="sap__front-container"> <div id="article-front-column" class="sap__front"> <div id="article-front" class="sap__front"> <div class="sap__metadata sap__centered"><h1 class="sap__document-title">Existential wellbeing may be of utmost importance to many people</h1></div> <div class="sap__metadata sap__author-list"> <div class="sap__metadata sap__author"> <div class="sap__author-names"><div class="sap__metadata-group"><p class="sap__metadata-entry"><a id="id1"></a>Timothy T.F. Yu<a href="#anote-1">*</a><span class="sap__generated"> [</span><a href="#aff1">1</a><span class="sap__generated">]</span></p></div></div> <div class="sap__author-info"><div class="sap__metadata-group"></div></div> <span>,</span> </div> <div class="sap__metadata sap__author"> <div class="sap__author-names"><div class="sap__metadata-group"><p class="sap__metadata-entry"><a id="id2"></a>Paul T.P. Wong<span class="sap__generated"> [</span><a href="#aff2">2</a><span class="sap__generated">]</span></p></div></div> <div class="sap__author-info"><div class="sap__metadata-group"></div></div> </div> </div> <div class="affiliation-list-link-area"><a id="affiliation-list-link" data-target="#affiliation-list" data-toggle="collapse" href="javascript:void(0)"><span>Author Affiliations</span><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" id="chevron" class="" width="16px" height="16px" viewbox="0 0 24 24" style="vertical-align: middle;"><path d="m12 15.375-6-6 1.4-1.4 4.6 4.6 4.6-4.6 1.4 1.4Z" class="expand-more" fill="#222233"></path></svg></a></div> <div id="affiliation-list" class="sap__metadata sap__two-column sap__table collapse"><div class="affiliation-list-items"><div class="sap__row"> <div class="sap__cell sap__empty"></div> <div class="sap__cell"><div class="sap__metadata-group"> <p class="sap__metadata-entry"><a id="aff1"></a><sup>1</sup>Independent Scholar, Toronto, ON M2H 2P7, Canada.</p> <p class="sap__metadata-entry"><a id="aff2"></a><sup>2</sup>Department of Psychology, Trent University, Peterborough, ON M2M 4C5, Canada.</p> <a id="anote-1"></a><p class="sap__metadata-entry">*Correspondence to timothy.tfm.yu@gmail.com</p> </div></div> </div></div></div> <div class="sap__dates-and-open-access"><div class="sap__metadata-area"> <p class="sap__metadata-entry"><span class="sap__generated"><a id="open-access-link" data-target="#sap__Open-Access" data-toggle="collapse" href="javascript:void(0)"><span>Open Access</span><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" id="chevron-open-access" class="" width="16px" height="16px" viewbox="0 0 24 24" style="vertical-align: middle;"><path d="m12 15.375-6-6 1.4-1.4 4.6 4.6 4.6-4.6 1.4 1.4Z" class="expand-more" fill="#222233"></path></svg></a></span></p> <div class="sap__metadata-chunk"><div id="sap__Open-Access" class="collapse"><div class="sap__metadata-chunk-content"><p>© 2024 copyright by the authors. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). <a target="xrefwindow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</a></p></div></div></div> </div></div> </div> <div class="sap__section"> <a id="id3"></a><h2 class="sap__main-title"><span class="sap__generated">Abstract</span></h2> <p class="first" id="id4">Existential wellbeing (EWB) may be the most important type of wellbeing because, compared with other types of wellbeing, it may be more relevant to all people in all circumstances. However, it remains the most neglected form of wellbeing in mainstream positive psychology (PP). In this brief concept paper, we first explain the fundamental problems pertaining to the PP approach in research on wellbeing, which ignored the PP of suffering and EWB. Next, we present the existential positive psychology (EPP) as a more promising framework for a global wellbeing research that is more realistic, inclusive, and sustainable. Using the EPP framework, we then define the elements, processes, and outcomes of EWB. Finally, we provide several examples to potentiate why EWB may be more relevant to all people, two of which draw on the authors’ lived experiences.</p> </div> </div> <div class="sap__spacer"></div> </div> <div id="article-container"> <div id="article-text"> <div id="article-body" class="sap__body"> <div class="sap__section"> <a id="sec1"></a><h2 class="sap__main-title">1. The need for a new approach to wellbeing scholarship in psychology</h2> <p id="id5">Mainstream positive psychology (PP) has been under scrutiny in recent years [<a href="#ref1">1</a>–<a href="#ref3">3</a>]. A new science of wellbeing, from the perspective of existential positive psychology (EPP), needs to address at least the three pillars of sustainable global flourishing: meaning of life, meaning of suffering, and meaning of multiculturalism [<a href="#ref4">4</a>]. EPP attempts to fill the following missing links brought about by PP for a more realistic, inclusive, and sustainable global wellbeing that could be more relevant to all people: </p> <div class="sap__list"> <a id="id6"></a><ol style="list-style-type: decimal"> <li><p id="id7"><i>Need to account for the dark side</i>: Mainstream positive psychology emphasizes the bright side of human flourishing, with its focus on Positive Emotion, Engagement, Relationships, Meaning, and Accomplishment (PERMA) as the elements of wellbeing [<a href="#ref5">5</a>]; however, this implies that mainstream PP mostly overlooks the dark side of the human condition, especially the suffering [<a href="#ref3">3</a>, <a href="#ref6">6</a>]. Whether it is a pandemic, a toxic culture, or existential threats, much of human suffering is unavoidable [<a href="#ref7">7</a>–<a href="#ref11">11</a>]. Research on sustainable wellbeing must factor in the missing link related to human suffering [<a href="#ref12">12</a>–<a href="#ref14">14</a>] because, paradoxically, avoiding suffering can actually exacerbate it [<a href="#ref4">4</a>]. Suffering and wellbeing are inextricably intertwined [<a href="#ref15">15</a>]. It is better to find adaptive ways to cope with unavoidable suffering by transforming and transcending it [<a href="#ref16">16</a>–<a href="#ref18">18</a>], a theme which has a long history in psychology [<a href="#ref19">19</a>–<a href="#ref22">22</a>].</p></li> <li><p id="id8"><i>Need to go beyond Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic (WEIRD) psychology</i>: Mainstream PP has been criticized for its WEIRD [<a href="#ref23">23</a>] orientation in theory and research [<a href="#ref24">24</a>–<a href="#ref27">27</a>]. Although some studies on wellbeing in recent years are focused on non-WEIRD societies [<a href="#ref28">28</a>, <a href="#ref29">29</a>], Wong and Cowden [<a href="#ref27">27</a>] reported that the WEIRD-centric focus in wellbeing research works has largely persisted [<a href="#ref25">25</a>]. A component of wellbeing that can apply to all people requires the inclusion of non-WEIRD psychology and the study of wellbeing in non-WEIRD cultures [<a href="#ref30">30</a>, <a href="#ref31">31</a>], eventually leading to a truly inclusive and representative “global wellbeing science” [<a href="#ref32">32</a>].</p></li> <li><p id="id9"><i>Need to go beyond usual research methods</i>: Mainstream PP researchers still tend to assess wellbeing using unidimensional and quantitative measures; however, a complex phenomenon such as wellbeing cannot be expressed using such measures [<a href="#ref3">3</a>]. Wong [<a href="#ref33">33</a>] emphasized the need for a radical empiricism [<a href="#ref34">34</a>] that “emphasizes that all empirical data are incomplete apart from the subjective meanings of conscious experiences” (p. 410). This approach overcomes the shortcomings of the positivist epistemology of PP and quantitative research by “[bridging] the split between subjective and objective, qualitative and quantitative, and achieves the best of both worlds to gain a greater understanding of the person and the human condition” (p. 410).</p></li> </ol> </div> </div> <div class="sap__section"> <a id="sec2"></a><h2 class="sap__main-title">2. Contributions of existential positive psychology to wellbeing scholarship</h2> <p id="id10">Given the shortcomings listed above, there is a need for a different approach to study wellbeing. EPP (or PP2.0), developed over the past 30 years by Paul T. P. Wong and colleagues [<a href="#ref4">4</a>, <a href="#ref35">35</a>], resolves many of these shortcomings in the following ways: </p> <div class="sap__list"> <a id="id11"></a><ol style="list-style-type: decimal"> <li><p id="id12"><i>EPP accounts for the dark side</i>: Drawing on various psychology schools of thought (e.g., existential psychology, humanistic psychology, PP, and indigenous psychology), as well as faith traditions (e.g., Christianity, Buddhism, and Taoism), EPP synthesizes both the bright and dark sides of human existence. This synthesis presents a more accurate view of wellbeing as the bright side of human flourishing cannot be understood without factoring in the dark side [<a href="#ref3">3</a>, <a href="#ref36">36</a>, <a href="#ref37">37</a>]. There is considerable empirical evidence that one can experience sustainable wellbeing through transforming and transcending unavoidable suffering [<a href="#ref38">38</a>–<a href="#ref41">41</a>] by developing the positive suffering mindset (PSM) [<a href="#ref42">42</a>]. PSM includes five interrelated mindsets: mindfulness, meaning, dialectic, resilient, and growth; together, PSM allows individuals to experience wellbeing despite severe challenges or difficult circumstances.</p></li> <li><p id="id13"><i>EPP goes beyond WEIRD psychology</i>: EPP incorporates non-WEIRD ideas of wellbeing and flourishing [<a href="#ref27">27</a>, <a href="#ref31">31</a>]. For instance, Wong’s dual-system model was inspired by the principle of non-duality (Yin–Yang dialectics) found in Eastern philosophies [<a href="#ref43">43</a>]. Viewing human phenomena as involving dialectical interplays between opposing dimensions leads to productive and more accurate research in wellbeing [<a href="#ref37">37</a>]. Another interesting Eastern concept that is featured in EPP is Wu–Wei, which can be translated into “non-doing” or “actionless action”. This concept contributes to wellbeing scholarship by presenting another approach to resolving complex situations by being in harmony with nature or a normative standard [<a href="#ref44">44</a>].</p></li> <li><p id="id14"><i>EPP goes beyond usual research methods</i>: On top of traditional measures of wellbeing, EPP emphasizes the need for multidimensional measures and mixed-methods approach to wellbeing research [<a href="#ref27">27</a>]. This may include multidimensional scales to assess different dimensions of wellbeing, qualitative methods (e.g., structured interviews and psychobiography), well-designed longitudinal studies, or taking influence from approaches from other disciplines (e.g., positive autoethnography) [<a href="#ref45">45</a>]. Moreover, EPP insists that researchers include non-WEIRD samples in their research to increase the external validity of their results [<a href="#ref27">27</a>] and that both researchers and participants should determine the outcome and interpretation of the results [<a href="#ref46">46</a>].</p></li> </ol> </div> <p id="id15">These features of the EPP approach are reflected in its three basic tenets [<a href="#ref3">3</a>, <a href="#ref47">47</a>]: </p> <div class="sap__list"> <a id="id16"></a><ol style="list-style-type: decimal"> <li><p id="id17"><i>True positivity</i> is to see and be the light in the darkness [<a href="#ref48">48</a>].</p></li> <li><p id="id18"><i>Effective coping with unavoidable suffering</i> depends on dialectical/paradoxical rather than binary/ rational logic [<a href="#ref43">43</a>], self-transcendence [<a href="#ref17">17</a>, <a href="#ref49">49</a>–<a href="#ref51">51</a>], and developing the PSM [<a href="#ref42">42</a>].</p></li> <li><p id="id19"><i>A positive outcome</i> is tragic optimism [<a href="#ref52">52</a>], existential gratitude [<a href="#ref53">53</a>], and mature happiness [<a href="#ref54">54</a>, <a href="#ref55">55</a>], leading to a sense of inner peace, balance, and harmony [<a href="#ref56">56</a>, <a href="#ref57">57</a>].</p></li> </ol> </div> <p id="id20">In summary, EPP’s interdisciplinary, multicultural approach to wellbeing provides new grounds for the development of a more realistic, inclusive, and sustainable wellbeing for all people [<a href="#ref58">58</a>], which is necessary for global wellbeing.</p> </div> <div class="sap__section"> <a id="sec3"></a><h2 class="sap__main-title">3. Existential wellbeing: the most important wellbeing approach for all people</h2> <p id="id21">The EPP approach allowed for the study of previously unexplored types of wellbeing, such as existential wellbeing (EWB). EWB is arguably one of the most important yet largely ignored areas of wellbeing research despite all the benefits of higher EWB [<a href="#ref9">9</a>, <a href="#ref59">59</a>]. Kauppi and colleagues found in their comprehensive review of literature on wellbeing that while existential wellbeing is a significant type of wellbeing, it is only the focus in 9% of the articles reviewed [<a href="#ref60">60</a>]. Meanwhile, many researchers focusing on wellbeing still primarily utilize the PP model as the standard for assessing wellbeing [<a href="#ref28">28</a>, <a href="#ref61">61</a>, <a href="#ref62">62</a>].</p> <p id="id22">Rooted in existential philosophy and built on the work of existential/humanistic psychologists such as Viktor Frankl, Rollo May, Emmy van Deurzen, Gary Reker, and Paul Wong, EWB is defined as “the total wellbeing or quality of life characterized by inner peace, joy, and harmony, resulting from both overcoming the dark side of life and meeting one’s basic spiritual needs for faith, hope and love, through the dialectics of Yin–Yang or approach-and-avoidance systems” [<a href="#ref18">18</a>, <a href="#ref47">47</a>]. It involves the cultivation of acceptance, courage, endurance, and faith [<a href="#ref63">63</a>, <a href="#ref64">64</a>], virtues that contribute to existential wisdom [<a href="#ref48">48</a>]. It requires life intelligence (or existential intelligence) [<a href="#ref48">48</a>, <a href="#ref65">65</a>], self-transcendence [<a href="#ref17">17</a>, <a href="#ref66">66</a>], and meaning-centered coping [<a href="#ref67">67</a>–<a href="#ref69">69</a>]. Its outcome is mature happiness [<a href="#ref54">54</a>, <a href="#ref55">55</a>, <a href="#ref57">57</a>]. The very nature of EWB addresses all three pillars of sustainable global flourishing (<b><a href="#fig001">Figure 1</a></b>).</p> <div class="sap__fig sap__figure_panel"> <a id="fig001"></a><h5 class="sap__label">Figure 1</h5> <div class="sap__caption"><h4 class="sap__subsection-title">An existential positive psychology framework for global flourishing [<a href="#ref4">4</a>].</h4></div> <img alt="media/image3.png" src="https://journals.academia-photos.com/9/7416/image3.png"> </div> <p id="id23">In the psychology literature, EWB is analogous to spiritual/ religious wellbeing [<a href="#ref70">70</a>], which aligns with the view of many wellbeing philosophers that spirituality/religion is essential for wellbeing [<a href="#ref71">71</a>–<a href="#ref73">73</a>]. EWB also overlaps with psychological wellbeing (PWB, also known as “existential wellbeing” in mainstream PP literature) [<a href="#ref74">74</a>, <a href="#ref75">75</a>] concerning meaning, purpose, eudaimonia, and personal growth [<a href="#ref76">76</a>, <a href="#ref77">77</a>]; however, EWB is more important than PWB because it emphasizes the adaptive benefits of transforming and transcending human suffering into meaning and how to co-exist with people who differ in terms of language, ideology, ethnicity, and culture [<a href="#ref47">47</a>]. More importantly, it is a wellbeing that may be more relevant for all people, as demonstrated by the following three examples:</p> <div class="sap__sub-section"> <a id="sec3_1"></a><h3 class="sap__section-title">3.1. Why is existential wellbeing important for palliative care patients?</h3> <p id="id24">Given that EWB emphasizes the prevention and transformation of suffering as essential for leading a fulfilling life, it presents a valuable framework for addressing modern day challenges. One such challenge is the aging population, with many older adults a part of the palliative care system [<a href="#ref78">78</a>]. Wong and Yu [<a href="#ref79">79</a>] highlighted both the problem of existential suffering in palliative care [<a href="#ref80">80</a>–<a href="#ref83">83</a>] as well as the importance of meaning and spirituality for wellbeing of palliative care patients [<a href="#ref84">84</a>, <a href="#ref85">85</a>]. EWB is the most important type of wellbeing for these patients because it encourages them to develop a deep life that can weather the storms of existential concerns [<a href="#ref86">86</a>] and suffering. Meaning-centered psychotherapies [<a href="#ref87">87</a>, <a href="#ref88">88</a>] as well as dignity therapy [<a href="#ref89">89</a>] could help increase EWB in palliative care patients. At the last stage of life, it is nearly impossible to experience much hedonic or eudaimonic happiness; however, it is still possible to experience mature happiness, the outcome of EWB.</p> </div> <div class="sap__sub-section"> <a id="sec3_2"></a><h3 class="sap__section-title">3.2. Why is existential wellbeing important for the silent generation?</h3> <p id="id25">I (the second author) am part of the silent generation [<a href="#ref90">90</a>]. Many of my friends and relatives experience chronic conditions such as physical pain, dementia, dizziness, eczema, and loneliness or a combination of physical, psychological, social, and spiritual sufferings. The least we can do is to endure these challenges silently, a trait characteristic of the silent generation.</p> <p id="id26">What does successful positive aging mean to this generation? It means that they can still maintain a positive mindset despite their discomforts, pains, and the looming presence of death [<a href="#ref79">79</a>]. In essence, they are capable of adopting a PSM [<a href="#ref42">42</a>]. Why are my friends less receptive to the concept of positive suffering? Attempting to disguise the harsh reality of suffering as something positive often comes across as toxic positivity to the silent generation.</p> <p id="id27">Positive suffering is achievable due to our innate capacity for endurance, transcendence, and faith in God’s infinite grace. This form of sustainable wellbeing, which they enjoy, is EWB.</p> </div> <div class="sap__sub-section"> <a id="sec3_3"></a><h3 class="sap__section-title">3.3. Why is existential wellbeing important for Generation Z youths?</h3> <p id="id28">As a member of Generation Z (Gen Z) [<a href="#ref91">91</a>], I (the first author) have never known a world without the internet. I was born at the turn of the 21st century, which ushered in a new era of human triumphs (e.g., artificial intelligence technology and many scientific breakthroughs) as well as human suffering (e.g., global warming and pandemics) on a global scale. I live in a broken society where violence, drug addiction, and a widening income gap are becoming more problematic [<a href="#ref92">92</a>–<a href="#ref94">94</a>]. Youths and students of my generation face various challenges, from the trauma of COVID-19, relationship issues, financial concerns, and the pressure to succeed [<a href="#ref95">95</a>] to loneliness, feeling unimportant, and meaninglessness [<a href="#ref96">96</a>].</p> <p id="id29">As a result, there is a serious mental health crisis among Gen Z youth, with more cases of anxiety, depression, loneliness, and psychological distress observed [<a href="#ref97">97</a>–<a href="#ref99">99</a>]. I have faced some of these challenges myself, in addition to living with several chronic medical issues which prevent me from enjoying life like most of my Gen Z friends. What can keep Gen Z youth motivated to pursue a life worth living despite these challenges? Is it possible for anyone to experience any sort of wellbeing in these less-than-optimal conditions? What sort of wellbeing could help Gen Z youth meet their needs for meaning and spirituality [<a href="#ref100">100</a>, <a href="#ref101">101</a>]?</p> <p id="id30">Yes, despite all these challenges, we can still experience EWB. Personally, even when my migraines or neuropathological pain flares up, I am still able to experience moments of peace and contentment when observing the wonders in nature, being grateful for what I have been given, overcoming obstacles through courage and faith, doing good to others even in small ways, or resting in God’s presence, which is the result of developing a PSM. To me, EWB is not merely an abstract concept, but a realistic state of being. It is something that all youth can experience in times of suffering.</p> </div> </div> <div class="sap__section"> <a id="sec4"></a><h2 class="sap__main-title">4. Conclusions</h2> <p id="id31">The global wellbeing approach needs to focus on a different sort of wellbeing, one that meets the realities of our world rather than just available to privileged people in WEIRD societies [<a href="#ref2">2</a>]. EWB is the most inclusive sort of wellbeing because all people—whether individuals in palliative care, the silent generation, or Gen Z—could experience this wellbeing in all situations, irrespective of how dark or hopeless it may seem. Our proposed concise definition of EWB is as follows: the state of total wellbeing or quality of life—marked by inner peace, joy, and harmony—achieved by navigating and overcoming life's challenges, through the dialectics of Yin–Yang or approach-and-avoidance systems, while meeting essential spiritual needs such as faith, hope, and love.</p> <p id="id32">If more people learn the necessary skills for EWB, such as developing the PSM, this could help relieve suffering and increase human flourishing on the societal level.</p> <p id="id33">EPP provides a promising framework for a global wellbeing approach that is realistic, inclusive, and sustainable because it represents a major paradigm shift from previous approaches [<a href="#ref3">3</a>]. Unveiling the mysteries of EWB using the EPP framework and then educating the society about how to achieve EWB [<a href="#ref102">102</a>] will provide new hope to all the suffering people.</p> </div> </div> <div id="article-back" class="sap__back"> <div class="sap__back-section"> <a id="sec5"></a><h2 class="sap__main-title">Funding</h2> <p id="id34">The authors declare no financial support for the research, authorship, or publication of this article.</p> </div> <div class="sap__back-section"> <a id="sec6"></a><h2 class="sap__main-title">Author contributions</h2> <p id="id35">Conceptualization, P.T.P.W.; writing—original draft preparation, T.T.F.Y.; writing—review and editing, P.T.P.W. and T.T.F.Y. Both authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.</p> </div> <div class="sap__back-section"> <a id="id37"></a><h2 class="sap__main-title">Conflict of interest</h2> <p id="id36">The authors declare no conflict of interest.</p> </div> <div class="sap__back-section"> <a id="sec8"></a><h2 class="sap__main-title">Data availability statement</h2> <p id="id38">Data supporting these findings are available within the article, at <a target="xrefwindow" href="https://doi.org/10.20935/MHealthWellB7416" id="id39">https://doi.org/10.20935/MHealthWellB7416</a>, or upon request.</p> </div> <div class="sap__back-section"> <a id="sec9"></a><h2 class="sap__main-title">Institutional review board statement</h2> <p id="id40">Not applicable.</p> </div> <div class="sap__back-section"> <a id="sec10"></a><h2 class="sap__main-title">Informed consent statement</h2> <p id="id41">Not applicable.</p> </div> <div class="sap__back-section"> <a id="sec12"></a><h2 class="sap__main-title">Publisher’s note</h2> <p id="id42">Academia.edu Journals stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. 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