CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en" prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns# books: http://ogp.me/ns/books#"><head>  <script type="text/javascript"> ;window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.init={distributed_tracing:{enabled:true},privacy:{cookies_enabled:true},ajax:{deny_list:["bam.nr-data.net"]}}; ;NREUM.loader_config={accountID:"438030",trustKey:"438030",agentID:"772303588",licenseKey:"97f8f67f26",applicationID:"772303588"} ;NREUM.info={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net",licenseKey:"97f8f67f26",applicationID:"772303588",sa:1} ;(()=>{var e,t,r={9071:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{I:()=>n});var n=0,i=navigator.userAgent.match(/Firefox[\/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);i&&(n=+i[1])},8768:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n,p:()=>i});const n=/(iPad|iPhone|iPod)/g.test(navigator.userAgent),i=n&&Boolean("undefined"==typeof SharedWorker)},2919:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{P_:()=>g,Mt:()=>v,C5:()=>c,DL:()=>y,OP:()=>R,lF:()=>P,Yu:()=>E,Dg:()=>p,CX:()=>u,GE:()=>w,sU:()=>C});var n={};r.r(n),r.d(n,{agent:()=>A,match:()=>N,version:()=>x});var i=r(6797),o=r(4286);const a={beacon:i.ce.beacon,errorBeacon:i.ce.errorBeacon,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,sa:void 0,queueTime:void 0,applicationTime:void 0,ttGuid:void 0,user:void 0,account:void 0,product:void 0,extra:void 0,jsAttributes:{},userAttributes:void 0,atts:void 0,transactionName:void 0,tNamePlain:void 0},s={};function c(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");if(!s[e])throw new Error("Info for ".concat(e," was never set"));return s[e]}function u(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");s[e]=new o.I(t,a),(0,i.Qy)(e,s[e],"info")}var d=r(2797),f=r(2374);const l={allow_bfcache:!0,privacy:{cookies_enabled:!0},ajax:{deny_list:void 0,enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10},distributed_tracing:{enabled:void 0,exclude_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_tracecontext_headers:void 0,allowed_origins:void 0},session:{domain:void 0,expiresMs:d.oD,inactiveMs:d.Hb},ssl:void 0,obfuscate:void 0,jserrors:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10},metrics:{enabled:!0},page_action:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30},page_view_event:{enabled:!0},page_view_timing:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,long_task:!1},session_trace:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10},spa:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10}},h={};function g(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All configuration objects require an agent identifier!");if(!h[e])throw new Error("Configuration for ".concat(e," was never set"));return h[e]}function p(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All configuration objects require an agent identifier!");h[e]=new o.I(t,l),(0,i.Qy)(e,h[e],"config")}function v(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All configuration objects require an agent identifier!");var r=g(e);if(r){for(var n=t.split("."),i=0;i<n.length-1;i++)if("object"!=typeof(r=r[n[i]]))return;r=r[n[n.length-1]]}return r}const m={accountID:void 0,trustKey:void 0,agentID:void 0,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,xpid:void 0},b={};function y(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");if(!b[e])throw new Error("LoaderConfig for ".concat(e," was never set"));return b[e]}function w(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");b[e]=new o.I(t,m),(0,i.Qy)(e,b[e],"loader_config")}const E=(0,i.mF)().o;var A=null,x=null;const T=/Version\/(\S+)\s+Safari/;if(navigator.userAgent){var _=navigator.userAgent,D=_.match(T);D&&-1===_.indexOf("Chrome")&&-1===_.indexOf("Chromium")&&(A="Safari",x=D[1])}function N(e,t){if(!A)return!1;if(e!==A)return!1;if(!t)return!0;if(!x)return!1;for(var r=x.split("."),n=t.split("."),i=0;i<n.length;i++)if(n[i]!==r[i])return!1;return!0}var S=r(1651);const O={buildEnv:S.Re,bytesSent:{},queryBytesSent:{},customTransaction:void 0,disabled:!1,distMethod:S.gF,isolatedBacklog:!1,loaderType:void 0,maxBytes:3e4,offset:Math.floor(f._A?.performance?.timeOrigin||f._A?.performance?.timing?.navigationStart||Date.now()),onerror:void 0,origin:""+f._A.location,ptid:void 0,releaseIds:{},session:void 0,xhrWrappable:"function"==typeof f._A.XMLHttpRequest?.prototype?.addEventListener,userAgent:n,version:S.q4},j={};function R(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");if(!j[e])throw new Error("Runtime for ".concat(e," was never set"));return j[e]}function C(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");j[e]=new o.I(t,O),(0,i.Qy)(e,j[e],"runtime")}function P(e){return function(e){try{const t=c(e);return!!t.licenseKey&&!!t.errorBeacon&&!!t.applicationID}catch(e){return!1}}(e)}},4286:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{I:()=>o});var n=r(909),i=r(8610);class o{constructor(e,t){Object.assign(this,function(e,t){const r={};try{return e&&"object"==typeof e?t&&"object"==typeof t?(Object.assign(r,t),Object.entries(e).forEach((e=>{let[o,a]=e;if(!Object.keys(t).includes(o))return;const s=(0,n.q)(o);s.length&&a&&"object"==typeof a&&s.forEach((e=>{e in a&&((0,i.Z)('"'.concat(e,'" is a protected attribute and can not be changed in feature ').concat(o,". It will have no effect.")),delete a[e])})),r[o]=a})),r):(0,i.Z)("Setting a Configurable requires a model to set its initial properties"):(0,i.Z)("New setting a Configurable requires an object as input")}catch(e){(0,i.Z)("An error occured while setting a Configurable",e)}}(e,t))}}},1651:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Re:()=>i,gF:()=>o,q4:()=>n});const n="1.232.0",i="PROD",o="CDN"},9557:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{w:()=>o});var n=r(8610);const i={agentIdentifier:"",ee:void 0};class o{constructor(e){try{if("object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.Z)("shared context requires an object as input");this.sharedContext={},Object.assign(this.sharedContext,i),Object.entries(e).forEach((e=>{let[t,r]=e;Object.keys(i).includes(t)&&(this.sharedContext[t]=r)}))}catch(e){(0,n.Z)("An error occured while setting SharedContext",e)}}}},4329:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{L:()=>d,R:()=>c});var n=r(3752),i=r(7022),o=r(4045),a=r(2325);const s={};function c(e,t){const r={staged:!1,priority:a.p[t]||0};u(e),s[e].get(t)||s[e].set(t,r)}function u(e){e&&(s[e]||(s[e]=new Map))}function d(){let e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:"",t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:"feature";if(u(e),!e||!s[e].get(t))return a(t);s[e].get(t).staged=!0;const r=Array.from(s[e]);function a(t){const r=e?n.ee.get(e):n.ee,a=o.X.handlers;if(r.backlog&&a){var s=r.backlog[t],c=a[t];if(c){for(var u=0;s&&u<s.length;++u)f(s[u],c);(0,i.D)(c,(function(e,t){(0,i.D)(t,(function(t,r){r[0].on(e,r[1])}))}))}delete a[t],r.backlog[t]=null,r.emit("drain-"+t,[])}}r.every((e=>{let[t,r]=e;return r.staged}))&&(r.sort(((e,t)=>e[1].priority-t[1].priority)),r.forEach((e=>{let[t]=e;a(t)})))}function f(e,t){var r=e[1];(0,i.D)(t[r],(function(t,r){var n=e[0];if(r[0]===n){var i=r[1],o=e[3],a=e[2];i.apply(o,a)}}))}},3752:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{c:()=>f,ee:()=>u});var n=r(6797),i=r(3916),o=r(7022),a=r(2919),s="nr@context";let c=(0,n.fP)();var u;function d(){}function f(e){return(0,i.X)(e,s,l)}function l(){return new d}function h(){u.aborted=!0,u.backlog={}}c.ee?u=c.ee:(u=function e(t,r){var n={},c={},f={},g=!1;try{g=16===r.length&&(0,a.OP)(r).isolatedBacklog}catch(e){}var p={on:b,addEventListener:b,removeEventListener:y,emit:m,get:E,listeners:w,context:v,buffer:A,abort:h,aborted:!1,isBuffering:x,debugId:r,backlog:g?{}:t&&"object"==typeof t.backlog?t.backlog:{}};return p;function v(e){return e&&e instanceof d?e:e?(0,i.X)(e,s,l):l()}function m(e,r,n,i,o){if(!1!==o&&(o=!0),!u.aborted||i){t&&o&&t.emit(e,r,n);for(var a=v(n),s=w(e),d=s.length,f=0;f<d;f++)s[f].apply(a,r);var l=T()[c[e]];return l&&l.push([p,e,r,a]),a}}function b(e,t){n[e]=w(e).concat(t)}function y(e,t){var r=n[e];if(r)for(var i=0;i<r.length;i++)r[i]===t&&r.splice(i,1)}function w(e){return n[e]||[]}function E(t){return f[t]=f[t]||e(p,t)}function A(e,t){var r=T();p.aborted||(0,o.D)(e,(function(e,n){t=t||"feature",c[n]=t,t in r||(r[t]=[])}))}function x(e){return!!T()[c[e]]}function T(){return p.backlog}}(void 0,"globalEE"),c.ee=u)},9252:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{E:()=>n,p:()=>i});var n=r(3752).ee.get("handle");function i(e,t,r,i,o){o?(o.buffer([e],i),o.emit(e,t,r)):(n.buffer([e],i),n.emit(e,t,r))}},4045:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{X:()=>o});var n=r(9252);o.on=a;var i=o.handlers={};function o(e,t,r,o){a(o||n.E,i,e,t,r)}function a(e,t,r,i,o){o||(o="feature"),e||(e=n.E);var a=t[o]=t[o]||{};(a[r]=a[r]||[]).push([e,i])}},8544:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{bP:()=>s,iz:()=>c,m$:()=>a});var n=r(2374);let i=!1,o=!1;try{const e={get passive(){return i=!0,!1},get signal(){return o=!0,!1}};n._A.addEventListener("test",null,e),n._A.removeEventListener("test",null,e)}catch(e){}function a(e,t){return i||o?{capture:!!e,passive:i,signal:t}:!!e}function s(e,t){let r=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]&&arguments[2],n=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0;window.addEventListener(e,t,a(r,n))}function c(e,t){let r=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]&&arguments[2],n=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0;document.addEventListener(e,t,a(r,n))}},5526:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Ht:()=>u,M:()=>c,Rl:()=>a,ky:()=>s});var n=r(2374);const i="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx";function o(e,t){return e?15&e[t]:16*Math.random()|0}function a(){const e=n._A?.crypto||n._A?.msCrypto;let t,r=0;return e&&e.getRandomValues&&(t=e.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(31))),i.split("").map((e=>"x"===e?o(t,++r).toString(16):"y"===e?(3&o()|8).toString(16):e)).join("")}function s(e){const t=n._A?.crypto||n._A?.msCrypto;let r,i=0;t&&t.getRandomValues&&(r=t.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(31)));const a=[];for(var s=0;s<e;s++)a.push(o(r,++i).toString(16));return a.join("")}function c(){return s(16)}function u(){return s(32)}},2797:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Bq:()=>n,Hb:()=>o,oD:()=>i});const n="NRBA",i=144e5,o=18e5},2053:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(){return Math.round(performance.now())}r.d(t,{z:()=>n})},6368:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{e:()=>o});var n=r(2374),i={};function o(e){if(e in i)return i[e];if(0===(e||"").indexOf("data:"))return{protocol:"data"};let t;var r=n._A?.location,o={};if(n.il)t=document.createElement("a"),t.href=e;else try{t=new URL(e,r.href)}catch(e){return o}o.port=t.port;var a=t.href.split("://");!o.port&&a[1]&&(o.port=a[1].split("/")[0].split("@").pop().split(":")[1]),o.port&&"0"!==o.port||(o.port="https"===a[0]?"443":"80"),o.hostname=t.hostname||r.hostname,o.pathname=t.pathname,o.protocol=a[0],"/"!==o.pathname.charAt(0)&&(o.pathname="/"+o.pathname);var s=!t.protocol||":"===t.protocol||t.protocol===r.protocol,c=t.hostname===r.hostname&&t.port===r.port;return o.sameOrigin=s&&(!t.hostname||c),"/"===o.pathname&&(i[e]=o),o}},8610:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){"function"==typeof console.warn&&(console.warn("New Relic: ".concat(e)),t&&console.warn(t))}r.d(t,{Z:()=>n})},3916:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{X:()=>i});var n=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function i(e,t,r){if(n.call(e,t))return e[t];var i=r();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:i,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),i}catch(e){}return e[t]=i,i}},2374:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{_A:()=>o,il:()=>n,v6:()=>i});const n=Boolean("undefined"!=typeof window&&window.document),i=Boolean("undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator);let o=(()=>{if(n)return window;if(i){if("undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope)return globalThis;if(self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope)return self}throw new Error('New Relic browser agent shutting down due to error: Unable to locate global scope. This is possibly due to code redefining browser global variables like "self" and "window".')})()},7022:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D:()=>n});const n=(e,t)=>Object.entries(e||{}).map((e=>{let[r,n]=e;return t(r,n)}))},2438:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{P:()=>o});var n=r(3752);const i=()=>{const e=new WeakSet;return(t,r)=>{if("object"==typeof r&&null!==r){if(e.has(r))return;e.add(r)}return r}};function o(e){try{return JSON.stringify(e,i())}catch(e){try{n.ee.emit("internal-error",[e])}catch(e){}}}},2650:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{K:()=>a,b:()=>o});var n=r(8544);function i(){return"undefined"==typeof document||"complete"===document.readyState}function o(e,t){if(i())return e();(0,n.bP)("load",e,t)}function a(e){if(i())return e();(0,n.iz)("DOMContentLoaded",e)}},6797:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{EZ:()=>u,Qy:()=>c,ce:()=>o,fP:()=>a,gG:()=>d,mF:()=>s});var n=r(2053),i=r(2374);const o={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net"};function a(){return i._A.NREUM||(i._A.NREUM={}),void 0===i._A.newrelic&&(i._A.newrelic=i._A.NREUM),i._A.NREUM}function s(){let e=a();return e.o||(e.o={ST:i._A.setTimeout,SI:i._A.setImmediate,CT:i._A.clearTimeout,XHR:i._A.XMLHttpRequest,REQ:i._A.Request,EV:i._A.Event,PR:i._A.Promise,MO:i._A.MutationObserver,FETCH:i._A.fetch}),e}function c(e,t,r){let i=a();const o=i.initializedAgents||{},s=o[e]||{};return Object.keys(s).length||(s.initializedAt={ms:(0,n.z)(),date:new Date}),i.initializedAgents={...o,[e]:{...s,[r]:t}},i}function u(e,t){a()[e]=t}function d(){return function(){let e=a();const t=e.info||{};e.info={beacon:o.beacon,errorBeacon:o.errorBeacon,...t}}(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.init||{};e.init={...t}}(),s(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.loader_config||{};e.loader_config={...t}}(),a()}},6998:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{N:()=>i});var n=r(8544);function i(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]&&arguments[1],r=arguments.length>2?arguments[2]:void 0,i=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0;return void(0,n.iz)("visibilitychange",(function(){if(t)return void("hidden"==document.visibilityState&&e());e(document.visibilityState)}),r,i)}},6408:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>i});var n=r(2374);function i(){return"function"==typeof n._A?.PerformanceObserver}},7264:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{em:()=>y,u5:()=>O,QU:()=>C,_L:()=>H,Gm:()=>B,Lg:()=>F,gy:()=>G,BV:()=>K,Kf:()=>re});var n=r(3752),i=r(8683),o=r.n(i);const a="nr@original";var s=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,c=!1;function u(e,t){return e||(e=n.ee),r.inPlace=function(e,t,n,i,o){n||(n="");var a,s,c,u="-"===n.charAt(0);for(c=0;c<t.length;c++)l(a=e[s=t[c]])||(e[s]=r(a,u?s+n:n,i,s,o))},r.flag=a,r;function r(t,r,n,s,c){return l(t)?t:(r||(r=""),nrWrapper[a]=t,f(t,nrWrapper,e),nrWrapper);function nrWrapper(){var a,u,f,l;try{u=this,a=o()(arguments),f="function"==typeof n?n(a,u):n||{}}catch(t){d([t,"",[a,u,s],f],e)}i(r+"start",[a,u,s],f,c);try{return l=t.apply(u,a)}catch(e){throw i(r+"err",[a,u,e],f,c),e}finally{i(r+"end",[a,u,l],f,c)}}}function i(r,n,i,o){if(!c||t){var a=c;c=!0;try{e.emit(r,n,i,t,o)}catch(t){d([t,r,n,i],e)}c=a}}}function d(e,t){t||(t=n.ee);try{t.emit("internal-error",e)}catch(e){}}function f(e,t,r){if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.keys(e).forEach((function(r){Object.defineProperty(t,r,{get:function(){return e[r]},set:function(t){return e[r]=t,t}})})),t}catch(e){d([e],r)}for(var n in e)s.call(e,n)&&(t[n]=e[n]);return t}function l(e){return!(e&&e instanceof Function&&e.apply&&!e[a])}var h=r(3916),g=r(2374);const p={},v=XMLHttpRequest,m="addEventListener",b="removeEventListener";function y(e){var t=function(e){return(e||n.ee).get("events")}(e);if(p[t.debugId]++)return t;p[t.debugId]=1;var r=u(t,!0);function i(e){r.inPlace(e,[m,b],"-",o)}function o(e,t){return e[1]}return"getPrototypeOf"in Object&&(g.il&&w(document,i),w(g._A,i),w(v.prototype,i)),t.on(m+"-start",(function(e,t){var n=e[1];if(null!==n&&("function"==typeof n||"object"==typeof n)){var i=(0,h.X)(n,"nr@wrapped",(function(){var e={object:function(){if("function"!=typeof n.handleEvent)return;return n.handleEvent.apply(n,arguments)},function:n}[typeof n];return e?r(e,"fn-",null,e.name||"anonymous"):n}));this.wrapped=e[1]=i}})),t.on(b+"-start",(function(e){e[1]=this.wrapped||e[1]})),t}function w(e,t){let r=e;for(;"object"==typeof r&&!Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(r,m);)r=Object.getPrototypeOf(r);for(var n=arguments.length,i=new Array(n>2?n-2:0),o=2;o<n;o++)i[o-2]=arguments[o];r&&t(r,...i)}var E="fetch-",A=E+"body-",x=["arrayBuffer","blob","json","text","formData"],T=g._A.Request,_=g._A.Response,D="prototype",N="nr@context";const S={};function O(e){const t=function(e){return(e||n.ee).get("fetch")}(e);if(!(T&&_&&g._A.fetch))return t;if(S[t.debugId]++)return t;function r(e,r,n){var i=e[r];"function"==typeof i&&(e[r]=function(){var e,r=o()(arguments),a={};t.emit(n+"before-start",[r],a),a[N]&&a[N].dt&&(e=a[N].dt);var s=i.apply(this,r);return t.emit(n+"start",[r,e],s),s.then((function(e){return t.emit(n+"end",[null,e],s),e}),(function(e){throw t.emit(n+"end",[e],s),e}))})}return S[t.debugId]=1,x.forEach((e=>{r(T[D],e,A),r(_[D],e,A)})),r(g._A,"fetch",E),t.on(E+"end",(function(e,r){var n=this;if(r){var i=r.headers.get("content-length");null!==i&&(n.rxSize=i),t.emit(E+"done",[null,r],n)}else t.emit(E+"done",[e],n)})),t}const j={},R=["pushState","replaceState"];function C(e){const t=function(e){return(e||n.ee).get("history")}(e);return!g.il||j[t.debugId]++||(j[t.debugId]=1,u(t).inPlace(window.history,R,"-")),t}var P=r(8544);const I={},k=["appendChild","insertBefore","replaceChild"];function H(e){const t=function(e){return(e||n.ee).get("jsonp")}(e);if(!g.il||I[t.debugId])return t;I[t.debugId]=!0;var r=u(t),i=/[?&](?:callback|cb)=([^&#]+)/,o=/(.*)\.([^.]+)/,a=/^(\w+)(\.|$)(.*)$/;function s(e,t){var r=e.match(a),n=r[1],i=r[3];return i?s(i,t[n]):t[n]}return r.inPlace(Node.prototype,k,"dom-"),t.on("dom-start",(function(e){!function(e){if(!e||"string"!=typeof e.nodeName||"script"!==e.nodeName.toLowerCase())return;if("function"!=typeof e.addEventListener)return;var n=(a=e.src,c=a.match(i),c?c[1]:null);var a,c;if(!n)return;var u=function(e){var t=e.match(o);if(t&&t.length>=3)return{key:t[2],parent:s(t[1],window)};return{key:e,parent:window}}(n);if("function"!=typeof u.parent[u.key])return;var d={};function f(){t.emit("jsonp-end",[],d),e.removeEventListener("load",f,(0,P.m$)(!1)),e.removeEventListener("error",l,(0,P.m$)(!1))}function l(){t.emit("jsonp-error",[],d),t.emit("jsonp-end",[],d),e.removeEventListener("load",f,(0,P.m$)(!1)),e.removeEventListener("error",l,(0,P.m$)(!1))}r.inPlace(u.parent,[u.key],"cb-",d),e.addEventListener("load",f,(0,P.m$)(!1)),e.addEventListener("error",l,(0,P.m$)(!1)),t.emit("new-jsonp",[e.src],d)}(e[0])})),t}var L=r(2919);const z={};function B(e){const t=function(e){return(e||n.ee).get("mutation")}(e);if(!g.il||z[t.debugId])return t;z[t.debugId]=!0;var r=u(t),i=L.Yu.MO;return i&&(window.MutationObserver=function(e){return this instanceof i?new i(r(e,"fn-")):i.apply(this,arguments)},MutationObserver.prototype=i.prototype),t}const M={};function F(e){const t=function(e){return(e||n.ee).get("promise")}(e);if(M[t.debugId])return t;M[t.debugId]=!0;var r=n.c,i=u(t),o=L.Yu.PR;return o&&function(){function e(r){var n=t.context(),a=i(r,"executor-",n,null,!1);const s=Reflect.construct(o,[a],e);return t.context(s).getCtx=function(){return n},s}g._A.Promise=e,Object.defineProperty(e,"name",{value:"Promise"}),e.toString=function(){return o.toString()},Object.setPrototypeOf(e,o),["all","race"].forEach((function(r){const n=o[r];e[r]=function(e){let i=!1;Array.from(e||[]).forEach((e=>{this.resolve(e).then(a("all"===r),a(!1))}));const o=n.apply(this,arguments);return o;function a(e){return function(){t.emit("propagate",[null,!i],o,!1,!1),i=i||!e}}}})),["resolve","reject"].forEach((function(r){const n=o[r];e[r]=function(e){const r=n.apply(this,arguments);return e!==r&&t.emit("propagate",[e,!0],r,!1,!1),r}})),e.prototype=o.prototype;const n=o.prototype.then;o.prototype.then=function(){var e=this,o=r(e);o.promise=e;for(var a=arguments.length,s=new Array(a),c=0;c<a;c++)s[c]=arguments[c];s[0]=i(s[0],"cb-",o,null,!1),s[1]=i(s[1],"cb-",o,null,!1);const u=n.apply(this,s);return o.nextPromise=u,t.emit("propagate",[e,!0],u,!1,!1),u},o.prototype.then[a]=n,t.on("executor-start",(function(e){e[0]=i(e[0],"resolve-",this,null,!1),e[1]=i(e[1],"resolve-",this,null,!1)})),t.on("executor-err",(function(e,t,r){e[1](r)})),t.on("cb-end",(function(e,r,n){t.emit("propagate",[n,!0],this.nextPromise,!1,!1)})),t.on("propagate",(function(e,r,n){this.getCtx&&!r||(this.getCtx=function(){if(e instanceof Promise)var r=t.context(e);return r&&r.getCtx?r.getCtx():this})}))}(),t}const U={},q="requestAnimationFrame";function G(e){const t=function(e){return(e||n.ee).get("raf")}(e);if(!g.il||U[t.debugId]++)return t;U[t.debugId]=1;var r=u(t);return r.inPlace(window,[q],"raf-"),t.on("raf-start",(function(e){e[0]=r(e[0],"fn-")})),t}const V={},W="setTimeout",X="setInterval",Z="clearTimeout",$="-start",Y="-",Q=[W,"setImmediate",X,Z,"clearImmediate"];function K(e){const t=function(e){return(e||n.ee).get("timer")}(e);if(V[t.debugId]++)return t;V[t.debugId]=1;var r=u(t);return r.inPlace(g._A,Q.slice(0,2),W+Y),r.inPlace(g._A,Q.slice(2,3),X+Y),r.inPlace(g._A,Q.slice(3),Z+Y),t.on(X+$,(function(e,t,n){e[0]=r(e[0],"fn-",null,n)})),t.on(W+$,(function(e,t,n){this.method=n,this.timerDuration=isNaN(e[1])?0:+e[1],e[0]=r(e[0],"fn-",this,n)})),t}var J=r(8610);const ee={},te=["open","send"];function re(e){var t=e||n.ee;const r=function(e){return(e||n.ee).get("xhr")}(t);if(ee[r.debugId]++)return r;ee[r.debugId]=1,y(t);var i=u(r),o=L.Yu.XHR,a=L.Yu.MO,s=L.Yu.PR,c=L.Yu.SI,d="readystatechange",f=["onload","onerror","onabort","onloadstart","onloadend","onprogress","ontimeout"],l=[],h=g._A.XMLHttpRequest.listeners,p=g._A.XMLHttpRequest=function(e){var t=new o(e);function n(){try{r.emit("new-xhr",[t],t),t.addEventListener(d,m,(0,P.m$)(!1))}catch(e){(0,J.Z)("An error occured while intercepting XHR",e);try{r.emit("internal-error",[e])}catch(e){}}}return this.listeners=h?[...h,n]:[n],this.listeners.forEach((e=>e())),t};function v(e,t){i.inPlace(t,["onreadystatechange"],"fn-",x)}function m(){var e=this,t=r.context(e);e.readyState>3&&!t.resolved&&(t.resolved=!0,r.emit("xhr-resolved",[],e)),i.inPlace(e,f,"fn-",x)}if(function(e,t){for(var r in e)t[r]=e[r]}(o,p),p.prototype=o.prototype,i.inPlace(p.prototype,te,"-xhr-",x),r.on("send-xhr-start",(function(e,t){v(e,t),function(e){l.push(e),a&&(b?b.then(A):c?c(A):(w=-w,E.data=w))}(t)})),r.on("open-xhr-start",v),a){var b=s&&s.resolve();if(!c&&!s){var w=1,E=document.createTextNode(w);new a(A).observe(E,{characterData:!0})}}else t.on("fn-end",(function(e){e[0]&&e[0].type===d||A()}));function A(){for(var e=0;e<l.length;e++)v(0,l[e]);l.length&&(l=[])}function x(e,t){return t}return r}},8675:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{t:()=>n});const n=r(2325).D.ajax},8322:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{A:()=>i,t:()=>n});const n=r(2325).D.jserrors,i="nr@seenError"},6034:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{gF:()=>o,mY:()=>i,t9:()=>n,vz:()=>s,xS:()=>a});const n=r(2325).D.metrics,i="sm",o="cm",a="storeSupportabilityMetrics",s="storeEventMetrics"},6486:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{t:()=>n});const n=r(2325).D.pageAction},2484:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Dz:()=>i,OJ:()=>a,qw:()=>o,t9:()=>n});const n=r(2325).D.pageViewEvent,i="firstbyte",o="domcontent",a="windowload"},6382:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{t:()=>n});const n=r(2325).D.pageViewTiming},2628:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{ADD_EVENT_LISTENER:()=>p,BST_RESOURCE:()=>a,BST_TIMER:()=>l,END:()=>u,FEATURE_NAME:()=>i,FN_END:()=>f,FN_START:()=>d,ORIG_EVENT:()=>g,PUSH_STATE:()=>h,RESOURCE:()=>s,RESOURCE_TIMING_BUFFER_FULL:()=>o,START:()=>c});var n=r(2919);const i=r(2325).D.sessionTrace,o="resourcetimingbufferfull",a="bstResource",s="resource",c="-start",u="-end",d="fn"+c,f="fn"+u,l="bstTimer",h="pushState",g=n.Yu.EV,p="addEventListener"},755:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{BODY:()=>A,CB_END:()=>x,CB_START:()=>u,END:()=>E,FEATURE_NAME:()=>i,FETCH:()=>_,FETCH_BODY:()=>m,FETCH_DONE:()=>v,FETCH_START:()=>p,FN_END:()=>c,FN_START:()=>s,INTERACTION:()=>l,INTERACTION_API:()=>d,INTERACTION_EVENTS:()=>o,JSONP_END:()=>b,JSONP_NODE:()=>g,JS_TIME:()=>T,MAX_TIMER_BUDGET:()=>a,REMAINING:()=>f,SPA_NODE:()=>h,START:()=>w,originalSetTimeout:()=>y});var n=r(2919);r(2374);const i=r(2325).D.spa,o=["click","submit","keypress","keydown","keyup","change"],a=999,s="fn-start",c="fn-end",u="cb-start",d="api-ixn-",f="remaining",l="interaction",h="spaNode",g="jsonpNode",p="fetch-start",v="fetch-done",m="fetch-body-",b="jsonp-end",y=n.Yu.ST,w="-start",E="-end",A="-body",x="cb"+E,T="jsTime",_="fetch"},1509:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>s});var n=r(2919),i=r(3752),o=r(2384),a=r(6797);class s{constructor(e,t,r){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.aggregator=t,this.ee=i.ee.get(e,(0,n.OP)(this.agentIdentifier).isolatedBacklog),this.featureName=r,this.blocked=!1,this.checkConfiguration()}checkConfiguration(){if(!(0,n.lF)(this.agentIdentifier)){let e={...(0,a.gG)().info?.jsAttributes};try{e={...e,...(0,n.C5)(this.agentIdentifier)?.jsAttributes}}catch(e){}(0,o.j)(this.agentIdentifier,{...(0,a.gG)(),info:{...(0,a.gG)().info,jsAttributes:e}})}}}},2384:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{j:()=>b});var n=r(2325),i=r(2919),o=r(9252),a=r(3752),s=r(2053),c=r(4329),u=r(2650),d=r(2374),f=r(8610),l=r(6034),h=r(6797);function g(){const e=(0,h.gG)();["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","inlineHit","addRelease","addPageAction","setCurrentRouteName","setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","interaction","noticeError","setUserId"].forEach((t=>{e[t]=function(){for(var r=arguments.length,n=new Array(r),i=0;i<r;i++)n[i]=arguments[i];return function(t){for(var r=arguments.length,n=new Array(r>1?r-1:0),i=1;i<r;i++)n[i-1]=arguments[i];let o=[];return Object.values(e.initializedAgents).forEach((e=>{e.exposed&&e.api[t]&&o.push(e.api[t](...n))})),o.length>1?o:o[0]}(t,...n)}}))}var p=r(7022);const v={stn:[n.D.sessionTrace],err:[n.D.jserrors,n.D.metrics],ins:[n.D.pageAction],spa:[n.D.spa]};const m={};function b(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{},b=arguments.length>2?arguments[2]:void 0,y=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0,{init:w,info:E,loader_config:A,runtime:x={loaderType:b},exposed:T=!0}=t;const _=(0,h.gG)();E||(w=_.init,E=_.info,A=_.loader_config),E.jsAttributes??={},d.v6&&(E.jsAttributes.isWorker=!0),(0,i.CX)(e,E),(0,i.Dg)(e,w||{}),(0,i.GE)(e,A||{}),(0,i.sU)(e,x),g();const D=function(e,t){t||(0,c.R)(e,"api");const h={};var g=a.ee.get(e),p=g.get("tracer"),v="api-",m=v+"ixn-";function b(t,r,n,o){const a=(0,i.C5)(e);return null===r?delete a.jsAttributes[t]:(0,i.CX)(e,{...a,jsAttributes:{...a.jsAttributes,[t]:r}}),E(v,n,!0,o||null===r?"session":void 0)(t,r)}function y(){}["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","inlineHit","addRelease"].forEach((e=>h[e]=E(v,e,!0,"api"))),h.addPageAction=E(v,"addPageAction",!0,n.D.pageAction),h.setCurrentRouteName=E(v,"routeName",!0,n.D.spa),h.setPageViewName=function(t,r){if("string"==typeof t)return"/"!==t.charAt(0)&&(t="/"+t),(0,i.OP)(e).customTransaction=(r||"http://custom.transaction")+t,E(v,"setPageViewName",!0)()},h.setCustomAttribute=function(e,t){let r=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]&&arguments[2];if("string"==typeof e){if(["string","number"].includes(typeof t)||null===t)return b(e,t,"setCustomAttribute",r);(0,f.Z)("Failed to execute setCustomAttribute.\nNon-null value must be a string or number type, but a type of <".concat(typeof t,"> was provided."))}else(0,f.Z)("Failed to execute setCustomAttribute.\nName must be a string type, but a type of <".concat(typeof e,"> was provided."))},h.setUserId=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return b("enduser.id",e,"setUserId",!0);(0,f.Z)("Failed to execute setUserId.\nNon-null value must be a string type, but a type of <".concat(typeof e,"> was provided."))},h.interaction=function(){return(new y).get()};var w=y.prototype={createTracer:function(e,t){var r={},i=this,a="function"==typeof t;return(0,o.p)(m+"tracer",[(0,s.z)(),e,r],i,n.D.spa,g),function(){if(p.emit((a?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[(0,s.z)(),i,a],r),a)try{return t.apply(this,arguments)}catch(e){throw p.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,"string"==typeof e?new Error(e):e],r),e}finally{p.emit("fn-end",[(0,s.z)()],r)}}}};function E(e,t,r,i){return function(){return(0,o.p)(l.xS,["API/"+t+"/called"],void 0,n.D.metrics,g),i&&(0,o.p)(e+t,[(0,s.z)(),...arguments],r?null:this,i,g),r?void 0:this}}function A(){r.e(439).then(r.bind(r,5692)).then((t=>{let{setAPI:r}=t;r(e),(0,c.L)(e,"api")})).catch((()=>(0,f.Z)("Downloading runtime APIs failed...")))}return["actionText","setName","setAttribute","save","ignore","onEnd","getContext","end","get"].forEach((e=>{w[e]=E(m,e,void 0,n.D.spa)})),h.noticeError=function(e,t){"string"==typeof e&&(e=new Error(e)),(0,o.p)(l.xS,["API/noticeError/called"],void 0,n.D.metrics,g),(0,o.p)("err",[e,(0,s.z)(),!1,t],void 0,n.D.jserrors,g)},d.v6?A():(0,u.b)((()=>A()),!0),h}(e,y);return(0,h.Qy)(e,D,"api"),(0,h.Qy)(e,T,"exposed"),(0,h.EZ)("activatedFeatures",m),(0,h.EZ)("setToken",(t=>function(e,t){var r=a.ee.get(t);e&&"object"==typeof e&&((0,p.D)(e,(function(e,t){if(!t)return(v[e]||[]).forEach((t=>{(0,o.p)("block-"+e,[],void 0,t,r)}));m[e]||((0,o.p)("feat-"+e,[],void 0,v[e],r),m[e]=!0)})),(0,c.L)(t,n.D.pageViewEvent))}(t,e))),D}},909:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Z:()=>i,q:()=>o});var n=r(2325);function i(e){switch(e){case n.D.ajax:return[n.D.jserrors];case n.D.sessionTrace:return[n.D.ajax,n.D.pageViewEvent];case n.D.pageViewTiming:return[n.D.pageViewEvent];default:return[]}}function o(e){return e===n.D.jserrors?[]:["auto"]}},2325:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D:()=>n,p:()=>i});const n={ajax:"ajax",jserrors:"jserrors",metrics:"metrics",pageAction:"page_action",pageViewEvent:"page_view_event",pageViewTiming:"page_view_timing",sessionTrace:"session_trace",spa:"spa"},i={[n.pageViewEvent]:1,[n.pageViewTiming]:2,[n.metrics]:3,[n.jserrors]:4,[n.ajax]:5,[n.sessionTrace]:6,[n.pageAction]:7,[n.spa]:8}},8683:e=>{e.exports=function(e,t,r){t||(t=0),void 0===r&&(r=e?e.length:0);for(var n=-1,i=r-t||0,o=Array(i<0?0:i);++n<i;)o[n]=e[t+n];return o}}},n={};function i(e){var t=n[e];if(void 0!==t)return t.exports;var o=n[e]={exports:{}};return r[e](o,o.exports,i),o.exports}i.m=r,i.n=e=>{var t=e&&e.__esModule?()=>e.default:()=>e;return i.d(t,{a:t}),t},i.d=(e,t)=>{for(var r in t)i.o(t,r)&&!i.o(e,r)&&Object.defineProperty(e,r,{enumerable:!0,get:t[r]})},i.f={},i.e=e=>Promise.all(Object.keys(i.f).reduce(((t,r)=>(i.f[r](e,t),t)),[])),i.u=e=>(({78:"page_action-aggregate",147:"metrics-aggregate",193:"session_trace-aggregate",242:"session-manager",317:"jserrors-aggregate",348:"page_view_timing-aggregate",439:"async-api",729:"lazy-loader",786:"page_view_event-aggregate",873:"spa-aggregate",898:"ajax-aggregate"}[e]||e)+"."+{78:"64dc4751",147:"c2ad263a",193:"c0ef217a",242:"2a8d47d1",317:"017d6ea4",348:"ddd91465",439:"ad3273bd",729:"c8cd494b",786:"5a238c1f",873:"342172b1",875:"2c240adb",898:"666f66ea"}[e]+"-1.232.0.min.js"),i.o=(e,t)=>Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,t),e={},t="NRBA:",i.l=(r,n,o,a)=>{if(e[r])e[r].push(n);else{var s,c;if(void 0!==o)for(var u=document.getElementsByTagName("script"),d=0;d<u.length;d++){var f=u[d];if(f.getAttribute("src")==r||f.getAttribute("data-webpack")==t+o){s=f;break}}s||(c=!0,(s=document.createElement("script")).charset="utf-8",s.timeout=120,i.nc&&s.setAttribute("nonce",i.nc),s.setAttribute("data-webpack",t+o),s.src=r),e[r]=[n];var l=(t,n)=>{s.onerror=s.onload=null,clearTimeout(h);var i=e[r];if(delete e[r],s.parentNode&&s.parentNode.removeChild(s),i&&i.forEach((e=>e(n))),t)return t(n)},h=setTimeout(l.bind(null,void 0,{type:"timeout",target:s}),12e4);s.onerror=l.bind(null,s.onerror),s.onload=l.bind(null,s.onload),c&&document.head.appendChild(s)}},i.r=e=>{"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(e,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0})},i.j=797,i.p="https://js-agent.newrelic.com/",(()=>{var e={797:0,201:0};i.f.j=(t,r)=>{var n=i.o(e,t)?e[t]:void 0;if(0!==n)if(n)r.push(n[2]);else{var o=new Promise(((r,i)=>n=e[t]=[r,i]));r.push(n[2]=o);var a=i.p+i.u(t),s=new Error;i.l(a,(r=>{if(i.o(e,t)&&(0!==(n=e[t])&&(e[t]=void 0),n)){var o=r&&("load"===r.type?"missing":r.type),a=r&&r.target&&r.target.src;s.message="Loading chunk "+t+" failed.\n("+o+": "+a+")",s.name="ChunkLoadError",s.type=o,s.request=a,n[1](s)}}),"chunk-"+t,t)}};var t=(t,r)=>{var n,o,[a,s,c]=r,u=0;if(a.some((t=>0!==e[t]))){for(n in s)i.o(s,n)&&(i.m[n]=s[n]);if(c)c(i)}for(t&&t(r);u<a.length;u++)o=a[u],i.o(e,o)&&e[o]&&e[o][0](),e[o]=0},r=window.webpackChunkNRBA=window.webpackChunkNRBA||[];r.forEach(t.bind(null,0)),r.push=t.bind(null,r.push.bind(r))})();var o={};(()=>{"use strict";i.r(o);var e=i(2325),t=i(2919);const r=Object.values(e.D);function n(e){const n={};return r.forEach((r=>{n[r]=function(e,r){return!1!==(0,t.Mt)(r,"".concat(e,".enabled"))}(r,e)})),n}var a=i(2384),s=i(909),c=i(9252),u=i(8768),d=i(4329),f=i(1509),l=i(2650),h=i(2374),g=i(8610);class p extends f.W{constructor(e,t,r){let n=!(arguments.length>3&&void 0!==arguments[3])||arguments[3];super(e,t,r),this.hasAggregator=!1,this.auto=n,this.abortHandler,n&&(0,d.R)(e,r)}importAggregator(){if(this.hasAggregator||!this.auto)return;this.hasAggregator=!0;const e=async()=>{try{const{setupAgentSession:e}=await i.e(242).then(i.bind(i,2011));e(this.agentIdentifier);const{lazyLoader:t}=await i.e(729).then(i.bind(i,8110)),{Aggregate:r}=await t(this.featureName,"aggregate");new r(this.agentIdentifier,this.aggregator)}catch(e){(0,g.Z)("Downloading ".concat(this.featureName," failed..."),e),this.abortHandler?.()}};h.v6?e():(0,l.b)((()=>e()),!0)}}var v=i(2484),m=i(2053);class b extends p{static featureName=v.t9;constructor(r,n){let i=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];if(super(r,n,v.t9,i),("undefined"==typeof PerformanceNavigationTiming||u.T)&&"undefined"!=typeof PerformanceTiming){const n=(0,t.OP)(r);n[v.Dz]=Math.max(Date.now()-n.offset,0),(0,l.K)((()=>n[v.qw]=Math.max((0,m.z)()-n[v.Dz],0))),(0,l.b)((()=>{const t=(0,m.z)();n[v.OJ]=Math.max(t-n[v.Dz],0),(0,c.p)("timing",["load",t],void 0,e.D.pageViewTiming,this.ee)}))}this.importAggregator()}}var y=i(9557),w=i(7022);class E extends y.w{constructor(e){super(e),this.aggregatedData={}}store(e,t,r,n,i){var o=this.getBucket(e,t,r,i);return o.metrics=function(e,t){t||(t={count:0});return t.count+=1,(0,w.D)(e,(function(e,r){t[e]=A(r,t[e])})),t}(n,o.metrics),o}merge(e,t,r,n,i){var o=this.getBucket(e,t,n,i);if(o.metrics){var a=o.metrics;a.count+=r.count,(0,w.D)(r,(function(e,t){if("count"!==e){var n=a[e],i=r[e];i&&!i.c?a[e]=A(i.t,n):a[e]=function(e,t){if(!t)return e;t.c||(t=x(t.t));return t.min=Math.min(e.min,t.min),t.max=Math.max(e.max,t.max),t.t+=e.t,t.sos+=e.sos,t.c+=e.c,t}(i,a[e])}}))}else o.metrics=r}storeMetric(e,t,r,n){var i=this.getBucket(e,t,r);return i.stats=A(n,i.stats),i}getBucket(e,t,r,n){this.aggregatedData[e]||(this.aggregatedData[e]={});var i=this.aggregatedData[e][t];return i||(i=this.aggregatedData[e][t]={params:r||{}},n&&(i.custom=n)),i}get(e,t){return t?this.aggregatedData[e]&&this.aggregatedData[e][t]:this.aggregatedData[e]}take(e){for(var t={},r="",n=!1,i=0;i<e.length;i++)t[r=e[i]]=T(this.aggregatedData[r]),t[r].length&&(n=!0),delete this.aggregatedData[r];return n?t:null}}function A(e,t){return null==e?function(e){e?e.c++:e={c:1};return e}(t):t?(t.c||(t=x(t.t)),t.c+=1,t.t+=e,t.sos+=e*e,e>t.max&&(t.max=e),e<t.min&&(t.min=e),t):{t:e}}function x(e){return{t:e,min:e,max:e,sos:e*e,c:1}}function T(e){return"object"!=typeof e?[]:(0,w.D)(e,_)}function _(e,t){return t}var D=i(6797),N=i(5526),S=i(2438);var O=i(6998),j=i(8544),R=i(6382);class C extends p{static featureName=R.t;constructor(e,r){let n=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(e,r,R.t,n),h.il&&((0,t.OP)(e).initHidden=Boolean("hidden"===document.visibilityState),(0,O.N)((()=>(0,c.p)("docHidden",[(0,m.z)()],void 0,R.t,this.ee)),!0),(0,j.bP)("pagehide",(()=>(0,c.p)("winPagehide",[(0,m.z)()],void 0,R.t,this.ee))),this.importAggregator())}}const P=Boolean(h._A?.Worker),I=Boolean(h._A?.SharedWorker),k=Boolean(h._A?.navigator?.serviceWorker);let H,L,z;var B=i(6034);class M extends p{static featureName=B.t9;constructor(t,r){let n=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(t,r,B.t9,n),function(e){if(!H){if(P){H=Worker;try{h._A.Worker=r(H,"Dedicated")}catch(e){o(e,"Dedicated")}if(I){L=SharedWorker;try{h._A.SharedWorker=r(L,"Shared")}catch(e){o(e,"Shared")}}else n("Shared");if(k){z=navigator.serviceWorker.register;try{h._A.navigator.serviceWorker.register=(t=z,function(){for(var e=arguments.length,r=new Array(e),n=0;n<e;n++)r[n]=arguments[n];return i("Service",r[1]?.type),t.apply(navigator.serviceWorker,r)})}catch(e){o(e,"Service")}}else n("Service");var t;return}n("All")}function r(e,t){return"undefined"==typeof Proxy?e:new Proxy(e,{construct:(e,r)=>(i(t,r[1]?.type),new e(...r))})}function n(t){h.v6||e("Workers/".concat(t,"/Unavailable"))}function i(t,r){e("Workers/".concat(t,"module"===r?"/Module":"/Classic"))}function o(t,r){e("Workers/".concat(r,"/SM/Unsupported")),(0,g.Z)("NR Agent: Unable to capture ".concat(r," workers."),t)}}((t=>(0,c.p)(B.xS,[t],void 0,e.D.metrics,this.ee))),this.importAggregator()}}var F,U=i(3916),q=i(7264),G=(i(8683),i(3752)),V={};try{F=localStorage.getItem("__nr_flags").split(","),console&&"function"==typeof console.log&&(V.console=!0,-1!==F.indexOf("dev")&&(V.dev=!0),-1!==F.indexOf("nr_dev")&&(V.nrDev=!0))}catch(e){}function W(e){try{V.console&&W(e)}catch(e){}}V.nrDev&&G.ee.on("internal-error",(function(e){W(e.stack)})),V.dev&&G.ee.on("fn-err",(function(e,t,r){W(r.stack)})),V.dev&&(W("NR AGENT IN DEVELOPMENT MODE"),W("flags: "+(0,w.D)(V,(function(e,t){return e})).join(", ")));var X=i(8322);class Z extends p{static featureName=X.t;constructor(r,n){let i=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(r,n,X.t,i),this.skipNext=0;try{this.removeOnAbort=new AbortController}catch(e){}const o=this;o.ee.on("fn-start",(function(e,t,r){o.abortHandler&&(o.skipNext+=1)})),o.ee.on("fn-err",(function(e,t,r){o.abortHandler&&!r[X.A]&&((0,U.X)(r,X.A,(function(){return!0})),this.thrown=!0,Y(r,void 0,o.ee))})),o.ee.on("fn-end",(function(){o.abortHandler&&!this.thrown&&o.skipNext>0&&(o.skipNext-=1)})),o.ee.on("internal-error",(function(t){(0,c.p)("ierr",[t,(0,m.z)(),!0],void 0,e.D.jserrors,o.ee)})),this.origOnerror=h._A.onerror,h._A.onerror=this.onerrorHandler.bind(this),h._A.addEventListener("unhandledrejection",(t=>{const r=function(e){let t="Unhandled Promise Rejection: ";if(e instanceof Error)try{return e.message=t+e.message,e}catch(t){return e}if(void 0===e)return new Error(t);try{return new Error(t+(0,S.P)(e))}catch(e){return new Error(t)}}(t.reason);(0,c.p)("err",[r,(0,m.z)(),!1,{unhandledPromiseRejection:1}],void 0,e.D.jserrors,this.ee)}),(0,j.m$)(!1,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),(0,q.gy)(this.ee),(0,q.BV)(this.ee),(0,q.em)(this.ee),(0,t.OP)(r).xhrWrappable&&(0,q.Kf)(this.ee),this.abortHandler=this.#e,this.importAggregator()}#e(){this.removeOnAbort?.abort(),this.abortHandler=void 0}onerrorHandler(t,r,n,i,o){"function"==typeof this.origOnerror&&this.origOnerror(...arguments);try{this.skipNext?this.skipNext-=1:Y(o||new $(t,r,n),!0,this.ee)}catch(t){try{(0,c.p)("ierr",[t,(0,m.z)(),!0],void 0,e.D.jserrors,this.ee)}catch(e){}}return!1}}function $(e,t,r){this.message=e||"Uncaught error with no additional information",this.sourceURL=t,this.line=r}function Y(t,r,n){var i=r?null:(0,m.z)();(0,c.p)("err",[t,i],void 0,e.D.jserrors,n)}let Q=1;const K="nr@id";function J(e){const t=typeof e;return!e||"object"!==t&&"function"!==t?-1:e===h._A?0:(0,U.X)(e,K,(function(){return Q++}))}var ee=i(9071);function te(e){if("string"==typeof e&&e.length)return e.length;if("object"==typeof e){if("undefined"!=typeof ArrayBuffer&&e instanceof ArrayBuffer&&e.byteLength)return e.byteLength;if("undefined"!=typeof Blob&&e instanceof Blob&&e.size)return e.size;if(!("undefined"!=typeof FormData&&e instanceof FormData))try{return(0,S.P)(e).length}catch(e){return}}}var re=i(6368);class ne{constructor(e){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.generateTracePayload=this.generateTracePayload.bind(this),this.shouldGenerateTrace=this.shouldGenerateTrace.bind(this)}generateTracePayload(e){if(!this.shouldGenerateTrace(e))return null;var r=(0,t.DL)(this.agentIdentifier);if(!r)return null;var n=(r.accountID||"").toString()||null,i=(r.agentID||"").toString()||null,o=(r.trustKey||"").toString()||null;if(!n||!i)return null;var a=(0,N.M)(),s=(0,N.Ht)(),c=Date.now(),u={spanId:a,traceId:s,timestamp:c};return(e.sameOrigin||this.isAllowedOrigin(e)&&this.useTraceContextHeadersForCors())&&(u.traceContextParentHeader=this.generateTraceContextParentHeader(a,s),u.traceContextStateHeader=this.generateTraceContextStateHeader(a,c,n,i,o)),(e.sameOrigin&&!this.excludeNewrelicHeader()||!e.sameOrigin&&this.isAllowedOrigin(e)&&this.useNewrelicHeaderForCors())&&(u.newrelicHeader=this.generateTraceHeader(a,s,c,n,i,o)),u}generateTraceContextParentHeader(e,t){return"00-"+t+"-"+e+"-01"}generateTraceContextStateHeader(e,t,r,n,i){return i+"@nr=0-1-"+r+"-"+n+"-"+e+"----"+t}generateTraceHeader(e,t,r,n,i,o){if(!("function"==typeof h._A?.btoa))return null;var a={v:[0,1],d:{ty:"Browser",ac:n,ap:i,id:e,tr:t,ti:r}};return o&&n!==o&&(a.d.tk=o),btoa((0,S.P)(a))}shouldGenerateTrace(e){return this.isDtEnabled()&&this.isAllowedOrigin(e)}isAllowedOrigin(e){var r=!1,n={};if((0,t.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing")&&(n=(0,t.P_)(this.agentIdentifier).distributed_tracing),e.sameOrigin)r=!0;else if(n.allowed_origins instanceof Array)for(var i=0;i<n.allowed_origins.length;i++){var o=(0,re.e)(n.allowed_origins[i]);if(e.hostname===o.hostname&&e.protocol===o.protocol&&e.port===o.port){r=!0;break}}return r}isDtEnabled(){var e=(0,t.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!!e.enabled}excludeNewrelicHeader(){var e=(0,t.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!!e.exclude_newrelic_header}useNewrelicHeaderForCors(){var e=(0,t.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!1!==e.cors_use_newrelic_header}useTraceContextHeadersForCors(){var e=(0,t.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!!e.cors_use_tracecontext_headers}}var ie=i(8675),oe=["load","error","abort","timeout"],ae=oe.length,se=t.Yu.REQ,ce=h._A.XMLHttpRequest;class ue extends p{static featureName=ie.t;constructor(r,n){let i=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(r,n,ie.t,i),(0,t.OP)(r).xhrWrappable&&(this.dt=new ne(r),this.handler=(e,t,r,n)=>(0,c.p)(e,t,r,n,this.ee),(0,q.u5)(this.ee),(0,q.Kf)(this.ee),function(r,n,i,o){function a(e){var t=this;t.totalCbs=0,t.called=0,t.cbTime=0,t.end=x,t.ended=!1,t.xhrGuids={},t.lastSize=null,t.loadCaptureCalled=!1,t.params=this.params||{},t.metrics=this.metrics||{},e.addEventListener("load",(function(r){_(t,e)}),(0,j.m$)(!1)),ee.I||e.addEventListener("progress",(function(e){t.lastSize=e.loaded}),(0,j.m$)(!1))}function s(e){this.params={method:e[0]},T(this,e[1]),this.metrics={}}function c(e,n){var i=(0,t.DL)(r);"xpid"in i&&this.sameOrigin&&n.setRequestHeader("X-NewRelic-ID",i.xpid);var a=o.generateTracePayload(this.parsedOrigin);if(a){var s=!1;a.newrelicHeader&&(n.setRequestHeader("newrelic",a.newrelicHeader),s=!0),a.traceContextParentHeader&&(n.setRequestHeader("traceparent",a.traceContextParentHeader),a.traceContextStateHeader&&n.setRequestHeader("tracestate",a.traceContextStateHeader),s=!0),s&&(this.dt=a)}}function u(e,t){var r=this.metrics,i=e[0],o=this;if(r&&i){var a=te(i);a&&(r.txSize=a)}this.startTime=(0,m.z)(),this.listener=function(e){try{"abort"!==e.type||o.loadCaptureCalled||(o.params.aborted=!0),("load"!==e.type||o.called===o.totalCbs&&(o.onloadCalled||"function"!=typeof t.onload)&&"function"==typeof o.end)&&o.end(t)}catch(e){try{n.emit("internal-error",[e])}catch(e){}}};for(var s=0;s<ae;s++)t.addEventListener(oe[s],this.listener,(0,j.m$)(!1))}function d(e,t,r){this.cbTime+=e,t?this.onloadCalled=!0:this.called+=1,this.called!==this.totalCbs||!this.onloadCalled&&"function"==typeof r.onload||"function"!=typeof this.end||this.end(r)}function f(e,t){var r=""+J(e)+!!t;this.xhrGuids&&!this.xhrGuids[r]&&(this.xhrGuids[r]=!0,this.totalCbs+=1)}function l(e,t){var r=""+J(e)+!!t;this.xhrGuids&&this.xhrGuids[r]&&(delete this.xhrGuids[r],this.totalCbs-=1)}function g(){this.endTime=(0,m.z)()}function p(e,t){t instanceof ce&&"load"===e[0]&&n.emit("xhr-load-added",[e[1],e[2]],t)}function v(e,t){t instanceof ce&&"load"===e[0]&&n.emit("xhr-load-removed",[e[1],e[2]],t)}function b(e,t,r){t instanceof ce&&("onload"===r&&(this.onload=!0),("load"===(e[0]&&e[0].type)||this.onload)&&(this.xhrCbStart=(0,m.z)()))}function y(e,t){this.xhrCbStart&&n.emit("xhr-cb-time",[(0,m.z)()-this.xhrCbStart,this.onload,t],t)}function w(e){var t,r=e[1]||{};"string"==typeof e[0]?t=e[0]:e[0]&&e[0].url?t=e[0].url:h._A?.URL&&e[0]&&e[0]instanceof URL&&(t=e[0].href),t&&(this.parsedOrigin=(0,re.e)(t),this.sameOrigin=this.parsedOrigin.sameOrigin);var n=o.generateTracePayload(this.parsedOrigin);if(n&&(n.newrelicHeader||n.traceContextParentHeader))if("string"==typeof e[0]||h._A?.URL&&e[0]&&e[0]instanceof URL){var i={};for(var a in r)i[a]=r[a];i.headers=new Headers(r.headers||{}),s(i.headers,n)&&(this.dt=n),e.length>1?e[1]=i:e.push(i)}else e[0]&&e[0].headers&&s(e[0].headers,n)&&(this.dt=n);function s(e,t){var r=!1;return t.newrelicHeader&&(e.set("newrelic",t.newrelicHeader),r=!0),t.traceContextParentHeader&&(e.set("traceparent",t.traceContextParentHeader),t.traceContextStateHeader&&e.set("tracestate",t.traceContextStateHeader),r=!0),r}}function E(e,t){this.params={},this.metrics={},this.startTime=(0,m.z)(),this.dt=t,e.length>=1&&(this.target=e[0]),e.length>=2&&(this.opts=e[1]);var r,n=this.opts||{},i=this.target;"string"==typeof i?r=i:"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof se?r=i.url:h._A?.URL&&"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof URL&&(r=i.href),T(this,r);var o=(""+(i&&i instanceof se&&i.method||n.method||"GET")).toUpperCase();this.params.method=o,this.txSize=te(n.body)||0}function A(t,r){var n;this.endTime=(0,m.z)(),this.params||(this.params={}),this.params.status=r?r.status:0,"string"==typeof this.rxSize&&this.rxSize.length>0&&(n=+this.rxSize);var o={txSize:this.txSize,rxSize:n,duration:(0,m.z)()-this.startTime};i("xhr",[this.params,o,this.startTime,this.endTime,"fetch"],this,e.D.ajax)}function x(t){var r=this.params,n=this.metrics;if(!this.ended){this.ended=!0;for(var o=0;o<ae;o++)t.removeEventListener(oe[o],this.listener,!1);r.aborted||(n.duration=(0,m.z)()-this.startTime,this.loadCaptureCalled||4!==t.readyState?null==r.status&&(r.status=0):_(this,t),n.cbTime=this.cbTime,i("xhr",[r,n,this.startTime,this.endTime,"xhr"],this,e.D.ajax))}}function T(e,t){var r=(0,re.e)(t),n=e.params;n.hostname=r.hostname,n.port=r.port,n.protocol=r.protocol,n.host=r.hostname+":"+r.port,n.pathname=r.pathname,e.parsedOrigin=r,e.sameOrigin=r.sameOrigin}function _(e,t){e.params.status=t.status;var r=function(e,t){var r=e.responseType;return"json"===r&&null!==t?t:"arraybuffer"===r||"blob"===r||"json"===r?te(e.response):"text"===r||""===r||void 0===r?te(e.responseText):void 0}(t,e.lastSize);if(r&&(e.metrics.rxSize=r),e.sameOrigin){var n=t.getResponseHeader("X-NewRelic-App-Data");n&&(e.params.cat=n.split(", ").pop())}e.loadCaptureCalled=!0}n.on("new-xhr",a),n.on("open-xhr-start",s),n.on("open-xhr-end",c),n.on("send-xhr-start",u),n.on("xhr-cb-time",d),n.on("xhr-load-added",f),n.on("xhr-load-removed",l),n.on("xhr-resolved",g),n.on("addEventListener-end",p),n.on("removeEventListener-end",v),n.on("fn-end",y),n.on("fetch-before-start",w),n.on("fetch-start",E),n.on("fn-start",b),n.on("fetch-done",A)}(r,this.ee,this.handler,this.dt),this.importAggregator())}}var de=i(6408),fe=i(2628);const{BST_RESOURCE:le,BST_TIMER:he,END:ge,FEATURE_NAME:pe,FN_END:ve,FN_START:me,ADD_EVENT_LISTENER:be,PUSH_STATE:ye,RESOURCE:we,RESOURCE_TIMING_BUFFER_FULL:Ee,START:Ae,ORIG_EVENT:xe}=fe,Te="clearResourceTimings";var _e=i(755);const{FEATURE_NAME:De,START:Ne,END:Se,BODY:Oe,CB_END:je,JS_TIME:Re,FETCH:Ce,FN_START:Pe,CB_START:Ie,FN_END:ke}=_e;var He=i(6486);class Le extends p{static featureName=He.t;constructor(e,t){let r=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(e,t,He.t,r),this.importAggregator()}}new class{constructor(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:(0,N.ky)(16);this.agentIdentifier=t,this.sharedAggregator=new E({agentIdentifier:this.agentIdentifier}),this.features={},this.desiredFeatures=new Set(e.features||[]),this.desiredFeatures.add(b),Object.assign(this,(0,a.j)(this.agentIdentifier,e,e.loaderType||"agent")),this.start()}get config(){return{info:(0,t.C5)(this.agentIdentifier),init:(0,t.P_)(this.agentIdentifier),loader_config:(0,t.DL)(this.agentIdentifier),runtime:(0,t.OP)(this.agentIdentifier)}}start(){const t="features";try{const r=n(this.agentIdentifier),i=Array.from(this.desiredFeatures);i.sort(((t,r)=>e.p[t.featureName]-e.p[r.featureName])),i.forEach((t=>{if(r[t.featureName]||t.featureName===e.D.pageViewEvent){const e=(0,s.Z)(t.featureName);e.every((e=>r[e]))||(0,g.Z)("".concat(t.featureName," is enabled but one or more dependent features has been disabled (").concat((0,S.P)(e),"). This may cause unintended consequences or missing data...")),this.features[t.featureName]=new t(this.agentIdentifier,this.sharedAggregator)}})),(0,D.Qy)(this.agentIdentifier,this.features,t)}catch(e){(0,g.Z)("Failed to initialize all enabled instrument classes (agent aborted) -",e);for(const e in this.features)this.features[e].abortHandler?.();const r=(0,D.fP)();return delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.api,delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.[t],delete this.sharedAggregator,r.ee?.abort(),delete r.ee?.get(this.agentIdentifier),!1}}}({features:[ue,b,C,class extends p{static featureName=pe;constructor(t,r){if(super(t,r,pe,!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2]),!h.il)return;const n=this.ee;this.timerEE=(0,q.BV)(n),this.rafEE=(0,q.gy)(n),(0,q.QU)(n),(0,q.em)(n),n.on(me,(function(e,t){e[0]instanceof xe&&(this.bstStart=(0,m.z)())})),n.on(ve,(function(t,r){var i=t[0];i instanceof xe&&(0,c.p)("bst",[i,r,this.bstStart,(0,m.z)()],void 0,e.D.sessionTrace,n)})),this.timerEE.on(me,(function(e,t,r){this.bstStart=(0,m.z)(),this.bstType=r})),this.timerEE.on(ve,(function(t,r){(0,c.p)(he,[r,this.bstStart,(0,m.z)(),this.bstType],void 0,e.D.sessionTrace,n)})),this.rafEE.on(me,(function(){this.bstStart=(0,m.z)()})),this.rafEE.on(ve,(function(t,r){(0,c.p)(he,[r,this.bstStart,(0,m.z)(),"requestAnimationFrame"],void 0,e.D.sessionTrace,n)})),n.on(ye+Ae,(function(e){this.time=(0,m.z)(),this.startPath=location.pathname+location.hash})),n.on(ye+ge,(function(t){(0,c.p)("bstHist",[location.pathname+location.hash,this.startPath,this.time],void 0,e.D.sessionTrace,n)})),(0,de.W)()?((0,c.p)(le,[window.performance.getEntriesByType("resource")],void 0,e.D.sessionTrace,n),function(){var t=new PerformanceObserver(((t,r)=>{var i=t.getEntries();(0,c.p)(le,[i],void 0,e.D.sessionTrace,n)}));try{t.observe({entryTypes:["resource"]})}catch(e){}}()):window.performance[Te]&&window.performance[be]&&window.performance.addEventListener(Ee,this.onResourceTimingBufferFull,(0,j.m$)(!1)),document.addEventListener("scroll",this.noOp,(0,j.m$)(!1)),document.addEventListener("keypress",this.noOp,(0,j.m$)(!1)),document.addEventListener("click",this.noOp,(0,j.m$)(!1)),this.abortHandler=this.#e,this.importAggregator()}#e(){window.performance.removeEventListener(Ee,this.onResourceTimingBufferFull,!1),this.abortHandler=void 0}noOp(e){}onResourceTimingBufferFull(t){if((0,c.p)(le,[window.performance.getEntriesByType(we)],void 0,e.D.sessionTrace,this.ee),window.performance[Te])try{window.performance.removeEventListener(Ee,this.onResourceTimingBufferFull,!1)}catch(e){}}},M,Le,Z,class extends p{static featureName=De;constructor(e,r){if(super(e,r,De,!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2]),!h.il)return;if(!(0,t.OP)(e).xhrWrappable)return;try{this.removeOnAbort=new AbortController}catch(e){}let n,i=0;const o=this.ee.get("tracer"),a=(0,q._L)(this.ee),s=(0,q.Lg)(this.ee),c=(0,q.BV)(this.ee),u=(0,q.Kf)(this.ee),d=this.ee.get("events"),f=(0,q.u5)(this.ee),l=(0,q.QU)(this.ee),g=(0,q.Gm)(this.ee);function p(e,t){l.emit("newURL",[""+window.location,t])}function v(){i++,n=window.location.hash,this[Pe]=(0,m.z)()}function b(){i--,window.location.hash!==n&&p(0,!0);var e=(0,m.z)();this[Re]=~~this[Re]+e-this[Pe],this[ke]=e}function y(e,t){e.on(t,(function(){this[t]=(0,m.z)()}))}this.ee.on(Pe,v),s.on(Ie,v),a.on(Ie,v),this.ee.on(ke,b),s.on(je,b),a.on(je,b),this.ee.buffer([Pe,ke,"xhr-resolved"],this.featureName),d.buffer([Pe],this.featureName),c.buffer(["setTimeout"+Se,"clearTimeout"+Ne,Pe],this.featureName),u.buffer([Pe,"new-xhr","send-xhr"+Ne],this.featureName),f.buffer([Ce+Ne,Ce+"-done",Ce+Oe+Ne,Ce+Oe+Se],this.featureName),l.buffer(["newURL"],this.featureName),g.buffer([Pe],this.featureName),s.buffer(["propagate",Ie,je,"executor-err","resolve"+Ne],this.featureName),o.buffer([Pe,"no-"+Pe],this.featureName),a.buffer(["new-jsonp","cb-start","jsonp-error","jsonp-end"],this.featureName),y(f,Ce+Ne),y(f,Ce+"-done"),y(a,"new-jsonp"),y(a,"jsonp-end"),y(a,"cb-start"),l.on("pushState-end",p),l.on("replaceState-end",p),window.addEventListener("hashchange",p,(0,j.m$)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),window.addEventListener("load",p,(0,j.m$)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),window.addEventListener("popstate",(function(){p(0,i>1)}),(0,j.m$)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),this.abortHandler=this.#e,this.importAggregator()}#e(){this.removeOnAbort?.abort(),this.abortHandler=void 0}}],loaderType:"spa"})})(),window.NRBA=o})(); </script>  <script> (function (w, d, s, l, i) { w[l] = w[l] || []; w[l].push({ 'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(), event: 'gtm.js' }); var f = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j = d.createElement(s), dl = l != 'dataLayer' ? '&l=' + l : ''; j.async = true; j.src = 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=' + i + dl + '&gtm_auth=RdH6vmSGiXahuYVxcLqliQ&gtm_preview=env-1&gtm_cookies_win=x'; f.parentNode.insertBefore(j, f); })(window, document, 'script', 'dataLayer', 'GTM-NSWZ4WX'); </script>  <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [] </script> <script> console.log = function () { } </script> <meta charset="utf-8"> <title>Attraction and the Initiation of Relationships: A Review of the Empiri</title> <base href="/chapters/"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <meta name="referrer" content="no-referrer-when-downgrade">  <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary"> <link rel="icon" type="image/x-icon" href="favicon.ico"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="assets/icon/favicon-32x32.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="96x96" href="assets/icon/favicon-96x96.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="assets/icon/favicon-16x16.png"> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#00aacc"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#00aacc"> <script src="assets/video-plugin/js/video.min.js" defer></script> <script src="assets/video-plugin/js/silvermine-videojs-quality-selector.min.js" defer></script> <script src="assets/video-plugin/js/videojs-seek-buttons.min.js" defer></script> <script src="assets/video-plugin/js/videojs-transcript-click.min.js" defer></script> <style>@charset "UTF-8";html{overflow-x:hidden}@font-face{font-family:Open Sans;src:url(OpenSans-Regular-webfont.fbe7f69768218ba06417.eot?v=1);src:url(OpenSans-Regular-webfont.fbe7f69768218ba06417.eot?#iefix&v=1) format("embedded-opentype"),url(OpenSans-Regular-webfont.4f6ec530947c73b0c1dd.woff?v=1) format("woff"),url(OpenSans-Regular-webfont.8fb0006312b4968c978e.ttf?v=1) format("truetype"),url(OpenSans-Regular-webfont.06064867021ce3879575.svg#OpenSans-Regular-webfont?v=1) format("svg");font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:Open Sans;src:url(OpenSans-Italic-webfont.5b7c821170bd8c8bc5fb.eot?v=1);src:url(OpenSans-Italic-webfont.5b7c821170bd8c8bc5fb.eot?#iefix&v=1) format("embedded-opentype"),url(OpenSans-Italic-webfont.0bd0c2ca25252b0b6495.woff?v=1) format("woff"),url(OpenSans-Italic-webfont.620dc68d30a98fd990a4.ttf?v=1) format("truetype"),url(OpenSans-Italic-webfont.2c2a4c8efd04b5595ace.svg#OpenSans-Italic-webfont?v=1) format("svg");font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:Open Sans;src:url(OpenSans-Bold-webfont.4f6aec473f52a4a0b948.eot?v=1);src:url(OpenSans-Bold-webfont.4f6aec473f52a4a0b948.eot?#iefix&v=1) format("embedded-opentype"),url(OpenSans-Bold-webfont.7721ba0909593fb4c700.woff?v=1) format("woff"),url(OpenSans-Bold-webfont.7c6331ddcf6dc0167f31.ttf?v=1) format("truetype"),url(OpenSans-Bold-webfont.57b40615b63a075a07a8.svg#OpenSans-Bold-webfont?v=1) format("svg");font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:Open Sans;src:url(OpenSans-BoldItalic-webfont.9b9ba408799eec129bc3.eot?v=1);src:url(OpenSans-BoldItalic-webfont.9b9ba408799eec129bc3.eot?#iefix&v=1) format("embedded-opentype"),url(OpenSans-BoldItalic-webfont.f4cc8e0fcd7b231a5699.woff?v=1) format("woff"),url(OpenSans-BoldItalic-webfont.aac8c5af5b0be1ec85dc.ttf?v=1) format("truetype"),url(OpenSans-BoldItalic-webfont.ad327a2ba9fd37b53b8e.svg#OpenSans-BoldItalic-webfont?v=1) format("svg");font-weight:700;font-style:italic;font-display:swap}body{font-family:Open Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight:300}*{-webkit-tap-highlight-color:rgba(255,255,255,0);-webkit-tap-highlight-color:transparent}html{font-family:sans-serif;-ms-text-size-adjust:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%}body{margin:0}@media print{*,:after,:before{color:#000!important;text-shadow:none!important;background:transparent!important;box-shadow:none!important}}*,:after,:before{box-sizing:border-box}html{font-size:10px;-webkit-tap-highlight-color:rgba(0,0,0,0)}body{font-family:Open Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13px;line-height:1.538461539;color:#000;background-color:#fff}body,html{height:100%}@font-face{font-family:Open Sans;src:url(OpenSans-Semibold-webfont.251eb58101253efe0706.eot?v=1);src:url(OpenSans-Semibold-webfont.251eb58101253efe0706.eot?#iefix&v=1) format("embedded-opentype"),url(OpenSans-Semibold-webfont.e57adecb3a8973e1e0d7.woff?v=1) format("woff"),url(OpenSans-Semibold-webfont.4f989b6610a18a4fcbe4.ttf?v=1) format("truetype"),url(OpenSans-Semibold-webfont.ab609fbfd571d7e50504.svg#OpenSans-Semibold-webfont?v=1) format("svg");font-weight:600;font-style:normal;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:Open Sans;src:url(OpenSans-SemiboldItalic-webfont.8606c5af943f0f2220c0.eot?v=1);src:url(OpenSans-SemiboldItalic-webfont.8606c5af943f0f2220c0.eot?#iefix&v=1) format("embedded-opentype"),url(OpenSans-SemiboldItalic-webfont.9b9e6224439e8dcbfbcb.woff?v=1) format("woff"),url(OpenSans-SemiboldItalic-webfont.b731ffb17eb9151fb940.ttf?v=1) format("truetype"),url(OpenSans-SemiboldItalic-webfont.36a826e2dbd9c83f73a0.svg#OpenSans-SemiboldItalic-webfont?v=1) format("svg");font-weight:600;font-style:italic;font-display:swap}:focus:not(body):not(div){outline:2px solid #2f8367!important;outline-offset:3px!important}</style><link rel="preload" href="styles.617659b4c1450751430a.css" as="style"><link rel="stylesheet" href="styles.617659b4c1450751430a.css"><noscript><link rel="stylesheet" href="styles.617659b4c1450751430a.css"></noscript><style ng-transition="product-detail-page">.body-container[_ngcontent-sc150]{display:block}a.skip-link[_ngcontent-sc150]{left:-999px;position:absolute;top:auto;width:1px;height:1px;overflow:hidden;z-index:-999}a.skip-link[_ngcontent-sc150]:focus, a.skip-link[_ngcontent-sc150]:active{color:#fff;background-color:#000;left:0;right:0;top:5px;max-width:155px;height:auto;margin:0 auto;width:100%;overflow:auto;text-decoration:underline;padding:5px 10px;text-align:center;font-size:14px;z-index:999}</style><style ng-transition="product-detail-page"></style><style ng-transition="product-detail-page">@keyframes circular_rotate{to{transform:scale(1)}0%{transform:scale(.5)}}.navbar-site[_ngcontent-sc71]{background-color:#fff;border:0px;margin-bottom:0;z-index:2;padding-top:18px;padding-bottom:18px}@media (max-width: 767px){.navbar-site[_ngcontent-sc71]{padding-top:16px;padding-bottom:16px}}.navbar-site[_ngcontent-sc71] .navbar-header[_ngcontent-sc71]{float:left;margin-left:0}@media (min-width: 320px) and (max-width: 767px){.navbar-site[_ngcontent-sc71] .navbar-header[_ngcontent-sc71]{width:150px}}@media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1023px){.navbar-site[_ngcontent-sc71] .navbar-header[_ngcontent-sc71]{width:150px}}@media (min-width: 1024px) and (max-width: 1279px){.navbar-site[_ngcontent-sc71] .navbar-header[_ngcontent-sc71]{width:186px}}@media (min-width: 1280px){.navbar-site[_ngcontent-sc71] .navbar-header[_ngcontent-sc71]{width:235px}}.navbar-site[_ngcontent-sc71] .navbar-nav[_ngcontent-sc71]{display:flex;margin:0 25px 0 0}@media (min-width: 1280px){.navbar-site[_ngcontent-sc71] .navbar-nav[_ngcontent-sc71] li[_ngcontent-sc71]:not(:last-child){margin-right:35px}}@media (min-width: 1024px) and (max-width: 1279px){.navbar-site[_ngcontent-sc71] .navbar-nav[_ngcontent-sc71] li[_ngcontent-sc71]:not(:last-child){margin-right:20px}}@media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1023px){.navbar-site[_ngcontent-sc71] .navbar-nav[_ngcontent-sc71] li[_ngcontent-sc71]:not(:last-child){margin-right:15px}}@media (max-width: 767px){.navbar-site[_ngcontent-sc71] .navbar-nav[_ngcontent-sc71] li[_ngcontent-sc71]:not(:last-child){margin-right:10px}.navbar-site[_ngcontent-sc71] .navbar-nav[_ngcontent-sc71] li[_ngcontent-sc71]:last-child{margin-right:13px}}.informa-padding[_ngcontent-sc71]{padding-top:55px!important}</style><style ng-transition="product-detail-page">@keyframes circular_rotate{to{transform:scale(1)}0%{transform:scale(.5)}}[_nghost-sc70] .hide-text{line-height:0;font-size:0;color:transparent}[_nghost-sc70] .tnf-footer{background-color:#333;width:100%}[_nghost-sc70] .tnf-footer .logo-container{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;width:100%;height:45px;margin-top:15px}[_nghost-sc70] .tnf-footer .logo-container img{height:100%}[_nghost-sc70] .tnf-footer .sub-info-list{padding:0;margin:0;list-style:none}[_nghost-sc70] .tnf-footer .policies-links-container{display:flex;flex-direction:column}[_nghost-sc70] .tnf-footer .sub-info-container{margin-top:15px}[_nghost-sc70] .tnf-footer .sub-info-container .sub-info-options{padding:0;margin-bottom:0}@media (min-width: 1024px){[_nghost-sc70] .tnf-footer .sub-info-container .sub-info-options{display:flex;justify-content:space-between}[_nghost-sc70] .tnf-footer .sub-info-container .sub-info-options .sub-info-list .sub-info-options{flex-direction:column}}[_nghost-sc70] .tnf-footer .icon-toggle{float:right}[_nghost-sc70] .tnf-footer .icon-toggle i{color:#fff;font-size:26px;cursor:pointer;font-weight:bold}[_nghost-sc70] .tnf-footer .info-container{margin-top:30px}[_nghost-sc70] .tnf-footer .connectMessage{font-size:15px;font-weight:500;color:#fff;margin:35px 0 10px}@media (min-width: 1024px){[_nghost-sc70] .tnf-footer .connectMessage{margin-top:0;font-weight:bold}}@media (max-width: 1023px){[_nghost-sc70] .tnf-footer .connectMessage{margin:12px 0 2px}}@media (min-width: 1024px) and (max-width: 1279px){[_nghost-sc70] .tnf-footer .connectMessage{font-size:12px;font-weight:bold}}[_nghost-sc70] .tnf-footer .social-list{display:flex;padding:0}@media (min-width: 1024px){[_nghost-sc70] .tnf-footer .social-list{border-bottom:0}}[_nghost-sc70] .tnf-footer .social-list li{list-style-type:none}[_nghost-sc70] .tnf-footer .social-list li a{margin-right:10px;padding:5px 0 8px}[_nghost-sc70] .tnf-footer .social-list li i{font-size:30px;color:#fff}@media (min-width: 1024px){[_nghost-sc70] .tnf-footer .social-list li i{font-size:32px}}[_nghost-sc70] .tnf-footer .info-option{border-bottom:solid 2px rgba(146,142,142,.3);padding:15px 0}@media (min-width: 1024px){[_nghost-sc70] .tnf-footer .info-option{border-bottom:0;float:left}}@media (max-width: 1023px){[_nghost-sc70] .tnf-footer .info-option{padding:13px 5px 10px}}[_nghost-sc70] .tnf-footer .info-option .accordian-panel{padding:5px 0;display:block;border:none;width:-webkit-fill-available;-webkit-appearance:none;text-align:inherit;background-color:transparent}[_nghost-sc70] .tnf-footer .info-option li{margin-top:15px;font-size:15px;line-height:20px;list-style-type:none;cursor:pointer}@media (max-width: 1279px){[_nghost-sc70] .tnf-footer .info-option li{font-size:12px;margin-top:8px;line-height:15px}}[_nghost-sc70] .tnf-footer .info-option li a{color:#fff;display:inline-block}[_nghost-sc70] .tnf-footer .sub-info{line-height:20px;font-size:15px;font-weight:600;color:#fff}@media (max-width: 1279px){[_nghost-sc70] .tnf-footer .sub-info{font-size:12px}}[_nghost-sc70] .tnf-footer .footer-bottom{margin:16px 0 30px;font-size:12px;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;font-stretch:normal;line-height:normal;letter-spacing:.11px;color:#a3a3a3}@media (min-width: 1024px){[_nghost-sc70] .tnf-footer .footer-bottom{clear:both;border-top:solid 2px rgba(146,142,142,.3);margin-bottom:20px}}@media (max-width: 1023px){[_nghost-sc70] .tnf-footer .footer-bottom{font-size:10px!important;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;font-stretch:normal;line-height:normal;letter-spacing:.09px;color:#a3a3a3}}[_nghost-sc70] .tnf-footer .footer-bottom p{margin-top:20px}@media (max-width: 1023px){[_nghost-sc70] .tnf-footer .footer-bottom p{margin-top:0;font-size:10px!important}}[_nghost-sc70] .tnf-footer .copyRight{display:block;margin-top:10px}@media (min-width: 1024px){[_nghost-sc70] .tnf-footer .copyRight{float:right;margin-top:0}}@media (max-width: 1024px){[_nghost-sc70] .tnf-footer .hideInfoOption{display:none}}@media (min-width: 1024px){[_nghost-sc70] .tnf-footer .social-list-container{padding-top:15px}}</style><style ng-transition="product-detail-page">@keyframes circular_rotate{to{transform:scale(1)}0%{transform:scale(.5)}}.lib-logo-container.navbar-brand[_ngcontent-sc72]{margin-left:0;padding:0;height:auto}@media (max-width: 767px){.lib-logo-container.navbar-brand[_ngcontent-sc72]{top:0px}}.lib-logo-container.navbar-brand[_ngcontent-sc72] img[_ngcontent-sc72]{height:30px}@media (min-width: 768px){.lib-logo-container.navbar-brand[_ngcontent-sc72] img[_ngcontent-sc72]{height:44px;max-width:100%}}@media screen and (-ms-high-contrast: active),(-ms-high-contrast: none){.lib-logo-container.navbar-brand[_ngcontent-sc72] img[_ngcontent-sc72]{height:auto!important;width:100%!important}}</style><meta name="appVersion" content="v2.2.1, Wed Sep 25 2024 18:02:24 GMT+0000 (Coordinated Universal Time)"><style ng-transition="product-detail-page">@keyframes circular_rotate{to{transform:scale(1)}0%{transform:scale(.5)}}@media (max-width: 1024px){.hide-small[_ngcontent-sc68]{display:none}}@media (min-width: 1024px){.hide-large[_ngcontent-sc68]{display:none}}</style><style ng-transition="product-detail-page">@keyframes circular_rotate{to{transform:scale(1)}0%{transform:scale(.5)}}[_ngcontent-sc69]:root{--text-color: #007994}#scroll-to-top[_ngcontent-sc69]{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:end;position:fixed;width:90px;height:66px;bottom:50px;right:6px;z-index:999;opacity:0;transition:all .2s ease;transform:translateY(100px);border:none;cursor:pointer;color:var(--text-color);font-size:12px}@media (min-width: 320px) and (max-width: 1023px){#scroll-to-top[_ngcontent-sc69]{bottom:20px;right:13px}}.show-scroll-to-top[_ngcontent-sc69]{opacity:1!important;transform:translateY(0)!important}</style><style ng-transition="product-detail-page">@keyframes circular_rotate{to{transform:scale(1)}0%{transform:scale(.5)}}.error-message[_ngcontent-sc179]{color:red;font-size:19px;margin-left:135px}.error-message[_ngcontent-sc179] .icon-error[_ngcontent-sc179]{font-size:26px}.prod-detail-container[_ngcontent-sc179]{flex-direction:row;border-top:1px solid #e6e6e6}.prod-detail-container[_ngcontent-sc179] .breadcrumb-container[_ngcontent-sc179]{padding-bottom:30px!important}@media (max-width: 580px){.prod-detail-container[_ngcontent-sc179]{padding:0}}.prod-detail-container[_ngcontent-sc179] .product-details-rom[_ngcontent-sc179]{padding-bottom:40px}@media (min-width: 1024px){.prod-detail-container[_ngcontent-sc179] .product-details-rom[_ngcontent-sc179]{width:100%!important}}.prod-detail-container[_ngcontent-sc179] .product-details[_ngcontent-sc179]{padding-bottom:40px}@media (min-width: 1024px){.prod-detail-container[_ngcontent-sc179] .product-details[_ngcontent-sc179]{width:65%}}.prod-detail-container[_ngcontent-sc179] .product-details[_ngcontent-sc179] .chapter-details[_ngcontent-sc179]{display:block}.prod-detail-container[_ngcontent-sc179] .product-details[_ngcontent-sc179] .product-content[_ngcontent-sc179]{display:flex;flex-direction:row}@media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1023px){.prod-detail-container[_ngcontent-sc179] .product-details[_ngcontent-sc179] .product-banner-details[_ngcontent-sc179]{width:100%;border-bottom:1px solid #e6e6e6}}.prod-detail-container[_ngcontent-sc179] .product-details[_ngcontent-sc179] .product-banner-details[_ngcontent-sc179] .container[_ngcontent-sc179]{padding:40px 15px}@media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1023px){.prod-detail-container[_ngcontent-sc179] .product-details[_ngcontent-sc179] .product-banner-details[_ngcontent-sc179] .container[_ngcontent-sc179]{padding:44px 112px 44px 85px}}@media (min-width: 1280px){.prod-detail-container[_ngcontent-sc179] .rm-left-margin[_ngcontent-sc179]{padding-left:0!important}}.prod-detail-container[_ngcontent-sc179] .product-cart-details[_ngcontent-sc179]{align-items:flex-start}@media (min-width: 1024px){.prod-detail-container[_ngcontent-sc179] .product-cart-details[_ngcontent-sc179]{width:35%}}@media (min-width: 1280px){.prod-detail-container[_ngcontent-sc179] .product-cart-details[_ngcontent-sc179]{padding-left:50px}}@media (min-width: 1024px) and (max-width: 1280px){.prod-detail-container[_ngcontent-sc179] .product-cart-details[_ngcontent-sc179] .pdc-right[_ngcontent-sc179]{margin-left:30px}}.prod-detail-container[_ngcontent-sc179] .product-cart-details[_ngcontent-sc179] .product-add-cart[_ngcontent-sc179]{height:150px;width:300px;border:1px solid #e6e6e6}.prod-detail-container[_ngcontent-sc179] .product-cart-details[_ngcontent-sc179] .info-text[_ngcontent-sc179]{font-size:20px;line-height:41px;color:#000;display:block;pointer-events:none}.prod-detail-container[_ngcontent-sc179] .product-cart-details[_ngcontent-sc179] .cart-content[_ngcontent-sc179]{margin:25px}.prod-detail-container[_ngcontent-sc179] .product-details-spinner[_ngcontent-sc179]{position:relative}@media (min-width: 320px) and (max-width: 1023px){.prod-detail-container[_ngcontent-sc179] .product-details-spinner[_ngcontent-sc179]{min-height:calc(100vh - 217px)}}@media (min-width: 1024px) and (max-width: 1279px){.prod-detail-container[_ngcontent-sc179] .product-details-spinner[_ngcontent-sc179]{min-height:calc(100vh - 214px)}}@media (min-width: 1280px){.prod-detail-container[_ngcontent-sc179] .product-details-spinner[_ngcontent-sc179]{min-height:calc(100vh - 268px)}}.prod-detail-container[_ngcontent-sc179] .product-details-spinner[_ngcontent-sc179] .circle-spinner[_ngcontent-sc179]{display:block;height:100%;width:100%;text-align:center;position:absolute}.prod-detail-container[_ngcontent-sc179] .product-details-spinner[_ngcontent-sc179] .loader[_ngcontent-sc179]{height:50px;margin:0 auto;position:relative;width:50px;top:calc(50% - 25px)}.remove-bottom-border[_ngcontent-sc179]{border-bottom:0px!important}</style><meta property="og:title" content="Attraction and the Initiation of Relationships: A Review of the Empiri"><meta name="description" content="Unless stated otherwise, this review focused on work published between 1985 and June 2007. To identify studies for the review, we searched for all empirical"><link rel="canonical" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429020513-24/attraction-initiation-relationships-review-empirical-literature"><script type="application/ld+json" id="jsonld">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Chapter","@id":"10.4324/9780429020513-24","bookFormat":"Ebook","datePublished":"2018-09-05T00:00:00.000Z","bookEdition":"1st Edition","url":"https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429020513-24/attraction-initiation-relationships-review-empirical-literature","author":{"@type":"Person","givenName":"","familyName":""},"genre":"Behavioral Sciences","name":"Attraction and the Initiation of Relationships: A Review of the Empirical Literature","numberOfPages":27,"description":"Unless stated otherwise, this review focused on work published between 1985 and June 2007. \nTo identify studies for the review, we searched for all empirical","image":"https://images.tandf.co.uk/common/jackets/crclarge/978080586/9780805861600.jpg","publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Taylor & Francis","logo":"https://taylorfrancis.com/assets/img/tfgroup-logo.svg","url":"https://taylorfrancis.com"},"publisherImprint":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Psychology Press","location":{"@type":"Place","address":""}},"identifier":{"@type":"PropertyValue","propertyID":"DOI","value":"10.4324/9780429020513-24"}}</script><meta property="og:url" content="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429020513-24/attraction-initiation-relationships-review-empirical-literature"><meta property="og:type" content="books.book"><meta property="og:site_name" content="Taylor & Francis"><meta property="og:description" content="Unless stated otherwise, this review focused on work published between 1985 and June 2007. To identify studies for the review, we searched for all empirical"><meta property="og:image" content="http://images.tandf.co.uk/common/jackets/crclarge/978080586/9780805861600.jpg"><meta property="og:image:secure_url" content="https://images.tandf.co.uk/common/jackets/crclarge/978080586/9780805861600.jpg"><meta property="og:image:alt" content="Attraction and the Initiation of Relationships: A Review of the Empirical Literature"><meta name="audience" content="all"><meta name="distribution" content="global"><meta name="citation_title" content="Attraction and the Initiation of Relationships: A Review of the Empirical Literature"><meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2018/09/05"><meta name="citation_publisher" content="Psychology Press"><meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.4324/9780429020513-24&type=chapterpdf"><meta name="citation_doi" content="10.4324/9780429020513-24"><meta name="citation_abstract" content="Unless stated otherwise, this review focused on work published between 1985 and June 2007. To identify studies for the review, we searched for all empirical studies dealing with the initiation of romantic relationships between adults published in English in refereed journals from 1985 to June 2007. The research studies reviewed here were identified by searching citations in earlier reviews and subsequent citation of earlier comprehensive reviews (e.g., Berscheid, 1985). We also used computerized searches of PsycINFO (1985 to 2007), including title, abstract, heading word, table of contents, and key concepts. Keywords used in the searches included initiation, initiation of relationships, initial attraction, and interpersonal attraction. The review is limited to articles that (a) offer data and are primarily empirical contributions, (b) appear in peer-reviewed journals or their equivalent, (c) are written in English, (d) focus on populations living in North America (i.e., Canadaand the United States of America), and (e) focus on nonclinical samples2 (as opposed to deficit-based groups). These studies were categorized based on their preponderant focus on the target of evaluation, on the perceiver who is evaluating, or on the perceiver X target interaction. Research studies can sometimes fit into more than one category, so all differences in categorization were resolved by discussion between the two authors."><meta name="citation_xml_url" content="https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.4324/9780429020513-24&type=chapterxml"><meta name="citation_inbook_title" content="Handbook of Relationship Initiation"><meta name="citation_firstpage" content="275"><meta name="citation_lastpage" content="301"><style ng-transition="product-detail-page">@keyframes circular_rotate{to{transform:scale(1)}0%{transform:scale(.5)}}.breadcrumb-container[_ngcontent-sc100]{display:inline-block;font-size:14px;letter-spacing:.3px;color:#666;padding-top:20px;padding-bottom:30px}@media (max-width: 767px){.breadcrumb-container[_ngcontent-sc100]{font-size:10px;width:100%}.breadcrumb-container[_ngcontent-sc100] i[_ngcontent-sc100]{font-size:18px!important}}@media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1023px){.breadcrumb-container[_ngcontent-sc100]{font-size:12px;padding-bottom:20px}.breadcrumb-container[_ngcontent-sc100] i[_ngcontent-sc100]{font-size:18px!important}}.breadcrumb-container[_ngcontent-sc100] .mb-breadcrum-section[_ngcontent-sc100] .toggle-breadcrumbs[_ngcontent-sc100]{float:right!important;color:#007a96!important;background-color:transparent;border:0px!important}.breadcrumb-container[_ngcontent-sc100] .mb-breadcrum-section[_ngcontent-sc100] .toggle-breadcrumbs[_ngcontent-sc100] .icon-down[_ngcontent-sc100]{font-size:14px;font-weight:600}.breadcrumb-container[_ngcontent-sc100] .mb-breadcrum-section[_ngcontent-sc100] .toggle-breadcrumbs[_ngcontent-sc100] .icon-up[_ngcontent-sc100]{font-size:14px;font-weight:600}.breadcrumb-container[_ngcontent-sc100] .breadcrumb-items[_ngcontent-sc100]{margin-left:0!important;padding-left:0!important}@media (max-width: 767px){.breadcrumb-container[_ngcontent-sc100] .breadcrumb-items[_ngcontent-sc100]{margin-bottom:0!important}}.breadcrumb-container[_ngcontent-sc100] .breadcrumb-items[_ngcontent-sc100] .breadcrumb-label[_ngcontent-sc100]{display:inline;line-height:1.8}@media (max-width: 767px){.breadcrumb-container[_ngcontent-sc100] .breadcrumb-items[_ngcontent-sc100] .breadcrumb-label[_ngcontent-sc100]{letter-spacing:.21px;line-height:2.4}}.breadcrumb-container[_ngcontent-sc100] .breadcrumb-items[_ngcontent-sc100] .breadcrumb-label[_ngcontent-sc100] .breadcrumb-link[_ngcontent-sc100]{display:inline;color:#666;word-break:break-word}.breadcrumb-container[_ngcontent-sc100] .breadcrumb-items[_ngcontent-sc100] .icon-right[_ngcontent-sc100]{font-size:18px}@media (max-width: 767px){.breadcrumb-container[_ngcontent-sc100] .breadcrumb-items[_ngcontent-sc100] .icon-right[_ngcontent-sc100]{font-size:14px!important;font-weight:600;vertical-align:text-top}.breadcrumb-container[_ngcontent-sc100] .breadcrumb-items[_ngcontent-sc100] .icon-left[_ngcontent-sc100]{font-size:14px;font-weight:600}}.breadcrumb-container[_ngcontent-sc100] .link[_ngcontent-sc100]:hover{color:#007a96!important;text-decoration:underline;text-underline-position:under;cursor:pointer}.breadcrumb-container[_ngcontent-sc100] .disable-click[_ngcontent-sc100]{pointer-events:none!important;cursor:default!important}</style><style ng-transition="product-detail-page">@keyframes circular_rotate{to{transform:scale(1)}0%{transform:scale(.5)}}@media (min-width: 1280px){.add-padding-right{padding-right:100px!important}}@media (min-width: 1024px) and (max-width: 1279px){.add-padding-right{padding-right:40px!important}}@media (min-width: 1280px){.add-margin-left{margin-left:15px!important}}@media (min-width: 1024px){.remove-padding-bottom{padding-bottom:0!important}.adjust-width-to-full-page{width:100%!important}}@media (max-width: 767px){.banner-container{padding-bottom:0}}@media (min-width: 1024px){.banner-container{padding-bottom:30px}}.banner-container .xs-product-detail-content{margin:45px 0}@media (min-width: 767px){.banner-container .upper-section{display:flex}}@media (min-width: 1280px){.banner-container .upper-section .leftBookImage{padding-left:0!important}}@media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1279px){.banner-container .upper-section .leftBookImage{display:table}}.banner-container .upper-section .leftBookImage .icon-open-access{font-size:15px!important;vertical-align:middle}.banner-container .upper-section .leftBookImage .altmetricBadge{display:flex;margin:auto}@media (min-width: 1281px){.banner-container .upper-section .leftBookImage .altmetricBadge{padding-right:60px}}.banner-container .upper-section .blue-banner{position:relative}@media (max-width: 767px){.banner-container .upper-section .blue-banner .full-access-wrapper{padding:5px 10px 5px 8px!important}.banner-container .upper-section .blue-banner .video-content{width:100%;height:189.2px}}@media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1023px){.banner-container .upper-section .blue-banner .video-content{width:100%;height:382px;margin-bottom:20px}}@media (min-width: 1024px) and (max-width: 1279px){.banner-container .upper-section .blue-banner .video-content{width:610px;height:350px;margin-bottom:20px}}@media (min-width: 1280px){.banner-container .upper-section .blue-banner .video-content{width:758px;height:382px;margin-bottom:20px}}.banner-container .upper-section .blue-banner .product-title-container .product-banner-title{line-height:41px;font-size:30px;letter-spacing:.45px;color:#000;display:block;pointer-events:none;cursor:default}@media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1279px){.banner-container .upper-section .blue-banner .product-title-container .product-banner-title{font-size:24px;line-height:33px}}@media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1023px){.banner-container .upper-section .blue-banner .product-title-container .product-banner-title{margin-top:0!important;margin-bottom:0!important}}@media (max-width: 767px){.banner-container .upper-section .blue-banner .product-title-container .product-banner-title{font-size:22px;color:#000;line-height:1.27;letter-spacing:.33px;margin-top:15px}.banner-container .upper-section .blue-banner .product-title-container .product-banner-subtitle{color:#000;font-size:16px;line-height:1.22;letter-spacing:.27px}}.banner-container .upper-section .blue-banner .expand-product-title-container{width:100%!important}@media (max-width: 767px){.banner-container .upper-section .blue-banner .coverimage{margin:0}.banner-container .upper-section .blue-banner .coverimage .product-cover-image{margin:40px auto 0;position:absolute;left:0;right:0;top:0;cursor:pointer}}@media (max-width: 767px) and (max-width: 767px){.banner-container .upper-section .blue-banner .coverimage .product-cover-image .status-text-wrapper{left:15px;top:0}}@media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1023px){.banner-container .upper-section .blue-banner .coverimage{margin-left:30px}.banner-container .upper-section .blue-banner .coverimage .product-cover-image{position:absolute;top:50px;cursor:pointer}.banner-container .upper-section .blue-banner .coverimage .product-cover-image.coming-soon-layer:after{font-size:16px}}@media (min-width: 1024px) and (max-width: 1279px){.banner-container .upper-section .blue-banner .coverimage{margin-left:54px}.banner-container .upper-section .blue-banner .coverimage .product-cover-image{position:absolute;top:50px;cursor:pointer}.banner-container .upper-section .blue-banner .coverimage .product-cover-image.coming-soon-layer:after{font-size:16px}.banner-container .upper-section .blue-banner .product-title-container{width:450px;margin-top:-7px}}@media (min-width: 1280px){.banner-container .upper-section .blue-banner .coverimage{margin-left:67px}.banner-container .upper-section .blue-banner .coverimage .product-cover-image{display:block;position:absolute;top:50px;cursor:pointer}.banner-container .upper-section .blue-banner .product-title-container{width:600px;margin-top:-7px}}.banner-container .upper-section .blue-banner .container{width:100%!important;display:-webkit- flex;display:flex;flex-direction:row;-ms-align-items:flex-end;align-items:flex-end}.banner-container .upper-section .productPageClass .product-banner-subtitle{font-size:20px;line-height:27px;color:#000;padding-top:15px}@media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1279px){.banner-container .upper-section .productPageClass .product-banner-subtitle{font-size:14px;line-height:19px}}.banner-container .upper-section .product-detail-container{display:block}@media (max-width: 767px){.banner-container .upper-section .product-detail-container{width:100%}.banner-container .upper-section .product-detail-container .product-banner-title{font-size:22px;color:#000;line-height:1.27;letter-spacing:.33px;margin-top:15px}.banner-container .upper-section .product-detail-container .product-banner-subtitle{color:#000;font-size:16px;line-height:1.22;letter-spacing:.27px}}.banner-container .upper-section .product-detail-container .product-banner-publish{margin:10px auto;font-size:18px;font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-stretch:normal;line-height:normal;letter-spacing:.39px}@media (min-width: 1280px){.banner-container .upper-section .product-detail-container .product-banner-publish{margin:0 auto 20px;line-height:24px}}@media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1279px){.banner-container .upper-section .product-detail-container .product-banner-publish{font-size:18px;font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-stretch:normal;line-height:normal;letter-spacing:.39px}}@media (max-width: 767px){.banner-container .upper-section .product-detail-container .product-banner-publish{font-size:12px;margin:10px auto 0}}@media (min-width: 768px){.banner-container .upper-section .product-title{display:block}.banner-container .upper-section .product-detail-container{display:block}}.banner-container .upper-section.collapse-details{padding-bottom:0}.banner-container .upper-section .message-wrapper a{text-decoration:underline}@media (max-width: 767px){.banner-container .upper-section .left-space{margin-left:0}}@media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1023px){.banner-container .upper-section .left-space{margin-left:15px}}@media (min-width: 1024px) and (max-width: 1279px){.banner-container .upper-section .left-space{margin-left:35px}}.banner-container .product-content-type{margin:0;font-weight:normal;font-size:15px;line-height:30px;font-family:"Open Sans","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;color:#666;display:inline}@media (min-width: 768px){.banner-container .product-content-type{font-size:14px;letter-spacing:.3px;margin-right:20px;display:inline-block}}@media (max-width: 767px){.banner-container .product-content-type{font-size:14px;line-height:30px;line-height:normal;letter-spacing:.3px;text-align:center;padding-bottom:10px}}@media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1023px){.banner-container .product-content-type p{margin-bottom:0}}@media (max-width: 767px){.mb-hyperlink{padding-left:0!important;padding-right:0!important}.mb-hyperlink-padding{padding-bottom:15px!important}.iframe-player{width:100%;height:189px}}@media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1023px){.iframe-player{height:382px;width:100%}}@media (min-width: 1024px) and (max-width: 1279px){.iframe-player{width:100%;height:382px;margin-bottom:20px}}@media (min-width: 1280px){.iframe-player{width:757px;height:382px;margin-bottom:20px}}.iframe-player iframe{height:100%!important;width:100%!important}@media (max-width: 1023px){.video{margin-top:20px}}@media (max-width: 767px){.video-container{padding-top:30px}}@media (min-width: 1024px){.video-container{padding-top:20px}}.vjs-control-bar .vjs-seek-button{width:3em}.video-poster-overlay{position:relative;background-color:#0009}@media (max-width: 767px){.video-poster-overlay{margin-top:30px;height:169px!important}}@media (min-width: 1024px){.video-poster-overlay{margin-top:20px;height:382px!important}}.video-poster-overlay .video-poster-image{object-fit:cover;width:100%;height:100%;opacity:.5}.video-poster-overlay .no-access-text{position:absolute;left:50%;width:90%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%);bottom:-5%;background:#f2f7f8;font-size:13px;line-height:1.69;letter-spacing:.3px;color:#333;padding:20px}@media (max-width: 767px){.video-poster-overlay .no-access-text{bottom:-20%}}.video-poster-overlay:after{position:absolute;width:100%;height:100%;background-color:#0009;opacity:1;transition:all .5s;-webkit-transition:all .5s}.video-section,.video-js{width:100%}@media (max-width: 767px){.video-section,.video-js{height:169px!important}}@media (min-width: 768px){.video-section,.video-js{height:382px!important}}@media (max-width: 767px){.video_player-dimensions{height:169px!important}}@media (min-width: 768px){.video_player-dimensions{height:382px!important}}#transcript{width:100%!important}.transcript-section{padding-top:5px}@media (max-width: 767px){.transcript-section{padding-top:13px}}.transcript-heading{text-transform:uppercase;color:#000;font-size:14px;margin-bottom:26px}@media (min-width: 1024px){.transcript-heading{font-size:16px;letter-spacing:.24px}.transcript-video_player{padding:34px 10px 34px 28px}.transcript-body{max-height:350px}}@media (max-width: 1023px){.transcript-body{max-height:350px!important}}.transcript-body .is-active{background-color:#f2f7f8;border:1px solid #e6e6e6;color:#007a96}.transcript-line:hover{background-color:#f2f7f8;border:1px solid #e6e6e6;color:#007a96}.transcript-text{font-size:12px;color:#000;line-height:2;letter-spacing:.26px}@media (min-width: 1024px){.transcript-text{font-size:14px;line-height:2.29;letter-spacing:.3px}}.transcript-text:hover{color:#007a96}.disableSave{-webkit-user-select:none;-webkit-touch-callout:none}@media (min-width: 768px){.hyperlink-inline-content .access-indicator-wrapper{display:flex!important;margin-bottom:10px;margin-top:20px}}.remove-margin .access-indicator-wrapper{margin-top:20px!important;margin-bottom:0!important;width:144px;text-align:center}@media (max-width: 767px){.remove-margin .access-indicator-wrapper{margin:0 auto}}@media (max-width: 1279px){.remove-margin .access-indicator-wrapper{width:142px}}@media (max-width: 767px){.mb-hyperlink-text .access-indicator-wrapper .creative-common-text{text-align:center;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:.26px}}@media (min-width: 768px){.mb-hyperlink-text .access-indicator-wrapper .creative-common-text{display:flex!important;margin-left:10px!important}} </style><style ng-transition="product-detail-page">@keyframes circular_rotate{to{transform:scale(1)}0%{transform:scale(.5)}}.product-data-wrapper-container[_ngcontent-sc172] button[_ngcontent-sc172]{border:transparent;background:transparent;width:100%;text-align:left}@media (max-width: 767px){.product-data-wrapper-container[_ngcontent-sc172]{margin:0 auto 45px}}@media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1023px){.product-data-wrapper-container[_ngcontent-sc172]{margin:0 auto 45px}}@media (min-width: 1024px){.product-data-wrapper-container[_ngcontent-sc172]{display:-webkit- flex;display:flex;flex-direction:column;-ms-align-items:flex-start;align-items:flex-start}}@media (min-width: 1024px) and (max-width: 1279px){.product-data-wrapper-container[_ngcontent-sc172]{margin-bottom:64px;display:inline-block}}@media (min-width: 1280px){.product-data-wrapper-container[_ngcontent-sc172]{margin-bottom:137px}}.product-data-wrapper-container[_ngcontent-sc172] .product-navs[_ngcontent-sc172]{display:block}@media (min-width: 1024px) and (max-width: 1279px){.product-data-wrapper-container[_ngcontent-sc172] .product-navs[_ngcontent-sc172]{margin-right:20px}}@media (min-width: 1280px){.product-data-wrapper-container[_ngcontent-sc172] .product-navs[_ngcontent-sc172]{margin-right:28px;font-size:15px}}.product-data-wrapper-container[_ngcontent-sc172] .prev-next-navgiation[_ngcontent-sc172]{width:100%}@media (min-width: 1280px){.product-data-wrapper-container[_ngcontent-sc172] .prev-next-navgiation[_ngcontent-sc172]{width:745px}}.product-data-wrapper-container[_ngcontent-sc172] .product-tab-content[_ngcontent-sc172]{display:block}@media (min-width: 1024px) and (max-width: 1279px){.product-data-wrapper-container[_ngcontent-sc172] .product-tab-content[_ngcontent-sc172]{width:100%;border-top:1px solid #e6e6e6}}@media (min-width: 1280px){.product-data-wrapper-container[_ngcontent-sc172] .product-tab-content[_ngcontent-sc172]{width:745px;border-top:1px solid #e6e6e6}}.product-data-wrapper-container[_ngcontent-sc172] .dropdown-icons[_ngcontent-sc172]{float:right}.product-data-wrapper-container[_ngcontent-sc172] .dropdown-icons[_ngcontent-sc172] i[_ngcontent-sc172]{font-size:24px;font-weight:bold}.product-data-wrapper-container[_ngcontent-sc172] .dropdown-icons[_ngcontent-sc172] .icon-down[_ngcontent-sc172]{font-size:20px;font-weight:600}.product-data-wrapper-container[_ngcontent-sc172] .dropdown-icons[_ngcontent-sc172] .icon-up[_ngcontent-sc172]{font-size:20px;font-weight:600}.product-data-wrapper-container[_ngcontent-sc172] .product-content-header[_ngcontent-sc172]{width:70px;height:18px;font-size:14px;font-weight:bold;font-style:normal;font-stretch:normal;color:#000;line-height:1.54;letter-spacing:.24px}@media (max-width: 767px){.product-data-wrapper-container[_ngcontent-sc172] .product-content-header[_ngcontent-sc172]{font-size:14px}}.product-data-wrapper-container[_ngcontent-sc172] .accordian-color[_ngcontent-sc172]{color:#000}.product-data-wrapper-container[_ngcontent-sc172] .product-header-container[_ngcontent-sc172]{cursor:pointer;padding:20px 0}@media (max-width: 767px){.product-data-wrapper-container[_ngcontent-sc172] .product-header-container[_ngcontent-sc172]{padding:20px 0 18px}}.product-data-wrapper-container[_ngcontent-sc172] .product-body-container[_ngcontent-sc172]{padding:20px 0}.product-data-wrapper-container[_ngcontent-sc172] .bottom-line[_ngcontent-sc172]{border-bottom:1px solid #e6e6e6!important}.product-data-wrapper-container[_ngcontent-sc172] .remove-bottom-border[_ngcontent-sc172]{border-bottom:0px!important}.image-container[_ngcontent-sc172]{border-top:1px solid #e6e6e6;padding-top:30px}.image-no-access[_ngcontent-sc172]{background-color:#3d7099;padding:30px}@media (max-width: 767px){.image-no-access[_ngcontent-sc172]{padding:20px}}@media (min-width: 768px){.image-no-access[_ngcontent-sc172]{display:flex}}@media (max-width: 767px){.image-no-access[_ngcontent-sc172] .lock-icon[_ngcontent-sc172]{display:block;margin:auto}}.image-no-access[_ngcontent-sc172] .access-error[_ngcontent-sc172]{font-size:18px;line-height:1.67;letter-spacing:.42px;color:#fff}.image-no-access[_ngcontent-sc172] .access-error[_ngcontent-sc172] .error-message-text[_ngcontent-sc172]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline solid!important;text-decoration:underline solid!important;color:#fff;font-weight:bold}@media (max-width: 767px){.image-no-access[_ngcontent-sc172] .access-error[_ngcontent-sc172]{font-size:14px;line-height:1.71;letter-spacing:.33px;padding-top:20px}}@media (min-width: 768px){.image-no-access[_ngcontent-sc172] .access-error[_ngcontent-sc172]{padding-left:20px}}.rom-image-content[_ngcontent-sc172]{text-align:center}.remove-padding[_ngcontent-sc172]{padding-left:0!important}.disableSave[_ngcontent-sc172]{-webkit-user-select:none;-webkit-touch-callout:none}.remove-top-border[_ngcontent-sc172]{border-top:0px!important}</style><style ng-transition="product-detail-page">@keyframes circular_rotate{to{transform:scale(1)}0%{transform:scale(.5)}}@media (max-width: 767px){.mb-add-padding[_ngcontent-sc157]{padding-left:15px!important;padding-right:15px!important}}button[_ngcontent-sc157]{border:transparent;background:transparent}@media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1023px){button[_ngcontent-sc157]{padding-left:4px}}.citation-container[_ngcontent-sc157]{padding-top:10px;padding-bottom:10px}@media (max-width: 767px){.citation-container[_ngcontent-sc157]{display:block;margin-left:20px}}.citation-container[_ngcontent-sc157] .ctText[_ngcontent-sc157]{margin-top:10px;color:#007a96}@media (max-width: 767px){.citation-container[_ngcontent-sc157] .ctText[_ngcontent-sc157]{display:inline;margin-left:10px}}.open-export-citation[_ngcontent-sc157]{cursor:pointer;padding:9px;border-radius:50%;text-align:center;color:#007a96;font-weight:900;background-color:#fff;box-shadow:0 0 2px 1px #928e8e33}.product-details-rom[_ngcontent-sc157]{width:90%!important}@media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1023px){.product-details-rom[_ngcontent-sc157]{width:80%!important}}.tooltip-rom[_ngcontent-sc157]{position:absolute!important}@media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1023px){.tooltip-rom[_ngcontent-sc157]{right:4%!important}}@media (min-width: 1280px){.tooltip-rom[_ngcontent-sc157]{right:0%!important}}.tooltip-specifictype[_ngcontent-sc157]{position:absolute!important}@media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1023px){.tooltip-specifictype[_ngcontent-sc157]{right:4%!important}}@media (min-width: 1280px){.tooltip-specifictype[_ngcontent-sc157]{right:-6%!important}}.product-citation-conatiner[_ngcontent-sc157]{display:flex;flex-direction:row}@media (max-width: 767px){.product-citation-conatiner[_ngcontent-sc157]{display:block}}@media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1023px){.product-citation-conatiner[_ngcontent-sc157] .product-details[_ngcontent-sc157]{width:80%!important}}#book_online[_ngcontent-sc157], #book_download[_ngcontent-sc157]{margin-top:15px}.citation[_ngcontent-sc157]{display:flex;flex-direction:column;align-items:center;grid-gap:20px;gap:20px;align-self:flex-end}@media (max-width: 767px){.citation[_ngcontent-sc157]{margin-top:30px;top:0;left:0;display:flex;flex-direction:row}.citation[_ngcontent-sc157] .citatioin[_ngcontent-sc157] > addthis-toolbox[_ngcontent-sc157]{margin-right:15px}}.bookButtons[_ngcontent-sc157]{display:flex;flex-direction:row}@media (max-width: 767px){.citatioin[_ngcontent-sc157] > addthis-toolbox[_ngcontent-sc157]{margin-right:15px}}@media (min-width: 1280px){.expand-product-details[_ngcontent-sc157]{width:650px!important}}.product-details[_ngcontent-sc157] .hidden-chapter-page[_ngcontent-sc157]{display:none}.product-details[_ngcontent-sc157] .parent-navigation[_ngcontent-sc157]{display:flex}@media (max-width: 767px){.product-details[_ngcontent-sc157] .parent-navigation[_ngcontent-sc157]{margin-top:10px}}@media (min-width: 768px){.product-details[_ngcontent-sc157] .product-title[_ngcontent-sc157]{display:none}}@media (min-width: 1024px) and (max-width: 1279px){.product-details[_ngcontent-sc157]{margin-left:0}}@media (min-width: 1280px){.product-details[_ngcontent-sc157]{width:90%!important;margin-left:0}}.product-details[_ngcontent-sc157] .button-wrapper[_ngcontent-sc157]{margin-top:20px}.product-details[_ngcontent-sc157] .button-wrapper[_ngcontent-sc157] .btn[_ngcontent-sc157]{margin-top:0;width:115px;white-space:normal;padding:6px 11px;font-size:11px;line-height:1.5;border-radius:0}.product-details[_ngcontent-sc157] .button-wrapper[_ngcontent-sc157] .btn.btn-primary[_ngcontent-sc157]{margin-right:13px}.product-details[_ngcontent-sc157] .button-wrapper[_ngcontent-sc157] .btn.btn-outline[_ngcontent-sc157]{padding:3px 11px;font-size:12px;line-height:1.5;border-radius:0}.product-details[_ngcontent-sc157] .message-wrapper[_ngcontent-sc157]{border-radius:5px;background-color:#cceaf0;padding:10px 20px 10px 15px;width:435px}@media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1279px){.product-details[_ngcontent-sc157] .message-wrapper[_ngcontent-sc157]{width:360px;padding:10px 10px 12px 15px}}@media (max-width: 767px){.product-details[_ngcontent-sc157] .message-wrapper[_ngcontent-sc157]{width:auto;padding:10px 10px 10px 15px}}@media (min-width: 1024px){.product-details[_ngcontent-sc157] .btn[_ngcontent-sc157]{margin-top:0;min-width:115px;padding:10px 20px;font-size:12px;line-height:1.5;border-radius:0}.product-details[_ngcontent-sc157] .btn.btn-primary[_ngcontent-sc157]{margin-right:13px}.product-details[_ngcontent-sc157] .btn.btn-outline[_ngcontent-sc157]{padding:9px 14px;font-size:12px;line-height:1.5;border-radius:0}.product-details[_ngcontent-sc157] .btn[_ngcontent-sc157] .download-pdf[_ngcontent-sc157], .product-details[_ngcontent-sc157] .btn[_ngcontent-sc157] .open-new-page[_ngcontent-sc157]{display:none}.product-details[_ngcontent-sc157] .btn[_ngcontent-sc157]:hover .download[_ngcontent-sc157], .product-details[_ngcontent-sc157] .btn[_ngcontent-sc157]:hover .read[_ngcontent-sc157]{display:none}.product-details[_ngcontent-sc157] .btn[_ngcontent-sc157]:hover .download-pdf[_ngcontent-sc157], .product-details[_ngcontent-sc157] .btn[_ngcontent-sc157]:hover .open-new-page[_ngcontent-sc157]{display:inline-block}}.message-wrapper[_ngcontent-sc157]{border-radius:5px;background-color:#00a9cc33;padding:10px 20px 10px 15px;width:435px}@media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1279px){.message-wrapper[_ngcontent-sc157]{width:360px;padding:10px 10px 12px 15px}}@media (max-width: 767px){.message-wrapper[_ngcontent-sc157]{width:auto;padding:10px 10px 10px 15px}}.message-wrapper[_ngcontent-sc157] p[_ngcontent-sc157]{margin-bottom:0;font-size:12px;line-height:normal;color:#000}@media (min-width: 768px){.preview-pdf-btn[_ngcontent-sc157]{margin:20px 0 0!important;padding:10px 20px!important;width:125px!important}}.ebook-tag[_ngcontent-sc157]{height:62px;width:125px;background-color:#cceaf0;text-align:center;padding-top:5px}@media (max-width: 767px){.ebook-tag[_ngcontent-sc157]{margin-top:10px}}.ebook-tag[_ngcontent-sc157] .e-tag[_ngcontent-sc157]{font-size:18px}.ebook-tag[_ngcontent-sc157] .e-price[_ngcontent-sc157]{font-size:14px}.product-book-text[_ngcontent-sc157]{display:inline-block;padding-right:18px;font-size:18px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:.39px;color:#666}@media (max-width: 767px){.product-book-text[_ngcontent-sc157]{font-size:14px;letter-spacing:.3px}}.product-book-link[_ngcontent-sc157]{display:inline-block;font-size:18px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:.39px;color:#007a96;text-decoration:underline;cursor:pointer}@media (max-width: 767px){.product-book-link[_ngcontent-sc157]{font-size:14px;letter-spacing:.3px}}.product-details-entry[_ngcontent-sc157] .hidden-chapter-page[_ngcontent-sc157]{display:none}.product-details-entry[_ngcontent-sc157] .parent-navigation[_ngcontent-sc157]{display:flex}@media (max-width: 767px){.product-details-entry[_ngcontent-sc157] .parent-navigation[_ngcontent-sc157]{margin-top:10px}}@media (min-width: 768px){.product-details-entry[_ngcontent-sc157] .product-title[_ngcontent-sc157]{display:none}}@media (min-width: 1024px) and (max-width: 1279px){.product-details-entry[_ngcontent-sc157]{margin-left:0}}@media (min-width: 1280px){.product-details-entry[_ngcontent-sc157]{width:660px;margin-left:0}}.product-details-entry[_ngcontent-sc157] .button-wrapper[_ngcontent-sc157]{margin-top:20px}.product-details-entry[_ngcontent-sc157] .button-wrapper[_ngcontent-sc157] .btn[_ngcontent-sc157]{margin-top:0;width:115px;white-space:normal;padding:6px 11px;font-size:11px;line-height:1.5;border-radius:0}.product-details-entry[_ngcontent-sc157] .button-wrapper[_ngcontent-sc157] .btn.btn-primary[_ngcontent-sc157]{margin-right:13px}.product-details-entry[_ngcontent-sc157] .button-wrapper[_ngcontent-sc157] .btn.btn-outline[_ngcontent-sc157]{padding:3px 11px;font-size:12px;line-height:1.5;border-radius:0}.product-details-entry[_ngcontent-sc157] .message-wrapper[_ngcontent-sc157]{border-radius:5px;background-color:#cceaf0;padding:10px 20px 10px 15px;width:435px}@media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1279px){.product-details-entry[_ngcontent-sc157] .message-wrapper[_ngcontent-sc157]{width:360px;padding:10px 10px 12px 15px}}@media (max-width: 767px){.product-details-entry[_ngcontent-sc157] .message-wrapper[_ngcontent-sc157]{width:auto;padding:10px 10px 10px 15px}}@media (min-width: 1024px){.product-details-entry[_ngcontent-sc157] .btn[_ngcontent-sc157]{margin-top:0;min-width:115px;padding:10px 20px;font-size:12px;line-height:1.5;border-radius:0}.product-details-entry[_ngcontent-sc157] .btn.btn-primary[_ngcontent-sc157]{margin-right:13px}.product-details-entry[_ngcontent-sc157] .btn.btn-outline[_ngcontent-sc157]{padding:9px 14px;font-size:12px;line-height:1.5;border-radius:0}.product-details-entry[_ngcontent-sc157] .btn[_ngcontent-sc157] .download-pdf[_ngcontent-sc157], .product-details-entry[_ngcontent-sc157] .btn[_ngcontent-sc157] .open-new-page[_ngcontent-sc157]{display:none}.product-details-entry[_ngcontent-sc157] .btn[_ngcontent-sc157]:hover .download[_ngcontent-sc157], .product-details-entry[_ngcontent-sc157] .btn[_ngcontent-sc157]:hover .read[_ngcontent-sc157]{display:none}.product-details-entry[_ngcontent-sc157] .btn[_ngcontent-sc157]:hover .download-pdf[_ngcontent-sc157], .product-details-entry[_ngcontent-sc157] .btn[_ngcontent-sc157]:hover .open-new-page[_ngcontent-sc157]{display:inline-block}}.tooltip-menu[_ngcontent-sc157]{z-index:100010;width:150px;border-radius:3px;box-shadow:0 0 2px #000;margin-top:10px;list-style:none;padding:15px 20px;left:-9%!important;position:relative!important;background-color:#fff}.tooltip-menu[_ngcontent-sc157]:after{content:"";position:absolute;bottom:100%;filter:drop-shadow(0 -3px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.12));left:39%;border-width:10px;border-style:solid;border-color:transparent transparent white transparent}.tooltip-menu[_ngcontent-sc157] li[_ngcontent-sc157]{cursor:pointer;padding:10px 5px 15px 2px;white-space:pre;position:relative}.tooltip-menu[_ngcontent-sc157] li[_ngcontent-sc157]:not(:last-child):after{content:"";position:absolute;height:1px;width:100%;background:#D8D8D8;top:90%;left:0}.tooltip-menu[_ngcontent-sc157] li[_ngcontent-sc157]:first-child{padding:5px 5px 15px 2px}.tooltip-menu[_ngcontent-sc157] li[_ngcontent-sc157]:last-child{padding:15px 5px 5px 2px}.tooltip-menu[_ngcontent-sc157] img[_ngcontent-sc157]{height:24px;width:24px;cursor:pointer;margin-right:10px}.tooltip-menu[_ngcontent-sc157] hr[_ngcontent-sc157]{border:0!important;border-top:1px solid #D8D8D8!important;margin:10px 0}.tooltip-menu[_ngcontent-sc157] .tooltip-div[_ngcontent-sc157]:before .tooltip-div[_ngcontent-sc157]:after{width:147.5px!important;height:241.5px!important}.tooltip-div[_ngcontent-sc157]{position:absolute!important;right:-15%}@media (max-width: 768px){.tooltip-div[_ngcontent-sc157]{right:unset!important;padding-left:15px}}@media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1023px){.tooltip-div[_ngcontent-sc157]{right:-4%!important}}@media (min-width: 1280px){.tooltip-div[_ngcontent-sc157]{right:-11%!important}}.tooltip-div[_ngcontent-sc157] .tooltip-entry[_ngcontent-sc157]:before .tooltip-entry[_ngcontent-sc157]:after{width:147.5px!important;height:241.5px!important}.tooltip-entry[_ngcontent-sc157]{position:absolute!important;right:-5%}@media (max-width: 768px){.tooltip-entry[_ngcontent-sc157]{right:unset!important;padding-left:15px}}@media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1023px){.tooltip-entry[_ngcontent-sc157]{right:-12%!important}}.visually-hidden[_ngcontent-sc157]{clip:rect(0 0 0 0);clip-path:inset(50%);height:1px;overflow:hidden;position:absolute;white-space:nowrap;width:1px}</style><style ng-transition="product-detail-page">@keyframes circular_rotate{to{transform:scale(1)}0%{transform:scale(.5)}}.tlm-icon-styles[_ngcontent-sc104]{width:144px!important;height:136px!important}.product-cover-image[_ngcontent-sc104]{display:flex;position:relative;width:144px;height:202px}.product-cover-image[_ngcontent-sc104] .circle-spinner[_ngcontent-sc104]{position:absolute;top:0;transform:scale(.7);min-height:auto}.product-cover-image.coming-soon-layer[_ngcontent-sc104]:after{content:"Coming soon";position:absolute;width:100%;height:100%;background:rgba(0,0,0,.7);top:0;left:0;color:#fff;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;font-size:14px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold;padding:0 20px}@media (max-width: 767px){.product-cover-image[_ngcontent-sc104]{width:144px;height:202px;margin:auto}}.product-cover-image[_ngcontent-sc104] img.product-image[_ngcontent-sc104]{width:100%;height:100%;box-shadow:2px 2px 4px #00000052}@media (max-width: 768px){.product-cover-image[_ngcontent-sc104] .coming-soon-image[_ngcontent-sc104]{margin-right:10px}}.product-cover-image[_ngcontent-sc104] img[_ngcontent-sc104]:after{content:"";display:block;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;background-color:#fff}.product-cover-image[_ngcontent-sc104] .no-cover-image[_ngcontent-sc104]{background-color:#666;height:100%;width:100%;text-align:center;box-shadow:2px 2px 4px #00000052;display:-webkit- flex;display:flex;-ms-align-items:center;align-items:center}.product-cover-image[_ngcontent-sc104] .no-cover-image[_ngcontent-sc104] .no-image-component[_ngcontent-sc104]{color:#e6e6e6;font-size:12px;display:-webkit- flex;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-align-items:center;align-items:center;-ms-justify-content:center;justify-content:center}.product-cover-image-landscape[_ngcontent-sc104]{width:169px!important;height:125px!important}@media (max-width: 767px){.product-cover-image-landscape[_ngcontent-sc104]{width:169px;height:125px;left:0!important;transform:translate(0)!important}}@media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1023px){.product-cover-image-landscape[_ngcontent-sc104]{width:104px;height:157px}}@media (min-width: 1024px) and (max-width: 1279px){.product-cover-image-landscape[_ngcontent-sc104]{width:106px;height:160px}}@media (max-width: 767px){.product-content-type[_ngcontent-sc104]{margin:0;font-size:14px;line-height:30px;color:#666;letter-spacing:.3px;text-align:center;padding-bottom:10px}}.product-content-type[_ngcontent-sc104] .article-icon[_ngcontent-sc104]{height:100%;width:100%}.youtube-thumbnail[_ngcontent-sc104]{width:240px;height:146px}.youtube-thumbnail[_ngcontent-sc104] img[_ngcontent-sc104]{width:100%!important;height:100%!important}@media (max-width: 767px){.youtube-thumbnail[_ngcontent-sc104]{width:90%;height:182px;margin:auto auto 20px}}.header-cover-image[_ngcontent-sc104]{position:relative}.header-cover-image[_ngcontent-sc104] .circle-spinner[_ngcontent-sc104]{position:absolute;top:0;transform:scale(.7);min-height:auto}@media (max-width: 767px){.header-cover-image[_ngcontent-sc104]{margin:0 auto 30px;width:70px;height:80px}}@media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1023px){.header-cover-image[_ngcontent-sc104]{width:70px!important;height:90px!important}}@media (min-width: 1024px) and (max-width: 1279px){.header-cover-image[_ngcontent-sc104]{width:70px!important;height:90px!important}}@media (min-width: 1280px){.header-cover-image[_ngcontent-sc104]{width:70px;height:90px}}.header-cover-image[_ngcontent-sc104] img.product-image[_ngcontent-sc104]{width:100%;height:100%}.header-cover-image[_ngcontent-sc104] .thematic-essay[_ngcontent-sc104]{width:100%;height:100%}.header-cover-image[_ngcontent-sc104] .thematic-essay[_ngcontent-sc104] img[_ngcontent-sc104]{width:100%;height:100%}.header-cover-image[_ngcontent-sc104] img.product-image[_ngcontent-sc104]:hover{cursor:pointer}.header-cover-image[_ngcontent-sc104] img[_ngcontent-sc104]:after{content:"";display:block;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;background-color:#fff}.header-cover-image[_ngcontent-sc104] .no-cover-image[_ngcontent-sc104]{background-color:#a3a3a3;height:100%;width:100%;text-align:center;display:-webkit- flex;display:flex;-ms-align-items:center;align-items:center}.header-cover-image[_ngcontent-sc104] .no-cover-image[_ngcontent-sc104] no-image[_ngcontent-sc104]{color:#e6e6e6;font-size:12px;display:-webkit- flex;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-align-items:center;align-items:center;-ms-justify-content:center;justify-content:center}.creativework[_ngcontent-sc104]{height:66px!important}.creativework[_ngcontent-sc104] img[_ngcontent-sc104]{height:100%;width:100%}@media (min-width: 1024px){.product-type-icon[_ngcontent-sc104]{width:100px;height:94px;margin-right:24px}}@media (max-width: 1023px){.product-type-icon[_ngcontent-sc104]{width:134px;height:126px}}</style><style ng-transition="product-detail-page">@keyframes circular_rotate{to{transform:scale(1)}0%{transform:scale(.5)}}@media (max-width: 767px){.access-indicator-wrapper[_ngcontent-sc153] .indicator-wrapper[_ngcontent-sc153]{margin-top:1rem!important}}.access-indicator-wrapper[_ngcontent-sc153] .indicator-wrapper[_ngcontent-sc153] .access-wrapper[_ngcontent-sc153], .access-indicator-wrapper[_ngcontent-sc153] .indicator-wrapper[_ngcontent-sc153] .status-wrapper[_ngcontent-sc153]{display:inline-block}@media (min-width: 768px){.access-indicator-wrapper[_ngcontent-sc153] .indicator-wrapper[_ngcontent-sc153] .access-wrapper[_ngcontent-sc153], .access-indicator-wrapper[_ngcontent-sc153] .indicator-wrapper[_ngcontent-sc153] .status-wrapper[_ngcontent-sc153]{margin-bottom:0;position:relative;vertical-align:top}}@media (max-width: 767px){.access-indicator-wrapper[_ngcontent-sc153] .indicator-wrapper[_ngcontent-sc153] .access-wrapper[_ngcontent-sc153], .access-indicator-wrapper[_ngcontent-sc153] .indicator-wrapper[_ngcontent-sc153] .status-wrapper[_ngcontent-sc153]{letter-spacing:.18px}}.access-indicator-wrapper[_ngcontent-sc153] .indicator-wrapper[_ngcontent-sc153] .access-wrapper[_ngcontent-sc153] .status-text-wrapper[_ngcontent-sc153], .access-indicator-wrapper[_ngcontent-sc153] .indicator-wrapper[_ngcontent-sc153] .status-wrapper[_ngcontent-sc153] .status-text-wrapper[_ngcontent-sc153]{height:10px;border-radius:100px;background-color:#666;font-size:12px;padding:5px 10px 5px 8px;font-weight:500px;color:#fff;position:relative;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.8px}@media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1279px){.access-indicator-wrapper[_ngcontent-sc153] .indicator-wrapper[_ngcontent-sc153] .access-wrapper[_ngcontent-sc153] .status-text-wrapper[_ngcontent-sc153], .access-indicator-wrapper[_ngcontent-sc153] .indicator-wrapper[_ngcontent-sc153] .status-wrapper[_ngcontent-sc153] .status-text-wrapper[_ngcontent-sc153]{font-size:10px;padding:5px 10px 5px 8px}}@media (max-width: 767px){.access-indicator-wrapper[_ngcontent-sc153] .indicator-wrapper[_ngcontent-sc153] .access-wrapper[_ngcontent-sc153] .status-text-wrapper[_ngcontent-sc153], .access-indicator-wrapper[_ngcontent-sc153] .indicator-wrapper[_ngcontent-sc153] .status-wrapper[_ngcontent-sc153] .status-text-wrapper[_ngcontent-sc153]{left:0;top:0}.access-indicator-wrapper[_ngcontent-sc153] .indicator-wrapper[_ngcontent-sc153]{margin-top:20px}}@media (max-width: 1023px){.open-access-tooltip[_ngcontent-sc153], .full-access-tooltip[_ngcontent-sc153], .free-access-tooltip[_ngcontent-sc153]{display:none}}@media (min-width: 1024px){.open-access-tooltip[_ngcontent-sc153], .full-access-tooltip[_ngcontent-sc153], .free-access-tooltip[_ngcontent-sc153]{letter-spacing:.3px;color:#131b1a;position:absolute;width:250px;height:auto;border:1px solid #ccc;line-height:18px;font-size:13px;text-align:left;padding:5px;background-color:#fff;box-shadow:0 0 8px 1px #00000080;left:100%;top:15%;margin-left:25px;opacity:0;transform:translate(-10px);transition:opacity .3s,transform .3s;z-index:2}.poa-tooltip[_ngcontent-sc153]{left:95%;top:30%}.open-access-tooltip-sub-part[_ngcontent-sc153]{margin-left:2px}.full-access-tooltip[_ngcontent-sc153]{width:220px!important}.showtooltip[_ngcontent-sc153]:focus + .open-access-tooltip[_ngcontent-sc153], .showtooltip[_ngcontent-sc153]:focus + .full-access-tooltip[_ngcontent-sc153], .showtooltip[_ngcontent-sc153]:focus + .free-access-tooltip[_ngcontent-sc153], .showtooltip[_ngcontent-sc153]:hover + .open-access-tooltip[_ngcontent-sc153], .showtooltip[_ngcontent-sc153]:hover + .full-access-tooltip[_ngcontent-sc153], .showtooltip[_ngcontent-sc153]:hover + .free-access-tooltip[_ngcontent-sc153]{pointer-events:auto;opacity:1;transform:translate(-10px,-31px) rotate3d(0,0,0,0)}.showtooltip[_ngcontent-sc153]:hover + .full-access-tooltip[_ngcontent-sc153]{transform:translate(-10px,-25px) rotate3d(0,0,0,0)}.open-access-tooltip[_ngcontent-sc153]:after, .full-access-tooltip[_ngcontent-sc153]:after, .free-access-tooltip[_ngcontent-sc153]:after{border-width:8px!important;border-color:transparent!important;border-left-color:#fff!important;margin-left:3px;margin-top:2px;z-index:99}.open-access-tooltip[_ngcontent-sc153]:before, .full-access-tooltip[_ngcontent-sc153]:before, .free-access-tooltip[_ngcontent-sc153]:before{border-width:10px!important;border-color:transparent!important;border-left-color:#ccc!important;margin-left:-1px}.open-access-tooltip[_ngcontent-sc153]:before, .open-access-tooltip[_ngcontent-sc153]:after, .full-access-tooltip[_ngcontent-sc153]:before, .full-access-tooltip[_ngcontent-sc153]:after, .free-access-tooltip[_ngcontent-sc153]:before, .free-access-tooltip[_ngcontent-sc153]:after{content:"";width:0px;height:0px;position:absolute;border:solid transparent;left:-19px;top:36%;transform:rotate(180deg)}.full-access-tooltip[_ngcontent-sc153]:before, .full-access-tooltip[_ngcontent-sc153]:after{top:30%}}.free-access-wrapper[_ngcontent-sc153]{height:15px;border-radius:100px;background-color:#2f8367;font-size:12px;padding:3px 10px 3px 8px;font-weight:500;color:#fff;position:relative;letter-spacing:.8px;top:1px}@media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1279px){.free-access-wrapper[_ngcontent-sc153]{font-size:12px!important;padding:3px 10px 3px 8px}}@media (max-width: 767px){.free-access-wrapper[_ngcontent-sc153]{left:-1%;top:0}}.free-access-wrapper[_ngcontent-sc153] em[_ngcontent-sc153]{font-weight:900;font-size:12px}.free-access-wrapper[_ngcontent-sc153] span[_ngcontent-sc153]{padding-right:2px}.free-access-wrapper[_ngcontent-sc153] .icon-check[_ngcontent-sc153]{font-size:16px!important;font-weight:700!important;padding:3px}.version-tab-icon[_ngcontent-sc153]{padding:2px!important;line-height:1.1!important}.full-access-wrapper[_ngcontent-sc153], .poa-wrapper[_ngcontent-sc153]{height:10px;border-radius:100px;background-color:#a06903;font-size:12px;padding:5px 15px 5px 8px;font-weight:500;color:#fff;position:relative;letter-spacing:.8px}@media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1279px){.full-access-wrapper[_ngcontent-sc153], .poa-wrapper[_ngcontent-sc153]{font-size:10px!important;padding:5px 15px 5px 8px;white-space:nowrap}}@media (max-width: 767px){.full-access-wrapper[_ngcontent-sc153], .poa-wrapper[_ngcontent-sc153]{padding:5px 10px 5px 8px;left:0;top:0}}.full-access-wrapper[_ngcontent-sc153] .icon-open-access[_ngcontent-sc153], .poa-wrapper[_ngcontent-sc153] .icon-open-access[_ngcontent-sc153]{font-size:16px!important;padding-bottom:3px}.full-access-wrapper[_ngcontent-sc153] .icon-indent[_ngcontent-sc153], .poa-wrapper[_ngcontent-sc153] .icon-indent[_ngcontent-sc153]{font-size:20px!important;background-color:#a06903;border-radius:50%;padding:4px;font-weight:900;width:29px;height:29px}.poa-wrapper[_ngcontent-sc153]{height:auto;max-width:85%;display:inline-flex;letter-spacing:inherit}.poa-wrapper[_ngcontent-sc153] .text[_ngcontent-sc153]{text-align:left}.creative-common-text[_ngcontent-sc153]{text-align:center;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:.26px}.left-side-indicator[_ngcontent-sc153]{margin-right:5px}@media (min-width: 1024px){.left-side-indicator[_ngcontent-sc153] .open-access-tooltip[_ngcontent-sc153], .left-side-indicator[_ngcontent-sc153] .full-access-tooltip[_ngcontent-sc153], .left-side-indicator[_ngcontent-sc153] .free-access-tooltip[_ngcontent-sc153]{left:-250px!important;top:15px!important}.left-side-indicator[_ngcontent-sc153] .open-access-tooltip[_ngcontent-sc153]:after, .left-side-indicator[_ngcontent-sc153] .full-access-tooltip[_ngcontent-sc153]:after, .left-side-indicator[_ngcontent-sc153] .free-access-tooltip[_ngcontent-sc153]:after{margin-left:0!important;margin-top:0!important}.left-side-indicator[_ngcontent-sc153] .open-access-tooltip[_ngcontent-sc153]:before, .left-side-indicator[_ngcontent-sc153] .full-access-tooltip[_ngcontent-sc153]:before, .left-side-indicator[_ngcontent-sc153] .free-access-tooltip[_ngcontent-sc153]:before{margin:0!important}.left-side-indicator[_ngcontent-sc153] .open-access-tooltip[_ngcontent-sc153]:before, .left-side-indicator[_ngcontent-sc153] .open-access-tooltip[_ngcontent-sc153]:after, .left-side-indicator[_ngcontent-sc153] .full-access-tooltip[_ngcontent-sc153]:before, .left-side-indicator[_ngcontent-sc153] .full-access-tooltip[_ngcontent-sc153]:after, .left-side-indicator[_ngcontent-sc153] .free-access-tooltip[_ngcontent-sc153]:before, .left-side-indicator[_ngcontent-sc153] .free-access-tooltip[_ngcontent-sc153]:after{left:100%!important;top:30%!important;transform:rotate(360deg)}}.left-side-indicator[_ngcontent-sc153] .full-access-wrapper[_ngcontent-sc153], .left-side-indicator[_ngcontent-sc153] .free-access-wrapper[_ngcontent-sc153]{height:unset!important;padding:0!important;display:flex!important;justify-content:center!important;align-items:center!important}@media (max-width: 767px){.left-side-indicator[_ngcontent-sc153] .full-access-wrapper-sub-part[_ngcontent-sc153]{position:relative;top:-11px}}.access-indicator-wrapper-margin[_ngcontent-sc153]{margin-top:15px!important}.creative-common-text-article[_ngcontent-sc153]{display:flex;margin-top:-30px;margin-left:132px}.access-indicator-open-access-article[_ngcontent-sc153]{margin-left:-2px;margin-bottom:21.5px}</style><style ng-transition="product-detail-page">@keyframes circular_rotate{to{transform:scale(1)}0%{transform:scale(.5)}}@media (max-width: 767px){.wrapper[_ngcontent-sc110]{margin-bottom:10px!important}}.product-banner-title[_ngcontent-sc110]{margin:0;font-weight:normal;font-size:20px;line-height:30px;color:#666;display:inline;cursor:pointer}@media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1023px){.product-banner-title[_ngcontent-sc110]{word-wrap:normal;max-width:100%;font-size:18px!important;margin-bottom:15px;color:#000!important;line-height:normal;letter-spacing:.3px;margin-top:5px;top:10px;position:relative}}@media (min-width: 1024px){.product-banner-title[_ngcontent-sc110]{font-size:30px;line-height:22px;letter-spacing:.45px;margin-right:20px;display:inline-block}}@media (max-width: 767px){.product-banner-title[_ngcontent-sc110]{font-size:16px;letter-spacing:.33px}}.product-banner-subtitle[_ngcontent-sc110]{margin:0;font-weight:normal;line-height:30px;color:#000;display:inline}@media (min-width: 768px){.product-banner-subtitle[_ngcontent-sc110]{font-size:20px;line-height:22px;letter-spacing:.3px;margin-right:20px;display:inline-block}}@media (max-width: 767px){.product-banner-subtitle[_ngcontent-sc110]{font-size:16px;letter-spacing:.27px}}.product-content-type[_ngcontent-sc110]{margin:0;font-weight:normal;font-size:15px;line-height:30px;font-family:"Open Sans","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;color:#666;display:inline}@media (min-width: 768px){.product-content-type[_ngcontent-sc110]{font-size:14px;letter-spacing:.3px;margin-right:20px;display:inline-block}}.product-banner-subtitle[_ngcontent-sc110]{font-family:"Open Sans","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:12px;margin:0;color:#666;font-weight:normal;line-height:22px}@media (min-width: 768px){.product-banner-subtitle[_ngcontent-sc110]{font-size:20px;line-height:22px;letter-spacing:.3px}.smallFont[_ngcontent-sc110]{font-size:16px}}.free-access-wrapper[_ngcontent-sc110]{height:15px;border-radius:100px;background-color:#2f8367;font-size:10px;padding:3px 10px 3px 8px;font-weight:600;letter-spacing:.8px;color:#fff;position:relative;top:0px}@media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1279px){.free-access-wrapper[_ngcontent-sc110]{font-size:12px!important;padding:3px 10px 3px 8px}}@media (max-width: 767px){.free-access-wrapper[_ngcontent-sc110]{left:-1%;top:0}}.free-access-wrapper[_ngcontent-sc110] em[_ngcontent-sc110]{font-weight:900;font-size:12px}@media (max-width: 767px){.free-access-wrapper[_ngcontent-sc110] em[_ngcontent-sc110]{font-size:12px!important;top:-1px}}.full-access-wrapper[_ngcontent-sc110]{height:10px;border-radius:100px;background-color:#a06903;font-size:12px!important;padding:5px 15px 5px 8px;font-weight:bold;color:#fff;letter-spacing:.8px;position:relative}@media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1279px){.full-access-wrapper[_ngcontent-sc110]{font-size:10px!important;padding:5px 15px 5px 8px}}@media (max-width: 767px){.full-access-wrapper[_ngcontent-sc110]{left:0;top:0}}.icon-open-access[_ngcontent-sc110]{position:relative;top:-1px;font-size:16px;font-weight:900;border-radius:50%;padding:3px}.icon-check[_ngcontent-sc110]{position:relative;top:-8px;font-size:16px!important;font-weight:900;background-color:#2a8566;border-radius:50%;padding:3px}.mobile-wrapper[_ngcontent-sc110]{text-align:center}.access-wrapper[_ngcontent-sc110]{display:inline-block}@media (min-width: 768px){.access-wrapper[_ngcontent-sc110]{margin-bottom:0;line-height:20px;position:relative;top:18px;right:0;vertical-align:top}}@media (max-width: 1023px){.open-access-tooltip[_ngcontent-sc110], .full-access-tooltip[_ngcontent-sc110], .free-access-tooltip[_ngcontent-sc110]{display:none}}@media (min-width: 1024px){.open-access-tooltip[_ngcontent-sc110], .full-access-tooltip[_ngcontent-sc110], .free-access-tooltip[_ngcontent-sc110]{letter-spacing:.3px;color:#131b1a;position:absolute;width:250px;height:auto;border:1px solid #ccc;line-height:18px;font-size:13px;text-align:left;padding:5px;background-color:#fff;box-shadow:0 0 8px 1px #00000080;left:-250px;top:15px;margin-left:25px;z-index:-2;opacity:0;transform:translate(-10px);transition:opacity .3s,transform .3s}.full-access-tooltip[_ngcontent-sc110], .open-access-tooltip[_ngcontent-sc110]{width:220px!important;margin-left:25px;color:#000!important}.showtooltip[_ngcontent-sc110]:focus + .open-access-tooltip[_ngcontent-sc110], .showtooltip[_ngcontent-sc110]:focus + .full-access-tooltip[_ngcontent-sc110], .showtooltip[_ngcontent-sc110]:focus + .free-access-tooltip[_ngcontent-sc110], .showtooltip[_ngcontent-sc110]:hover + .open-access-tooltip[_ngcontent-sc110], .showtooltip[_ngcontent-sc110]:hover + .full-access-tooltip[_ngcontent-sc110], .showtooltip[_ngcontent-sc110]:hover + .free-access-tooltip[_ngcontent-sc110]{pointer-events:auto;z-index:2;opacity:1;transform:translate(-10px,-31px) rotate3d(0,0,0,0)}.showtooltip[_ngcontent-sc110]:focus + .full-access-tooltip[_ngcontent-sc110], .showtooltip[_ngcontent-sc110]:hover + .full-access-tooltip[_ngcontent-sc110]{transform:translate(-10px,-25px) rotate3d(0,0,0,0)}.open-access-tooltip[_ngcontent-sc110]:after, .full-access-tooltip[_ngcontent-sc110]:after, .free-access-tooltip[_ngcontent-sc110]:after{border-width:8px!important;border-color:transparent transparent transparent #fff!important;margin-left:0;margin-top:0;z-index:99}.open-access-tooltip[_ngcontent-sc110]:before, .full-access-tooltip[_ngcontent-sc110]:before, .free-access-tooltip[_ngcontent-sc110]:before{margin:0;border-width:10px!important;border-color:transparent transparent transparent #ccc!important}.open-access-tooltip[_ngcontent-sc110]:before, .open-access-tooltip[_ngcontent-sc110]:after, .full-access-tooltip[_ngcontent-sc110]:before, .full-access-tooltip[_ngcontent-sc110]:after, .free-access-tooltip[_ngcontent-sc110]:before, .free-access-tooltip[_ngcontent-sc110]:after{content:"";width:0px;height:0px;position:absolute;border:solid transparent;left:100%;top:50%;transform:translateY(-50%)}}.product-banner-description[_ngcontent-sc110]{font-family:"Open Sans","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:16px;margin:0;font-weight:normal;line-height:22px}@media (min-width: 768px){.product-banner-description[_ngcontent-sc110]{font-size:16px;line-height:27px;color:#000}}@media (max-width: 767px){.product-banner-description[_ngcontent-sc110]{color:#000}}@media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1023px){.product-banner-description[_ngcontent-sc110]{color:#fff}}@media (min-width: 1024px) and (max-width: 1279px){.product-banner-description[_ngcontent-sc110]{color:#fff}}@media (min-width: 1280px){.product-banner-description[_ngcontent-sc110]{color:#fff}}</style><style ng-transition="product-detail-page">@keyframes circular_rotate{to{transform:scale(1)}0%{transform:scale(.5)}}.product-banner-publish[_ngcontent-sc151]{font-size:14px;font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;font-stretch:normal;line-height:normal;letter-spacing:.3px;font-family:"Open Sans","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:5px}@media (min-width: 768px){.product-banner-publish[_ngcontent-sc151]{font-size:14px;line-height:27px}}.product-banner-publish[_ngcontent-sc151] .product-banner-author[_ngcontent-sc151]{color:#666;padding-right:5px;font-size:18px;font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;font-stretch:normal;line-height:normal;letter-spacing:.39px}@media (max-width: 767px){.product-banner-publish[_ngcontent-sc151] .product-banner-author[_ngcontent-sc151]{font-size:14px;line-height:1.57;letter-spacing:.21px}}.product-banner-publish[_ngcontent-sc151] .product-banner-author-name[_ngcontent-sc151]{font-size:18px;color:#000;letter-spacing:.39px}@media (max-width: 767px){.product-banner-publish[_ngcontent-sc151] .product-banner-author-name[_ngcontent-sc151]{font-size:14px;line-height:1.57;letter-spacing:.21px}.product-banner-publish[_ngcontent-sc151] .product-banner-author-name[_ngcontent-sc151] .orcid-icon[_ngcontent-sc151]{height:16px;width:16px}}.product-banner-publish[_ngcontent-sc151] .product-banner-author-name[_ngcontent-sc151] .mb-3[_ngcontent-sc151]{margin-bottom:12px}.product-banner-publish[_ngcontent-sc151] .product-banner-author-name[_ngcontent-sc151] .contributor-name[_ngcontent-sc151]{display:inline-block}.product-banner-publish[_ngcontent-sc151] .pipe-viewmore[_ngcontent-sc151]{padding:0 10px}.product-banner-publish[_ngcontent-sc151] .toc-author[_ngcontent-sc151]{font-size:14px!important}.product-banner-publish[_ngcontent-sc151] .show-button[_ngcontent-sc151]{background:none;border:none;padding:0;text-decoration:underline;cursor:pointer;color:#007a96}.mt-5[_ngcontent-sc151]{margin-top:20px!important}.author-link[_ngcontent-sc151]{text-decoration:underline}.author-link[_ngcontent-sc151]:hover{color:#007a96}</style><style ng-transition="product-detail-page">@keyframes circular_rotate{to{transform:scale(1)}0%{transform:scale(.5)}}.product-banner-publication[_ngcontent-sc152]{font-size:14px;letter-spacing:.3px;color:#666;margin-bottom:8px;margin-top:14px;position:relative}@media (max-width: 767px){.product-banner-publication[_ngcontent-sc152]{font-size:12px}}.product-banner-publication[_ngcontent-sc152] .divider[_ngcontent-sc152]{margin-right:13px}@media (max-width: 1279px){.product-banner-publication[_ngcontent-sc152] .divider[_ngcontent-sc152]{margin-right:10px}}.product-banner-publication[_ngcontent-sc152] .divider[_ngcontent-sc152]:not(:last-child):after{position:absolute;content:"|";top:-1px}@media (min-width: 1023px){.product-banner-publication[_ngcontent-sc152] .increase-metadata-width[_ngcontent-sc152]{width:190px!important}.product-banner-publication[_ngcontent-sc152] .decrease-metadata-width[_ngcontent-sc152]{width:calc(100% - 230px)!important}}.product-banner-publication[_ngcontent-sc152] .product-ryt-detail[_ngcontent-sc152]{color:#000!important}.product-banner-publication[_ngcontent-sc152] .display-row[_ngcontent-sc152]{margin-bottom:10px}.product-banner-publication[_ngcontent-sc152] .display-row[_ngcontent-sc152] span[_ngcontent-sc152]{display:inline-block}.product-banner-publication[_ngcontent-sc152] .display-row[_ngcontent-sc152] span[_ngcontent-sc152]:first-child{width:120px;margin-right:30px;color:#666;letter-spacing:.3px;vertical-align:top}.product-banner-publication[_ngcontent-sc152] .display-row[_ngcontent-sc152] span[_ngcontent-sc152]:last-child{word-wrap:break-word;letter-spacing:.3px;width:calc(100% - 180px)}.product-banner-publication[_ngcontent-sc152] .display-row[_ngcontent-sc152] span[_ngcontent-sc152]:last-child a[_ngcontent-sc152]{text-decoration:underline}.product-banner-publication[_ngcontent-sc152] .show-more-btn[_ngcontent-sc152]{background:none!important;border:none!important;color:#007a96!important;text-decoration:underline!important;padding-left:0!important}.product-banner-publication[_ngcontent-sc152] .show-more-btn[_ngcontent-sc152]:hover{color:#007a96!important}</style><style ng-transition="product-detail-page">@keyframes circular_rotate{to{transform:scale(1)}0%{transform:scale(.5)}}.poa-text[_ngcontent-sc169]{margin:30px 0}.poa-text[_ngcontent-sc169] .poa-sub-text[_ngcontent-sc169]{display:inline-block;background:#cceaf0;padding:10px;font-size:13px;border-radius:5px;letter-spacing:.3px;color:#161b1a}.table-contents[_ngcontent-sc169]{font-weight:bold;font-size:13px;line-height:1.54;letter-spacing:.24px;padding-top:20px;padding-bottom:20px;border-bottom:1px solid #e6e6e6}.book-header[_ngcontent-sc169]{font-weight:bold;font-size:13px;padding-bottom:10px}.about-book[_ngcontent-sc169]{font-size:15px;line-height:1.54;letter-spacing:.24px;color:#000}</style><style ng-transition="product-detail-page">@keyframes circular_rotate{to{transform:scale(1)}0%{transform:scale(.5)}}.product-tree-view{display:block}@media (max-width: 1023px){.product-body-container{padding:0!important}}.content-pagination-top{border-bottom:1px solid #e6e6e6}@media (max-width: 1023px){.content-pagination-top{padding:19px 0}}.content-pagination-top p{margin-bottom:15px}@media (max-width: 1023px){.content-pagination-top p{margin:0}}.content-pagination-bottom{border-top:1px solid #e6e6e6}@media (max-width: 1023px){.content-pagination-bottom{padding:20px}}.content-pagination-bottom p{margin:20px 0 0}@media (max-width: 1023px){.content-pagination-bottom p{margin:0}}.content-pagination-top,.content-pagination-bottom{text-align:center}.content-pagination-top .icon-arrow-left,.content-pagination-bottom .icon-arrow-left{font-size:35px;color:#007a96}.content-pagination-top .icon-arrow-right,.content-pagination-bottom .icon-arrow-right{font-size:35px;color:#007a96}.content-pagination-top input,.content-pagination-bottom input{height:25px;width:40px;margin:0 5px 0 2px;text-align:center;border:1px solid #e6e6e6!important}@media (max-width: 767px){.content-pagination-top input,.content-pagination-bottom input{height:28px;width:42px;margin:0}}.content-pagination-top .totalContent,.content-pagination-bottom .totalContent{margin-right:30px}@media (max-width: 767px){.content-pagination-top .totalContent,.content-pagination-bottom .totalContent{margin:0 25px 0 5px}}.content-pagination-top .pageNotation,.content-pagination-bottom .pageNotation{margin-left:35px}@media (max-width: 767px){.content-pagination-top .pageNotation,.content-pagination-bottom .pageNotation{margin:0 5px 0 25px}}.content-pagination-top .arrow-container,.content-pagination-bottom .arrow-container{cursor:pointer}.content-pagination-top .arrow-disbaled,.content-pagination-bottom .arrow-disbaled{pointer-events:none}.content-pagination-top .arrow-disbaled i,.content-pagination-bottom .arrow-disbaled i{color:#c1b9b9}.content-head{padding-top:20px}.table-contents{font-weight:bold;font-size:16px;padding-top:20px;padding-bottom:20px;line-height:1.25;letter-spacing:.29px;border-bottom:1px solid #e6e6e6} </style><style ng-transition="product-detail-page">@keyframes circular_rotate{to{transform:scale(1)}0%{transform:scale(.5)}}.abstract-text{font-weight:bold;font-size:16px;letter-spacing:.29px;line-height:1.25}.book-content{padding-top:10px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.67;letter-spacing:.3px}.book-content .abstract-image{align-content:center}.entry-body-container{margin:20px 0 0}@media (max-width: 1023px){.entry-body-container{margin:0}}.entry-body-container img{margin:15px auto}.entry-body-container table{border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:14px}.entry-body-container table td,.entry-body-container table th{border:1px solid #dbdbdb;padding:8px}.entry-body-container table tr:nth-child(even){background-color:#f7f7f7}.entry-body-container table tr:hover{background-color:#ddd}.entry-body-container table th{padding-top:12px;padding-bottom:12px;text-align:left;background-color:#007a96;color:#fff}.entry-body-container table .table-caption-title{text-align:center;color:#000}.entry-body-container table .table-caption-title .table-caption-label{color:#000}.entry-body-container p{font-size:14px;word-wrap:break-word}.entry-expand-all{display:block;height:40px;width:100%;background-color:#f7f7f7;border-top:1px solid #e6e6e6;border-bottom:1px solid #e6e6e6}.entry-expand-all a{font-size:16px;color:#007a96;text-decoration:none;cursor:pointer;line-height:37px;display:flex;justify-content:end;padding:0 12px 0 0}@media (max-width: 1023px){.entry-expand-all a{justify-content:space-between;padding:0;font-size:14px;font-weight:bold}}.entry-expand-all .icon-down,.entry-expand-all .icon-up{font-size:20px;font-weight:600}.entry-content-section,.entry-notes-section,.entry-reference-section,.entry-ack-section,.entry-appendix-section{border-bottom:1px solid #e6e6e6;padding:1rem 0!important}.entry-content-section.level-2:last-child,.entry-notes-section.level-2:last-child,.entry-reference-section.level-2:last-child,.entry-ack-section.level-2:last-child,.entry-appendix-section.level-2:last-child{border-bottom:none!important}.entry-content-section.level-1 h2,.entry-content-section.level-1 h1,.entry-notes-section.level-1 h2,.entry-notes-section.level-1 h1,.entry-reference-section.level-1 h2,.entry-reference-section.level-1 h1,.entry-appendix-section.level-1 h2,.entry-appendix-section.level-1 h1,.entry-ack-section.level-1 h2,.entry-ack-section.level-1 h1{color:#007a96;cursor:pointer;border:none;text-align:left;outline:none;transition:.4s;font-size:16px;display:inline-block;text-transform:uppercase;width:100%;margin-top:10px}@media (max-width: 1023px){.entry-content-section.level-1 h2,.entry-content-section.level-1 h1,.entry-notes-section.level-1 h2,.entry-notes-section.level-1 h1,.entry-reference-section.level-1 h2,.entry-reference-section.level-1 h1,.entry-appendix-section.level-1 h2,.entry-appendix-section.level-1 h1,.entry-ack-section.level-1 h2,.entry-ack-section.level-1 h1{justify-content:space-between;font-size:14px}}@media (max-width: 768px){.entry-content-section.level-1 h2,.entry-content-section.level-1 h1,.entry-notes-section.level-1 h2,.entry-notes-section.level-1 h1,.entry-reference-section.level-1 h2,.entry-reference-section.level-1 h1,.entry-appendix-section.level-1 h2,.entry-appendix-section.level-1 h1,.entry-ack-section.level-1 h2,.entry-ack-section.level-1 h1{display:flex!important;font-size:14px}}.entry-content-section.level-1 h2 .icon-up,.entry-content-section.level-1 h2 .icon-down,.entry-content-section.level-1 h1 .icon-up,.entry-content-section.level-1 h1 .icon-down,.entry-notes-section.level-1 h2 .icon-up,.entry-notes-section.level-1 h2 .icon-down,.entry-notes-section.level-1 h1 .icon-up,.entry-notes-section.level-1 h1 .icon-down,.entry-reference-section.level-1 h2 .icon-up,.entry-reference-section.level-1 h2 .icon-down,.entry-reference-section.level-1 h1 .icon-up,.entry-reference-section.level-1 h1 .icon-down,.entry-appendix-section.level-1 h2 .icon-up,.entry-appendix-section.level-1 h2 .icon-down,.entry-appendix-section.level-1 h1 .icon-up,.entry-appendix-section.level-1 h1 .icon-down,.entry-ack-section.level-1 h2 .icon-up,.entry-ack-section.level-1 h2 .icon-down,.entry-ack-section.level-1 h1 .icon-up,.entry-ack-section.level-1 h1 .icon-down{padding-left:.5rem;font-weight:600!important;font-size:20px}.entry-content-section.level-1 h3,.entry-content-section.level-1 h4,.entry-content-section.level-1 h5,.entry-notes-section.level-1 h3,.entry-notes-section.level-1 h4,.entry-notes-section.level-1 h5,.entry-reference-section.level-1 h3,.entry-reference-section.level-1 h4,.entry-reference-section.level-1 h5,.entry-appendix-section.level-1 h3,.entry-appendix-section.level-1 h4,.entry-appendix-section.level-1 h5,.entry-ack-section.level-1 h3,.entry-ack-section.level-1 h4,.entry-ack-section.level-1 h5{font-size:14px}.entry-content-section.level-1 .content-section-body.level-1,.entry-content-section.level-1 .entry-section-body.level-1,.entry-content-section.level-1 .content-appendix-body.level-1,.entry-content-section.level-1 .content-ack-body.level-1,.entry-notes-section.level-1 .content-section-body.level-1,.entry-notes-section.level-1 .entry-section-body.level-1,.entry-notes-section.level-1 .content-appendix-body.level-1,.entry-notes-section.level-1 .content-ack-body.level-1,.entry-reference-section.level-1 .content-section-body.level-1,.entry-reference-section.level-1 .entry-section-body.level-1,.entry-reference-section.level-1 .content-appendix-body.level-1,.entry-reference-section.level-1 .content-ack-body.level-1,.entry-appendix-section.level-1 .content-section-body.level-1,.entry-appendix-section.level-1 .entry-section-body.level-1,.entry-appendix-section.level-1 .content-appendix-body.level-1,.entry-appendix-section.level-1 .content-ack-body.level-1,.entry-ack-section.level-1 .content-section-body.level-1,.entry-ack-section.level-1 .entry-section-body.level-1,.entry-ack-section.level-1 .content-appendix-body.level-1,.entry-ack-section.level-1 .content-ack-body.level-1{display:none}.entry-content-section.level-1 .content-section-body.level-1 figure,.entry-content-section.level-1 .entry-section-body.level-1 figure,.entry-content-section.level-1 .content-appendix-body.level-1 figure,.entry-content-section.level-1 .content-ack-body.level-1 figure,.entry-notes-section.level-1 .content-section-body.level-1 figure,.entry-notes-section.level-1 .entry-section-body.level-1 figure,.entry-notes-section.level-1 .content-appendix-body.level-1 figure,.entry-notes-section.level-1 .content-ack-body.level-1 figure,.entry-reference-section.level-1 .content-section-body.level-1 figure,.entry-reference-section.level-1 .entry-section-body.level-1 figure,.entry-reference-section.level-1 .content-appendix-body.level-1 figure,.entry-reference-section.level-1 .content-ack-body.level-1 figure,.entry-appendix-section.level-1 .content-section-body.level-1 figure,.entry-appendix-section.level-1 .entry-section-body.level-1 figure,.entry-appendix-section.level-1 .content-appendix-body.level-1 figure,.entry-appendix-section.level-1 .content-ack-body.level-1 figure,.entry-ack-section.level-1 .content-section-body.level-1 figure,.entry-ack-section.level-1 .entry-section-body.level-1 figure,.entry-ack-section.level-1 .content-appendix-body.level-1 figure,.entry-ack-section.level-1 .content-ack-body.level-1 figure{text-align:center;margin:10px 0;font-size:14px}.entry-content-section.level-1 .content-section-body.level-1 figure img,.entry-content-section.level-1 .entry-section-body.level-1 figure img,.entry-content-section.level-1 .content-appendix-body.level-1 figure img,.entry-content-section.level-1 .content-ack-body.level-1 figure img,.entry-notes-section.level-1 .content-section-body.level-1 figure img,.entry-notes-section.level-1 .entry-section-body.level-1 figure img,.entry-notes-section.level-1 .content-appendix-body.level-1 figure img,.entry-notes-section.level-1 .content-ack-body.level-1 figure img,.entry-reference-section.level-1 .content-section-body.level-1 figure img,.entry-reference-section.level-1 .entry-section-body.level-1 figure img,.entry-reference-section.level-1 .content-appendix-body.level-1 figure img,.entry-reference-section.level-1 .content-ack-body.level-1 figure img,.entry-appendix-section.level-1 .content-section-body.level-1 figure img,.entry-appendix-section.level-1 .entry-section-body.level-1 figure img,.entry-appendix-section.level-1 .content-appendix-body.level-1 figure img,.entry-appendix-section.level-1 .content-ack-body.level-1 figure img,.entry-ack-section.level-1 .content-section-body.level-1 figure img,.entry-ack-section.level-1 .entry-section-body.level-1 figure img,.entry-ack-section.level-1 .content-appendix-body.level-1 figure img,.entry-ack-section.level-1 .content-ack-body.level-1 figure img{max-height:300px;max-width:100%}.entry-content-section.level-1.active .content-section-body.level-1,.entry-content-section.level-1.active .entry-section-body.level-1,.entry-content-section.level-1.active .content-appendix-body.level-1,.entry-content-section.level-1.active .content-ack-body.level-1,.entry-notes-section.level-1.active .content-section-body.level-1,.entry-notes-section.level-1.active .entry-section-body.level-1,.entry-notes-section.level-1.active .content-appendix-body.level-1,.entry-notes-section.level-1.active .content-ack-body.level-1,.entry-reference-section.level-1.active .content-section-body.level-1,.entry-reference-section.level-1.active .entry-section-body.level-1,.entry-reference-section.level-1.active .content-appendix-body.level-1,.entry-reference-section.level-1.active .content-ack-body.level-1,.entry-appendix-section.level-1.active .content-section-body.level-1,.entry-appendix-section.level-1.active .entry-section-body.level-1,.entry-appendix-section.level-1.active .content-appendix-body.level-1,.entry-appendix-section.level-1.active .content-ack-body.level-1,.entry-ack-section.level-1.active .content-section-body.level-1,.entry-ack-section.level-1.active .entry-section-body.level-1,.entry-ack-section.level-1.active .content-appendix-body.level-1,.entry-ack-section.level-1.active .content-ack-body.level-1{display:block}.highlight{box-shadow:0 0 0 99999px #0006;transition-property:box-shadow;transition-timing-function:ease-in-out;transition-duration:1s;transition-delay:.25s}.highlight-1{background-color:#fcd70380;transition-property:background-color;transition-timing-function:ease-in-out;transition-duration:1s;transition-delay:.25s}#dynamic-content{padding-top:1.25rem;font-size:14px}#dynamic-content .math .label{background-color:#595959!important}#dynamic-content ul,#dynamic-content ol{font-size:14px!important}.about-book .product-header-container{cursor:pointer;padding:20px 0;background:transparent;border:transparent;width:100%;text-align:left}@media (max-width: 767px){.about-book .product-header-container{padding:20px 0 18px}}.about-book .product-header-container .product-content-header{font-size:14px;font-weight:bold;font-style:normal;font-stretch:normal;color:#000;line-height:1.54;letter-spacing:.24px}.about-book .product-header-container .dropdown-icons{float:right}.about-book .product-header-container .dropdown-icons .icon-down,.about-book .product-header-container .dropdown-icons .icon-up{font-size:20px;font-weight:600} </style></head> <body> <product-root _nghost-sc150="" ng-version="12.2.16"><div _ngcontent-sc150="" class="app-wrapper"><div _ngcontent-sc150="" id="skip-link"><a _ngcontent-sc150="" class="skip-link" href="/e8695482-215b-4245-979e-4c133353c02e#main-content">Skip to main content</a></div><shared-lib-header-wrapper _ngcontent-sc150="" _nghost-sc148=""><core-lib-header _ngcontent-sc148="" _nghost-sc71=""><header _ngcontent-sc71=""><div _ngcontent-sc71="" class="navbar navbar-site alternate-nav"><div _ngcontent-sc71="" class="container main-header"><div _ngcontent-sc71="" class="navbar-header"></div><ul _ngcontent-sc71="" role="none" class="nav navbar-nav pull-right"><li _ngcontent-sc71=""></li><li _ngcontent-sc71=""></li><li _ngcontent-sc71=""></li></ul></div></div></header><div _ngcontent-sc71=""></div></core-lib-header></shared-lib-header-wrapper><main _ngcontent-sc150="" id="main-content" class="body-container content"><router-outlet _ngcontent-sc150=""></router-outlet><product-product-detail _nghost-sc179=""><div _ngcontent-sc179="" class="prod-detail-container"><div _ngcontent-sc179="" class="container"><shared-lib-breadcrumbs _ngcontent-sc179="" _nghost-sc100=""><div _ngcontent-sc100="" class="breadcrumb-container"><p _ngcontent-sc100="" id="breadcrumb_link" hidden="">Breadcrumbs Section. Click here to navigate to respective pages.</p></div></shared-lib-breadcrumbs><div _ngcontent-sc179="" class="row row-no-gutters" id="version_maincontainer"><div _ngcontent-sc179="" role="region" aria-label="Parent Product Description" class="product-details col-md-9 col-xs-12 rm-left-margin"><div _ngcontent-sc179="" class="product-banner-details"><product-metadata-wrapper _ngcontent-sc179=""><div class="banner-container"><div class="upper-section"><div class="product-content-type hidden-lg hidden-md hidden-sm"><p>Chapter</p></div><div class="col-md-3 col-sm-3 col-xs-12 leftBookImage"><shared-lib-cover-image class="coverimage productPage" _nghost-sc104=""><div _ngcontent-sc104="" class="product-cover-image product-cover-image-portrait"><img _ngcontent-sc104="" class="product-image" alt="Attraction and the Initiation of Relationships: A Review of the Empirical Literature" title="Attraction and the Initiation of Relationships: A Review of the Empirical Literature" src="https://images.tandf.co.uk/common/jackets/crclarge/978080586/9780805861600.jpg"><div _ngcontent-sc104="" class="circle-spinner"><img _ngcontent-sc104="" src="assets/img/loading.svg" alt="loading" class="loader"></div></div></shared-lib-cover-image><shared-lib-access-indicator _nghost-sc153="" class="remove-margin"><div _ngcontent-sc153="" class="access-indicator-wrapper"></div></shared-lib-access-indicator></div><div class="col-xs-12 rightBookDesc left-space col-md-9 col-sm-9"><div class="blue-banner productPageClass"><div class="product-content-type hidden-xs"><p>Chapter</p></div><shared-lib-product-titles class="product-title-container" _nghost-sc110=""><div _ngcontent-sc110="" class="wrapper"><h1 _ngcontent-sc110="" class="product-banner-title"> Attraction and the Initiation of Relationships: A Review of the Empirical Literature </h1><p _ngcontent-sc110="" id="bookTitle" hidden="">DOI link for Attraction and the Initiation of Relationships: A Review of the Empirical Literature</p><p _ngcontent-sc110="" id="bookName" hidden="">Attraction and the Initiation of Relationships: A Review of the Empirical Literature</p></div></shared-lib-product-titles></div><product-metadata class="product-detail-container" _nghost-sc157=""><div _ngcontent-sc157="" class="product-citation-conatiner"><div _ngcontent-sc157="" class="product-details"><shared-lib-product-authors _ngcontent-sc157="" _nghost-sc151=""></shared-lib-product-authors><div _ngcontent-sc157="" class="parent-navigation"><span _ngcontent-sc157="" class="product-book-text">Book</span><a _ngcontent-sc157="" id="gtm-parent-product" aria-label="Parent Product link" aria-describedby="parent_product_link" class="product-book-link" href="" target="">Handbook of Relationship Initiation</a><p _ngcontent-sc157="" id="parent_product_link" hidden=""> Click here to navigate to parent product. </p></div><div _ngcontent-sc157=""><shared-lib-product-more-details _ngcontent-sc157="" _nghost-sc152=""><div _ngcontent-sc152="" class="product-banner-publication"><div _ngcontent-sc152=""><div _ngcontent-sc152="" class="display-row"><span _ngcontent-sc152="" class="display-label">Edition </span><span _ngcontent-sc152="" class="product-ryt-detail">1st Edition</span></div></div><div _ngcontent-sc152=""><div _ngcontent-sc152="" class="display-row"><span _ngcontent-sc152="" class="display-label">First Published </span><span _ngcontent-sc152="" class="product-ryt-detail">2008</span></div></div><div _ngcontent-sc152=""><div _ngcontent-sc152="" class="display-row"><span _ngcontent-sc152="" class="display-label">Imprint </span><span _ngcontent-sc152="" class="product-ryt-detail">Psychology Press</span></div></div><div _ngcontent-sc152=""></div><div _ngcontent-sc152=""><div _ngcontent-sc152="" class="display-row"><span _ngcontent-sc152="" class="display-label">Pages </span><span _ngcontent-sc152="" class="product-ryt-detail">27</span></div></div><div _ngcontent-sc152=""><div _ngcontent-sc152="" class="display-row"><span _ngcontent-sc152="" class="display-label">eBook ISBN </span><span _ngcontent-sc152="" class="product-ryt-detail">9780429020513</span></div></div><div _ngcontent-sc152=""></div></div></shared-lib-product-more-details></div></div><div _ngcontent-sc157="" class="citation"><span _ngcontent-sc157=""><button _ngcontent-sc157="" aria-label="Share" id="openShare" data-gtm="gtm-social-sharing" class="citation-container" aria-expanded="false"><span _ngcontent-sc157="" aria-haspopup="true" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#export-share" data-gtm="gtm-social-sharing" class="open-export-citation"><span _ngcontent-sc157="" class="icon-container"><img _ngcontent-sc157="" src="assets/icon/share.svg" width="100%" height="100%" alt="Share" aria-hidden="true" data-gtm="gtm-social-sharing"></span></span><div _ngcontent-sc157="" class="ctText">Share</div></button></span><span _ngcontent-sc157=""></span></div></div></product-metadata></div></div></div></product-metadata-wrapper></div><product-data-wrapper _ngcontent-sc179="" class="container" _nghost-sc172=""><div _ngcontent-sc172="" class="product-data-wrapper-container"><product-content-wrapper _ngcontent-sc172="" class="product-tab-content" _nghost-sc169=""><div _ngcontent-sc169=""><product-about-book _ngcontent-sc169="" id="contents" class="about-book"><div data-gtm="gtm-expand-about-product"><h2 class="abstract-text"> ABSTRACT </h2><div id="collapseContent" class="book-content"><div><p><p>Unless stated otherwise, this review focused on work published between 1985 and June 2007. To identify studies for the review, we searched for all empirical studies dealing with the initiation of romantic relationships between adults published in English in refereed journals from 1985 to June 2007. The research studies reviewed here were identified by searching citations in earlier reviews and subsequent citation of earlier comprehensive reviews (e.g., Berscheid, 1985). We also used computerized searches of PsycINFO (1985 to 2007), including title, abstract, heading word, table of contents, and key concepts. Keywords used in the searches included initiation, initiation of relationships, initial attraction, and interpersonal attraction. The review is limited to articles that (a) offer data and are primarily empirical contributions, (b) appear in peer-reviewed journals or their equivalent, (c) are written in English, (d) focus on populations living in North America (i.e., Canada</p><p>and the United States of America), and (e) focus on nonclinical samples2 (as opposed to deficit-based groups). These studies were categorized based on their preponderant focus on the target of evaluation, on the perceiver who is evaluating, or on the perceiver X target interaction. Research studies can sometimes fit into more than one category, so all differences in categorization were resolved by discussion between the two authors.</p></p></div></div></div></product-about-book><product-toc _ngcontent-sc169="" id="aboutBooks" class="tab-pane fade in"></product-toc></div></product-content-wrapper></div></product-data-wrapper></div><div _ngcontent-sc179="" role="region" aria-label="Sidebar" class="product-cart-details col-md-3 hidden-sm hidden-xs"><div _ngcontent-sc179="" class="pdc-right"></div></div></div></div></div></product-product-detail></main><shared-lib-footer-wrapper _ngcontent-sc150=""><core-lib-footer _nghost-sc70=""><div _ngcontent-sc70="" role="region" aria-label="footer" class="tnf-footer"><div _ngcontent-sc70="" class="container"><div _ngcontent-sc70="" class="logo-container"><core-lib-header-logo logo="assets/images/tfgroup-logo-white.svg" target="_self" label="Taylor & Francis Group Logo" textcolorname="#fff" _nghost-sc72=""><a _ngcontent-sc72="" class="lib-logo-container navbar-brand" id="gtm-footer-logo" target="_self" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com"><span _ngcontent-sc72="" hidden="true" style="color:#fff;">Taylor & Francis Group Logo</span><img _ngcontent-sc72="" alt="Taylor & Francis Group Logo" src="assets/images/tfgroup-logo-white.svg"></a></core-lib-header-logo></div><div _ngcontent-sc70="" class="sub-info-container"><ul _ngcontent-sc70="" class="sub-info-options"><li _ngcontent-sc70="" class="sub-info-list"><core-lib-footer-link-wrapper _ngcontent-sc70="" _nghost-sc68=""><div _ngcontent-sc68="" class="info-option help-option"><span _ngcontent-sc68="" class="sub-info hide-small">Policies</span><button _ngcontent-sc68="" aria-controls="title" class="accordian-panel hidden-md hidden-lg" id="Policies_list" aria-expanded="false"><span _ngcontent-sc68="" class="sub-info hide-large">Policies</span><span _ngcontent-sc68="" class="icon-toggle hide-large"><i _ngcontent-sc68="" aria-hidden="true" class="icon-down"></i></span></button><ul _ngcontent-sc68="" class="sub-info-options hideInfoOption" id="Policies"><li _ngcontent-sc68=""><core-lib-footer-link _ngcontent-sc68=""><a rel="link" target="_blank" href="https://informa.com/privacy-policy/" data-gtm="gtm-privacy-policy">Privacy Policy</a></core-lib-footer-link></li><li _ngcontent-sc68=""><core-lib-footer-link _ngcontent-sc68=""><a rel="link" target="_blank" href="/terms-and-conditions/" data-gtm="gtm-terms-conditions">Terms & Conditions</a></core-lib-footer-link></li><li _ngcontent-sc68=""><core-lib-footer-link _ngcontent-sc68=""><a rel="link" target="_blank" href="/cookie-policy/" data-gtm="gtm-cookie-policy">Cookie Policy</a></core-lib-footer-link></li></ul></div></core-lib-footer-link-wrapper></li><li _ngcontent-sc70="" class="sub-info-list"><core-lib-footer-link-wrapper _ngcontent-sc70="" _nghost-sc68=""><div _ngcontent-sc68="" class="info-option help-option"><span _ngcontent-sc68="" class="sub-info hide-small">Journals</span><button _ngcontent-sc68="" aria-controls="title" class="accordian-panel hidden-md hidden-lg" id="Journals_list" aria-expanded="false"><span _ngcontent-sc68="" class="sub-info hide-large">Journals</span><span _ngcontent-sc68="" class="icon-toggle hide-large"><i _ngcontent-sc68="" aria-hidden="true" class="icon-down"></i></span></button><ul _ngcontent-sc68="" class="sub-info-options hideInfoOption" id="Journals"><li _ngcontent-sc68=""><core-lib-footer-link _ngcontent-sc68=""><a rel="link" target="_blank" href="https://www.tandfonline.com">Taylor & Francis Online</a></core-lib-footer-link></li></ul></div></core-lib-footer-link-wrapper></li><li _ngcontent-sc70="" class="sub-info-list"><core-lib-footer-link-wrapper _ngcontent-sc70="" _nghost-sc68=""><div _ngcontent-sc68="" class="info-option help-option"><span _ngcontent-sc68="" class="sub-info hide-small">Corporate</span><button _ngcontent-sc68="" aria-controls="title" class="accordian-panel hidden-md hidden-lg" id="Corporate_list" aria-expanded="false"><span _ngcontent-sc68="" class="sub-info hide-large">Corporate</span><span _ngcontent-sc68="" class="icon-toggle hide-large"><i _ngcontent-sc68="" aria-hidden="true" class="icon-down"></i></span></button><ul _ngcontent-sc68="" class="sub-info-options hideInfoOption" id="Corporate"><li _ngcontent-sc68=""><core-lib-footer-link _ngcontent-sc68=""><a rel="link" target="_blank" href="https://taylorandfrancis.com/">Taylor & Francis Group</a></core-lib-footer-link></li></ul></div></core-lib-footer-link-wrapper></li><li _ngcontent-sc70="" class="sub-info-list"><core-lib-footer-link-wrapper _ngcontent-sc70="" _nghost-sc68=""><div _ngcontent-sc68="" class="info-option help-option"><span _ngcontent-sc68="" class="sub-info hide-small">Help & Contact</span><button _ngcontent-sc68="" aria-controls="title" class="accordian-panel hidden-md hidden-lg" id="Help & Contact_list" aria-expanded="false"><span _ngcontent-sc68="" class="sub-info hide-large">Help & Contact</span><span _ngcontent-sc68="" class="icon-toggle hide-large"><i _ngcontent-sc68="" aria-hidden="true" class="icon-down"></i></span></button><ul _ngcontent-sc68="" class="sub-info-options hideInfoOption" id="Help & Contact"><li _ngcontent-sc68=""><core-lib-footer-link _ngcontent-sc68=""><a rel="link" target="_blank" href="https://help.taylorfrancis.com/students_researchers" data-gtm="gtm-help-link">Students/Researchers</a></core-lib-footer-link></li><li _ngcontent-sc68=""><core-lib-footer-link _ngcontent-sc68=""><a rel="link" target="_blank" href="https://help.taylorfrancis.com/librarians_institutions" data-gtm="gtm-help-link">Librarians/Institutions</a></core-lib-footer-link></li></ul></div></core-lib-footer-link-wrapper></li><li _ngcontent-sc70="" class="sub-info-list"><core-lib-footer-icon-wrapper label="Connect with us"><div class="social-list-container"><p class="connectMessage">Connect with us</p><ul class="social-list"><li><core-lib-footer-socialmedia-icon><a rel="link" target="_blank" aria-label="label linkedin" id="gtm-footer-linkedin-icon" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/taylor-&-francis-group/"><i aria-hidden="true" class="icon-linkedin"></i></a></core-lib-footer-socialmedia-icon></li><li><core-lib-footer-socialmedia-icon><a rel="link" target="_blank" aria-label="label x" id="gtm-footer-x-icon" href="https://twitter.com/tandfnewsroom?lang=en"><i aria-hidden="true" class="icon-x"></i></a></core-lib-footer-socialmedia-icon></li><li><core-lib-footer-socialmedia-icon><a rel="link" target="_blank" aria-label="label facebook" id="gtm-footer-facebook-icon" href="https://www.facebook.com/TaylorandFrancisGroup/"><i aria-hidden="true" class="icon-facebook"></i></a></core-lib-footer-socialmedia-icon></li><li><core-lib-footer-socialmedia-icon><a rel="link" target="_blank" aria-label="label youtube" id="gtm-footer-youtube-icon" href="https://www.youtube.com/user/TaylorandFrancis"><i aria-hidden="true" class="icon-youtube"></i></a></core-lib-footer-socialmedia-icon></li></ul></div></core-lib-footer-icon-wrapper></li></ul></div><core-lib-footer-bottom copyrightedby="Informa UK Limited"><div class="footer-bottom"><p><span>Registered in England & Wales No. 3099067 <br> 5 Howick Place | London | SW1P 1WG</span><span class="copyRight">漏 2024 Informa UK Limited</span></p></div></core-lib-footer-bottom></div><core-lib-scroll-top _ngcontent-sc70="" _nghost-sc69=""><button _ngcontent-sc69="" id="scroll-to-top" style="background: url('assets/icon/scroll-top.svg') center 0px no-repeat;"><span _ngcontent-sc69="" id="back-text"> Back to Top </span></button></core-lib-scroll-top></div></core-lib-footer></shared-lib-footer-wrapper></div></product-root>  <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-NSWZ4WX&gtm_auth=RdH6vmSGiXahuYVxcLqliQ&gtm_preview=env-1&gtm_cookies_win=x" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>  <script type="text/javascript" src="https://reader.kortext.com/kortextReader.js" defer></script> <script src="runtime.16ac8c128422aeb671b9.js" defer></script><script src="polyfills.ece32c5e71728ef04722.js" defer></script><script src="scripts.7e3d8c0443858813ca56.js" defer></script><script src="main.d6e2eb681f848fc14bb9.js" defer></script> <script id="product-detail-page-state" type="application/json">{&q;product&q;:{&q;_id&q;:&q;e8695482-215b-4245-979e-4c133353c02e&q;,&q;type&q;:&q;chapter&q;,&q;title&q;:&q;Attraction and the Initiation of Relationships: A Review of the Empirical Literature&q;,&q;categories&q;:[{&q;code&q;:null,&q;name&q;:&q;edited&q;,&q;type&q;:&q;book-type&q;,&q;group&q;:null},{&q;code&q;:&q;HSS062&q;,&q;name&q;:&q;Social Psychology&q;,&q;type&q;:&q;hss&q;,&q;group&q;:null},{&q;code&q;:&q;IF&q;,&q;name&q;:&q;Psychology US&q;,&q;type&q;:&q;flexcat&q;,&q;group&q;:null},{&q;code&q;:&q;LIBREF&q;,&q;name&q;:&q;Library Reference&q;,&q;type&q;:&q;channelType&q;,&q;group&q;:&q;CT&q;}],&q;classifications&q;:[{&q;level&q;:null,&q;priority&q;:null,&q;group&q;:null,&q;id&q;:null,&q;predecessorId&q;:null,&q;code&q;:&q;305.3&q;,&q;name&q;:null,&q;type&q;:&q;Dewey&q;},{&q;level&q;:null,&q;priority&q;:null,&q;group&q;:null,&q;id&q;:null,&q;predecessorId&q;:null,&q;code&q;:&q;HM1106&q;,&q;name&q;:null,&q;type&q;:&q;LCC&q;},{&q;level&q;:3,&q;priority&q;:0,&q;group&q;:null,&q;id&q;:null,&q;predecessorId&q;:null,&q;code&q;:&q;SCBE0170&q;,&q;name&q;:&q;Social Psychology&q;,&q;type&q;:&q;subject&q;},{&q;level&q;:4,&q;priority&q;:0,&q;group&q;:null,&q;id&q;:null,&q;predecessorId&q;:null,&q;code&q;:&q;SCBE017024&q;,&q;name&q;:&q;Interpersonal Processes &a; Communication&q;,&q;type&q;:&q;subject&q;},{&q;level&q;:4,&q;priority&q;:0,&q;group&q;:null,&q;id&q;:null,&q;predecessorId&q;:null,&q;code&q;:&q;SCBE052030&q;,&q;name&q;:&q;Intimate Relations&q;,&q;type&q;:&q;subject&q;},{&q;level&q;:2,&q;priority&q;:0,&q;group&q;:null,&q;id&q;:null,&q;predecessorId&q;:null,&q;code&q;:&q;SCBE01&q;,&q;name&q;:&q;Psychological Science&q;,&q;type&q;:&q;subject&q;},{&q;level&q;:1,&q;priority&q;:0,&q;group&q;:null,&q;id&q;:null,&q;predecessorId&q;:null,&q;code&q;:&q;SCBE&q;,&q;name&q;:&q;Behavioral Sciences&q;,&q;type&q;:&q;subject&q;},{&q;level&q;:3,&q;priority&q;:0,&q;group&q;:null,&q;id&q;:null,&q;predecessorId&q;:null,&q;code&q;:&q;SCBE0520&q;,&q;name&q;:&q;Marriage, Family &a; Sex Therapy&q;,&q;type&q;:&q;subject&q;},{&q;level&q;:2,&q;priority&q;:0,&q;group&q;:null,&q;id&q;:null,&q;predecessorId&q;:null,&q;code&q;:&q;SCBE05&q;,&q;name&q;:&q;Mental Health&q;,&q;type&q;:&q;subject&q;},{&q;level&q;:2,&q;priority&q;:null,&q;group&q;:null,&q;id&q;:null,&q;predecessorId&q;:null,&q;code&q;:&q;FAM029000&q;,&q;name&q;:&q;FAMILY &a; RELATIONSHIPS / Love &a; Romance&q;,&q;type&q;:&q;bisac&q;},{&q;level&q;:2,&q;priority&q;:null,&q;group&q;:null,&q;id&q;:null,&q;predecessorId&q;:null,&q;code&q;:&q;PSY000000&q;,&q;name&q;:&q;PSYCHOLOGY / General&q;,&q;type&q;:&q;bisac&q;},{&q;level&q;:2,&q;priority&q;:null,&q;group&q;:null,&q;id&q;:null,&q;predecessorId&q;:null,&q;code&q;:&q;PSY017000&q;,&q;name&q;:&q;PSYCHOLOGY / Interpersonal Relations&q;,&q;type&q;:&q;bisac&q;},{&q;level&q;:1,&q;priority&q;:null,&q;group&q;:null,&q;id&q;:null,&q;predecessorId&q;:null,&q;code&q;:&q;PSGFNL&q;,&q;name&q;:&q;US - Social Psychology&q;,&q;type&q;:&q;PSG&q;}],&q;keywords&q;:[{&q;type&q;:&q;concept&q;,&q;name&q;:&q;Low Whr&q;,&q;position&q;:0,&q;weightage&q;:null,&q;group&q;:null},{&q;type&q;:&q;concept&q;,&q;name&q;:&q;Relationship Initiation&q;,&q;position&q;:1,&q;weightage&q;:null,&q;group&q;:null},{&q;type&q;:&q;concept&q;,&q;name&q;:&q;Relationship Maintenance&q;,&q;position&q;:2,&q;weightage&q;:null,&q;group&q;:null},{&q;type&q;:&q;concept&q;,&q;name&q;:&q;Interpersonal Attraction&q;,&q;position&q;:3,&q;weightage&q;:null,&q;group&q;:null},{&q;type&q;:&q;concept&q;,&q;name&q;:&q;Vice Versa&q;,&q;position&q;:4,&q;weightage&q;:null,&q;group&q;:null},{&q;type&q;:&q;concept&q;,&q;name&q;:&q;PA&q;,&q;position&q;:5,&q;weightage&q;:null,&q;group&q;:null},{&q;type&q;:&q;concept&q;,&q;name&q;:&q;Initiation Research&q;,&q;position&q;:6,&q;weightage&q;:null,&q;group&q;:null},{&q;type&q;:&q;concept&q;,&q;name&q;:&q;Auke Tellegen&q;,&q;position&q;:7,&q;weightage&q;:null,&q;group&q;:null},{&q;type&q;:&q;concept&q;,&q;name&q;:&q;Initiation Phase&q;,&q;position&q;:8,&q;weightage&q;:null,&q;group&q;:null},{&q;type&q;:&q;concept&q;,&q;name&q;:&q;Sunken Costs&q;,&q;position&q;:9,&q;weightage&q;:null,&q;group&q;:null},{&q;type&q;:&q;concept&q;,&q;name&q;:&q;Nonidentical Twins&q;,&q;position&q;:10,&q;weightage&q;:null,&q;group&q;:null},{&q;type&q;:&q;concept&q;,&q;name&q;:&q;Whr&q;,&q;position&q;:11,&q;weightage&q;:null,&q;group&q;:null},{&q;type&q;:&q;concept&q;,&q;name&q;:&q;Women鈥檚 Attraction&q;,&q;position&q;:12,&q;weightage&q;:null,&q;group&q;:null},{&q;type&q;:&q;concept&q;,&q;name&q;:&q;Gluteofemoral Region&q;,&q;position&q;:13,&q;weightage&q;:null,&q;group&q;:null},{&q;type&q;:&q;concept&q;,&q;name&q;:&q;Experimental Social Psychology&q;,&q;position&q;:14,&q;weightage&q;:null,&q;group&q;:null},{&q;type&q;:&q;concept&q;,&q;name&q;:&q;Attraction Literature&q;,&q;position&q;:15,&q;weightage&q;:null,&q;group&q;:null},{&q;type&q;:&q;concept&q;,&q;name&q;:&q;Self-expansion Theory&q;,&q;position&q;:16,&q;weightage&q;:null,&q;group&q;:null},{&q;type&q;:&q;concept&q;,&q;name&q;:&q;Maintenance Phase&q;,&q;position&q;:17,&q;weightage&q;:null,&q;group&q;:null},{&q;type&q;:&q;concept&q;,&q;name&q;:&q;Vocal Attractiveness&q;,&q;position&q;:18,&q;weightage&q;:null,&q;group&q;:null},{&q;type&q;:&q;concept&q;,&q;name&q;:&q;Self-rated Expertise&q;,&q;position&q;:19,&q;weightage&q;:null,&q;group&q;:null},{&q;type&q;:&q;concept&q;,&q;name&q;:&q;Selective Affiliation&q;,&q;position&q;:20,&q;weightage&q;:null,&q;group&q;:null},{&q;type&q;:&q;concept&q;,&q;name&q;:&q;Pre-1985 Theories&q;,&q;position&q;:21,&q;weightage&q;:null,&q;group&q;:null},{&q;type&q;:&q;concept&q;,&q;name&q;:&q;Attraction Research&q;,&q;position&q;:22,&q;weightage&q;:null,&q;group&q;:null},{&q;type&q;:&q;concept&q;,&q;name&q;:&q;Unidimensional Conceptualization&q;,&q;position&q;:23,&q;weightage&q;:null,&q;group&q;:null},{&q;type&q;:&q;concept&q;,&q;name&q;:&q;Relationship Researchers&q;,&q;position&q;:24,&q;weightage&q;:null,&q;group&q;:null}],&q;contributors&q;:[],&q;isPartOf&q;:[{&q;_id&q;:&q;360fddba-02eb-4423-95e3-b8b850bffe6e&q;,&q;type&q;:&q;book&q;,&q;level&q;:2,&q;position&q;:1,&q;title&q;:&q;Handbook of Relationship Initiation&q;,&q;identifiers&q;:{&q;doi&q;:&q;10.4324/9780429020513&q;,&q;isbn&q;:&q;9780429020513&q;,&q;dacKey&q;:&q;C2011-0-04975-1&q;,&q;editionId&q;:&q;311278&q;,&q;orderNumber&q;:&q;YE31758&q;},&q;subType&q;:null,&q;id&q;:&q;360fddba-02eb-4423-95e3-b8b850bffe6e&q;,&q;isbn&q;:&q;9780429020513&q;,&q;doi&q;:&q;10.4324/9780429020513&q;},{&q;_id&q;:&q;e8e6f0b7-5928-4af3-bb5a-5aaea8c7db4c&q;,&q;type&q;:&q;collection&q;,&q;level&q;:1,&q;position&q;:545,&q;title&q;:null,&q;identifiers&q;:{&q;sku&q;:&q;01t7R000007o8U2QAI&q;,&q;collectionId&q;:&q;HSS-SOCPSYCH&q;},&q;subType&q;:null},{&q;_id&q;:&q;f693ec72-14b9-4d50-b946-78f10d6c865e&q;,&q;type&q;:&q;collection&q;,&q;level&q;:1,&q;position&q;:366,&q;title&q;:null,&q;identifiers&q;:{&q;sku&q;:&q;01t7R000007ojsdQAA&q;,&q;collectionId&q;:&q;HSS-SOCPSYCH-XX16&q;},&q;subType&q;:null},{&q;_id&q;:&q;ff7b0539-3a49-4a82-a364-3685cd8fc2be&q;,&q;type&q;:&q;collection&q;,&q;level&q;:1,&q;position&q;:1008,&q;title&q;:null,&q;identifiers&q;:{&q;collectionId&q;:&q;HSS-SOCPSYCH-XX17&q;},&q;subType&q;:null},{&q;_id&q;:&q;0c86c285-6baa-4ad4-abf9-19f52f2bbd76&q;,&q;type&q;:&q;collection&q;,&q;level&q;:1,&q;position&q;:1024,&q;title&q;:null,&q;identifiers&q;:{&q;collectionId&q;:&q;HSS-SOCPSYCH-XX18&q;},&q;subType&q;:null},{&q;_id&q;:&q;2ba9c622-e779-4d09-a576-c27b72df436d&q;,&q;type&q;:&q;collection&q;,&q;level&q;:1,&q;position&q;:41510,&q;title&q;:&q;Dimensions DRMN&q;,&q;identifiers&q;:{&q;sku&q;:&q;01t7T000000qzIiQAI&q;,&q;collectionId&q;:&q;SAL-DIME-DRMN&q;},&q;subType&q;:&q;Discovery Collection&q;},{&q;_id&q;:&q;16042ee6-667f-4acc-bbff-c5211ffe8c91&q;,&q;type&q;:&q;collection&q;,&q;level&q;:1,&q;position&q;:1067,&q;title&q;:&q;Social Psychology XX19&q;,&q;identifiers&q;:{&q;collectionId&q;:&q;HSS-SOCPSYCH-XX19&q;},&q;subType&q;:&q;Sales Collection&q;},{&q;_id&q;:&q;005c4696-8d4c-46a3-9097-e51e47ae2d17&q;,&q;type&q;:&q;collection&q;,&q;level&q;:0,&q;position&q;:283,&q;title&q;:&q;RHO HSS Collection 2015&q;,&q;identifiers&q;:{&q;sku&q;:&q;01t7T000000xbwPQAQ&q;,&q;collectionId&q;:&q;RHO-HSS-2015&q;},&q;subType&q;:&q;Sales Collection&q;},{&q;_id&q;:&q;6916e72e-886a-4294-a66a-a51c80a98193&q;,&q;type&q;:&q;collection&q;,&q;level&q;:0,&q;position&q;:33,&q;title&q;:&q;RHO Psychology 2015&q;,&q;identifiers&q;:{&q;sku&q;:&q;01t7T000000xbwZQAQ&q;,&q;collectionId&q;:&q;RHO-PSYCH-2015&q;},&q;subType&q;:&q;Sales Collection&q;},{&q;_id&q;:&q;30eb3ac4-bd26-4bd5-987d-aac553a18fb1&q;,&q;type&q;:&q;collection&q;,&q;level&q;:0,&q;position&q;:283,&q;title&q;:&q;RHO Full Collection 2015&q;,&q;identifiers&q;:{&q;sku&q;:&q;01t7T000000xbwUQAQ&q;,&q;collectionId&q;:&q;RHO-FULL-2015&q;},&q;subType&q;:&q;Sales Collection&q;},{&q;_id&q;:&q;8bb99667-0174-4e65-b7af-99f0b2bd9bba&q;,&q;type&q;:&q;collection&q;,&q;level&q;:0,&q;position&q;:2473,&q;title&q;:&q;RHO HSS Subject Collection&q;,&q;identifiers&q;:{&q;sku&q;:&q;01t7T000000xbwQQAQ&q;,&q;collectionId&q;:&q;RHO-HSS-MINI&q;},&q;subType&q;:&q;Sales Collection&q;},{&q;_id&q;:&q;b5888ff5-f360-45b6-9c9d-9ad69be8b6ee&q;,&q;type&q;:&q;collection&q;,&q;level&q;:0,&q;position&q;:3225,&q;title&q;:&q;RHO Full Subject Collection&q;,&q;identifiers&q;:{&q;sku&q;:&q;01t7T000000xbwaQAA&q;,&q;collectionId&q;:&q;RHO-FULL-MINI&q;},&q;subType&q;:&q;Sales Collection&q;},{&q;_id&q;:&q;edc5f554-f78c-452d-9722-1c5ad5421397&q;,&q;type&q;:&q;collection&q;,&q;level&q;:0,&q;position&q;:182,&q;title&q;:&q;RHO Psychology Subject Collection&q;,&q;identifiers&q;:{&q;sku&q;:&q;01t7T000000xbwRQAQ&q;,&q;collectionId&q;:&q;RHO-PSYCH-MINI&q;},&q;subType&q;:&q;Sales Collection&q;},{&q;_id&q;:&q;06488b89-5246-46b1-a1fd-097fc0ea5d81&q;,&q;type&q;:&q;collection&q;,&q;level&q;:1,&q;position&q;:563,&q;title&q;:&q;RHO HSS&q;,&q;identifiers&q;:{&q;sku&q;:&q;01t7T000000xdGHQAY&q;,&q;collectionId&q;:&q;RHO-HSS&q;},&q;subType&q;:&q;Discovery Collection&q;},{&q;_id&q;:&q;cb97c9a7-5782-40a4-8904-fb97efde624c&q;,&q;type&q;:&q;collection&q;,&q;level&q;:1,&q;position&q;:726,&q;title&q;:&q;RHO Full&q;,&q;identifiers&q;:{&q;sku&q;:&q;01t7T000000xdH5QAI&q;,&q;collectionId&q;:&q;RHO-FULL&q;},&q;subType&q;:&q;Discovery Collection&q;},{&q;_id&q;:&q;5ff4a494-27ef-404b-bb9f-b5a1635d66cf&q;,&q;type&q;:&q;collection&q;,&q;level&q;:1,&q;position&q;:38,&q;title&q;:&q;RHO Psychology&q;,&q;identifiers&q;:{&q;sku&q;:&q;01t7T0000037zZpQAI&q;,&q;collectionId&q;:&q;RHO-PSYCH&q;},&q;subType&q;:&q;Discovery Collection&q;}],&q;permissions&q;:[{&q;name&q;:&q;rfm&q;,&q;code&q;:&q;CTMRFM&q;,&q;text&q;:&q;Ready For Market&q;,&q;type&q;:&q;sales&q;,&q;description&q;:null,&q;validTo&q;:null,&q;validFrom&q;:null},{&q;name&q;:&q;EBRALL&q;,&q;code&q;:&q;EBRALL&q;,&q;text&q;:&q;Institutional, retail and Atypon&q;,&q;type&q;:&q;access&q;,&q;description&q;:null,&q;validTo&q;:null,&q;validFrom&q;:null}],&q;chapter&q;:{&q;pageStart&q;:&q;275&q;,&q;pageEnd&q;:&q;301&q;,&q;license&q;:null,&q;fundingGroups&q;:null,&q;subtitle&q;:null,&q;description&q;:null,&q;publisherImprint&q;:&q;Psychology Press&q;,&q;publicationDate&q;:&q;2018-09-05T00:00:00.000Z&q;,&q;copyright&q;:{&q;holder&q;:&q;Taylor &a; Francis Group&q;,&q;year&q;:2008,&q;statement&q;:&q;漏 2008 by Taylor &a; Francis Group, LLC&q;},&q;edition&q;:1,&q;doiRegistrationStatus&q;:false,&q;firstPublishedYear&q;:&q;2008&q;,&q;plannedPublicationDate&q;:&q;2008-06-19T00:00:00.000Z&q;,&q;abstracts&q;:[{&q;type&q;:&q;xml&q;,&q;position&q;:0,&q;caption&q;:null,&q;transcript&q;:null,&q;textType&q;:&q;first-paragraph&q;,&q;value&q;:&q;&l;p&g;Unless stated otherwise, this review focused on work published between 1985 and June 2007. \nTo identify studies for the review, we searched for all empirical studies dealing with the initiation of romantic relationships between adults published in English in refereed journals from 1985 \nto June 2007. The research studies reviewed here were identified by searching citations in earlier \nreviews and subsequent citation of earlier comprehensive reviews (e.g., Berscheid, 1985). We also \nused computerized searches of PsycINFO (1985 to 2007), including title, abstract, heading word, \ntable of contents, and key concepts. Keywords used in the searches included initiation, initiation of \nrelationships, initial attraction, and interpersonal attraction. The review is limited to articles that \n(a) offer data and are primarily empirical contributions, (b) appear in peer-reviewed journals or their \nequivalent, (c) are written in English, (d) focus on populations living in North America (i.e., Canada&l;/p&g;&l;p&g;and the United States of America), and (e) focus on nonclinical samples2 (as opposed to deficit-based \ngroups). These studies were categorized based on their preponderant focus on the target of evaluation, on the perceiver who is evaluating, or on the perceiver X target interaction. Research studies \ncan sometimes fit into more than one category, so all differences in categorization were resolved by \ndiscussion between the two authors.&l;/p&g;&q;}],&q;citation&q;:&q; (2008). Attraction and the Initiation of Relationships: A Review of the Empirical Literature. Handbook of Relationship Initiation (pp. 275-301). Psychology Press. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429020513-24&q;,&q;textType&q;:&q;Handbook (DRM-Free)&q;},&q;identifiers&q;:{&q;doi&q;:&q;10.4324/9780429020513-24&q;,&q;chapterId&q;:&q;chapter024&q;,&q;sku&q;:null,&q;isbn&q;:&q;9780429020513&q;,&q;dacKey&q;:&q;C2011-0-04975-1&q;},&q;isFree&q;:false,&q;associatedMedia&q;:[{&q;_id&q;:&q;9edc225c-0c17-4909-bb75-ceec619c2403&q;,&q;type&q;:&q;chapterabstractxml&q;,&q;size&q;:1816,&q;location&q;:null},{&q;_id&q;:&q;26ff8c99-8b54-49ed-a13a-fdfe2372f4c6&q;,&q;type&q;:&q;chapterpdf&q;,&q;size&q;:266509,&q;location&q;:null},{&q;_id&q;:&q;4febb2fb-64cf-45a4-9cb4-854772c37641&q;,&q;type&q;:&q;coverimage&q;,&q;size&q;:16078,&q;location&q;:&q;https://images.tandf.co.uk/common/jackets/crclarge/978080586/9780805861600.jpg&q;},{&q;_id&q;:&q;9d94e890-4f6e-4a3d-8d71-7103ba591756&q;,&q;type&q;:&q;dbitsxml&q;,&q;size&q;:137253,&q;location&q;:null}],&q;availability&q;:[{&q;name&q;:&q;EDI-EBSCO&q;,&q;status&q;:[&q;INVALID&q;],&q;errors&q;:[&q;INVALID_FORMAT&q;],&q;type&q;:&q;product&q;},{&q;name&q;:&q;EDI-Apollo&q;,&q;status&q;:[&q;INVALID&q;],&q;errors&q;:[&q;INVALID_FORMAT&q;],&q;type&q;:&q;product&q;},{&q;name&q;:&q;DigitalScience&q;,&q;status&q;:[&q;VALID&q;],&q;errors&q;:[],&q;type&q;:&q;content&q;},{&q;name&q;:&q;LOGPRO&q;,&q;status&q;:[&q;INVALID&q;],&q;errors&q;:[&q;INVALID_FORMAT&q;],&q;type&q;:&q;product&q;},{&q;name&q;:&q;SF OMS&q;,&q;status&q;:[&q;INVALID&q;],&q;errors&q;:[&q;INVALID_FORMAT&q;],&q;type&q;:&q;product&q;},{&q;name&q;:&q;EDI-Amazon&q;,&q;status&q;:[&q;INVALID&q;],&q;errors&q;:[&q;INVALID_FORMAT&q;],&q;type&q;:&q;product&q;},{&q;name&q;:&q;BMIS&q;,&q;status&q;:[&q;VALID&q;],&q;errors&q;:[],&q;type&q;:&q;product&q;},{&q;name&q;:&q;INNOVATION&q;,&q;status&q;:[&q;VALID&q;],&q;errors&q;:[],&q;type&q;:&q;product&q;},{&q;name&q;:&q;UBX&q;,&q;status&q;:[&q;SELLABLE&q;,&q;PUBLISHED&q;,&q;DRM_FREE&q;,&q;INCLUDE_IN_STATIC_BUNDLE&q;,&q;CAN_HOST&q;,&q;INCLUDE_IN_DYNAMIC_PACKAGE&q;],&q;errors&q;:[],&q;type&q;:&q;product&q;},{&q;name&q;:&q;ONIX&q;,&q;status&q;:[&q;VALID&q;],&q;errors&q;:[],&q;type&q;:&q;product&q;},{&q;name&q;:&q;UBW&q;,&q;status&q;:[&q;VALID&q;],&q;errors&q;:[],&q;type&q;:&q;product&q;},{&q;name&q;:&q;EDI-Login&q;,&q;status&q;:[&q;INVALID&q;],&q;errors&q;:[&q;INVALID_FORMAT&q;],&q;type&q;:&q;product&q;},{&q;name&q;:&q;TFRS&q;,&q;status&q;:[&q;VALID&q;],&q;errors&q;:[],&q;type&q;:&q;product&q;},{&q;name&q;:&q;SFDC&q;,&q;status&q;:[&q;SF-ACTIVE&q;],&q;errors&q;:[],&q;type&q;:&q;product&q;},{&q;name&q;:&q;TII&q;,&q;status&q;:[&q;VALID&q;],&q;errors&q;:[],&q;type&q;:&q;content&q;},{&q;name&q;:&q;EDI-BakerTaylor&q;,&q;status&q;:[&q;INVALID&q;],&q;errors&q;:[&q;INVALID_FORMAT&q;],&q;type&q;:&q;product&q;},{&q;name&q;:&q;EDI-Fishpond&q;,&q;status&q;:[&q;INVALID&q;],&q;errors&q;:[&q;INVALID_FORMAT&q;],&q;type&q;:&q;product&q;},{&q;name&q;:&q;KEP&q;,&q;status&q;:[&q;INVALID&q;],&q;errors&q;:[&q;INVALID_FORMAT&q;,&q;INVALID_PRODUCTION_CLASS&q;,&q;INVALID_BOOK_MEDIA&q;],&q;type&q;:&q;content&q;},{&q;name&q;:&q;KORTEXT&q;,&q;status&q;:[&q;VALID&q;],&q;errors&q;:[],&q;type&q;:&q;product&q;},{&q;name&q;:&q;EDI-Bookazine&q;,&q;status&q;:[&q;INVALID&q;],&q;errors&q;:[&q;INVALID_FORMAT&q;],&q;type&q;:&q;product&q;},{&q;name&q;:&q;UoT&q;,&q;status&q;:[&q;VALID&q;],&q;errors&q;:[],&q;type&q;:&q;content&q;}],&q;previousChapter&q;:{&q;label&q;:&q;TheBusinessofLove.com: Relationship Initiation at Internet Matchmaking Services&q;,&q;url&q;:&q;chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429020513-22/thebusinessoflove-com-relationship-initiation-internet-matchmaking-services&q;},&q;nextChapter&q;:{&q;label&q;:&q;Insider Perspectives on Attraction&q;,&q;url&q;:&q;chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429020513-25/insider-perspectives-attraction&q;},&q;allIsbns&q;:[&q;9780805861600&q;,&q;9780805861594&q;,&q;9780429673214&q;,&q;9780429673238&q;,&q;9780429673221&q;,&q;9780429020513&q;],&q;isEditedCollection&q;:true,&q;validityType&q;:&q;VALID&q;,&q;isRegionRestricted&q;:false}}</script></body></html>