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PHP: Text Processing - Manual

<!DOCTYPE html> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <title>PHP: Text Processing - Manual </title> <link rel="icon" type="image/svg+xml" sizes="any" href="https://www.php.net/favicon.svg?v=2"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="196x196" href="https://www.php.net/favicon-196x196.png?v=2"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="https://www.php.net/favicon-32x32.png?v=2"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="https://www.php.net/favicon-16x16.png?v=2"> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://www.php.net/favicon.ico?v=2"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="http://php.net/phpnetimprovedsearch.src" title="Add PHP.net search"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" href="https://www.php.net/releases/feed.php" title="PHP Release feed"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" href="https://www.php.net/feed.atom" title="PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.php.net/manual/en/refs.basic.text.php"> <link rel="shorturl" href="https://www.php.net/manual/en/refs.basic.text.php"> <link rel="alternate" href="https://www.php.net/manual/en/refs.basic.text.php" hreflang="x-default"> <link rel="contents" href="https://www.php.net/manual/en/index.php"> <link rel="index" href="https://www.php.net/manual/en/funcref.php"> <link rel="prev" href="https://www.php.net/manual/en/sessionupdatetimestamphandlerinterface.validateid.php"> <link rel="next" href="https://www.php.net/manual/en/book.cmark.php"> <link rel="alternate" href="https://www.php.net/manual/en/refs.basic.text.php" hreflang="en"> <link rel="alternate" href="https://www.php.net/manual/de/refs.basic.text.php" hreflang="de"> <link rel="alternate" href="https://www.php.net/manual/es/refs.basic.text.php" hreflang="es"> <link rel="alternate" href="https://www.php.net/manual/fr/refs.basic.text.php" hreflang="fr"> <link rel="alternate" href="https://www.php.net/manual/it/refs.basic.text.php" hreflang="it"> <link rel="alternate" href="https://www.php.net/manual/ja/refs.basic.text.php" hreflang="ja"> <link rel="alternate" href="https://www.php.net/manual/pt_BR/refs.basic.text.php" hreflang="pt_BR"> <link rel="alternate" href="https://www.php.net/manual/ru/refs.basic.text.php" hreflang="ru"> <link rel="alternate" href="https://www.php.net/manual/tr/refs.basic.text.php" hreflang="tr"> <link rel="alternate" href="https://www.php.net/manual/uk/refs.basic.text.php" hreflang="uk"> <link rel="alternate" href="https://www.php.net/manual/zh/refs.basic.text.php" hreflang="zh"> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/cached.php?t=1707321815&amp;f=/fonts/Fira/fira.css" media="screen"> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/cached.php?t=1707321815&amp;f=/fonts/Font-Awesome/css/fontello.css" media="screen"> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/cached.php?t=1732428602&amp;f=/styles/theme-base.css" media="screen"> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/cached.php?t=1730558402&amp;f=/styles/theme-medium.css" media="screen"> <base href="https://www.php.net/manual/en/refs.basic.text.php"> <meta name="Description" content="PHP is a popular general-purpose scripting language that powers everything from your blog to the most popular websites in the world." /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@official_php" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="PHP is a popular general-purpose scripting language that powers everything from your blog to the most popular websites in the world." /> <meta name="twitter:creator" content="@official_php" /> <meta name="twitter:image:src" content="https://www.php.net/images/meta-image.png" /> <meta itemprop="name" content="PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor" /> <meta itemprop="description" content="PHP is a popular general-purpose scripting language that powers everything from your blog to the most popular websites in the world." /> <meta itemprop="image" content="https://www.php.net/images/meta-image.png" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.php.net/images/meta-image.png" /> <meta property="og:description" content="PHP is a popular general-purpose scripting language that powers everything from your blog to the most popular websites in the world." /> <link href="https://fosstodon.org/@php" rel="me" /> </head> <body class="docs "> <nav class="navbar navbar-fixed-top"> <div class="navbar__inner"> <a href="/" aria-label="PHP Home" class="navbar__brand"> <img src="/images/logos/php-logo-white.svg" aria-hidden="true" width="80" height="40" > </a> <div id="navbar__offcanvas" tabindex="-1" class="navbar__offcanvas" aria-label="Menu" > <button id="navbar__close-button" class="navbar__icon-item navbar_icon-item--visually-aligned navbar__close-button" > <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor"><path d="M19,6.41L17.59,5L12,10.59L6.41,5L5,6.41L10.59,12L5,17.59L6.41,19L12,13.41L17.59,19L19,17.59L13.41,12L19,6.41Z" /></svg> </button> <ul class="navbar__nav"> <li class="navbar__item"> <a href="/downloads.php" class="navbar__link " > Downloads </a> </li> <li class="navbar__item"> <a href="/docs.php" aria-current="page" class="navbar__link navbar__link--active " > Documentation </a> </li> <li class="navbar__item"> <a href="/get-involved.php" class="navbar__link " > Get Involved </a> </li> <li class="navbar__item"> <a href="/support.php" class="navbar__link " > Help </a> </li> <li class="navbar__item"> <a href="/releases/8.4/index.php" class="navbar__link navbar__release" > <img src="/images/php8/logo_php8_4.svg" alt="PHP 8.4"> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="navbar__right"> <!-- Desktop default search --> <form action="/manual-lookup.php" class="navbar__search-form" > <label for="navbar__search-input" aria-label="Search docs"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" width="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" > <circle cx="11" cy="11" r="8"></circle> <line x1="21" y1="21" x2="16.65" y2="16.65"></line> </svg> </label> <input type="search" name="pattern" id="navbar__search-input" class="navbar__search-input" placeholder="Search docs" accesskey="s" > <input type="hidden" name="scope" value="quickref"> </form> <!-- Desktop encanced search --> <button id="navbar__search-button" class="navbar__search-button" hidden > <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" width="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" > <circle cx="11" cy="11" r="8"></circle> <line x1="21" y1="21" x2="16.65" y2="16.65"></line> </svg> Search docs </button> <!-- Mobile default items --> <a id="navbar__search-link" href="/lookup-form.php" aria-label="Search docs" class="navbar__icon-item navbar__search-link" > <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" width="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" > <circle cx="11" cy="11" r="8"></circle> <line x1="21" y1="21" x2="16.65" y2="16.65"></line> </svg> </a> <a id="navbar__menu-link" href="/menu.php" aria-label="Menu" class="navbar__icon-item navbar_icon-item--visually-aligned navbar_menu-link" > <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" width="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" > <path d="M3,6H21V8H3V6M3,11H21V13H3V11M3,16H21V18H3V16Z" /> </svg> </a> <!-- Mobile enhanced items --> <button id="navbar__search-button-mobile" aria-label="Search docs" class="navbar__icon-item navbar__search-button-mobile" hidden > <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" width="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" > <circle cx="11" cy="11" r="8"></circle> <line x1="21" y1="21" x2="16.65" y2="16.65"></line> </svg> </button> <button id="navbar__menu-button" aria-label="Menu" class="navbar__icon-item navbar_icon-item--visually-aligned" hidden > <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" width="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" > <path d="M3,6H21V8H3V6M3,11H21V13H3V11M3,16H21V18H3V16Z" /> </svg> </button> </div> <div id="navbar__backdrop" class="navbar__backdrop" ></div> </div> <div id="flash-message"></div> </nav> <nav id="trick"><div><dl> <dt><a href='/manual/en/getting-started.php'>Getting Started</a></dt> <dd><a href='/manual/en/introduction.php'>Introduction</a></dd> <dd><a href='/manual/en/tutorial.php'>A simple tutorial</a></dd> <dt><a href='/manual/en/langref.php'>Language Reference</a></dt> <dd><a href='/manual/en/language.basic-syntax.php'>Basic syntax</a></dd> <dd><a href='/manual/en/language.types.php'>Types</a></dd> <dd><a href='/manual/en/language.variables.php'>Variables</a></dd> <dd><a href='/manual/en/language.constants.php'>Constants</a></dd> <dd><a href='/manual/en/language.expressions.php'>Expressions</a></dd> <dd><a href='/manual/en/language.operators.php'>Operators</a></dd> <dd><a href='/manual/en/language.control-structures.php'>Control Structures</a></dd> <dd><a href='/manual/en/language.functions.php'>Functions</a></dd> <dd><a href='/manual/en/language.oop5.php'>Classes and Objects</a></dd> <dd><a href='/manual/en/language.namespaces.php'>Namespaces</a></dd> <dd><a href='/manual/en/language.enumerations.php'>Enumerations</a></dd> <dd><a href='/manual/en/language.errors.php'>Errors</a></dd> <dd><a href='/manual/en/language.exceptions.php'>Exceptions</a></dd> <dd><a href='/manual/en/language.fibers.php'>Fibers</a></dd> <dd><a href='/manual/en/language.generators.php'>Generators</a></dd> <dd><a href='/manual/en/language.attributes.php'>Attributes</a></dd> <dd><a href='/manual/en/language.references.php'>References Explained</a></dd> <dd><a href='/manual/en/reserved.variables.php'>Predefined Variables</a></dd> <dd><a href='/manual/en/reserved.exceptions.php'>Predefined Exceptions</a></dd> <dd><a href='/manual/en/reserved.interfaces.php'>Predefined Interfaces and Classes</a></dd> <dd><a href='/manual/en/reserved.attributes.php'>Predefined Attributes</a></dd> <dd><a href='/manual/en/context.php'>Context options and parameters</a></dd> <dd><a href='/manual/en/wrappers.php'>Supported Protocols and Wrappers</a></dd> </dl> <dl> <dt><a href='/manual/en/security.php'>Security</a></dt> <dd><a href='/manual/en/security.intro.php'>Introduction</a></dd> <dd><a href='/manual/en/security.general.php'>General considerations</a></dd> <dd><a href='/manual/en/security.cgi-bin.php'>Installed as CGI binary</a></dd> <dd><a href='/manual/en/security.apache.php'>Installed as an Apache module</a></dd> <dd><a href='/manual/en/security.sessions.php'>Session Security</a></dd> <dd><a href='/manual/en/security.filesystem.php'>Filesystem Security</a></dd> <dd><a href='/manual/en/security.database.php'>Database Security</a></dd> <dd><a href='/manual/en/security.errors.php'>Error Reporting</a></dd> <dd><a href='/manual/en/security.variables.php'>User Submitted Data</a></dd> <dd><a href='/manual/en/security.hiding.php'>Hiding PHP</a></dd> <dd><a href='/manual/en/security.current.php'>Keeping Current</a></dd> <dt><a href='/manual/en/features.php'>Features</a></dt> <dd><a href='/manual/en/features.http-auth.php'>HTTP authentication with PHP</a></dd> <dd><a href='/manual/en/features.cookies.php'>Cookies</a></dd> <dd><a href='/manual/en/features.sessions.php'>Sessions</a></dd> <dd><a href='/manual/en/features.file-upload.php'>Handling file uploads</a></dd> <dd><a href='/manual/en/features.remote-files.php'>Using remote files</a></dd> <dd><a href='/manual/en/features.connection-handling.php'>Connection handling</a></dd> <dd><a href='/manual/en/features.persistent-connections.php'>Persistent Database Connections</a></dd> <dd><a href='/manual/en/features.commandline.php'>Command line usage</a></dd> <dd><a href='/manual/en/features.gc.php'>Garbage Collection</a></dd> <dd><a href='/manual/en/features.dtrace.php'>DTrace Dynamic Tracing</a></dd> </dl> <dl> <dt><a href='/manual/en/funcref.php'>Function Reference</a></dt> <dd><a href='/manual/en/refs.basic.php.php'>Affecting PHP's Behaviour</a></dd> <dd><a href='/manual/en/refs.utilspec.audio.php'>Audio Formats Manipulation</a></dd> <dd><a href='/manual/en/refs.remote.auth.php'>Authentication Services</a></dd> <dd><a href='/manual/en/refs.utilspec.cmdline.php'>Command Line Specific Extensions</a></dd> <dd><a href='/manual/en/refs.compression.php'>Compression and Archive Extensions</a></dd> <dd><a href='/manual/en/refs.crypto.php'>Cryptography Extensions</a></dd> <dd><a href='/manual/en/refs.database.php'>Database Extensions</a></dd> <dd><a href='/manual/en/refs.calendar.php'>Date and Time Related Extensions</a></dd> <dd><a href='/manual/en/refs.fileprocess.file.php'>File System Related Extensions</a></dd> <dd><a href='/manual/en/refs.international.php'>Human Language and Character Encoding Support</a></dd> <dd><a href='/manual/en/refs.utilspec.image.php'>Image Processing and Generation</a></dd> <dd><a href='/manual/en/refs.remote.mail.php'>Mail Related Extensions</a></dd> <dd><a href='/manual/en/refs.math.php'>Mathematical Extensions</a></dd> <dd><a href='/manual/en/refs.utilspec.nontext.php'>Non-Text MIME Output</a></dd> <dd><a href='/manual/en/refs.fileprocess.process.php'>Process Control Extensions</a></dd> <dd><a href='/manual/en/refs.basic.other.php'>Other Basic Extensions</a></dd> <dd><a href='/manual/en/refs.remote.other.php'>Other Services</a></dd> <dd><a href='/manual/en/refs.search.php'>Search Engine Extensions</a></dd> <dd><a href='/manual/en/refs.utilspec.server.php'>Server Specific Extensions</a></dd> <dd><a href='/manual/en/refs.basic.session.php'>Session Extensions</a></dd> <dd><a href='/manual/en/refs.basic.text.php'>Text Processing</a></dd> <dd><a href='/manual/en/refs.basic.vartype.php'>Variable and Type Related Extensions</a></dd> <dd><a href='/manual/en/refs.webservice.php'>Web Services</a></dd> <dd><a href='/manual/en/refs.utilspec.windows.php'>Windows Only Extensions</a></dd> <dd><a href='/manual/en/refs.xml.php'>XML Manipulation</a></dd> <dd><a href='/manual/en/refs.ui.php'>GUI Extensions</a></dd> </dl> <dl> <dt>Keyboard Shortcuts</dt><dt>?</dt> <dd>This help</dd> <dt>j</dt> <dd>Next menu item</dd> <dt>k</dt> <dd>Previous menu item</dd> <dt>g p</dt> <dd>Previous man page</dd> <dt>g n</dt> <dd>Next man page</dd> <dt>G</dt> <dd>Scroll to bottom</dd> <dt>g g</dt> <dd>Scroll to top</dd> <dt>g h</dt> <dd>Goto homepage</dd> <dt>g s</dt> <dd>Goto search<br>(current page)</dd> <dt>/</dt> <dd>Focus search box</dd> </dl></div></nav> <div id="goto"> <div class="search"> <div class="text"></div> <div class="results"><ul></ul></div> </div> </div> <div id="breadcrumbs" class="clearfix"> <div id="breadcrumbs-inner"> <div class="next"> <a href="book.cmark.php"> CommonMark &raquo; </a> </div> <div class="prev"> <a href="sessionupdatetimestamphandlerinterface.validateid.php"> &laquo; SessionUpdateTimestampHandlerInterface::validateId </a> </div> <ul> <li><a href='index.php'>PHP Manual</a></li> <li><a href='funcref.php'>Function Reference</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="layout" class="clearfix"> <section id="layout-content"> <div class="page-tools"> <div class="change-language"> <form action="/manual/change.php" method="get" id="changelang" name="changelang"> <fieldset> <label for="changelang-langs">Change language:</label> <select onchange="document.changelang.submit()" name="page" id="changelang-langs"> <option value='en/refs.basic.text.php' selected="selected">English</option> <option value='de/refs.basic.text.php'>German</option> <option value='es/refs.basic.text.php'>Spanish</option> <option value='fr/refs.basic.text.php'>French</option> <option value='it/refs.basic.text.php'>Italian</option> <option value='ja/refs.basic.text.php'>Japanese</option> <option value='pt_BR/refs.basic.text.php'>Brazilian Portuguese</option> <option value='ru/refs.basic.text.php'>Russian</option> <option value='tr/refs.basic.text.php'>Turkish</option> <option value='uk/refs.basic.text.php'>Ukrainian</option> <option value='zh/refs.basic.text.php'>Chinese (Simplified)</option> <option value='help-translate.php'>Other</option> </select> </fieldset> </form> </div> </div><div id="refs.basic.text" class="set"> <h1 class="title">Text Processing</h1> <ul class="chunklist chunklist_set"><li><a href="book.cmark.php">CommonMark</a><ul class="chunklist chunklist_set chunklist_children"><li><a href="intro.cmark.php">Introduction</a></li><li><a href="cmark.setup.php">Installing/Configuring</a></li><li><a href="cmark.constants.php">Predefined Constants</a></li><li><a href="class.commonmark-node-document.php">CommonMark\Node\Document</a> — Document concrete CommonMark\Node</li><li><a href="class.commonmark-node-heading.php">CommonMark\Node\Heading</a> — Heading concrete CommonMark\Node</li><li><a href="class.commonmark-node-paragraph.php">CommonMark\Node\Paragraph</a> — Paragraph concrete CommonMark\Node</li><li><a href="class.commonmark-node-blockquote.php">CommonMark\Node\BlockQuote</a> — BlockQuote concrete CommonMark\Node</li><li><a href="class.commonmark-node-bulletlist.php">CommonMark\Node\BulletList</a> — BulletList concrete CommonMark\Node</li><li><a href="class.commonmark-node-orderedlist.php">CommonMark\Node\OrderedList</a> — OrderedList concrete CommonMark\Node</li><li><a href="class.commonmark-node-item.php">CommonMark\Node\Item</a> — Item concrete CommonMark\Node</li><li><a href="class.commonmark-node-text.php">CommonMark\Node\Text</a> — Text concrete CommonMark\Node</li><li><a href="class.commonmark-node-text-strong.php">CommonMark\Node\Text\Strong</a> — Strong concrete CommonMark\Node</li><li><a href="class.commonmark-node-text-emphasis.php">CommonMark\Node\Text\Emphasis</a> — Emphasis concrete CommonMark\Node</li><li><a href="class.commonmark-node-thematicbreak.php">CommonMark\Node\ThematicBreak</a> — ThematicBreak concrete CommonMark\Node</li><li><a href="class.commonmark-node-softbreak.php">CommonMark\Node\SoftBreak</a> — SoftBreak concrete CommonMark\Node</li><li><a href="class.commonmark-node-linebreak.php">CommonMark\Node\LineBreak</a> — LineBreak concrete CommonMark\Node</li><li><a href="class.commonmark-node-code.php">CommonMark\Node\Code</a> — Code concrete CommonMark\Node</li><li><a href="class.commonmark-node-codeblock.php">CommonMark\Node\CodeBlock</a> — CodeBlock concrete CommonMark\Node</li><li><a href="class.commonmark-node-htmlblock.php">CommonMark\Node\HTMLBlock</a> — HTMLBlock concrete CommonMark\Node</li><li><a href="class.commonmark-node-htmlinline.php">CommonMark\Node\HTMLInline</a> — HTMLInline concrete CommonMark\Node</li><li><a href="class.commonmark-node-image.php">CommonMark\Node\Image</a> — Image concrete CommonMark\Node</li><li><a href="class.commonmark-node-link.php">CommonMark\Node\Link</a> — Link concrete CommonMark\Node</li><li><a href="class.commonmark-node-customblock.php">CommonMark\Node\CustomBlock</a> — CustomBlock concrete CommonMark\Node</li><li><a href="class.commonmark-node-custominline.php">CommonMark\Node\CustomInline</a> — CustomInline concrete CommonMark\Node</li><li><a href="class.commonmark-node.php">CommonMark\Node</a> — Abstract CommonMark\Node</li><li><a href="class.commonmark-interfaces-ivisitor.php">CommonMark\Interfaces\IVisitor</a> — The CommonMark\Interfaces\IVisitor interface</li><li><a href="class.commonmark-interfaces-ivisitable.php">CommonMark\Interfaces\IVisitable</a> — The CommonMark\Interfaces\IVisitable interface</li><li><a href="class.commonmark-parser.php">CommonMark\Parser</a> — The CommonMark\Parser class</li><li><a href="class.commonmark-cql.php">CommonMark\CQL</a> — The CommonMark\CQL class</li><li><a href="ref.cmark.php">CommonMark Functions</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="book.parle.php">Parle</a> — Parsing and lexing<ul class="chunklist chunklist_set chunklist_children"><li><a href="intro.parle.php">Introduction</a></li><li><a href="parle.setup.php">Installing/Configuring</a></li><li><a href="parle.constants.php">Predefined Constants</a></li><li><a href="parle.pattern.matching.php">Pattern matching</a> — Parle pattern matching</li><li><a href="parle.examples.php">Examples</a></li><li><a href="class.parle-lexer.php">Parle\Lexer</a> — The Parle\Lexer class</li><li><a href="class.parle-rlexer.php">Parle\RLexer</a> — The Parle\RLexer class</li><li><a href="class.parle-parser.php">Parle\Parser</a> — The Parle\Parser class</li><li><a href="class.parle-rparser.php">Parle\RParser</a> — The Parle\RParser class</li><li><a href="class.parle-stack.php">Parle\Stack</a> — The Parle\Stack class</li><li><a href="class.parle-token.php">Parle\Token</a> — The Parle\Token class</li><li><a href="class.parle-errorinfo.php">Parle\ErrorInfo</a> — The Parle\ErrorInfo class</li><li><a href="class.parle-lexerexception.php">Parle\LexerException</a> — The Parle\LexerException class</li><li><a href="class.parle-parserexception.php">Parle\ParserException</a> — The Parle\ParserException class</li></ul></li><li><a href="book.pcre.php">PCRE</a> — Regular Expressions (Perl-Compatible)<ul class="chunklist chunklist_set chunklist_children"><li><a href="intro.pcre.php">Introduction</a></li><li><a href="pcre.setup.php">Installing/Configuring</a></li><li><a href="pcre.constants.php">Predefined Constants</a></li><li><a href="pcre.examples.php">Examples</a></li><li><a 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