CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '91363dab18b8ce42',cH: 'tZKDp30P.2oScTcqUEOAwFIpuaYYk_1Jve92cAk_khM-1739800168-1.2.1.1-LtBHCOVj.IKaHmXVI85cjF3bxA9Keo_uDNmq9wDFE15oMXwnHBycYMBdTodSmVzg',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=electron%20multipliers%20%28vacuum%29&__cf_chl_tk=b01dT6HPy2X5Kui7cmkw1jCjPduIW1pToJpY6a0NK7E-1739800168-1.0.1.1-KSHtQ.C6OyO70gpZxkWhoxwLyqnEPN9.F4uYZLWGeUg",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739800168',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=electron%20multipliers%20%28vacuum%29&__cf_chl_f_tk=b01dT6HPy2X5Kui7cmkw1jCjPduIW1pToJpY6a0NK7E-1739800168-1.0.1.1-KSHtQ.C6OyO70gpZxkWhoxwLyqnEPN9.F4uYZLWGeUg",md: ".Z72W0aCDBmFnjWngCgvcUPtq_3SuD6Orz8VDyJmT_Q-1739800168-1.2.1.1-0BJ0suhypEZdVlWnEH86toegFVU1J39JDRWX_EwFUWP1OIYGMuGEYTybUP_.1MfKmidH1q6fW8kufRf4_DtEC4N9MZ_yHMYFfddIakMSSWRSyvMjQkZUga0g7x_nOwl6e.rK7TpxbD1IkBAXyoU1IxIfCevzDQcMay7KHOuob0BEYM0OV_9lza1KUhs3ISNPn9jctJqCeL9ipctbL6EI5VtjLfcCBzqaDrtoYQr7oeOPAG87Mm_AgaxSdYMa3.jLEx.VAfNijL5z4FUoEXoBe_VKcJUw4Sb_nSILy7DwCNNEnPa.6.8cXN_BvyLdLYW_GixzbwJOik1E7XrbvRsDOH6f2dmQajCBYuNZOLJ5NLpcR0FpCbttbDF7OxUs4rhPKPPlAfOlkirG_OYryQP0.5wGjnW_SCezAtIrTfi7a.zM52v_B4x.wvUG6eYT.zHcQv8T4DbSboz14G1VRctu5MQpsOTVEgXHwEIMpfxleVYlqEu2u0CwLe17QulgpYnXqCfO.n3mBG51vEO36y5zbiKAAyHBrCHqFQ2kBzb2r7JHQpxo104zZX.VYBgw0irkaikabtIb8n3Z895KYw6LnRDlLfkaXv1SquvldCPfjd4zLtOzavIbBB2v8WbLb7yh2KawcPyh5A69bvD5Aqh46nk16fjLiC4iqfqVeFyMcO72OFZm76e6AamYvaTr.QZBA4znvQMQwi4uz42sh.fh8_ghtuAl2qSA_yPcS1ar2FCoKtOBQIq304MAJDW_s8jCvRLafuRtljiD7nfUYQ9TPPUDXb0._NGFvXeGPG_z.tVa.YB9dFCBMIN10.0oD17zSxGW336.LF0AjuEwGH5YxcBH6YYuJCtBAmFSUb8OxPHyyqafmEG0WyR8WjYU46EnG21QFbvKUpiSxshYVEQUyjl9hE6X1srIO1hVMQKq1OoWG5dQAwt0ieHMNoa2m8SBfNmjeZOKQUrJt2SNiEO46zmmjXwZ7NcOQ_5ZesD8HBBHZTTZ4xHcDg9U7XcwN3MXjquwBxq.sC0oejz6W6zWMXNJ1nkIUTHXpbTGXsAn2PHjtiyXd9Ky98Od79EHr2NuEJUSHO.MJg._NV57ibpbYQcHDkZofalrEoUXP15MxHFXnU_VPjt9GmgMb4KAt6MKvO8UgDBFuOROOArPcO75ugB9zURXD.WzfRzw_OdGDui0QjsKxP2lMUG08MhAXci1INU.05YPM9_3mLN5ybVc64aDnaa_1QVTydYxDcQx46S8UNVM83TINsQ2Ynqubm6YP27M3uKfjC9K3xVKpamkHMEUVKdJvOGOxGsOehy1pqfEvwrey69pxyooMH86VDCGY.ERXRgDTgfmH9j3IqRBcn1b211Pe7qSzSB6kbmqCtPgBw9UpZ2ck7tm1xaad_N1hJVeM.mY1zErThRwxF_QXVmE5iQ0W9AQmlTAlGwBrI4_tY_oCLTrAmaeiVE33zXYQ4tH7xJ_2VByQF9YWNGLmQ0pIj10A6LABmN9CLHXPBQyrkOkVEcFMxqI1s7mnriO8zxS.nF32bhbYvsSTyIC4Zd8KgEIf_JVQfhhdcDjaP9.9vCS8DcXL6U10KHntSCwAZKwHiQWS_ceePx_7P9qGSUbhoTV3tfZumEdFiQ6g.rhL97.Ut9OsGOT6TnH_pfw927U.W1Y3IgPAsSzO_IEMY2_8X6SFItZPXqnzn6m4eSxEczHdPlCCQTrKbxP2ejepPEbmTiwp9F0lioOIIJwp9RfROyMFCakcpezocXEpn.UL9dTqqoW6sbxY3mj9Y7G3rHr8Ry0MbgiBP_j0Ld_gEN7LXe2OasOXk8weMjnhgUXI9CbmIxpudTIaBG2s_tB.0W8Z0lh8ucrIh8IEw20Jf._kOKvf0mInlRMUTGNWilsdcBNEFb5r5l87slUH0kNL5TysuXUR0IUGEX8OmhlzjM2tq0XCeoZH87ZL6G6HOqyyAXg2tpOJcxJwftIXZKtI_Ks8rxxt0.4zoYkzw7zDe8rZadQWbYO4xXEy4jngQE",mdrd: "10F1vJHg7zqzMSQxC0YC8QXNoPoKCDqzTYFCe_rtTtY-1739800168-1.2.1.1-2X5Td8pga.DFzIPiLHJezrTctLR1JtrRd.9weURn2AG0j58D5X8F7lUS7car33I5iCwOQIov2Z.i7wawlyslzCG8w5D1NsIUNXI0rRwrLNZgwOIKCdEnU8zi4SXNKb4lzJDPDBKkreJ6nX4MiWuO7KcX1Ow_vQUs3rXpcacJU0w6LM2HXAUm2KaxbR.uqYo3h5jcDIE4CpDTkiZDLEKwHZLF3GWUZbc53vvNeDauDXdSod2bwjHmweGXYaK1L.U5ZSWNam.CITXqTkTmFtgPHh.4vn3kzBB.v7UloDiru0dAjwke.AwAsCfbUactZliV_h7SFZDSFABBsMTrL7mxzx8dhLSSRMORWmVfpCFNnwmUcwqNOMrVUAtXw1GDFp8JRF33WZY9klA3.yHZYgVhkns53AYNCJyQQ26A04BrJU8nQVJb9ZbmX7IxmenIUN5WMDdczrhvxtwZpB69KiZqc2wSHSCYIhgaQ2.g2OET1yTfIv0kEhft53Q9Jj9jG5SX.i2EAQm73czoTHFiqVEF4QZSgoffVP7O1Ky83BNkCag1Hw3ONvmoUSI3NymNzbHoI1FJw8nPjLOZdSP3lP0U7f_92SjApBcnoVwv4S8gEej8Qg4BcA57ld8RUwU23nfhEpwwjgrbC5AAdNTHZvlBJybN37I15z4Pj25EhjXkG3KR7yQpPeD7qJJBzMUja2oBLHA3KvimlTM.MhZ09s593yWExDc_m53V0bh7uAwMm.5tiGpQFlFK82mPL15gnDKoldj3l5FGzrlm01eTdojwI8gcQiuX.6yDDWAF42dElU6upDC5YkehrCJqJ.cXZhiWs66uLskvJMHZMHl5wHC5_J0aZffTwGJHTig63hYK4PxFAkAF6cPVzHPYWNnnjjtqHviT0KhWO6hMObMZW6x5heGLXGrffHmt9ZndM.FjZ_zcreOihbNvN9IXTGy9waID5ZKjulav9Mj.VADbepaV5dPqsaLq2vH5DX55nHAxhKN_gBJ_.LI3vLJRCbu.bKHLPnIxtfafMp_UjX0AShlXBWM.5L4aGNNKC6Hor1dAOeECrfwg7WNTRKipEcuhw81pcbpNKvcUbN0.eLQwYtsBLtPcMC9R7iyzDiGT_8rvSDPxLA4HHGEoaSJehtFGWxkSszZGgj4uBRIwpwTh6PxCclISCWhYhcvTPBrePI1kJJBU1rfOArrrkPlautaQqCEyJC2W.oXzWo9b3st94JrjPBfc1KfVKGuyS_NTRC59DcBCldq2JZvnABH3keQDcxmHD1q4atmflc_zf9wPw4k81HR2z50PfTun80g2hQccBpgawki9hYf2skqXH6WMUo04fqP36VI_3.nYXlFSeUq4QLZmouARjzBmNqZZw3Mi3ILdDvK4ZHJRR7vws3niLx6wMSM9bZELqZ_CjZJZfRF0pZCkx8UbvnAqJygkkk5y3ROf.OOQU.RUiYJf1uUtupCounpdkKVerWcocdrVzgrkGhLgqWss22aMGT4jc1vDnwRhzfVZryidktXslPjqRfwrzE1TopjgY.2rkNA3ZE1JABRojfciLXHqVr7FTB_7ht1Eb.KzVeWlBlzQ3oXSGjL239W6BuBjPUop9gTuF2cp9JsOSX.xd2IQFPRMKfVrl1BL4XBzcV1hAwqxOYJi_uuxVU8tr8hbCGsxsrTTrw3ER6xuAakPEhW5UELDUtnPC_zedoPPukt4XLwDUAVs.o0zKh2V8K7q_cOsoMezqx1.utqBkGUjMrv6NerCmpkXvAaZVPQjUxmTOiwniJgjiWwvTdj7LEJyrUl_6kQ9iLDsN6YLj6egcrbuXA8kh0ddCwFsP3cysuZVbvSXJk9d7DObxUw.BpXDDH2TSJqe7n0EnOcovfSnsB7koZwDprMrWdbTjGfb972odzVfrhqnvKycbmpnnWYf5cs1WspMxK5YqMjB0HV1sMW1_QeNc88GhOHEDNF7ccOB_PMpIQ4PWLLNgeJN1oJzrCSpBRYV0umVFQ"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=91363dab18b8ce42';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=electron%20multipliers%20%28vacuum%29&__cf_chl_rt_tk=b01dT6HPy2X5Kui7cmkw1jCjPduIW1pToJpY6a0NK7E-1739800168-1.0.1.1-KSHtQ.C6OyO70gpZxkWhoxwLyqnEPN9.F4uYZLWGeUg" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>