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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Origins </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Frankish_(3rd–5th_centuries)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Frankish_(3rd–5th_centuries)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Frankish (3rd–5th centuries) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Frankish_(3rd–5th_centuries)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Old_Dutch_(5th–12th_centuries)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_Dutch_(5th–12th_centuries)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Old Dutch (5th–12th centuries) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Old_Dutch_(5th–12th_centuries)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Dutch_(12th–15th_centuries)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Dutch_(12th–15th_centuries)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Middle Dutch (12th–15th centuries) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Dutch_(12th–15th_centuries)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_Dutch_(15th_century–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Dutch_(15th_century–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Modern Dutch (15th century–present) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_Dutch_(15th_century–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Classification </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dialects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Dialects </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dialects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Dialects subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Dialects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dialect_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialect_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Dialect groups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dialect_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Regional languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regional_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dutch_Low_Saxon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dutch_Low_Saxon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Dutch Low Saxon </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dutch_Low_Saxon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Limburgish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Limburgish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.2 Limburgish </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Limburgish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Daughter_and_sister_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Daughter_and_sister_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Daughter and sister languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Daughter_and_sister_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geographic_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographic_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Geographic distribution </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geographic_distribution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geographic distribution subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geographic_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oceania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Oceania </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oceania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Americas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Americas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Americas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Americas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Phonology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Phonology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Consonants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Vowels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diphthongs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diphthongs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Diphthongs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diphthongs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonotactics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonotactics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Phonotactics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phonotactics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polder_Dutch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polder_Dutch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Polder Dutch </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polder_Dutch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Grammar </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Grammar subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Verbs_and_tenses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbs_and_tenses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Verbs and tenses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbs_and_tenses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genders_and_cases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genders_and_cases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Genders and cases </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genders_and_cases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Word_order" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Word_order"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Word order </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Word_order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diminutives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diminutives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Diminutives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diminutives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pronouns_and_determiners" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronouns_and_determiners"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Pronouns and determiners </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronouns_and_determiners-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Compounds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Vocabulary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spelling_and_writing_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spelling_and_writing_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Spelling and writing system </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spelling_and_writing_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Example_text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Example_text"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Example text </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Example_text-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 General references </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Dutch language</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 201 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-201" aria-hidden="true" > 201 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%B1%D0%B7%D1%8D" title="Нидерландхэбзэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Нидерландхэбзэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederlands" title="Nederlands – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Nederlands" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niederl%C3%A4ndische_Sprache" title="Niederländische Sprache – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Niederländische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%86%E1%88%8B%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B5%E1%8A%9B" title="ሆላንድኛ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሆላንድኛ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%9A_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="डच भाषा – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="डच भाषा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C3%B0erlendisc_spr%C7%A3c" title="Niðerlendisc sprǣc – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Niðerlendisc sprǣc" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة الهولندية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة الهولندية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_neerland%C3%A9s" title="Idioma neerlandés – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma neerlandés" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A0%DC%AB%DC%A2%DC%90_%DC%97%DC%98%DC%A0%DC%A2%DC%95%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܠܫܢܐ ܗܘܠܢܕܝܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܠܫܢܐ ܗܘܠܢܕܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%AArland%C3%AAs" title="Nêrlandês – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Nêrlandês" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="ওলন্দাজ ভাষা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ওলন্দাজ ভাষা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_neerland%C3%A9s" title="Idioma neerlandés – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma neerlandés" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neel%C3%A1nda%C3%B1e%27%E1%BA%BD" title="Neelándañe'ẽ – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Neelándañe'ẽ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niderland_dili" title="Niderland dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Niderland dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="هولند دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هولند دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="ওলন্দাজ ভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ওলন্দাজ ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4-l%C3%A2n-g%C3%AD" title="Hô-lân-gí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hô-lân-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Landa" title="Basa Landa – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Basa Landa" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Нидерланд теле – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Нидерланд теле" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Нідэрландская мова – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Нідэрландская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Нідэрляндзкая мова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Нідэрляндзкая мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Нидерландски език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Нидерландски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holl%C3%A4ndische_Sproch" title="Holländische Sproch – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Holländische Sproch" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizozemski_jezik" title="Nizozemski jezik – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Nizozemski jezik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izelvroeg" title="Izelvroeg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Izelvroeg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neerland%C3%A8s" title="Neerlandès – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Neerlandès" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Голланд чĕлхи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Голланд чĕлхи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inolandes" title="Inolandes – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Inolandes" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizozem%C5%A1tina" title="Nizozemština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nizozemština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_neerlandese" title="Lingua neerlandese – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Lingua neerlandese" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iseldireg" title="Iseldireg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Iseldireg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederlandsk_(sprog)" title="Nederlandsk (sprog) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nederlandsk (sprog)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لهولاندية – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لهولاندية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holl%C3%A1nddagiella" title="Hollánddagiella – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Hollánddagiella" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niederlaendische_Schprooch" title="Niederlaendische Schprooch – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Niederlaendische Schprooch" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niederl%C3%A4ndische_Sprache" title="Niederländische Sprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Niederländische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%91%DE%A6%DE%97%DE%AA" title="ޑަޗު – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޑަޗު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C5%BEozem%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Nižozemšćina – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Nižozemšćina" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollandi_keel" title="Hollandi keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hollandi keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Ολλανδική γλώσσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ολλανδική γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulandais" title="Ulandais – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Ulandais" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_neerland%C3%A9s" title="Idioma neerlandés – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma neerlandés" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederlanda_lingvo" title="Nederlanda lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nederlanda lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederlandera" title="Nederlandera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nederlandera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%87%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="زبان هلندی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان هلندی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_bhasa" title="Dutch bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Dutch bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C3%B0urlendskt_m%C3%A1l" title="Niðurlendskt mál – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Niðurlendskt mál" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9erlandais" title="Néerlandais – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Néerlandais" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederl%C3%A2nsk" title="Nederlânsk – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Nederlânsk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Ollainnis" title="An Ollainnis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Ollainnis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ollanish" title="Ollanish – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Ollanish" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duitsis" title="Duitsis – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Duitsis" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_neerlandesa" title="Lingua neerlandesa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua neerlandesa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%B8%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B6%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8C%B0" title="𐌽𐌹𐌸𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌽𐌹𐌸𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B2-l%C3%A0n-ng%C3%AE" title="Hò-làn-ngî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Hò-làn-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%84%A4%EB%8D%9C%EB%9E%80%EB%93%9C%EC%96%B4" title="네덜란드어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="네덜란드어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Հոլանդերեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հոլանդերեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%9A_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="डच भाषा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="डच भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C5%BEozem%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Nižozemšćina – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Nižozemšćina" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizozemski_jezik" title="Nizozemski jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nizozemski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederlandana_linguo" title="Nederlandana linguo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Nederlandana linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasao_nga_Olandes" title="Pagsasao nga Olandes – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagsasao nga Olandes" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Belanda" title="Bahasa Belanda – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Belanda" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_nederlandese" title="Lingua nederlandese – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Lingua nederlandese" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederlandesi" title="Nederlandesi – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Nederlandesi" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3_%C3%A6%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Нидерландаг æвзаг – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Нидерландаг æвзаг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/IsiHolani" title="IsiHolani – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="IsiHolani" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IsiHolandi" title="IsiHolandi – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IsiHolandi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollenska" title="Hollenska – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hollenska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_olandese" title="Lingua olandese – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua olandese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%99%D7%AA" title="הולנדית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הולנדית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Walanda" title="Basa Walanda – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Basa Walanda" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neeyer%C9%A9land%C9%9B_k%CA%8An%CA%8A%C5%8B" title="Neeyerɩlandɛ kʊnʊŋ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Neeyerɩlandɛ kʊnʊŋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%9A%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%86" title="ಡಚ್ ಭಾಷೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಡಚ್ ಭಾಷೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ნიდერლანდური ენა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნიდერლანდური ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Нидерланд тілі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Нидерланд тілі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iseldiryek" title="Iseldiryek – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Iseldiryek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiholanzi" title="Kiholanzi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kiholanzi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Нидерланд кыв – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Нидерланд кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9y%C3%A8rland%C3%A9" title="Néyèrlandé – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Néyèrlandé" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_holend%C3%AE" title="Zimanê holendî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanê holendî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Нидерланд тили – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Нидерланд тили" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingaz_olandesc" title="Lingaz olandesc – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Lingaz olandesc" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_neerlandesa" title="Lingua neerlandesa – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Lingua neerlandesa" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%AE%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%87" title="ພາສາໂຮນລັງ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ພາສາໂຮນລັງ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Batava" title="Lingua Batava – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Batava" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%ABderlandie%C5%A1u_valoda" title="Nīderlandiešu valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Nīderlandiešu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holl%C3%A4nnesch" title="Hollännesch – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Hollännesch" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oland%C5%B3_kalba" title="Olandų kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Olandų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_olandeise" title="Lengua olandeise – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Lengua olandeise" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederlands" title="Nederlands – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Nederlands" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifalam%C3%A1" title="Lifalamá – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Lifalamá" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederlandes_(lingua)" title="Nederlandes (lingua) – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Nederlandes (lingua)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_olandesa" title="Lengua olandesa – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lengua olandesa" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holland_nyelv" title="Holland nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Holland nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Холандски јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Холандски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_neerlandey" title="Fiteny neerlandey – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny neerlandey" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" title="ഡച്ച് ഭാഷ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഡച്ച് ഭാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reo_H%C5%8Drana" title="Reo Hōrana – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Reo Hōrana" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%9A_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="डच भाषा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="डच भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ნიდერლანდური ნინა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ნიდერლანდური ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89" title="نيديرلاندى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نيديرلاندى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="هلندی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="هلندی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Belanda" title="Bahasa Belanda – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Belanda" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%97%EA%AF%A0%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%86_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯗꯠ꯭ꯆ ꯂꯣꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯗꯠ꯭ꯆ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahaso_Balando" title="Bahaso Balando – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Bahaso Balando" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B2%CC%A4-l%C3%A0ng-ng%E1%B9%B3%CC%84" title="Hò̤-làng-ngṳ̄ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Hò̤-làng-ngṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Недерландонь кяль – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Недерландонь кяль" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%92%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%BA%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="ဒတ်ချ်ဘာသာစကား – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဒတ်ချ်ဘာသာစကား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederlands" title="Nederlands – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nederlands" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederlaands" title="Nederlaands – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Nederlaands" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%9A_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="डच भाषा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="डच भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%80%E8%AA%9E" title="オランダ語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オランダ語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="Нидерландийн мотт – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Нидерландийн мотт" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neederluns/%C3%B6%C3%B6" title="Neederluns/öö – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Neederluns/öö" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duch" title="Duch – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Duch" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederlandsk" title="Nederlandsk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nederlandsk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederlandsk" title="Nederlandsk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Nederlandsk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9erlaundeis" title="Néerlaundeis – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Néerlaundeis" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederlandum" title="Nederlandum – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Nederlandum" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neerland%C3%A9s" title="Neerlandés – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Neerlandés" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Нидерланд йылме – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Нидерланд йылме" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niderland_tili" title="Niderland tili – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Niderland tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%9A_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਡੱਚ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਡੱਚ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niederl%C3%A4ndisch" title="Niederländisch – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Niederländisch" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pälzisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%88%DA%86" title="ڈچ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ڈچ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulandes" title="Hulandes – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Hulandes" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%DA%89%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="هالنډي ژبه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="هالنډي ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doch" title="Doch – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Doch" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%81%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Недерландісь кыв – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Недерландісь кыв" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%A0%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%A1%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%8B" title="ភាសាហូឡង់ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ភាសាហូឡង់" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirlind%C3%A9" title="Nirlindé – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Nirlindé" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_neerland%C3%A8isa" title="Lenga neerlandèisa – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga neerlandèisa" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nedderlandsche_Spraak" title="Nedderlandsche Spraak – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Nedderlandsche Spraak" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_niderlandzki" title="Język niderlandzki – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język niderlandzki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_neerlandesa" title="Língua neerlandesa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua neerlandesa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felemenk_tili" title="Felemenk tili – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Felemenk tili" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neederl%C3%A4ndesche_Sprooch" title="Neederländesche Sprooch – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Neederländesche Sprooch" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_neerlandez%C4%83" title="Limba neerlandeză – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba neerlandeză" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_neerlandaisa" title="Lingua neerlandaisa – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Lingua neerlandaisa" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urasuyu_simi" title="Urasuyu simi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Urasuyu simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Нідерландьскый язык – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Нідерландьскый язык" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Нидерландский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нидерландский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Нидерлаан тыла – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Нидерлаан тыла" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa%CA%BBa_Holani" title="Faʻa Holani – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Faʻa Holani" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="डचभाषा – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="डचभाषा" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AA_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱰᱟᱪ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱰᱟᱪ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_olandesa" title="Limba olandesa – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Limba olandesa" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_leid" title="Dutch leid – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Dutch leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niederloundske_Sproake" title="Niederloundske Sproake – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Niederloundske Sproake" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se-dutch" title="Se-dutch – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Se-dutch" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedutch" title="Sedutch – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Sedutch" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tn mw-list-item"><a href="https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se-dutch" title="Se-dutch – Tswana" lang="tn" hreflang="tn" data-title="Se-dutch" data-language-autonym="Setswana" data-language-local-name="Tswana" class="interlanguage-link-target">Setswana</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_holandeze" title="Gjuha holandeze – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha holandeze" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_ulannisa" title="Lingua ulannisa – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Lingua ulannisa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Dutch language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holand%C4%8Dina" title="Holandčina – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Holandčina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizozem%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Nizozemščina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nizozemščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niderlandzk%C5%8F_g%C5%8Fdka" title="Niderlandzkŏ gŏdka – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Niderlandzkŏ gŏdka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Af-Holandees" title="Af-Holandees – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Af-Holandees" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%BE%DB%86%DA%B5%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="زمانی ھۆڵەندی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی ھۆڵەندی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakratongo" title="Bakratongo – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Bakratongo" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Холандски језик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Холандски језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizozemski_jezik" title="Nizozemski jezik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nizozemski jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Walanda" title="Basa Walanda – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Basa Walanda" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollannin_kieli" title="Hollannin kieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hollannin kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederl%C3%A4ndska" title="Nederländska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nederländska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Olandes" title="Wikang Olandes – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Olandes" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="இடச்சு மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இடச்சு மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Нидерланд теле – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Нидерланд теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%9A%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B7" title="డచ్ భాష – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="డచ్ భాష" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%8C" title="ภาษาดัตช์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาดัตช์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%B3%E1%89%BD" title="ዳች – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ዳች" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target">ትግርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D2%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D3%A3" title="Забони ҳоландӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забони ҳоландӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lea_fakah%C5%8Dlani" title="Lea fakahōlani – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Lea fakahōlani" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C8%A7ham%C8%A7x%C3%A9vo%27k%C4%97han%C3%A1hetse" title="Kȧhamȧxévo'kėhanáhetse – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Kȧhamȧxévo'kėhanáhetse" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felemenk%C3%A7e" title="Felemenkçe – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Felemenkçe" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Нідерландська мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Нідерландська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ولندیزی زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ولندیزی زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95_%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89" title="گوللاندىيە تىلى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="گوللاندىيە تىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%A9ngua_o%C5%82andeze" title="Łéngua ołandeze – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Łéngua ołandeze" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaman_kel%27" title="Alaman kel' – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Alaman kel'" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_H%C3%A0_Lan" title="Tiếng Hà Lan – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Hà Lan" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ned%C3%A4nap%C3%BCk" title="Nedänapük – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Nedänapük" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollandi_kiil" title="Hollandi kiil – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Hollandi kiil" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neyerland%C3%A8s" title="Neyerlandès – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Neyerlandès" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederlands" title="Nederlands – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Nederlands" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inolandes" title="Inolandes – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Inolandes" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E8%98%AD%E8%AA%9E" title="荷蘭語 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="荷蘭語" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A9" title="האלענדיש – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="האלענדיש" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E8%98%AD%E6%96%87" title="荷蘭文 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="荷蘭文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flemenki" title="Flemenki – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Flemenki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederlands" title="Nederlands – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Nederlands" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E8%98%AD%E8%AA%9E" title="荷蘭語 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="荷蘭語" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hata_Bolanda" title="Hata Bolanda – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Hata Bolanda" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Toba</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Welanda" title="Basa Welanda – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Basa Welanda" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saro_Bolanda" title="Saro Bolanda – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Saro Bolanda" 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searchaux" style="display:none">West Germanic language</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Dutch</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Nederlands</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch" title="Help:IPA/Dutch">[ˈneːdərlɑnts]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/db\/Nl-Nederlands.ogg\/Nl-Nederlands.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-Nederlands.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/db/Nl-Nederlands.ogg/Nl-Nederlands.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Nl-Nederlands.ogg" title="File:Nl-Nederlands.ogg">ⓘ</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nord_(French_department)" title="Nord (French department)">Nord</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemings" class="mw-redirect" title="Flemings">Flemings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo_people" title="Indo people">Indo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaners" title="Afrikaners">Afrikaners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Coloureds" title="Cape Coloureds">Cape Coloureds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Malays" title="Cape Malays">Cape Malays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griqua_people" title="Griqua people">Griquas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oorlam_people" title="Oorlam people">Oorlams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basters" title="Basters">Basters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">25 million (2021)<a href="#cite_note-e19-1">[1]</a> Total (<a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">L1</a> plus <a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">L2</a> speakers): 30 million (2021)<a href="#cite_note-Eurobarometer_Languages-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-UofL-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Weser%E2%80%93Rhine_Germanic" title="Weser–Rhine Germanic">Weser–Rhine Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Low_Franconian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Low Franconian languages">Low Franconian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Dutch</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Frankish_language" title="Frankish language">Frankish</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Dutch" title="Old Dutch">Old Dutch</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Dutch" title="Middle Dutch">Middle Dutch</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Dutch" title="Modern Dutch">Modern Dutch</a> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Standard forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Dutch" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Dutch">Standard Dutch</a></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Dutch_dialects" title="Central Dutch dialects">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_dialects" title="Flemish dialects">Flemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadsfries_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadsfries dialects">Stadsfries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_Dutch" title="West Frisian Dutch">West Frisian Dutch</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch alphabet">Dutch alphabet</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Braille" title="Dutch Braille">Dutch Braille</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Manually_coded_language" title="Manually coded language">Signed forms</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Signed_Dutch" title="Signed Dutch">Signed Dutch</a> (NmG)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaire" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sint_Maarten" title="Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag" title="Flag">Saba</a></li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_Afrikaans_or_Dutch_are_official_languages" title="List of countries and territories where Afrikaans or Dutch are official languages">Organisations</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Benelux" title="Benelux">Benelux</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Community" title="Caribbean Community">Caribbean Community</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Flag" title="Flag">European Union</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Forum_for_the_Progress_and_Integration_of_South_America" title="Forum for the Progress and Integration of South America">PROSUR</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_American_Nations" title="Union of South American Nations">South American Union</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_regulators" title="List of language regulators">Regulated by</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Nederlandse Taalunie (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_Language_Union" title="Dutch Language Union">Dutch Language Union</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=nl">nl</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=123">dut</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2/B" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639-2/B">B</a>)</code> <code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=123">nld</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2/T" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639-2/T">T</a>)</code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/nld" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:nld">nld</a></code> Dutch/<a href="/wiki/Flemish_dialects" title="Flemish dialects">Flemish</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/mode1257">mode1257</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=52-ACB-a">52-ACB-a</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Dutch_World.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Map_of_the_Dutch_World.svg/320px-Map_of_the_Dutch_World.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Map_of_the_Dutch_World.svg/480px-Map_of_the_Dutch_World.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Map_of_the_Dutch_World.svg/640px-Map_of_the_Dutch_World.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398" /></a><div style="text-align:left;">Dutch-speaking world (included are areas of daughter language <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Dutch_Language_distribution_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Dutch_Language_distribution_map.png/320px-Dutch_Language_distribution_map.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Dutch_Language_distribution_map.png/480px-Dutch_Language_distribution_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Dutch_Language_distribution_map.png/640px-Dutch_Language_distribution_map.png 2x" data-file-width="827" data-file-height="810" /></a><div style="text-align:left;">Distribution of the Dutch standard language (dark blue where a majority language, light blue for Brussels, Friesland and Low Franconian dialects in France and Germany) in Europe</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;">This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols. Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/WIKITONGUES-_Eva_speaking_Dutch.webm/220px--WIKITONGUES-_Eva_speaking_Dutch.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="92" data-mwtitle="WIKITONGUES-_Eva_speaking_Dutch.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:WIKITONGUES-_Eva_speaking_Dutch.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7c/WIKITONGUES-_Eva_speaking_Dutch.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Eva_speaking_Dutch.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7c/WIKITONGUES-_Eva_speaking_Dutch.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Eva_speaking_Dutch.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7c/WIKITONGUES-_Eva_speaking_Dutch.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Eva_speaking_Dutch.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/WIKITONGUES-_Eva_speaking_Dutch.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7c/WIKITONGUES-_Eva_speaking_Dutch.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Eva_speaking_Dutch.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7c/WIKITONGUES-_Eva_speaking_Dutch.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Eva_speaking_Dutch.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7c/WIKITONGUES-_Eva_speaking_Dutch.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Eva_speaking_Dutch.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AWIKITONGUES-_Eva_speaking_Dutch.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AWIKITONGUES-_Eva_speaking_Dutch.webm&lang=nl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="nl" label="Nederlands ‪(nl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video><figcaption>A Dutch speaker</figcaption></figure> Dutch (<a href="/wiki/Endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Endonym">endonym</a>: Nederlands <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch" title="Help:IPA/Dutch">[ˈneːdərlɑnts]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/db\/Nl-Nederlands.ogg\/Nl-Nederlands.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-Nederlands.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/db/Nl-Nederlands.ogg/Nl-Nederlands.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Nl-Nederlands.ogg" title="File:Nl-Nederlands.ogg">ⓘ</a>) is a <a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic language</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_language_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-European language family">Indo-European language family</a>, spoken by about 25 million people as a first language<a href="#cite_note-Feiten-4">[4]</a> and 5 million as a second language and is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_total_number_of_speakers" title="List of languages by total number of speakers">third most spoken</a> Germanic language. In Europe, Dutch is the native language of most of the population of the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a> (which includes 60% of the population of <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Eurobarometer_Languages-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-UofL-3">[3]</a> Dutch was one of the official languages of <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> until 1925, when it was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a>, a separate but partially <a href="/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility" title="Mutual intelligibility">mutually intelligible</a> <a href="/wiki/Daughter_language" title="Daughter language">daughter language</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> of Dutch.<a href="#cite_note-6">[a]</a> Afrikaans, depending on the definition used, may be considered a <a href="/wiki/Sister_language" title="Sister language">sister language</a>,<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> spoken, to some degree, by at least 16 million people, mainly in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-8">[b]</a> and evolving from <a href="/wiki/Cape_Dutch" title="Cape Dutch">Cape Dutch</a> dialects. In South America, it is the native language of the majority of the population of <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a>, and spoken as a second or third language in the <a href="/wiki/Multilingualism" title="Multilingualism">polyglot</a> <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> island countries of <a href="/wiki/Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sint_Maarten" title="Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a>. All these countries have recognised Dutch as one of their official languages, and are involved in one way or another in the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Language_Union" title="Dutch Language Union">Dutch Language Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[7]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Caribbean" title="Dutch Caribbean">Dutch Caribbean</a> municipalities (<a href="/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius">St. Eustatius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saba_(island)" title="Saba (island)">Saba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bonaire" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a>) have Dutch as one of the official languages.<a href="#cite_note-10">[8]</a> In Asia, Dutch was used in the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a> (now mostly <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>) by a limited educated elite of around 2% of the total population, including over 1 million indigenous Indonesians,<a href="#cite_note-11">[9]</a> until it was banned in 1957, but the ban was lifted afterwards.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaier2005-12">[10]</a> About a fifth of the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian language</a> can be traced to Dutch, including many <a href="/wiki/List_of_Dutch_loanwords_in_Indonesian" title="List of Dutch loanwords in Indonesian">loan words</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaier2005-12">[10]</a> Indonesia's <a href="/wiki/Civil_code" title="Civil code">Civil Code</a> has not been officially translated, and the original Dutch language version dating from colonial times remains the authoritative version.<a href="#cite_note-13">[11]</a> Up to half a million native speakers reside in the United States, Canada and Australia combined,<a href="#cite_note-14">[c]</a> and historical linguistic minorities on the verge of extinction remain in parts of France<a href="#cite_note-15">[12]</a> and Germany.<a href="#cite_note-16">[d]</a> Dutch is one of the closest relatives of both <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> and English,<a href="#cite_note-17">[e]</a> and is colloquially said to be "roughly in between" them.<a href="#cite_note-18">[f]</a> Dutch, like English, has not undergone the <a href="/wiki/High_German_consonant_shift" title="High German consonant shift">High German consonant shift</a>, does not use <a href="/wiki/Germanic_umlaut" title="Germanic umlaut">Germanic umlaut</a> as a grammatical marker, has largely abandoned the use of the <a href="/wiki/Subjunctive_in_Dutch" title="Subjunctive in Dutch">subjunctive</a>, and has <a href="/wiki/Morphological_leveling" title="Morphological leveling">levelled</a> much of its <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphology</a>, including most of its <a href="/wiki/Case_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Case system">case system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[g]</a> Features shared with German, however, include the survival of two to three <a href="/wiki/Gender_in_Dutch_grammar" title="Gender in Dutch grammar">grammatical genders</a> – albeit with few grammatical consequences<a href="#cite_note-20">[h]</a> – as well as the use of <a href="/wiki/Modal_particle" title="Modal particle">modal particles</a>,<a href="#cite_note-21">[13]</a> <a href="/wiki/Final-obstruent_devoicing" title="Final-obstruent devoicing">final-obstruent devoicing</a>, and (similar) <a href="/wiki/V2_word_order#Dutch_and_Afrikaans" title="V2 word order">word order</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[i]</a> Dutch vocabulary is mostly Germanic; it incorporates slightly more <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance loans</a> than German, but far fewer than English.<a href="#cite_note-23">[j]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Terminology_of_the_Low_Countries" title="Terminology of the Low Countries">Terminology of the Low Countries</a></div> In Belgium, the Netherlands and Suriname, the native official name for Dutch is Nederlands<a href="#cite_note-24">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[15]</a> (historically Nederlandsch before the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Dutch_orthography" title="History of Dutch orthography">Dutch orthographic reforms</a>).<a href="#cite_note-26">[16]</a> Sometimes Vlaams ("<a href="/wiki/Flemish_dialects" title="Flemish dialects">Flemish</a>") is used as well to describe <a href="/wiki/Standard_Dutch" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Dutch">Standard Dutch</a> in <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a>, whereas Hollands ("<a href="/wiki/Hollandic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollandic">Hollandic</a>") is occasionally used as a colloquial term for the standard language in the central and northwestern parts of the Netherlands.<a href="#cite_note-27">[17]</a> English uses the adjective Dutch as a noun for the language of the Netherlands and Flanders. The word is derived from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/%C3%BEiudiskaz#Proto-Germanic" class="extiw" title="wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/þiudiskaz">*þiudiskaz</a>. The stem of this word, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/%C3%BEeud%C5%8D#Proto-Germanic" class="extiw" title="wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/þeudō">*þeudō</a>, meant "people" in Proto-Germanic, and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-iskaz#Proto-Germanic" class="extiw" title="wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-iskaz">*-iskaz</a> was an adjective-forming suffix, of which <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ish#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:-ish">-ish</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">Modern English</a> form.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams2006269-28">[18]</a> Theodiscus was its <a href="/wiki/List_of_Latinised_names" title="List of Latinised names">Latinised</a> form<a href="#cite_note-29">[19]</a> and used as an <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjective</a> referring to the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a> <a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">vernaculars</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a>. In this sense, it meant "the language of the common people". The term was used as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>, the non-native language of writing and the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[20]</a> It was first recorded in 786, when the <a href="/wiki/Suburbicarian_Diocese_of_Ostia" class="mw-redirect" title="Suburbicarian Diocese of Ostia">Bishop of Ostia</a> writes to <a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_I" title="Pope Adrian I">Pope Adrian I</a> about a <a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">synod</a> taking place in <a href="/wiki/Corbridge" title="Corbridge">Corbridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, where the decisions are being written down "tam Latine quam theodisce" meaning "in Latin as well as common vernacular".<a href="#cite_note-31">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[23]</a> According to a hypothesis by De Grauwe, In northern <a href="/wiki/West_Francia" title="West Francia">West Francia</a> (i.e. modern-day Belgium) the term would take on a new meaning during the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a>, when, within the context of a highly dichromatic linguistic landscape, it came to be the <a href="/wiki/Antonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonym">antonym</a> of <a href="/wiki/Walhaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Walhaz">*walhisk</a> (Romance-speakers, specifically <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a>).<a href="#cite_note-34">[24]</a> The word, now rendered as dietsc (Southwestern variant) or duutsc (Central and Northern Variant), could refer to the Dutch language itself, as well as a broader Germanic category depending on context. During the <a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a> "Dietsc/Duutsc" was increasingly used as an umbrella term for the specific Germanic dialects spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a>, its meaning being largely implicitly provided by the regional orientation of medieval Dutch society: apart from the higher echelons of the clergy and nobility, mobility was largely static and hence while "Dutch" could by extension also be used in its earlier sense, referring to what today would be called Germanic dialects as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance dialects</a>, in many cases it was understood or meant to refer to the language now known as Dutch.<a href="#cite_note-35">[25]</a> In the Low Countries Dietsch or its Early Modern Dutch form Duytsch as an endonym for Dutch gradually went out of common use and was gradually replaced by the Dutch endonym Nederlands. This designation (first attested in 1482) started at the <a href="/wiki/Burgundian_Netherlands" title="Burgundian Netherlands">Burgundian court</a> in the 15th century, although the use of neder, laag, bas, and inferior ("nether" or "low") to refer to the area known as the Low Countries goes back further in time, with the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Romans</a> referring to the region as <a href="/wiki/Germania_Inferior" title="Germania Inferior">Germania Inferior</a> ("Lower" Germania).<a href="#cite_note-36">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[28]</a> It is a reference to the Low Countries' downriver location at the <a href="/wiki/Rhine%E2%80%93Meuse%E2%80%93Scheldt_delta" title="Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta">Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta</a> near the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>. From 1551, the designation Nederlands received strong competition from the name Nederduytsch (literally "Low Dutch", Dutch being used in its archaic sense covering all continental West Germanic languages). It is a <a href="/wiki/Calque" title="Calque">calque</a> of the aforementioned Roman province Germania Inferior and an attempt by early Dutch grammarians to give their language more prestige by linking it to Roman times. Likewise, Hoogduits ("High German") and Overlands ("Upper-landish") came into use as a Dutch exonym for the various German dialects used in neighboring German states.<a href="#cite_note-39">[29]</a> Use of Nederduytsch was popular in the 16th century but ultimately lost out over Nederlands during the close of the 18th century, with (Hoog)Duytsch establishing itself as the Dutch exonym for German during this same period. In the 19th century Germany saw the rise of the categorisation of dialects, with German <a href="/wiki/Dialectology" title="Dialectology">dialectologists</a> terming the German dialects spoken in the mountainous south of Germany as Hochdeutsch ("High German"). Subsequently, German dialects spoken in the north were designated as Niederdeutsch ("Low German"). The names for these dialects were calqued by Dutch linguists as Nederduits and Hoogduits. As a result, Nederduits no longer serves as a synonym for the Dutch language. In the 19th century, the term "Diets" was revived by Dutch linguists and historians as well, as a poetic name for <a href="/wiki/Middle_Dutch" title="Middle Dutch">Middle Dutch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Middle_Dutch_literature" title="Middle Dutch literature">its literature</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GERMANICEXPANSION.GIF" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/GERMANICEXPANSION.GIF/220px-GERMANICEXPANSION.GIF" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/GERMANICEXPANSION.GIF/330px-GERMANICEXPANSION.GIF 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/GERMANICEXPANSION.GIF/440px-GERMANICEXPANSION.GIF 2x" data-file-width="458" data-file-height="408" /></a><figcaption>Map of the <a href="/wiki/Pre-Roman_Iron_Age_in_Northern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Roman Iron Age in Northern Europe">pre-Roman Iron Age in Northern Europe</a> culture(s) associated with the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic language</a>, ca 500–50 BCE. The area south of Scandinavia is the <a href="/wiki/Jastorf_culture" title="Jastorf culture">Jastorf culture</a>.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Old_Dutch" title="Old Dutch">Old Dutch</a> can be discerned more or less around the same time as <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> (Anglo-Saxon), <a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Frisian" title="Old Frisian">Old Frisian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Old_Saxon" title="Old Saxon">Old Saxon</a>. These names are derived from the modern <a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">standard languages</a>. In this age no standard languages had yet developed, while a perfect West Germanic <a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">dialect continuum</a> remained present; the division reflects the contingent future contribution dialect groups would have to the later languages. The early form of Dutch was a set of Franconian dialects spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Salian_Franks" title="Salian Franks">Salian Franks</a> in the 5th century. These happened to develop through <a href="/wiki/Middle_Dutch" title="Middle Dutch">Middle Dutch</a> to Modern Dutch over the course of fifteen centuries.<a href="#cite_note-41">[31]</a> During that period, they forced Old Frisian back from the western coast to the north of the Low Countries, and influenced or even replaced Old Saxon spoken in the east (contiguous with the Low German area). On the other hand, Dutch has been replaced in adjacent lands in present-day France and Germany. The division into Old, Middle and Modern Dutch is mostly conventional, since the transition between them was very gradual. One of the few moments when <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguists</a> can detect something of a revolution is when the Dutch standard language emerged and quickly established itself. The development of the Dutch language is illustrated by the following sentence in Old, Middle and Modern Dutch: <ul><li>Irlôsin sol an frithe sêla mîna fan thên thia ginâcont mi, wanda under managon he was mit mi (Old Dutch)</li> <li>Erlossen sal [hi] in vrede siele mine van dien die genaken mi, want onder menegen hi was met mi (Middle Dutch)</li> <li>Verlossen zal hij in vrede ziel mijn van degenen die genaken mij, want onder menigen hij was met mij (Modern Dutch, same word order)</li> <li>Hij zal mijn ziel in vrede verlossen van degenen die mij genaken, want onder menigen was hij met mij (Modern Dutch, default word order)<a href="#cite_note-42">[32]</a></li> <li>He will deliver my soul in peace from those who approach me, because, amongst many, he was with me (English)<a href="#cite_note-43">[33]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origins">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Dutch_language" title="History of the Dutch language">History of the Dutch language</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Germanic_dialects_ca._AD_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Germanic_dialects_ca._AD_1.png/220px-Germanic_dialects_ca._AD_1.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Germanic_dialects_ca._AD_1.png/330px-Germanic_dialects_ca._AD_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Germanic_dialects_ca._AD_1.png/440px-Germanic_dialects_ca._AD_1.png 2x" data-file-width="2067" data-file-height="2312" /></a><figcaption>The distribution of the primary <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a> in Europe in around AD 1: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North Germanic</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Ingvaeonic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Ingvaeonic languages">North Sea Germanic</a>, or Ingvaeonic</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Istvaeones" title="Istvaeones">Weser–Rhine Germanic</a>, or Istvaeonic</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Irminones" title="Irminones">Elbe Germanic</a>, or Irminonic</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East Germanic</a></div> Lighter-coloured areas denote areas of either mixed settlement, such as between East-Germanic and Balto-Slavic peoples, or possible settlement, such as the Istvaeones within the Roman Empire or the Ingvaenes in Northern Denmark.</figcaption></figure> Among the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a>, Dutch is grouped within the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a>, meaning it shares a <a href="/wiki/Common_ancestor" class="mw-redirect" title="Common ancestor">common ancestor</a> with languages such as English, German, and the <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Scandinavian languages">Scandinavian languages</a>. All Germanic languages are subject to the <a href="/wiki/Grimm%27s_law" title="Grimm's law">Grimm's law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Verner%27s_law" title="Verner's law">Verner's law</a> sound shifts, which originated in the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic language</a> and define the basic features differentiating them from other Indo-European languages. This is assumed to have taken place in approximately the mid-first millennium BCE in the <a href="/wiki/Pre-Roman_Iron_Age_in_Northern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Roman Iron Age in Northern Europe">pre-Roman Northern European Iron Age</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[34]</a> The Germanic languages are traditionally divided into three groups: <a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East</a> (now extinct), <a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West</a>, and <a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North</a> Germanic.<a href="#cite_note-45">[35]</a> They remained mutually intelligible throughout the <a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a>. Dutch is part of the West Germanic group, which also includes English, <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frisian_languages" title="Frisian languages">Frisian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a> (Old Saxon) and <a href="/wiki/High_German_languages" title="High German languages">High German</a>. It is characterised by a number of <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonological</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphological</a> innovations not found in North or East Germanic.<a href="#cite_note-46">[36]</a> The West Germanic varieties of the time are generally split into three dialect groups: <a href="/wiki/Ingvaeonic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Ingvaeonic languages">Ingvaeonic</a> (North Sea Germanic), <a href="/wiki/Istvaeones" title="Istvaeones">Istvaeonic</a> (Weser–Rhine Germanic) and <a href="/wiki/Irminones" title="Irminones">Irminonic</a> (Elbe Germanic). It appears that the Frankish tribes fit primarily into the Istvaeonic dialect group with certain Ingvaeonic influences towards the northwest, which are still seen in modern Dutch. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Frankish_(3rd–5th_centuries)">Frankish (3rd–5th centuries)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Frankish (3rd–5th centuries)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Frankish_language" title="Frankish language">Frankish language</a></div> The Frankish language itself is not directly attested, the only possible exception being the <a href="/wiki/Bergakker_inscription" title="Bergakker inscription">Bergakker inscription</a>, found near the Dutch city of <a href="/wiki/Tiel" title="Tiel">Tiel</a>, which may represent a primary record of 5th-century Frankish. Although some place names recorded in Roman texts such as vadam (modern Dutch: wad, English: "mudflat"), could arguably be considered as the oldest single "Dutch" words, the Bergakker inscription yields the oldest evidence of Dutch morphology. However, interpretations of the rest of the text lack any consensus.<a href="#cite_note-47">[37]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> emerged in the southern Netherlands (<a href="/wiki/Salian_Franks" title="Salian Franks">Salian Franks</a>) and central Germany (<a href="/wiki/Ripuarian_Franks" title="Ripuarian Franks">Ripuarian Franks</a>), and later descended into <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a>. The name of <a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">their kingdom</a> survives in that of France. Although they ruled the <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_culture" title="Gallo-Roman culture">Gallo-Romans</a> for nearly 300 years, their language, <a href="/wiki/Frankish_language" title="Frankish language">Frankish</a>, became extinct in most of France and was replaced by later forms of the language throughout Luxembourg and Germany in around the 7th century. It was replaced in France by <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance language</a> with a considerable Old Frankish influence). However, the Old Franconian language did not die out at large, as it continued to be spoken in the Low Countries, and subsequently evolved into what is now called Old Low Franconian or Old Dutch in the Low Countries. In fact, Old Frankish could be reconstructed from Old Dutch and Frankish loanwords in Old French.<a href="#cite_note-48">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Old_Dutch_(5th–12th_centuries)">Old Dutch (5th–12th centuries)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Old Dutch (5th–12th centuries)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Old_Dutch" title="Old Dutch">Old Dutch</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OldDutcharea.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/OldDutcharea.png/220px-OldDutcharea.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/OldDutcharea.png/330px-OldDutcharea.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/OldDutcharea.png/440px-OldDutcharea.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="445" /></a><figcaption>Area in which Old Dutch was spoken</figcaption></figure> The term Old Dutch or Old Low Franconian<a href="#cite_note-49">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[40]</a> refers to the set of <a href="/wiki/Franconian_(linguistics)" title="Franconian (linguistics)">Franconian dialects</a> (i.e. West Germanic varieties that are assumed to have evolved from <a href="/wiki/Frankish_language" title="Frankish language">Frankish</a>) spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a>, from around the 5th to the 12th century.<a href="#cite_note-51">[41]</a> Old Dutch is mostly recorded on fragmentary relics, and words have been reconstructed from Middle Dutch and Old Dutch loanwords in French.<a href="#cite_note-Webster-52">[42]</a> Old Dutch is regarded as the primary stage in the development of a separate Dutch language. It was spoken by the descendants of the <a href="/wiki/Salian_Franks" title="Salian Franks">Salian Franks</a> who occupied what is now the southern <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, northern <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, part of northern France, and parts of the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Rhine" title="Lower Rhine">Lower Rhine</a> regions of Germany. The High German consonant shift, moving over Western Europe from south to west, caused a differentiation with the <a href="/wiki/High_Franconian_German" title="High Franconian German">Central and High Franconian</a> in Germany. The latter would as a consequence evolve (along with <a href="/wiki/Alemannic_German" title="Alemannic German">Alemannic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_language" title="Bavarian language">Bavarian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lombardic_language" title="Lombardic language">Lombardic</a>) into Old High German. At more or less the same time the Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law, moving over Western Europe from west to east, led to the development of <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> (or Anglo-Saxon), <a href="/wiki/Old_Frisian" title="Old Frisian">Old Frisian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Saxon" title="Old Saxon">Old Saxon</a>. Hardly influenced by either development, Old Dutch probably remained relatively close to the original language of the Franks. However, the language did experience developments of its own, such as very early <a href="/wiki/Final-obstruent_devoicing" title="Final-obstruent devoicing">final-obstruent devoicing</a>. In fact, the find at Bergakker indicates that the language may already have experienced this shift during the Old Frankish period. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gallee_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Gallee_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Gallee_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Gallee_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Gallee_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Gallee_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Gallee_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1805" data-file-height="1064" /></a><figcaption>The Utrecht baptismal vow</figcaption></figure> Attestations of Old Dutch sentences are extremely rare. The language is mostly recorded on fragmentary relics, and words have been reconstructed from Middle Dutch and loan words from Old Dutch in other languages.<a href="#cite_note-Webster-52">[42]</a> The oldest recorded is found in the <a href="/wiki/Salic_law" title="Salic law">Salic law</a>. In this <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Frankish</a> document written around 510 the oldest Dutch sentence has been identified: Maltho thi afrio lito ("I say to you, I free you, serf") used to free a serf. Another old fragment of Dutch is Visc flot aftar themo uuatare ("A fish was swimming in the water"). The oldest conserved larger Dutch text is the <a href="/wiki/Old_Saxon_Baptismal_Vow" title="Old Saxon Baptismal Vow">Utrecht baptismal vow</a> (776–800) starting with Forsachistu diobolae ... ec forsacho diabolae (litt.: "Forsake you the devil? ... I forsake the devil"). If only for its poetic content, the most famous Old Dutch sentence is probably <a href="/wiki/Hebban_olla_vogala" title="Hebban olla vogala">Hebban olla vogala</a> nestas hagunnan, hinase hic enda tu, wat unbidan we nu ("All birds have started making nests, except me and you, what are we waiting for"), is dated to around the year 1100, written by a Flemish <a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">monk</a> in a convent in <a href="/wiki/Rochester,_Kent" title="Rochester, Kent">Rochester</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>. Since the sentence speaks to the imagination, it is often erroneously stated as the oldest Dutch sentence. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Dutch_(12th–15th_centuries)">Middle Dutch (12th–15th centuries)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Middle Dutch (12th–15th centuries)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Middle_Dutch" title="Middle Dutch">Middle Dutch</a></div> Old Dutch naturally evolved into <a href="/wiki/Middle_Dutch" title="Middle Dutch">Middle Dutch</a>. The year 1150 is often cited as the time of the discontinuity, but it actually marks a time of profuse Dutch writing; during this period a rich <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Dutch_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Dutch literature">Medieval Dutch literature</a> developed. There was at that time no overarching <a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">standard language</a>; Middle Dutch is rather a collective name for a number of closely related, mutually intelligible dialects spoken in the former Old Dutch area. Where Old Dutch fragments are very hard to read for untrained Modern Dutch speakers, the various literary works of Middle Dutch are somewhat more accessible.<a href="#cite_note-53">[43]</a> The most notable difference between Old and Middle Dutch is in a feature of speech known as <a href="/wiki/Vowel_reduction" title="Vowel reduction">vowel reduction</a>, whereby vowels in unstressed syllables are leveled to a <a href="/wiki/Schwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwa">schwa</a>. The Middle Dutch dialect areas were affected by political boundaries. The sphere of political influence of a certain ruler often also created a sphere of linguistic influence, with the language within the area becoming more homogenous. Following the contemporary political divisions they are in order of importance: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Flemish" title="West Flemish">West Flemish</a> with the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Flanders" title="County of Flanders">County of Flanders</a> at its centre. It had been influential during the earlier Middle Ages (the "Flemish expansion") but lost prestige to the neighbouring Brabantian in the 13th century.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brabantian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Brabantian dialect">Brabantian</a> (and related East Flemish), spoken primarily in the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brabant" title="Duchy of Brabant">Duchy of Brabant</a> and adjacent parts. It was an influential dialect during most of the Middle Ages, during the so-called "Brabantian expansion" in which the influence of Brabant was extended outwards into other areas.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollandic_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollandic dialect">Hollandic</a>, which had the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Holland" title="County of Holland">County of Holland</a> as its heartland, where originally <a href="/wiki/Old_Frisian" title="Old Frisian">Old Frisian</a> was spoken. The people adopted Low Franconian<a href="#cite_note-54">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[45]</a> and a new Frankish dialect with a Frisian <a href="/wiki/Stratum_(linguistics)" title="Stratum (linguistics)">substrate</a> developed. It was less influential during most of the Middle Ages but became more so in the 16th century during the "Hollandic expansion"; the <a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a> took place in the Southern Netherlands during this period.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limburgish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Limburgish language">Limburgish</a>, spoken by the people in the modern-day provinces of <a href="/wiki/Limburg_(Netherlands)" title="Limburg (Netherlands)">Dutch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Limburg_(Belgium)" title="Limburg (Belgium)">Belgian Limburg</a>, and adjacent lands in Germany. It was over time tied to different political areas and is therefore the most divergent of the dialects. It was even partly influenced by the High German consonant shift and is the most distant to the later developed standard language to which it contributed little. It was, however, the earliest Middle Dutch dialect that developed a literary tradition.</li> <li>Since it is part of the Old Saxon and not Low Franconian (Old Dutch) area, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Low_Saxon" title="Dutch Low Saxon">Dutch Low Saxon</a> is not strictly a Dutch dialect. However, it was influenced by Middle Dutch since the 14th century and it did play a part in the formation of the standard Dutch language in later periods. It was spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Overijssel#Oversticht" title="Overijssel">Oversticht</a> territories of the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_principality_of_Utrecht" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopal principality of Utrecht">episcopal principality of Utrecht</a> and adjacent parts of <a href="/wiki/Guelders" class="mw-redirect" title="Guelders">Guelders</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">dialect continuum</a> remained present with Low Franconian areas to the west and Low Saxon areas to the east.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_Dutch_(15th_century–present)">Modern Dutch (15th century–present)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Modern Dutch (15th century–present)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statenvertaling_title_page.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Statenvertaling_title_page.jpg/220px-Statenvertaling_title_page.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="359" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Statenvertaling_title_page.jpg/330px-Statenvertaling_title_page.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Statenvertaling_title_page.jpg/440px-Statenvertaling_title_page.jpg 2x" data-file-width="860" data-file-height="1403" /></a><figcaption>Title page of the <a href="/wiki/Statenvertaling" title="Statenvertaling">Statenvertaling</a> (1637) reads: Biblia ... Uyt de Oorspronckelijcke talen in onse Neder-landtsche tale getrouwelijck over-geset. (English: From the Original languages into our Dutch language faithfully translated.)<a href="#cite_note-56">[46]</a></figcaption></figure> A process of <a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">standardisation</a> started in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, especially under the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Burgundian_Netherlands" title="Burgundian Netherlands">Burgundian</a> Ducal Court in Dijon (<a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a> after 1477). The dialects of Flanders and Brabant were the most influential around this time. The process of standardisation became much stronger at the start of the 16th century, mainly based on the urban dialect of <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a>. The 1585 <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Antwerp" title="Fall of Antwerp">fall of Antwerp</a> to the Spanish army led to a flight to the northern Netherlands, where the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a> declared its independence from Spain. This influenced the urban dialects of the province of <a href="/wiki/County_of_Holland" title="County of Holland">Holland</a>. In 1637, a further important step was made towards a unified language,<a href="#cite_note-57">[47]</a> when the <a href="/wiki/Statenvertaling" title="Statenvertaling">Statenvertaling</a>, the first major Bible translation into Dutch, was created that people from all over the new republic could understand. It used elements from various, even <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Low_Saxon" title="Dutch Low Saxon">Dutch Low Saxon</a>, dialects but was predominantly based on the urban dialects of Holland of post 16th century.<a href="#cite_note-58">[48]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Netherlands" title="Southern Netherlands">Southern Netherlands</a> (now Belgium and Luxembourg), developments were different. Under subsequent <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Netherlands" title="Austrian Netherlands">Austrian</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French rule</a>, the standardisation of Dutch language came to a standstill. The state, law, and increasingly education used French, yet more than half the Belgian population were speaking a variety of Dutch. In the course of the 19th century, the <a href="/wiki/Flemish_Movement" title="Flemish Movement">Flemish Movement</a> stood up for the rights of Dutch speakers, mostly referred to as "Flemish". However, the dialect variation was a serious disadvantage in the face of the standardised <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">francophony</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[49]</a> Since standardisation is a lengthy process, Dutch-speaking Belgium associated itself with the standard language that had already developed in the Netherlands over the centuries. Therefore, the situation in Belgium is essentially no different from that in the Netherlands, although there are recognisable differences in pronunciation, comparable to the pronunciation differences between standard British and standard American English.<a href="#cite_note-60">[50]</a> In 1980 the Netherlands and Belgium concluded the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Language_Union" title="Dutch Language Union">Language Union Treaty</a>. This treaty lays down the principle that the two countries must gear their language policy to each other, among other things, for a common system of spelling. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Classification">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low_Franconian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Low Franconian languages">Low Franconian</a> <ul><li>Dutch <ul><li>Afrikaans, <a href="/wiki/Dutch-based_creole_languages" title="Dutch-based creole languages">Dutch-based creoles</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> Dutch belongs to its own <a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic</a> sub-group, the <a href="/wiki/Low_Franconian" title="Low Franconian">Low Franconian</a> languages, paired with its sister language Limburgish or East Low Franconian. Its closest relative is the <a href="/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility" title="Mutual intelligibility">mutually intelligible</a> daughter language Afrikaans. Other West Germanic languages related to Dutch are <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> and the un-standardised languages <a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a>. Dutch stands out in combining some <a href="/wiki/Ingvaeonic_nasal_spirant_law" title="Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law">Ingvaeonic characteristics</a> (occurring consistently in English and Frisian and reduced in intensity from west to east over the <a href="/wiki/Continental_West_Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Continental West Germanic">continental West Germanic</a> plane) with dominant Istvaeonic characteristics, some of which are also incorporated in German. Unlike German, Dutch (apart from Limburgish) has not been influenced at all by the south to north movement of the <a href="/wiki/High_German_consonant_shift" title="High German consonant shift">High German consonant shift</a> and had some changes of its own.<a href="#cite_note-61">[k]</a> The cumulation of these changes resulted over time in separate, but related standard languages with various degrees of similarities and differences between them. For a comparison between the West Germanic languages, see the sections Phonology, Grammar, and Vocabulary. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dialects">Dialects</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Dialects">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dutch_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch dialects">Dutch dialects</a></div> Dutch <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialects</a> are primarily the dialects that are both related with the Dutch language and are spoken in the same language area as the Dutch <a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">standard language</a>. Although heavily under the influence of the standard language, some of them remain diverse and are found in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flemish_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Flemish region">Flemish regions</a> of <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>. The areas in which they are spoken often correspond with former medieval counties and duchies. The Netherlands (but not Belgium) distinguishes between a dialect and a streektaal ("<a href="/wiki/Regional_language" title="Regional language">regional language</a>"). Those words are actually more political than linguistic because a regional language unites a large group of very different varieties. Such is the case with the <a href="/wiki/Gronings_dialect" title="Gronings dialect">Gronings dialect</a>, which is considered a variety of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Low_Saxon" title="Dutch Low Saxon">Dutch Low Saxon</a> regional language, but it is relatively distinct from other Dutch Low Saxon varieties. Also, some Dutch dialects are more remote from the Dutch standard language than some varieties of a regional language are. Within the Netherlands, a further distinction is made between a regional language and a separate language, which is the case with the (<a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">standardised</a>) <a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_language" title="West Frisian language">West Frisian language</a>. It is spoken alongside Dutch in the province of <a href="/wiki/Friesland" title="Friesland">Friesland</a>. Dutch dialects and regional languages are not spoken as often as they used to be, especially in the Netherlands. Recent research by Geert Driessen shows that the use of dialects and regional languages among both Dutch adults and youth is in heavy decline. In 1995, 27 percent of the Dutch adult population spoke a dialect or regional language on a regular basis, but in 2011, that was no more than 11 percent. In 1995, 12 percent of children of primary school age spoke a dialect or regional language, but in 2011, that had declined to four percent. Of the officially recognised regional languages <a href="/wiki/Limburgish" title="Limburgish">Limburgish</a> is spoken the most (in 2011 among adults 54%, among children 31%) and Dutch Low Saxon the least (adults 15%, children 1%). The decline of the <a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_language" title="West Frisian language">West Frisian language</a> in Friesland occupies a middle position (adults 44%, children 22%). Dialects are most often spoken in rural areas, but many cities have a distinct city dialect. For example, the city of <a href="/wiki/Ghent" title="Ghent">Ghent</a> has very distinct "g", "e" and "r" sounds that greatly differ from its surrounding villages. The <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a> dialect combines Brabantian with words adopted from <a href="/wiki/Walloon_language" title="Walloon language">Walloon</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>. Some dialects had, until recently, extensions across the borders of other standard language areas. In most cases, the heavy influence of the standard language has broken the <a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">dialect continuum</a>. Examples are the <a href="/wiki/Gronings_dialect" title="Gronings dialect">Gronings dialect</a> spoken in <a href="/wiki/Groningen_(province)" title="Groningen (province)">Groningen</a> as well as the closely related varieties in adjacent <a href="/wiki/East_Frisia" title="East Frisia">East Frisia</a> (Germany). <a href="/wiki/Kleverlandish" title="Kleverlandish">Kleverlandish</a> is a dialect spoken in southern <a href="/wiki/Gelderland" title="Gelderland">Gelderland</a>, the northern tip of <a href="/wiki/Limburg_(Netherlands)" title="Limburg (Netherlands)">Limburg</a>, and northeast of <a href="/wiki/North_Brabant" title="North Brabant">North Brabant</a> (Netherlands), but also in adjacent parts of <a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a> (Germany). <a href="/wiki/Limburgish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Limburgish language">Limburgish</a> (Limburgs) is spoken in <a href="/wiki/Limburg_(Belgium)" title="Limburg (Belgium)">Limburg (Belgium)</a> as well as in the remaining part of <a href="/wiki/Limburg_(Netherlands)" title="Limburg (Netherlands)">Limburg (Netherlands)</a> and extends across the German border. West Flemish (Westvlaams) is spoken in <a href="/wiki/West_Flanders" title="West Flanders">West Flanders</a>, the western part of <a href="/wiki/Zeelandic_Flanders" title="Zeelandic Flanders">Zeelandic Flanders</a> and also in <a href="/wiki/French_Flanders" title="French Flanders">French Flanders</a>, where it virtually became extinct to make way for French. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dialect_groups">Dialect groups</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Dialect groups">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DUTCHDIALECTSMAP.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/DUTCHDIALECTSMAP.PNG/220px-DUTCHDIALECTSMAP.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/DUTCHDIALECTSMAP.PNG/330px-DUTCHDIALECTSMAP.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/DUTCHDIALECTSMAP.PNG/440px-DUTCHDIALECTSMAP.PNG 2x" data-file-width="505" data-file-height="487" /></a><figcaption>Traditional division of Dutch dialects</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/West_Flemish" title="West Flemish">West Flemish</a> group of dialects, spoken in <a href="/wiki/West_Flanders" title="West Flanders">West Flanders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zeeland" title="Zeeland">Zeeland</a>, is so distinct that it might be considered as a separate language variant, although the strong significance of language in Belgian politics would prevent the government from classifying them as such. An oddity of the dialect is that, the <a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">voiced velar fricative</a> (written as "g" in Dutch) shifts to a <a href="/wiki/Voiced_glottal_fricative" title="Voiced glottal fricative">voiced glottal fricative</a> (written as "h" in Dutch), while the letter "h" becomes mute (like in French). As a result, when West Flemings try to talk Standard Dutch, they are often unable to pronounce the g-sound, and pronounce it similar to the h-sound. This leaves, for example, no difference between "held" (hero) and "geld" (money). Or in some cases, they are aware of the problem, and hyper-correct the "h" into a voiced velar fricative or g-sound, again leaving no difference. The West Flemish variety historically spoken in adjacent parts in France is sometimes called <a href="/wiki/French_Flemish" title="French Flemish">French Flemish</a> and is listed as a French <a href="/wiki/Minority_language" title="Minority language">minority language</a>. However, only a very small and aging minority of the French-Flemish population still speaks and understands West Flemish. <a href="/wiki/Hollandic_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollandic dialect">Hollandic</a> is spoken in <a href="/wiki/Holland" title="Holland">Holland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Utrecht" title="Utrecht">Utrecht</a>, though the original forms of this dialect (which were heavily influenced by a West Frisian <a href="/wiki/Stratum_(linguistics)#Substratum" title="Stratum (linguistics)">substratum</a> and, from the 16th century on, by <a href="/wiki/Brabantian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Brabantian dialect">Brabantian dialects</a>) are now relatively rare. The urban dialects of the <a href="/wiki/Randstad" title="Randstad">Randstad</a>, which are Hollandic dialects, do not diverge from standard Dutch very much, but there is a clear difference between the city dialects of <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Utrecht" title="Utrecht">Utrecht</a>. In some rural Hollandic areas more authentic Hollandic dialects are still being used, especially north of Amsterdam. Another group of dialects based on Hollandic is that spoken in the cities and larger towns of <a href="/wiki/Friesland" title="Friesland">Friesland</a>, where it partially displaced <a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_language" title="West Frisian language">West Frisian</a> in the 16th century and is known as <a href="/wiki/Stadsfries_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadsfries dialects">Stadsfries</a> ("Urban Frisian"). Hollandic together with inter alia <a href="/wiki/Kleverlandish" title="Kleverlandish">Kleverlandish</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Brabantian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North Brabantian (page does not exist)">North Brabantian</a>, but without Stadsfries, are the <a href="/wiki/Central_Dutch_dialects" title="Central Dutch dialects">Central Dutch dialects</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brabantian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Brabantian language">Brabantian</a> is named after the historical <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brabant" title="Duchy of Brabant">Duchy of Brabant</a>, which corresponded mainly to the provinces of <a href="/wiki/North_Brabant" title="North Brabant">North Brabant</a> and southern <a href="/wiki/Gelderland" title="Gelderland">Gelderland</a>, the Belgian provinces of <a href="/wiki/Antwerp_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Antwerp (province)">Antwerp</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flemish_Brabant" title="Flemish Brabant">Flemish Brabant</a>, as well as Brussels (where its native speakers have become a minority) and the province of <a href="/wiki/Walloon_Brabant" title="Walloon Brabant">Walloon Brabant</a>. Brabantian expands into small parts in the west of <a href="/wiki/Limburg_(Belgium)" title="Limburg (Belgium)">Limburg</a> while its strong influence on the <a href="/wiki/East_Flemish" title="East Flemish">East Flemish</a> of <a href="/wiki/East_Flanders" title="East Flanders">East Flanders</a> and eastern <a href="/wiki/Zeelandic_Flanders" title="Zeelandic Flanders">Zeelandic Flanders</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[51]</a> weakens towards the west. In a small area in the northwest of North Brabant (<a href="/wiki/Willemstad_(North_Brabant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Willemstad (North Brabant)">Willemstad</a>), <a href="/wiki/Hollandic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollandic">Hollandic</a> is spoken. Conventionally, the <a href="/wiki/Kleverlandish" title="Kleverlandish">Kleverlandish</a> dialects are distinguished from Brabantian, but there are no objective criteria apart from geography to do so. Over 5 million people live in an area with some form of Brabantian being the predominant colloquial language out of the area's 22 million Dutch-speakers.<a href="#cite_note-63">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[53]</a> <a href="/wiki/Limburgish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Limburgish language">Limburgish</a>, spoken in both <a href="/wiki/Limburg_(Belgium)" title="Limburg (Belgium)">Belgian Limburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Limburg_(Netherlands)" title="Limburg (Netherlands)">Netherlands Limburg</a> and in adjacent parts in Germany, is considered a dialect in Belgium, while having obtained the official status of regional language in the Netherlands. Limburgish has been influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Ripuarian_language" title="Ripuarian language">Ripuarian</a> varieties like the <a href="/wiki/Colognian_dialect" title="Colognian dialect">Colognian dialect</a>, and has had a somewhat different development since the late Middle Ages. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regional_languages">Regional languages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Regional languages">edit</a>]</div> Two dialect groups have been given the official status of <a href="/wiki/Regional_language" title="Regional language">regional language</a> (or streektaal) in the Netherlands. Like several other dialect groups, both are part of a dialect continuum that continues across the national border. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dutch_Low_Saxon">Dutch Low Saxon</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Dutch Low Saxon">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Low_Saxon" title="Dutch Low Saxon">Dutch Low Saxon</a></div> The Dutch Low Saxon dialect area comprises the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Groningen_(province)" title="Groningen (province)">Groningen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drenthe" title="Drenthe">Drenthe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Overijssel" title="Overijssel">Overijssel</a>, as well as parts of the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Gelderland" title="Gelderland">Gelderland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flevoland" title="Flevoland">Flevoland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friesland" title="Friesland">Friesland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Utrecht" title="Utrecht">Utrecht</a>. This group, which is not Low Franconian but instead Low Saxon and close to neighbouring Low German, has been elevated by the Netherlands (and by Germany) to the legal status of streektaal (<a href="/wiki/Regional_language" title="Regional language">regional language</a>) according to the <a href="/wiki/European_Charter_for_Regional_or_Minority_Languages" title="European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages">European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages</a>. It is regarded as Dutch for a number of reasons. From the 14th to 15th century onward, its urban centers (<a href="/wiki/Deventer" title="Deventer">Deventer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zwolle" title="Zwolle">Zwolle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kampen,_Overijssel" title="Kampen, Overijssel">Kampen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zutphen" title="Zutphen">Zutphen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Doesburg" title="Doesburg">Doesburg</a>) have been increasingly influenced by the western written Dutch and became a linguistically mixed area. From the 17th century onward, it was gradually integrated into the Dutch language area.<a href="#cite_note-65">[54]</a> Dutch Low Saxon used to be at one end of the Low German <a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">dialect continuum</a>. However, the national border has given way to dialect boundaries coinciding with a political border, because the traditional dialects are strongly influenced by the national standard varieties.<a href="#cite_note-66">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Limburgish">Limburgish</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Limburgish">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Limburgish" title="Limburgish">Limburgish</a></div> While a somewhat heterogeneous group of <a href="/wiki/Low_Franconian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Low Franconian languages">Low Franconian</a> dialects, Limburgish has received official status as a regional language in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> and Germany, but not in Belgium. Due to this official recognition, it receives protection by chapter 2 of the <a href="/wiki/European_Charter_for_Regional_or_Minority_Languages" title="European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages">European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Daughter_and_sister_languages">Daughter and sister languages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Daughter and sister languages">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a>, although to a significant degree mutually intelligible with Dutch, is usually not considered a dialect but instead a separate <a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">standardised language</a>. It is spoken in South Africa and Namibia. As a daughter language of 17th-century Dutch dialects, Afrikaans evolved in parallel with modern Dutch, but was influenced by various <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans#History" title="Afrikaans">other languages</a> in South Africa. <a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_language" title="West Frisian language">West Frisian</a> (Westerlauwers Fries), along with <a href="/wiki/Saterland_Frisian_language" title="Saterland Frisian language">Saterland Frisian</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Frisian_language" title="North Frisian language">North Frisian</a>, evolved from the same branch of the <a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic languages</a> as <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Frisian_languages" title="Anglo-Frisian languages">Anglo-Frisian</a>) and are therefore genetically more closely related to English and Scots than to Dutch. The different influences on the respective languages, however, particularly that of Norman French on English and Dutch on West Frisian, have rendered English quite distinct from West Frisian, and West Frisian less distinct from Dutch than from English. Although under heavy influence of the Dutch standard language, it is not mutually intelligible with Dutch and considered a <a href="/wiki/Sister_language" title="Sister language">sister language</a> of Dutch, like English and German.<a href="#cite_note-67">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographic_distribution">Geographic distribution</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Geographic distribution">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Dutch_diaspora" title="Dutch diaspora">Dutch diaspora</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geographical_distribution_of_Dutch_speakers" title="Geographical distribution of Dutch speakers">Geographical distribution of Dutch speakers</a></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Grey;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 5304.5364363156px; border-left-color:Blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Blue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 3978.035783976px; border-left-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Green"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 753.47733832244px; border-left-color:Yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Yellow"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:96.538163883327px 26.08415062899px 0 0; border-top-color:Orange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Orange"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Approximate distribution of native Dutch speakers worldwide: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Netherlands (70.8%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Belgium (27.1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Suriname (1.7%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Caribbean (0.1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Other (0.3%)</div> </div> </div></div> <table class="wikitable sortable floatright" style="margin-left:1em"> <caption>Dutch First Language Speakers </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Country </th> <th>Speakers </th> <th class="unsortable">Year </th></tr> <tr> <td>Netherlands </td> <td style="text-align:right">17,000,000<a href="#cite_note-Feiten-4">[4]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">2020 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Belgium </td> <td style="text-align:right">6,500,000<a href="#cite_note-Feiten-4">[4]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">2020 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Suriname </td> <td style="text-align:right">400,000<a href="#cite_note-Feiten-4">[4]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">2020 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Curaçao </td> <td style="text-align:right">12,000<a href="#cite_note-68">[57]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">2011 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Aruba </td> <td style="text-align:right">6,000<a href="#cite_note-69">[58]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">2010 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Netherlands" title="Caribbean Netherlands">Caribbean Netherlands</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">3,000<a href="#cite_note-70">[59]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">2018 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sint Maarten </td> <td style="text-align:right">1,500<a href="#cite_note-71">[60]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">2011 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Total worldwide </th> <th style="text-align:right">24,000,000 </th> <th style="text-align:center">N/A </th></tr></tbody></table> Dutch is an <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a> of the Netherlands proper (not enshrined in the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Netherlands" title="Constitution of the Netherlands">constitution</a> but in administrative law<a href="#cite_note-72">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-notconstitution-76">[l]</a>), Belgium, Suriname, the Dutch Caribbean municipalities (St. Eustatius, Saba and Bonaire), <a href="/wiki/Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sint_Maarten" title="Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a>. Dutch is also an official language of several international organisations, such as the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>,<a href="#cite_note-77">[65]</a> <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_American_Nations" title="Union of South American Nations">Union of South American Nations</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[66]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Community" title="Caribbean Community">Caribbean Community</a>. At an academic level, Dutch is taught in about 175 universities in 40 countries. About 15,000 students worldwide study Dutch at university.<a href="#cite_note-vraag-79">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Europe">edit</a>]</div> In Europe, Dutch is the majority language in the Netherlands (96%) and Belgium (59%) as well as a minority language in Germany and northern France's <a href="/wiki/French_Flanders" title="French Flanders">French Flanders</a>. Though Belgium as a whole is multilingual, three of the four <a href="/wiki/Communities,_regions_and_language_areas_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium">language areas</a> into which the country is divided (<a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a>, francophone <a href="/wiki/Wallonia" title="Wallonia">Wallonia</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/German-speaking_Community_of_Belgium" title="German-speaking Community of Belgium">German-speaking Community</a>) are largely monolingual, with <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a> being bilingual. The Netherlands and Belgium produce the vast majority of <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">films</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book" title="Book">books</a> and other media written or spoken in Dutch.<a href="#cite_note-trots-80">[68]</a> Dutch is a <a href="/wiki/Pluricentric_language" title="Pluricentric language">monocentric language</a>, at least what concerns its written form, with all speakers using the same <a href="/wiki/Standardization" title="Standardization">standard form</a> (authorised by the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Language_Union" title="Dutch Language Union">Dutch Language Union</a>) based on a <a href="/wiki/Dutch_orthography" title="Dutch orthography">Dutch orthography</a> defined in the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Green_Booklet" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Booklet">Green Booklet</a>" authoritative dictionary and employing the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a> when writing; however, pronunciation varies between dialects. Indeed, in stark contrast to its written uniformity, Dutch lacks a unique <a href="/wiki/Prestige_(sociolinguistics)" title="Prestige (sociolinguistics)">prestige dialect</a> and has a large dialectal continuum consisting of 28 main dialects, which can themselves be further divided into at least 600 distinguishable varieties.<a href="#cite_note-81">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[70]</a> In the Netherlands, the <a href="/wiki/Hollandic_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollandic dialect">Hollandic dialect</a> dominates in national <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadcast media">broadcast media</a> while in Flanders <a href="/wiki/Brabantian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Brabantian dialect">Brabantian dialect</a> dominates in that capacity, making them in turn unofficial <a href="/wiki/Prestige_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Prestige dialect">prestige dialects</a> in their respective countries. Outside the Netherlands and Belgium, the dialect spoken in and around the German town of <a href="/wiki/Kleve" title="Kleve">Kleve</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kleverlandish" title="Kleverlandish">Kleverlandish</a>) is historically and genetically a <a href="/wiki/Low_Franconian" title="Low Franconian">Low Franconian</a> variety. In North-Western France, the area around <a href="/wiki/Calais" title="Calais">Calais</a> was historically Dutch-speaking (West Flemish), of which an estimated 20,000 are daily speakers. The cities of <a href="/wiki/Dunkirk" title="Dunkirk">Dunkirk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gravelines" title="Gravelines">Gravelines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bourbourg" title="Bourbourg">Bourbourg</a> only became predominantly French-speaking by the end of the 19th century. In the countryside, until <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, many elementary schools continued to teach in Dutch, and the Catholic Church continued to preach and teach the <a href="/wiki/Catechism" title="Catechism">catechism</a> in Dutch in many parishes.<a href="#cite_note-83">[71]</a> During the second half of the 19th century, Dutch was banned from all levels of education by both <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> and France and lost most of its functions as a cultural language. In both Germany and France, the Dutch standard language is largely absent, and speakers of these Dutch dialects will use German or French in everyday speech. Dutch is not afforded legal status in France or Germany, either by the central or regional public authorities, and knowledge of the language is declining among younger generations.<a href="#cite_note-84">[72]</a> As a <a href="/wiki/Foreign_language" title="Foreign language">foreign language</a>, Dutch is mainly taught in primary and secondary schools in areas adjacent to the Netherlands and <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a>. In <a href="/wiki/French_Community_of_Belgium" title="French Community of Belgium">French-speaking Belgium</a>, over 300,000 pupils are enrolled in Dutch courses, followed by over 23,000 in the <a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">German states</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a>, and about 7,000 in the <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_France" title="Regions of France">French region</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nord-Pas-de-Calais" title="Nord-Pas-de-Calais">Nord-Pas-de-Calais</a> (of which 4,550 are in primary school).<a href="#cite_note-wereldwijd-85">[73]</a> At an academic level, the largest number of faculties of neerlandistiek can be found in Germany (30 universities), followed by France (20 universities) and the United Kingdom (5 universities).<a href="#cite_note-wereldwijd-85">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-Neerlandistiek_wereldwijd-86">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Asia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_Dutch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indonesian Dutch (page does not exist)">Indonesian Dutch</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Dutch_loanwords_in_Indonesian" title="List of Dutch loanwords in Indonesian">List of Dutch loanwords in Indonesian</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nederlandsindie.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Nederlandsindie.PNG/220px-Nederlandsindie.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Nederlandsindie.PNG/330px-Nederlandsindie.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Nederlandsindie.PNG/440px-Nederlandsindie.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1254" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>In the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a> (present day <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malacca" title="Malacca">Malacca</a>, Malaysia), Dutch was used by only a limited educated elite.<a href="#cite_note-87">[75]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kantor_Pos_Indonesia_cabang_Telanaipura_-_Telanaipura,_Kota_Jambi,_JA_(23_April_2021).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Kantor_Pos_Indonesia_cabang_Telanaipura_-_Telanaipura%2C_Kota_Jambi%2C_JA_%2823_April_2021%29.jpg/220px-Kantor_Pos_Indonesia_cabang_Telanaipura_-_Telanaipura%2C_Kota_Jambi%2C_JA_%2823_April_2021%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Kantor_Pos_Indonesia_cabang_Telanaipura_-_Telanaipura%2C_Kota_Jambi%2C_JA_%2823_April_2021%29.jpg/330px-Kantor_Pos_Indonesia_cabang_Telanaipura_-_Telanaipura%2C_Kota_Jambi%2C_JA_%2823_April_2021%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Kantor_Pos_Indonesia_cabang_Telanaipura_-_Telanaipura%2C_Kota_Jambi%2C_JA_%2823_April_2021%29.jpg/440px-Kantor_Pos_Indonesia_cabang_Telanaipura_-_Telanaipura%2C_Kota_Jambi%2C_JA_%2823_April_2021%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1406" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> did not adopt the Dutch language after independence. However, the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian language</a> is heavily influenced by Dutch. Seen here is kantor pos (from the Dutch postkantoor), meaning <a href="/wiki/Post_office" title="Post office">post office</a>.</figcaption></figure> Despite the Dutch presence in Indonesia for almost 350 years, as the Asian bulk of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a>, the Dutch language has no official status there<a href="#cite_note-88">[76]</a> and the small minority that can speak the language fluently are either educated members of the oldest generation, or employed in the legal profession such as historians, diplomats, lawyers, jurists and linguists/polyglots,<a href="#cite_note-89">[77]</a> as certain <a href="/wiki/Law_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Law code">law codes</a> are still only available in Dutch.<a href="#cite_note-90">[78]</a> Dutch is taught in various educational centres in Indonesia, the most important of which is the Erasmus Language Centre (ETC) in <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>. Each year, some 1,500 to 2,000 students take Dutch courses there.<a href="#cite_note-91">[79]</a> In total, several thousand Indonesians study Dutch as a foreign language.<a href="#cite_note-92">[80]</a> Owing to centuries of Dutch rule in Indonesia, many old documents are written in Dutch. Many universities therefore include Dutch as a source language, mainly for law and history students.<a href="#cite_note-93">[81]</a> In Indonesia this involves about 35,000 students.<a href="#cite_note-vraag-79">[67]</a> Unlike other European nations, the Dutch chose not to follow a policy of language expansion amongst the indigenous peoples of their colonies.<a href="#cite_note-94">[82]</a> In the last quarter of the 19th century, however, a local elite gained <a href="/wiki/Language_proficiency" title="Language proficiency">proficiency</a> in Dutch so as to meet the needs of expanding bureaucracy and business.<a href="#cite_note-kol-95">[83]</a> Nevertheless, the Dutch government remained reluctant to teach Dutch on a large scale for fear of destabilising the colony. Dutch, the language of power, was supposed to remain in the hands of the leading elite.<a href="#cite_note-kol-95">[83]</a> After independence, Dutch was dropped as an official language and replaced by <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>, but this does not mean that Dutch has completely disappeared in Indonesia: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_Dutch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indonesian Dutch (page does not exist)">Indonesian Dutch</a>, a regional variety of the Dutch, was still spoken by about 500,000 half-blood in Indonesia in 1985.<a href="#cite_note-96">[84]</a> Yet the Indonesian language inherited many words from Dutch: words for everyday life as well as scientific and technological terms.<a href="#cite_note-97">[85]</a> One scholar argues that 20% of Indonesian words can be traced back to Dutch words,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaier2005-12">[10]</a> many of which are transliterated to reflect phonetic pronunciation e.g. <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kantoor#Dutch" class="extiw" title="wikt:kantoor">kantoor</a> "office" in Indonesian is kantor, handdoek "towel" in Indonesian is handuk, or bushalte "bus stop" in Indonesian is halte bus. In addition, many Indonesian words are <a href="/wiki/Calque" title="Calque">calques</a> of Dutch; for example, rumah sakit "hospital" is calqued on the Dutch ziekenhuis (literally "sickhouse"), kebun binatang "zoo" on dierentuin (literally "animal garden"), undang-undang dasar "constitution" from grondwet (literally "ground law"). These account for some of the <a href="/wiki/Differences_between_Malay_and_Indonesian#Vocabulary_differences" class="mw-redirect" title="Differences between Malay and Indonesian">differences in vocabulary</a> between Indonesian and Malay. Some <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Indonesia" title="Languages of Indonesia">regional languages</a> in Indonesia have some Dutch loanwords as well; for example, <a href="/wiki/Sundanese_language" title="Sundanese language">Sundanese</a> word Katel or "frying pan" origin in Dutch is "ketel". The <a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a> word for "bike/<a href="/wiki/Bicycle" title="Bicycle">bicycle</a>" "pit" can be traced back to its origin in Dutch "fiets". The <a href="/wiki/Malacca" title="Malacca">Malacca</a> state of <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> was also colonized by the Dutch in its longest period that Malacca was under foreign control. In the 19th century, the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">East Indies</a> trade started to dwindle, and with it the importance of Malacca as a trading post. The Dutch state officially ceded Malacca to the British in 1825. It took until 1957 for Malaya to gain its independence.<a href="#cite_note-98">[86]</a> Despite this, the Dutch language is rarely spoken in Malacca or Malaysia and only limited to foreign nationals able to speak the language. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oceania">Oceania</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Oceania">edit</a>]</div> After the declaration of independence of Indonesia, <a href="/wiki/Western_New_Guinea" title="Western New Guinea">Western New Guinea</a>, the "wild east" of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a>, remained a Dutch colony until 1962, known as <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Netherlands New Guinea">Netherlands New Guinea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[87]</a> Despite prolonged Dutch presence, the Dutch language is not spoken by many Papuans, the colony having been ceded to Indonesia in 1963. Dutch-speaking immigrant communities can also be found in Australia and New Zealand. The <a href="/wiki/Census_in_Australia" title="Census in Australia">2011 Australian census</a> showed 37,248 people speaking Dutch at home.<a href="#cite_note-100">[88]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/2006_New_Zealand_census" class="mw-redirect" title="2006 New Zealand census">2006 New Zealand census</a>, 26,982 people, or 0.70 percent of the total population, reported to speak Dutch to sufficient fluency that they could hold an everyday conversation.<a href="#cite_note-101">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Americas">Americas</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Americas">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Suriname_in_its_region.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Suriname_in_its_region.svg/220px-Suriname_in_its_region.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Suriname_in_its_region.svg/330px-Suriname_in_its_region.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Suriname_in_its_region.svg/440px-Suriname_in_its_region.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="412" /></a><figcaption>The location of <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LocationNetherlandsAntillesWithAruba.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/LocationNetherlandsAntillesWithAruba.png/220px-LocationNetherlandsAntillesWithAruba.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/LocationNetherlandsAntillesWithAruba.png 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="115" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Caribbean" title="Dutch Caribbean">Dutch Caribbean</a> at both ends of the <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Antilles" title="Lesser Antilles">Lesser Antilles</a>, lining the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a></figcaption></figure> In contrast to the colonies in the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">East Indies</a>, from the second half of the 19th century onwards, the Netherlands envisaged the expansion of Dutch in its colonies in the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">West Indies</a>. Until 1863, when <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a> was abolished in the West Indies, slaves were forbidden to speak Dutch, with the effect that local creoles such as <a href="/wiki/Papiamento" title="Papiamento">Papiamento</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sranan_Tongo" title="Sranan Tongo">Sranan Tongo</a> which were based not on Dutch but rather other European languages, became common in the Dutch West Indies. However, as most of the people in the <a href="/wiki/Surinam_(Dutch_colony)" title="Surinam (Dutch colony)">Colony of Surinam</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a>) worked on Dutch plantations, this reinforced the use of Dutch as a means for direct communication.<a href="#cite_note-kol-95">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[90]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a> today, Dutch is the sole official language,<a href="#cite_note-103">[91]</a> and over 60 percent of the population speaks it as a <a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">mother tongue</a>.<a href="#cite_note-taalgebied-104">[92]</a> Dutch is the obligatory medium of instruction in schools in Suriname, even for non-native speakers.<a href="#cite_note-105">[93]</a> A further twenty-four percent of the population speaks Dutch as a <a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">second language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[94]</a> Suriname gained its independence from the Netherlands in 1975 and has been an associate member of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Language_Union" title="Dutch Language Union">Dutch Language Union</a> since 2004.<a href="#cite_note-107">[95]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> of Suriname, however, is <a href="/wiki/Sranan_Tongo" title="Sranan Tongo">Sranan Tongo</a>,<a href="#cite_note-108">[96]</a> spoken natively by about a fifth of the population.<a href="#cite_note-trots-80">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[m]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bonaire" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sint_Maarten" title="Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a>, all parts of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">Kingdom of the Netherlands</a>, Dutch is the official language but spoken as a first language by only 7% to 8% of the population,<a href="#cite_note-110">[97]</a> although most native-born people on the islands can speak the language since the education system is in Dutch at some or all levels. In the United States, a now extinct dialect of Dutch, <a href="/wiki/Jersey_Dutch" class="mw-redirect" title="Jersey Dutch">Jersey Dutch</a>, spoken by descendants of 17th-century Dutch settlers in Bergen and Passaic counties, was still spoken as late as 1921.<a href="#cite_note-111">[98]</a> Other <a href="/wiki/Dutch-based_creole_languages" title="Dutch-based creole languages">Dutch-based creole languages</a> once spoken in the Americas include <a href="/wiki/Mohawk_Dutch" title="Mohawk Dutch">Mohawk Dutch</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Albany,_New_York" title="Albany, New York">Albany, New York</a>), <a href="/wiki/Berbice_Creole_Dutch" title="Berbice Creole Dutch">Berbice</a> (in Guyana), <a href="/wiki/Skepi_Creole_Dutch" title="Skepi Creole Dutch">Skepi</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Essequibo_(colony)" title="Essequibo (colony)">Essequibo, Guyana</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Negerhollands" title="Negerhollands">Negerhollands</a> (in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a>). <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch" title="Pennsylvania Dutch">Pennsylvania Dutch</a> is not a member of the set of Dutch dialects and is less misleadingly called <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_German_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennsylvania German language">Pennsylvania German</a>.<a href="#cite_note-112">[99]</a> <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a>, the eighth <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a>, spoke Dutch natively and is the only U.S. president whose first language was not English. Dutch prevailed for many generations as the dominant language in parts of <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_River" title="Hudson River">Hudson River</a>. Another famous American born in this region who spoke Dutch as a first language was <a href="/wiki/Sojourner_Truth" title="Sojourner Truth">Sojourner Truth</a>. According to the <a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="2000 United States Census">2000 United States census</a>, 150,396 people spoke Dutch at home,<a href="#cite_note-113">[100]</a> while according to the <a href="/wiki/Canada_2006_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada 2006 Census">2006 Canadian census</a>, this number reaches 160,000 Dutch speakers.<a href="#cite_note-114">[101]</a> At an academic level, 20 universities offer Dutch studies in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-wereldwijd-85">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-Neerlandistiek_wereldwijd-86">[74]</a> In Canada, Dutch is the fourth most spoken language by farmers, after English, French and German,<a href="#cite_note-115">[102]</a> and the fifth most spoken non-official language overall (by 0.6% of Canadians).<a href="#cite_note-116">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Africa">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Differences_between_Afrikaans_and_Dutch" class="mw-redirect" title="Differences between Afrikaans and Dutch">Differences between Afrikaans and Dutch</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stuttafords_Huisgenoot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Stuttafords_Huisgenoot.jpg/220px-Stuttafords_Huisgenoot.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="364" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Stuttafords_Huisgenoot.jpg/330px-Stuttafords_Huisgenoot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Stuttafords_Huisgenoot.jpg/440px-Stuttafords_Huisgenoot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="718" data-file-height="1188" /></a><figcaption>Standard Dutch used in a 1916 ad in South Africa before Afrikaans replaced Dutch for use in media</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Africa_2011_Afrikaans_speakers_proportion_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/South_Africa_2011_Afrikaans_speakers_proportion_map.svg/220px-South_Africa_2011_Afrikaans_speakers_proportion_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/South_Africa_2011_Afrikaans_speakers_proportion_map.svg/330px-South_Africa_2011_Afrikaans_speakers_proportion_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/South_Africa_2011_Afrikaans_speakers_proportion_map.svg/440px-South_Africa_2011_Afrikaans_speakers_proportion_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="809" data-file-height="709" /></a><figcaption>The distribution of Afrikaans across South Africa: proportion of the population speaking Afrikaans at home: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1256394559">.mw-parser-output figure[typeof="mw:File/Thumb"] .image-key>ol{margin-left:1.3em;margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output figure[typeof="mw:File/Thumb"] .image-key>ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output figure[typeof="mw:File/Thumb"] .image-key li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media(min-width:300px){.mw-parser-output figure[typeof="mw:File/Thumb"] .image-key,.mw-parser-output figure[typeof="mw:File/Thumb"] .image-key-wide{column-count:2}.mw-parser-output figure[typeof="mw:File/Thumb"] .image-key-narrow{column-count:1}}@media(min-width:450px){.mw-parser-output figure[typeof="mw:File/Thumb"] .image-key-wide{column-count:3}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist image-key"><ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  0–20%</div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  20–40%</div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  40–60%</div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  60–80%</div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  80–100%</div></li></ul></div></figcaption></figure> The largest legacy of the Dutch language lies in South Africa, which attracted large numbers of Dutch, Flemish and other northwest European farmer (in Dutch, <a href="/wiki/Boer" class="mw-redirect" title="Boer">boer</a>) settlers, all of whom were quickly assimilated.<a href="#cite_note-Deumert-117">[104]</a> The long isolation from the rest of the Dutch-speaking world made the Dutch as spoken in Southern Africa evolve into what is now Afrikaans.<a href="#cite_note-coetzee-118">[105]</a> In 1876, the first Afrikaans newspaper called <a href="/wiki/Die_Afrikaanse_Patriot" title="Die Afrikaanse Patriot">Die Afrikaanse Patriot</a> was published in the Cape Colony.<a href="#cite_note-119">[106]</a> European Dutch remained the <a href="/wiki/Literary_language" title="Literary language">literary language</a><a href="#cite_note-coetzee-118">[105]</a> until the start of the 1920s, when under pressure of <a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_nationalism" title="Afrikaner nationalism">Afrikaner nationalism</a> the local "African" Dutch was preferred over the written, European-based standard.<a href="#cite_note-Deumert-117">[104]</a> In 1925, section 137 of the 1909 constitution of the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">Union of South Africa</a> was amended by Act 8 of 1925, stating "the word Dutch in article 137 ... is hereby declared to include Afrikaans".<a href="#cite_note-120">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[108]</a> The constitution of 1983 only listed English and Afrikaans as official languages. It is estimated that between 90% and 95% of Afrikaans vocabulary is ultimately of Dutch origin.<a href="#cite_note-122">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[110]</a> Both languages are still largely mutually intelligible, although this relation can in some fields (such as lexicon, spelling and grammar) be asymmetric, as it is easier for Dutch speakers to understand written Afrikaans than it is for Afrikaans speakers to understand written Dutch.<a href="#cite_note-124">[111]</a> Afrikaans is grammatically far less complex than Dutch, and vocabulary items are generally altered in a clearly patterned manner, e.g. vogel becomes voël ("bird") and regen becomes reën ("rain").<a href="#cite_note-125">[112]</a> In South Africa, the number of students following Dutch at university is difficult to estimate, since the academic study of Afrikaans inevitably includes the study of Dutch.<a href="#cite_note-vraag-79">[67]</a> Elsewhere in the world, the number of people learning Dutch is relatively small. Afrikaans is the third largest language of South Africa in terms of native speakers (~13.5%),<a href="#cite_note-Key_results_of_the_2011_census-126">[113]</a> of whom 53% are <a href="/wiki/Coloureds" title="Coloureds">Coloureds</a> and 42.4% <a href="/wiki/White_South_Africans" title="White South Africans">Whites</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[114]</a> In 1996, 40 percent of South Africans reported to know Afrikaans at least at a very basic level of communication.<a href="#cite_note-128">[115]</a> It is the <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> in Namibia,<a href="#cite_note-Deumert-117">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[117]</a> where it is spoken natively in 11 percent of households.<a href="#cite_note-131">[118]</a> In total, Afrikaans is the <a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">first language</a> in South Africa alone of about 7.1 million people<a href="#cite_note-Key_results_of_the_2011_census-126">[113]</a> and is estimated to be a <a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">second language</a> for at least 10 million people worldwide,<a href="#cite_note-132">[119]</a> compared to over 23 million<a href="#cite_note-taalgebied-104">[92]</a> and 5 million respectively, for Dutch.<a href="#cite_note-Eurobarometer_Languages-2">[2]</a> The Dutch colonial presence elsewhere in Africa, notably <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Gold_Coast" title="Dutch Gold Coast">Dutch Gold Coast</a>, was too ephemeral not to be wiped out by prevailing colonising European successors. Belgian colonial presence in <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo" title="Belgian Congo">Congo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rwanda-Urundi" class="mw-redirect" title="Rwanda-Urundi">Rwanda-Urundi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a>, held under <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> mandate and later a UN trust territory) left little Dutch (Flemish) legacy, as French was the main colonial language.<a href="#cite_note-133">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_language&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Phonology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dutch_phonology" title="Dutch phonology">Dutch phonology</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="163" data-mwtitle="Intel_Dutch_Spoken.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Intel_Dutch_Spoken.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Intel_Dutch_Spoken.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6f/Intel_Dutch_Spoken.ogg/Intel_Dutch_Spoken.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio><figcaption>Spoken Dutch, with a Netherlands (Brabantian) accent</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="30" data-mwtitle="Brecht_Decoene_voice_nl.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Brecht_Decoene_voice_nl.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Brecht_Decoene_voice_nl.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/77/Brecht_Decoene_voice_nl.ogg/Brecht_Decoene_voice_nl.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio><figcaption>Spoken Standard Dutch, with a <a href="/wiki/West_Flemish" title="West Flemish">West Flemish</a> accent</figcaption></figure> For further details on different realisations of phonemes, dialectal differences and example words, see the full article at <a href="/wiki/Dutch_phonology" title="Dutch phonology">Dutch phonology</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_language&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Consonants">edit</a>]</div> Unlike other Germanic languages, Dutch has no phonological <a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonants" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspirated consonants">aspiration of consonants</a>.<a href="#cite_note-134">[121]</a> Like most other Germanic languages, the Dutch <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonant</a> system did not undergo the <a href="/wiki/High_German_consonant_shift" title="High German consonant shift">High German consonant shift</a> and has a <a href="/wiki/Syllable" title="Syllable">syllable</a> structure that allows fairly-complex <a href="/wiki/Consonant_cluster" title="Consonant cluster">consonant clusters</a>. Dutch also retains full use of the <a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">velar</a> <a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">fricatives</a> of <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a> that were lost or modified in many other Germanic languages. Dutch has <a href="/wiki/Final-obstruent_devoicing" title="Final-obstruent devoicing">final-obstruent devoicing</a>. At the end of a word, voicing distinction is neutralised and all obstruents are pronounced voiceless. For example, Dutch goede (̇'good') is [ˈɣudə] but the related form goed is [ɣut]. Dutch shares this <a href="/wiki/Final-obstruent_devoicing" title="Final-obstruent devoicing">final-obstruent devoicing</a> with German (the Dutch noun goud is pronounced [ɣɑut], the adjective gouden is pronounced [ɣɑudə(n)], like the German noun Gold, pronounced [ɡɔlt], adjective golden, pronounced [ɡɔldn] vs English gold and golden, both pronounced with [d].) Voicing of pre-vocalic initial <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">voiceless alveolar fricatives</a> occurs although less in Dutch than in German (Dutch zeven, German sieben with [z] versus English seven and Low German seven with [s]), and also the shift /θ/ → /d/. Dutch shares only with Low German the development of /xs/ → /ss/ (Dutch vossen, ossen and Low German Vösse, Ossen versus German Füchse, Ochsen and English foxes, oxen), and also the development of /ft/ → /xt/ though it is far more common in Dutch (Dutch zacht and Low German sacht versus German sanft and English soft, but Dutch kracht versus German Kraft and English craft). <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">Uvular</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">Nasal</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Plosive_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Plosive consonant">Plosive</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a> <a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a> <a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a> </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate">tɕ</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate">dʑ</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a> (<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>) </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a> <a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a> <a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a> </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative">ɕ</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative">ʑ</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a> <a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_glottal_fricative" title="Voiced glottal fricative">ɦ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_approximant" title="Voiced labiodental approximant">ʋ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Rhotic_consonant" title="Rhotic consonant">Rhotic</a> </th> <td> </td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> Notes: <ul><li>[ʔ] is not a separate phoneme in Dutch, but is inserted before vowel-initial syllables within words after /a/ and /ə/ and often also at the beginning of a word.</li> <li>The realisation of /r/ phoneme varies considerably from dialect to dialect and even between speakers in the same dialect area. Common realisations are an <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar trill">alveolar trill</a> [r], <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_tap" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar tap">alveolar tap</a> [ɾ], <a href="/wiki/Uvular_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Uvular trill">uvular trill</a> [ʀ], <a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">voiced uvular fricative</a> [ʁ], and <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar approximant">alveolar approximant</a> [ɹ].</li> <li>The realisation of /ʋ/ also varies somewhat by area and speaker. The main realisation is a <a href="/wiki/Labiodental_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Labiodental approximant">labiodental approximant</a> [ʋ], but some speakers, particularly in the south, use a <a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiced bilabial fricative">bilabial approximant</a> [β̞] or a <a href="/wiki/Voiced_labio-velar_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced labio-velar approximant">labiovelar approximant</a> [w].</li> <li>The lateral /l/ is slightly velarised postvocalically in most dialects, particularly in the north.<a href="#cite_note-verhoeven2005-135">[122]</a></li> <li>/x/ and /ɣ/ may be true velars [x] and [ɣ], uvular [χ] and [ʁ] or palatal [ç] and [ʝ]. The more palatal realisations are common in southern areas, and uvulars are common in the north.</li> <li>Some northern dialects have a tendency to devoice all fricatives, regardless of environment, which is particularly common with /ɣ/ but can affect others as well.</li> <li>/ɕ/ and /ʑ/ are not native phonemes of Dutch and usually occur in borrowed words, like show and bagage ('baggage'), but may occur if /s/ and /z/ are palatalised.</li> <li>/ɡ/ is not a native phoneme of Dutch and occurs only in borrowed words, like baguette.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_language&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Vowels">edit</a>]</div> Like English, Dutch did not develop <a href="/wiki/I-mutation" title="I-mutation">i-mutation</a> as a morphological marker and shares with most other Germanic languages the lengthening of short <a href="/wiki/Vowels" class="mw-redirect" title="Vowels">vowels</a> in <a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">stressed</a> open <a href="/wiki/Syllables" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllables">syllables</a>, which has led to contrastive <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">vowel length</a> being used as a <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphological</a> marker. Dutch has an extensive <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowel</a> inventory. Vowels can be grouped as back rounded, front unrounded and front rounded. They are also traditionally distinguished by length or <a href="/wiki/Tenseness" title="Tenseness">tenseness</a>. Vowel length is not always considered a distinctive feature in Dutch phonology because it normally occurs with changes in vowel <a href="/wiki/Formant" title="Formant">quality</a>. One feature or the other may be considered redundant, and some phonemic analyses prefer to treat it as an opposition of <a href="/wiki/Tenseness" title="Tenseness">tenseness</a>. However, even if it is not considered part of the phonemic opposition, the long/tense vowels are still realised as phonetically longer than their short counterparts. The changes in vowel quality are also not always the same in all dialects, some of which may be little difference at all, with length remaining the primary distinguishing feature. Although all older words pair vowel length with a change in vowel quality, new loanwords have reintroduced phonemic oppositions of length. Compare zonne(n) [ˈzɔnə] ("suns") versus zone [ˈzɔːnə] ("zone") versus zonen [ˈzoːnə(n)] ("sons"), or kroes [krus] ("mug") versus cruise [kruːs] ("cruise"). <table> <tbody><tr> <td valign="top"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <caption>Short/lax vowels </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> <a href="/wiki/Unrounded_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Unrounded vowel">unr.</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> <a href="/wiki/Rounded_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Rounded vowel">rnd.</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front rounded vowel">ʏ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td>  </td> <td valign="top"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <caption>Long/tense vowels </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Front unr. </th> <th>Front rnd. </th> <th>Back </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a> ~ <a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a> ~ <a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">yː</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a> ~ <a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">Close-mid</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">eː</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front rounded vowel">øː</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">oː</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">Open-mid</a> </th> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛː</a>) </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front rounded vowel">œː</a>) </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔː</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">aː</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> Notes: <ul><li>The distinction between /i y u/ and /iː yː uː/ is only slight and may be considered allophonic for most purposes. However, some recent loanwords have introduced distinctively-long /iː yː uː/, making the length distinction marginally phonemic.</li> <li>The long close-mid vowels /eː øː oː/ are realised as slightly closing diphthongs [eɪ øʏ oʊ] in many northern dialects.</li> <li>The long open-mid vowels /ɛː œː ɔː/ occur only in a handful of loanwords, mostly from French. In certain Belgian Dutch varieties, they may also occur as realisations of /ɛi œy au/.<a href="#cite_note-verhoeven2005-135">[122]</a></li> <li>The long close and close-mid vowels are often pronounced more closed or as centering diphthongs before an /r/ in the syllable coda, which may occur before coda /l/ as well.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diphthongs">Diphthongs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_language&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Diphthongs">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/IJ_(digraph)" title="IJ (digraph)">IJ (digraph)</a></div> Unique to the development of Dutch is the collapse of older ol/ul/al + <a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">dental</a> into ol + dental, followed by vocalisation of pre-<a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonantal</a> /l/ and after a short vowel. That created the diphthong /ɑu/: Dutch goud, zout and bout corresponds with Low German Gold, Solt, Bolt; German Gold, Salz, Balt and English gold, salt, bolt. It is the most common diphthong, along with /ɛi œy/. All three are the only ones commonly considered unique phonemes in Dutch. The tendency for native English speakers is to pronounce Dutch names with /ɛi/ (written as ij or ei) as /aɪ/, (like the English "long i"), which does not normally lead to confusion for native listeners since in a number of dialects (such as in Amsterdam<a href="#cite_note-136">[123]</a>), the same pronunciation is heard. In contrast, /ɑi/ and /ɔi/ are rare in Dutch. The "long/tense" diphthongs are indeed realised as proper diphthongs but are generally analysed phonemically as a long/tense vowel, followed by a glide /j/ or /ʋ/. All diphthongs end in a close vowel (/i y u/) and are grouped here by their first element. <table> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <caption>Short/lax diphthongs </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> <a href="/wiki/Unrounded_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Unrounded vowel">unr.</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> <a href="/wiki/Rounded_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Rounded vowel">rnd.</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Close </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Mid </th> <td>ɛi </td> <td>œy </td> <td>(ɔi) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Open </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>ɑu (ɑi) </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> </td> <td> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <caption>Long/tense diphthongs </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Front unr. </th> <th>Front rnd. </th> <th>Back </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Close </th> <td>iu </td> <td>yu </td> <td>ui </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Mid </th> <td>eːu </td> <td> </td> <td>oːi </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Open </th> <td>aːi </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phonotactics">Phonotactics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_language&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Phonotactics">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Syllable_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllable structure">syllable structure</a> of Dutch is (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)(C). Many words, as in English, begin with three consonants: straat /straːt/ (street). There are words that end in four consonants: herfst /ɦɛrfst/ (autumn), ergst /ɛrxst/ (worst), interessantst /ɪn.tə.rɛ.sɑntst/ (most interesting), sterkst /stɛrkst/ (strongest), the last three of which are <a href="/wiki/Superlative" class="mw-redirect" title="Superlative">superlative</a> adjectives. The highest number of consonants in a single cluster is found in the word slechtstschrijvend /ˈslɛxtstˌsxrɛi̯vənt/ (writing worst), with seven consonant phonemes. angstschreeuw <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-3" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/1\/1e\/Angstschreeuw.ogg\/Angstschreeuw.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"\/\u02c8\u0251\u014bstsxre\u02d0u\u032f\/<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Angstschreeuw.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1e/Angstschreeuw.ogg/Angstschreeuw.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">/ˈɑŋstsxreːu̯/</a><a href="/wiki/File:Angstschreeuw.ogg" title="File:Angstschreeuw.ogg">ⓘ</a> (scream in fear) has six in a row. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polder_Dutch">Polder Dutch</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_language&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Polder Dutch">edit</a>]</div> A notable change in pronunciation has been occurring in younger generations in the Dutch provinces of <a href="/wiki/Utrecht_(province)" title="Utrecht (province)">Utrecht</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Holland" title="North Holland">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Holland" title="South Holland">South Holland</a>, which has been dubbed "Polder Dutch" by Jan Stroop.<a href="#cite_note-137">[124]</a> Such speakers pronounce ⟨ij/ei⟩, ⟨ou/au⟩ and ⟨ui⟩, which used to be pronounced respectively as /ɛi/, /ɔu/, and /œy/, as increasingly lowered to [ai], [au], and [ay] respectively. In addition, the same speakers pronounce /eː/, /oː/, and /øː/ as the <a href="/wiki/Diphthongs" class="mw-redirect" title="Diphthongs">diphthongs</a> [ei], [ou], and [øy]<a href="#cite_note-138">[125]</a> respectively, making the change an example of a <a href="/wiki/Chain_shift" title="Chain shift">chain shift</a>. The change is interesting from a sociolinguistic point of view because it has apparently happened relatively recently, in the 1970s and was pioneered by older well-educated women from the upper middle classes.<a href="#cite_note-139">[126]</a> The lowering of the diphthongs has long been current in many Dutch dialects and is comparable to the English <a href="/wiki/Great_Vowel_Shift" title="Great Vowel Shift">Great Vowel Shift</a> and the diphthongisation of long high vowels in Modern <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">High German</a>, which had centuries earlier reached the state now found in Polder Dutch. Stroop theorises that the lowering of open-mid to open diphthongs is a phonetically "natural" and inevitable development and that Dutch, after it had diphthongised the long high vowels like German and English, "should" have lowered the diphthongs like German and English as well. Instead, he argues that the development has been artificially frozen in an "intermediate" state by the standardisation of Dutch pronunciation in the 16th century in which lowered diphthongs found in rural dialects were perceived as ugly by the educated classes and were accordingly declared substandard. Now, however, he thinks that the newly-affluent and independent women can afford to let that natural development take place in their speech. Stroop compares the role of Polder Dutch with the urban variety of British English pronunciation called <a href="/wiki/Estuary_English" title="Estuary English">Estuary English</a>. Among <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Belgium" title="Languages of Belgium">Belgian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Surinamese_people" title="Surinamese people">Surinamese</a> Dutch-speakers and speakers from other regions in the Netherlands, this vowel shift is not taking place. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_language&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Grammar">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dutch_grammar" title="Dutch grammar">Dutch grammar</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/DT-Manie" title="DT-Manie">DT-Manie</a></div> Dutch is grammatically similar to <a href="/wiki/German_grammar" title="German grammar">German</a>, such as in <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntax</a> and verb <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphology</a> (for verb morphology in English verbs, Dutch and German, see <a href="/wiki/Germanic_weak_verb" title="Germanic weak verb">Germanic weak verb</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germanic_strong_verb" title="Germanic strong verb">Germanic strong verb</a>). <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">Grammatical cases</a> have largely become limited to pronouns and many <a href="/wiki/Set_phrase" class="mw-redirect" title="Set phrase">set phrases</a>. Inflected forms of the articles are often grace surnames and toponyms. Standard Dutch uses three <a href="/wiki/Gender_in_Dutch_grammar" title="Gender in Dutch grammar">genders</a> across natural and grammatical genders but for most non-Belgian speakers, masculine and feminine have merged to form the common gender (with de for "the"). The neuter (which uses het) remains distinct. This is similar to those of most <a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages#Classification" title="North Germanic languages">Continental Scandinavian tongues</a>. Less so than English, inflectional grammar (such as in adjectival and noun endings) has simplified. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbs_and_tenses">Verbs and tenses</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_language&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Verbs and tenses">edit</a>]</div> When grouped according to their conjugational class, Dutch has four main verb types: <a href="/wiki/Germanic_weak_verb" title="Germanic weak verb">weak verbs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germanic_strong_verb" title="Germanic strong verb">strong verbs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irregular_verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Irregular verb">irregular verbs</a> and mixed verbs. Weak verbs are most numerous, constituting about 60% of all verbs. In these, the past tense and past participle are formed with a dental suffix: <ul><li>Weak verbs with past in -de</li> <li>Weak verbs with past in -te</li></ul> Strong verbs are the second most numerous verb group. This group is characterised by a vowel alternation of the stem in the past tense and perfect participle. Dutch distinguishes between 7 classes, comprising almost all strong verbs, with some internal variants. Dutch has many 'half strong verbs': these have a weak past tense and a strong participle or a strong past tense and a weak participle. The following table shows the vowel alternations in more detail. It also shows the number of roots (bare verbs) that belong to each class, variants with a prefix are excluded. <table class="wikitable zebra"> <tbody><tr> <th>Verb class</th> <th colspan="2">Verb</th> <th colspan="2">Present</th> <th colspan="2">Past</th> <th colspan="2">Participle</th> <th>Number of roots </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>kijken</td> <td>(to watch)</td> <td>ɛi</td> <td>kijk</td> <td>eː</td> <td>keek</td> <td>eː</td> <td>gekeken</td> <td>58 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2a</td> <td>bieden</td> <td>(to offer)</td> <td>i</td> <td>bied</td> <td>oː</td> <td>bood</td> <td>oː</td> <td>geboden</td> <td>17 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2b</td> <td>stuiven</td> <td>(to gush)</td> <td>œy</td> <td>stuif</td> <td>oː</td> <td>stoof</td> <td>oː</td> <td>gestoven</td> <td>23 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3a</td> <td>klimmen</td> <td>(to climb)</td> <td>ɪ</td> <td>klim</td> <td>ɔ</td> <td>klom</td> <td>ɔ</td> <td>geklommen</td> <td>25 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3b</td> <td>zenden</td> <td>(to send)</td> <td>ɛ</td> <td>zend</td> <td>ɔ</td> <td>zond</td> <td>ɔ</td> <td>gezonden</td> <td>18 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 + 7</td> <td>sterven</td> <td>(to die)</td> <td>ɛ</td> <td>sterf</td> <td>i</td> <td>stierf</td> <td>ɔ</td> <td>gestorven</td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>breken</td> <td>(to break)</td> <td>eː</td> <td>breek</td> <td>ɑ ~ aː</td> <td>brak ~ braken</td> <td>oː</td> <td>gebroken</td> <td>7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 irregular</td> <td>wegen</td> <td>(to weigh)</td> <td>eː</td> <td>weeg</td> <td>oː</td> <td>woog</td> <td>oː</td> <td>gewogen</td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>geven</td> <td>(to give)</td> <td>eː</td> <td>geef</td> <td>ɑ ~ aː</td> <td>gaf ~ gaven</td> <td>eː</td> <td>gegeven</td> <td>10 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 irregular</td> <td>zitten</td> <td>(to sit)</td> <td>ɪ</td> <td>zit</td> <td>ɑ ~ aː</td> <td>zat ~ zaten</td> <td>eː</td> <td>gezeten</td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>dragen</td> <td>(to carry)</td> <td>aː</td> <td>draag</td> <td>u</td> <td>droeg</td> <td>aː</td> <td>gedragen</td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td>roepen</td> <td>(to call)</td> <td>X</td> <td>roep</td> <td>i</td> <td>riep</td> <td>X</td> <td>geroepen</td> <td>8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 irregular</td> <td>vangen</td> <td>(to catch)</td> <td>X</td> <td>vang</td> <td>ɪ</td> <td>ving</td> <td>X</td> <td>gevangen</td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Half strong past</td> <td>vragen</td> <td>(to ask)</td> <td></td> <td>vraag</td> <td></td> <td>vroeg</td> <td></td> <td>gevraagd</td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Half strong perfect</td> <td>bakken</td> <td>(to bake)</td> <td></td> <td>bak</td> <td></td> <td>bakte</td> <td></td> <td>gebakken</td> <td>19 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other</td> <td>scheppen</td> <td>(to create)</td> <td></td> <td>schep</td> <td></td> <td>schiep</td> <td></td> <td>geschapen</td> <td>5 </td></tr></tbody></table> There is an ongoing process of "weakening" of strong verbs. The verb "ervaren" (to experience) used to be strictly a class 6 strong verb, having the past tense "ervoer" and participle "ervaren", but the weak form "ervaarde" for both past tense and participle is currently also in use. Some other verbs that were originally strong such as "raden" (to guess) and "stoten" (to bump), have past tense forms "ried" and "stiet" that are at present far less common than their weakened forms; "raadde" and "stootte".<a href="#cite_note-140">[127]</a> In most examples of such weakened verbs that were originally strong, both their strong and weak formations are deemed correct. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genders_and_cases">Genders and cases</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_language&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Genders and cases">edit</a>]</div> As in English, the case system of Dutch and the <a href="/wiki/Subjunctive" class="mw-redirect" title="Subjunctive">subjunctive</a> have largely fallen out of use, and the system has generalised the <a href="/wiki/Dative" class="mw-redirect" title="Dative">dative</a> over the <a href="/wiki/Accusative" class="mw-redirect" title="Accusative">accusative</a> <a href="/wiki/Case_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Case (linguistics)">case</a> for certain <a href="/wiki/Pronoun" title="Pronoun">pronouns</a> (NL: me, je; EN: me, you; LI: mi, di vs. DE: mich/mir, dich/dir). While standard Dutch has three <a href="/wiki/Gender_in_Dutch_grammar" title="Gender in Dutch grammar">grammatical genders</a>, this has few consequences and the masculine and feminine gender are usually merged into a common gender in the Netherlands but not in Belgium (EN: none; NL/LI: common and neuter; in Belgium masculine, feminine and neuter is in use). Modern Dutch has mostly lost its case system.<a href="#cite_note-141">[128]</a> However, certain idioms and expressions continue to include now archaic case declensions. The definite article has just two forms, de and het, more complex than English, which has only the. The use of the older inflected form den in the dative and accusative, as well as use of der in the dative, is restricted to numerous set phrases, surnames and toponyms. But some dialects still use both, particularly "der" is often used instead of "haar" (her). <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>Masculine singular</th> <th>Feminine singular</th> <th>Neuter singular</th> <th>Plural (any gender) </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominative </th> <td>de</td> <td>de</td> <td>het</td> <td>de </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>van de</td> <td>van de</td> <td>van het</td> <td>van de </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>des</td> <td>der</td> <td>des</td> <td>der </td></tr></tbody></table> In modern Dutch, the genitive articles des and der in the bottom line are commonly used in <a href="/wiki/Idioms" class="mw-redirect" title="Idioms">idioms</a>. Other usage is typically considered archaic, poetic or stylistic. One must know whether a noun is masculine or feminine to use them correctly. In most circumstances, the preposition van, the middle line, is instead used, followed by the normal article de or het, and in that case it makes no difference whether a word is masculine or feminine. For the idiomatic use of the articles in the genitive, see for example: <ul><li>Masculine singular: "des duivels" (lit: "of the devil") (common proverbial meaning: Seething with rage)</li> <li>Feminine singular: "het woordenboek der Friese taal" ("the dictionary of the Frisian language")</li> <li>Neuter singular: "de vrouw des huizes" ("the lady of the house")</li> <li>Plural: de voortgang "der werken" ("the progress of (public) works")</li></ul> In contemporary usage, the <a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive case</a> still occurs a little more often with plurals than with singulars, as the plural article is der for all genders and no special noun inflection must be taken account of. Der is commonly used in order to avoid reduplication of van, e.g. het merendeel der gedichten van de auteur instead of het merendeel van de gedichten van de auteur ("the bulk of the author's poems"). There is also a genitive form for the pronoun die/dat ("that [one], those [ones]"), namely diens for masculine and neuter singulars (occurrences of dier for feminine singular and all plurals are extremely rare). Although usually avoided in common speech, this form can be used instead of possessive pronouns to avoid confusion. Compare: <ul><li>Hij vertelde over zijn zoon en zijn vrouw. – He spoke about his son and his (own) wife.</li> <li>Hij vertelde over zijn zoon en diens vrouw. – He spoke about his son and the latter's wife.</li></ul> Analogically, the relative and interrogative pronoun wie ("who") has the genitive forms wiens and wier (corresponding to English whose, but less frequent in use). Dutch also has a range of fixed expressions that make use of the genitive articles, which can be abbreviated using apostrophes. Common examples include "'s ochtends" (with 's as abbreviation of des; "in the morning") and desnoods (lit: "of the need", translated: "if necessary"). The Dutch written grammar has simplified over the past 100 years: <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">cases</a> are now mainly used for the pronouns, such as ik (I), mij, me (me), mijn (my), wie (who), wiens (whose: masculine or neuter singular), wier (whose: feminine singular; masculine, feminine or neuter plural). Nouns and adjectives are not case inflected (except for the genitive of proper nouns (names): -s, -'s or -'). In the spoken language cases and case inflections had already gradually disappeared from a much earlier date on (probably the 15th century) as in many continental West Germanic dialects. Inflection of adjectives is more complicated. The adjective receives no ending with indefinite neuter nouns in singular (as with een /ən/ 'a/an'), and -e in all other cases. (This was also the case in Middle English, as in "a goode man".) Fiets belongs to the masculine/feminine category, while water and huis are neuter. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>Masculine singular or feminine singular</th> <th>Neuter singular</th> <th>Plural (any gender) </th></tr> <tr> <th>Definite (with definite article or pronoun) </th> <td>de mooie fiets ("the beautiful bicycle") onze mooie fiets ("our beautiful bicycle") deze mooie fiets ("this beautiful bicycle") </td> <td>het mooie huis ("the beautiful house") ons mooie huis ("our beautiful house") dit mooie huis ("this beautiful house") </td> <td>de mooie fietsen ("the beautiful bicycles") de mooie huizen ("the beautiful houses") onze mooie fietsen ("our beautiful bicycles") deze mooie huizen ("these beautiful houses") </td></tr> <tr> <th>Indefinite (with indefinite article or no article and no pronoun) </th> <td>een mooie fiets ("a beautiful bicycle") koude soep ("cold soup")</td> <td>een mooi huis ("a beautiful house") koud water ("cold water")</td> <td>mooie fietsen ("beautiful bicycles") mooie huizen ("beautiful houses") </td></tr></tbody></table> An adjective has no e if it is in the <a href="/wiki/Predicative_(adjectival_or_nominal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Predicative (adjectival or nominal)">predicative</a>: De soep is koud. More complex inflection is still found in certain lexicalised expressions like de heer des huizes (literally, "the man of the house"), etc. These are usually remnants of cases (in this instance, the genitive case which is still used in German, cf. Der Herr des Hauses) and other inflections no longer in general use today. In such lexicalised expressions remnants of strong and weak nouns can be found too, e.g. in het jaar des Heren (Anno Domini), where -en is actually the genitive ending of the weak noun. Similarly in some place names: <a href="/wiki/Braine-le-Comte" title="Braine-le-Comte">‌'s-Gravenbrakel</a>, <a href="/wiki/%27s-Hertogenbosch" title="'s-Hertogenbosch">‌'s-Hertogenbosch</a>, etc. (with weak genitives of graaf "count", hertog "duke"). Also in this case, German <a href="/wiki/German_grammar#Irregular_declensions" title="German grammar">retains this feature</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Word_order">Word order</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_language&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Word order">edit</a>]</div> Dutch shares much of its word order with German. Dutch exhibits <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93object%E2%80%93verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–object–verb">subject–object–verb</a> word order, but in main clauses the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_conjugation" title="Dutch conjugation">conjugated verb</a> is moved into the second position in what is known as verb second or <a href="/wiki/V2_word_order" title="V2 word order">V2 word order</a>. This makes Dutch word order almost identical to that of German, but often different from English, which has <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93verb%E2%80%93object" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–verb–object">subject–verb–object</a> word order and has since lost the V2 word order that existed in <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a>.<a href="#cite_note-142">[129]</a> An example sentence used in some Dutch language courses and textbooks is "Ik kan mijn pen niet vinden omdat het veel te donker is", which translates into English word for word as "I can my pen not find because it far too dark is", but in standard English word order would be written "I cannot find my pen because it is far too dark". If the sentence is split into a main and subclause and the verbs highlighted, the logic behind the word order can be seen. Main clause: "Ik kan mijn pen niet vinden" Verb infinitives are placed in final position, but the finite, conjugated verb, in this case "kan" (can), is made the second element of the clause. In subordinate clauses: "omdat het veel te donker is", the verb or verbs always go in the final position. In an <a href="/wiki/Interrogative" title="Interrogative">interrogative</a> main clause the usual word order is: conjugated verb followed by subject; other verbs in final position: <ul><li>"Kun jij je pen niet vinden?" (literally "Can you your pen not find?") "Can't you find your pen?"</li></ul> In the Dutch equivalent of a <a href="/wiki/Wh-question" class="mw-redirect" title="Wh-question">wh-question</a> the word order is: interrogative pronoun (or expression) + conjugated verb + subject; other verbs in final position: <ul><li>"Waarom kun jij je pen niet vinden?" ("Why can you your pen not find?") "Why can't you find your pen?"</li></ul> In a <a href="/wiki/Tag_question" title="Tag question">tag question</a> the word order is the same as in a declarative clause: <ul><li>"Jij kunt je pen niet vinden?" ("You can your pen not find?") "You can't find your pen?"</li></ul> A subordinate clause does not change its word order: <ul><li>"Kun jij je pen niet vinden omdat het veel te donker is?" ("Can you your pen not find because it far too dark is?") "Can you not find your pen because it's far too dark?"</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diminutives">Diminutives</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_language&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Diminutives">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_diminutives_by_language#Dutch" title="List of diminutives by language">List of diminutives by language § Dutch</a></div> In Dutch, the diminutive is used extensively. The nuances of meaning expressed by the diminutive are a distinctive aspect of Dutch, and can be difficult for non-native speakers to master. It is very productive<a href="#cite_note-Donaldson-143">[130]</a>: 61  and formed by adding one of the <a href="/wiki/Affix" title="Affix">suffixes</a> to the noun in question, depending on the latter's phonological ending: <ul><li>-je for ending in -b, -c, -d, -t, -f, -g, -ch, -k, -p, -v, -x, -z or -s: neef → neefje (male cousin, nephew)</li> <li>-pje for ending in -m: boom (tree) → boompje</li> <li>-kje for ending in -ing if the preceding syllable carries the stress: koning (king) → koninkje (the 'ng'-sound transforms into 'nk'); but ring → ringetje (ring), and vondeling → vondelingetje (foundling) without this stress pattern</li> <li>-tje for ending in -h, -j, -l, -n, -r, -w, or a vowel other than -y: zoen → zoentje (kiss). A single open vowel is doubled when adding "-tje" would change the pronunciation: auto → autootje (car).</li> <li>-′tje for ending in -y and for abbreviations: baby → baby'tje, cd → cd'tje, <a href="/wiki/A4_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="A4 paper">A4</a> → A4'tje</li> <li>-etje for ending in -b, -l, -n, -ng or -r preceded by a "short" (lax) vowel: bal → balletje (ball). Final consonant is doubled (except for -ng) to preserve the vowel's shortness.</li></ul> The diminutive suffixes -ke (from which -tje has derived by <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(sound_change)" title="Palatalization (sound change)">palatalisation</a>), -eke, -ske, -ie (only for words ending -ch, -k, -p, or -s), -kie (instead of -kje), and -pie (instead of -pje) are used in southern dialects, and the forms ending on -ie as well in northern urban dialects. Some of these form part of expressions that became standard language, like een makkie, from gemak = ease). The noun joch (young boy) has, exceptionally, only the diminutive form jochie, also in standard Dutch. The form -ke is also found in many women's given names: Janneke, Marieke, Marijke, Mieke, Meike etc. In Dutch, the diminutive is not restricted to nouns, but can be applied to <a href="/wiki/Numeral_(linguistics)" title="Numeral (linguistics)">numerals</a> (met z'n tweetjes, "the two of us"), <a href="/wiki/Pronoun" title="Pronoun">pronouns</a> (onderonsje, "tête-à-tête"), <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verbal particles</a> (moetje, "shotgun marriage"), and even <a href="/wiki/Preposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Preposition">prepositions</a> (toetje, "dessert").<a href="#cite_note-Donaldson-143">[130]</a>: 64–65  <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">Adjectives</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adverbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Adverbs">adverbs</a> commonly take diminutive forms; the former take a diminutive ending and thus function as nouns, while the latter remain adverbs and always have the diminutive with the -s appended, e.g. adjective: groen ("green") → noun: groentje ("rookie"); adverb: even ("a while") → adverb: eventjes ("a little while"). Some nouns have two different diminutives, each with a different meaning: bloem (flower) → bloempje (lit. "small flower"), but bloemetje (lit. also "small flower", meaning <a href="/wiki/Flower_bouquet" title="Flower bouquet">bouquet</a>). A few nouns exist solely in a diminutive form, e.g. zeepaardje (<a href="/wiki/Seahorse" title="Seahorse">seahorse</a>), while many, e.g. meisje (girl), originally a diminutive of meid (maid), have acquired a meaning <a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/wikt:Categorie:Zelfstandig_verkleinwoord" class="extiw" title="nl:wikt:Categorie:Zelfstandig verkleinwoord">independent of their non-diminutive forms</a>. A diminutive can sometimes be added to an uncountable noun to refer to a single portion: ijs (ice, ice cream) → ijsje (ice cream treat, cone of ice cream), bier (beer) → biertje. Some diminutive forms only exist in the plural, e.g. kleertjes (clothing). When used to refer to time, the Dutch diminutive form can indicate whether the person in question found it pleasant or not: een uurtjekletsen (chatting for a "little" hour.) The diminutive can, however, also be used pejoratively: Hij was weer eens het "mannetje". (He acted as if he was the "little" man.) All diminutives (even lexicalised ones like "meisje" (girl)) have neuter gender and take neuter concords: "dit kleine meisje", not "deze kleine meisje". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronouns_and_determiners">Pronouns and determiners</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_language&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Pronouns and determiners">edit</a>]</div> There are two series of personal pronouns, subject and objects pronouns. The forms on the right-hand sides within each column are the unemphatic forms; those not normally written are given in brackets. Only ons and u do not have an unemphatic form. The distinction between emphatic and unemphatic pronouns is very important in Dutch.<a href="#cite_note-Donaldson-143">[130]</a>: 67  <a href="/wiki/Emphatic_pronoun" class="mw-redirect" title="Emphatic pronoun">Emphatic pronouns</a> in English use the <a href="/wiki/Reflexive_pronoun" title="Reflexive pronoun">reflexive pronoun</a> form, but are used to emphasise the subject, not to indicate a direct or indirect object. For example, "I gave (to) myself the money" is reflexive but "I myself gave the money (to someone else) " is emphatic. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">person</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Subject_(grammar)" title="Subject (grammar)">subject</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Object_(grammar)" title="Object (grammar)">object</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1st person singular</td> <td>ik – ('k)</td> <td>mij – me </td></tr> <tr> <td>2nd person singular, informal</td> <td>jij – je</td> <td>jou – je </td></tr> <tr> <td>2nd person singular, formal</td> <td>u</td> <td>u </td></tr> <tr> <td>3rd person singular, masculine</td> <td>hij – (ie)</td> <td>hem – ('m) </td></tr> <tr> <td>3rd person singular, feminine</td> <td>zij – ze</td> <td>haar – ('r, d'r) </td></tr> <tr> <td>3rd person singular, neuter</td> <td>het – ('t)</td> <td>het – ('t) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3"> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1st person plural</td> <td>wij – we</td> <td>ons </td></tr> <tr> <td>2nd person plural, informal</td> <td>jullie – je</td> <td>jullie – je </td></tr> <tr> <td>2nd person plural, formal</td> <td>u</td> <td>u </td></tr> <tr> <td>3rd person plural, for a person</td> <td>zij – ze</td> <td>hun, hen – ze </td></tr> <tr> <td>3rd person plural, for an object</td> <td>zij – ze</td> <td>die – ze </td></tr></tbody></table> Like English, Dutch has generalised the dative over the accusative case for all pronouns, e.g. NL 'me', 'je', EN 'me', 'you', vs. DE 'mich'/'mir' 'dich'/'dir'. There is one exception: the standard language prescribes that in the third person plural, hen is to be used for the direct object, and hun for the indirect object. This distinction was artificially introduced in the 17th century by grammarians, and is largely ignored in spoken language and not well understood by Dutch speakers. Consequently, the third person plural forms hun and hen are interchangeable in normal usage, with hun being more common. The shared unstressed form ze is also often used as both direct and indirect objects and is a useful avoidance strategy when people are unsure which form to use.<a href="#cite_note-144">[131]</a> Dutch also shares with English the presence of h- pronouns, e.g. NL hij, hem, haar, hen, hun and EN he, him, her vs. DE er, ihn, ihr, ihnen. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compounds">Compounds</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_language&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Compounds">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bord_Hemelwaterinfiltratiegebied.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Bord_Hemelwaterinfiltratiegebied.JPG/220px-Bord_Hemelwaterinfiltratiegebied.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Bord_Hemelwaterinfiltratiegebied.JPG/330px-Bord_Hemelwaterinfiltratiegebied.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Bord_Hemelwaterinfiltratiegebied.JPG/440px-Bord_Hemelwaterinfiltratiegebied.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The 27-letter compound hemelwaterinfiltratiegebied (<a href="/wiki/Permeable_paving" title="Permeable paving">rainwater infiltration area</a>) on a traffic sign in <a href="/wiki/Zwolle" title="Zwolle">Zwolle</a>, Netherlands</figcaption></figure> Like most Germanic languages, Dutch forms noun <a href="/wiki/Compound_(linguistics)" title="Compound (linguistics)">compounds</a>, where the first noun modifies the category given by the second (hondenhok = doghouse). Unlike English, where newer compounds or combinations of longer nouns are often written in open form with separating spaces, Dutch (like the other Germanic languages) either uses the closed form without spaces (boomhut = tree house) or inserts a hyphen (VVD-coryfee = outstanding member of the <a href="/wiki/VVD" class="mw-redirect" title="VVD">VVD</a>, a political party). Like German, Dutch allows arbitrarily long compounds, but the longer they get, the less frequent they tend to be. The longest serious entry in the <a href="/wiki/Van_Dale" title="Van Dale">Van Dale</a> dictionary is <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-4" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/7\/7d\/Nl-BE-Wapenstilstandsonderhandeling.oga\/Nl-BE-Wapenstilstandsonderhandeling.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"wapenstilstandsonderhandeling<\/i>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-BE-Wapenstilstandsonderhandeling.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7d/Nl-BE-Wapenstilstandsonderhandeling.oga/Nl-BE-Wapenstilstandsonderhandeling.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">wapenstilstandsonderhandeling</a><a href="/wiki/File:Nl-BE-Wapenstilstandsonderhandeling.oga" title="File:Nl-BE-Wapenstilstandsonderhandeling.oga">ⓘ</a> (ceasefire negotiation). Leafing through the articles of association (Statuten) one may come across a 30-letter <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-5" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/9\/9d\/Nl-BE-Vertegenwoordigingsbevoegdheid.oga\/Nl-BE-Vertegenwoordigingsbevoegdheid.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"vertegenwoordigingsbevoegdheid<\/i>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-BE-Vertegenwoordigingsbevoegdheid.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9d/Nl-BE-Vertegenwoordigingsbevoegdheid.oga/Nl-BE-Vertegenwoordigingsbevoegdheid.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">vertegenwoordigingsbevoegdheid</a><a href="/wiki/File:Nl-BE-Vertegenwoordigingsbevoegdheid.oga" title="File:Nl-BE-Vertegenwoordigingsbevoegdheid.oga">ⓘ</a> (authorisation of representation). An even longer word cropping up in official documents is <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-6" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/7\/7a\/Nl-ziektekostenverzekeringsmaatschappij.ogg\/Nl-ziektekostenverzekeringsmaatschappij.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"\"ziektekostenverzekeringsmaatschappij\""},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-ziektekostenverzekeringsmaatschappij.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7a/Nl-ziektekostenverzekeringsmaatschappij.ogg/Nl-ziektekostenverzekeringsmaatschappij.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">"ziektekostenverzekeringsmaatschappij"</a><a href="/wiki/File:Nl-ziektekostenverzekeringsmaatschappij.ogg" title="File:Nl-ziektekostenverzekeringsmaatschappij.ogg">ⓘ</a>(health insurance company) though the shorter zorgverzekeraar (health insurer) is more common. Notwithstanding official spelling rules, some Dutch-speaking people, like some Scandinavians and German speakers, nowadays tend to write the parts of a compound separately, a practice sometimes dubbed de Engelse ziekte (the English disease).<a href="#cite_note-145">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_language&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Vocabulary">edit</a>]</div> Dutch vocabulary is predominantly Germanic in origin, with loanwords accounting for 20%.<a href="#cite_note-146">[133]</a> The main foreign influence on Dutch vocabulary since the 12th century and culminating in the <a href="/wiki/French_period" title="French period">French period</a> has been French and (northern) <a href="/wiki/Langues_d%27o%C3%AFl" title="Langues d'oïl">Oïl languages</a>, accounting for an estimated 6.8% of all words, or more than a third of all loanwords. <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, which was spoken in the southern Low Countries for centuries and then played a major role as the language of science and religion, follows with 6.1%. High German and Low German were influential until the mid-20th century and account for 2.7%, but they are mostly unrecognisable since many have been "Dutchified": German Fremdling → Dutch vreemdeling. Dutch has borrowed words from English since the mid-19th century, as a consequence of the increasing power and influence of Britain and the United States. English loanwords are about 1.5%, but continue to increase.<a href="#cite_note-147">[134]</a> Many English loanwords become less visible over time as they are either gradually replaced by calques (skyscraper became Dutch wolkenkrabber) or neologisms (bucket list became loodjeslijst). Conversely, Dutch contributed many loanwords to English, accounting for 1.3% of its lexicon.<a href="#cite_note-148">[135]</a> The main Dutch dictionary is the <a href="/wiki/Van_Dale" title="Van Dale">Van Dale groot woordenboek der Nederlandse taal</a>, which contains some 268,826 <a href="/wiki/Headword" class="mw-redirect" title="Headword">headwords</a>.<a href="#cite_note-149">[136]</a> In the field of <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a>, the 45,000-page <a href="/wiki/Woordenboek_der_Nederlandsche_Taal" title="Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal">Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal</a> is also widely used. That scholarly endeavour took 147 years to complete and contains all recorded Dutch words from the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a> onward. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spelling_and_writing_system">Spelling and writing system</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_language&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Spelling and writing system">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Dutch_orthography" title="Dutch orthography">Dutch orthography</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Dutch_orthography" title="History of Dutch orthography">History of Dutch orthography</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Braille" title="Dutch Braille">Dutch Braille</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amsterdamse_tram_-_De_Red_Crosser_-_from_Flickr_2838709455_cropped_lijnbus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Amsterdamse_tram_-_De_Red_Crosser_-_from_Flickr_2838709455_cropped_lijnbus.jpg/220px-Amsterdamse_tram_-_De_Red_Crosser_-_from_Flickr_2838709455_cropped_lijnbus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Amsterdamse_tram_-_De_Red_Crosser_-_from_Flickr_2838709455_cropped_lijnbus.jpg/330px-Amsterdamse_tram_-_De_Red_Crosser_-_from_Flickr_2838709455_cropped_lijnbus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Amsterdamse_tram_-_De_Red_Crosser_-_from_Flickr_2838709455_cropped_lijnbus.jpg/440px-Amsterdamse_tram_-_De_Red_Crosser_-_from_Flickr_2838709455_cropped_lijnbus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="461" data-file-height="345" /></a><figcaption>Dutch uses the <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraph</a> ⟨<a href="/wiki/IJ_(digraph)" title="IJ (digraph)">ij</a>⟩ as a single letter and it can be seen in several variations. Here, a marking saying <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lijnbus#Dutch" class="extiw" title="wikt:lijnbus">lijnbus</a> ("line/route" + "bus"; the tram lane also serves as bus road).</figcaption></figure> Dutch is written using the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a>. Dutch uses one additional character beyond the standard alphabet, the <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraph</a> ⟨<a href="/wiki/IJ_(digraph)" title="IJ (digraph)">ij</a>⟩. It has a relatively high proportion of doubled letters, both vowels and consonants, due to the formation of compound words and also to the spelling devices for distinguishing the many vowel sounds in the Dutch language. An example of five consecutive doubled letters is the word voorraaddoos (<a href="/wiki/Food_storage_container" title="Food storage container">food storage container</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Diaeresis_(diacritic)" title="Diaeresis (diacritic)">diaeresis</a> (Dutch: trema) is used to mark vowels that are pronounced separately when involving a pre- or suffix, and a <a href="/wiki/Hyphen" title="Hyphen">hyphen</a> is used when the problem occurs in compound words, e.g beïnvloed (influenced), de zeeën (the seas) but zee-eend (scoter; lit. sea duck). Generally, other <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritical marks</a> occur only in loanwords. However, the <a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">acute accent</a> can also be used for emphasis or to differentiate between two forms, and its most common use is to differentiate between the indefinite <a href="/wiki/Article_(grammar)" title="Article (grammar)">article</a> een /ən/ "a, an" and the numeral één /eːn/ "one". Since the 1980s, the Dutch Language Union has been given the mandate to review and make recommendations on the official spelling of Dutch. Spelling reforms undertaken by the union occurred in 1995 and 2005. In the Netherlands, the official spelling is currently given legal basis by the Spelling Act of September 15, 2005.<a href="#cite_note-150">[n]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[o]</a> The Spelling Act gives the Committee of Ministers of the Dutch Language Union the authority to determine the spelling of Dutch by ministerial decision. In addition, the law requires that this spelling be followed "at the governmental bodies, at educational institutions funded from the public purse, as well as at the exams for which legal requirements have been established". In other cases, it is recommended, but it is not mandatory to follow the official spelling. The Decree on the Spelling Regulations 2005 of 2006 contains the annexed spelling rules decided by the Committee of Ministers on April 25, 2005.<a href="#cite_note-152">[p]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[q]</a> In Flanders, the same spelling rules are currently applied by the Decree of the Flemish Government Establishing the Rules of the Official Spelling and Grammar of the Dutch language of June 30, 2006.<a href="#cite_note-154">[r]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Word_list_of_the_Dutch_language" title="Word list of the Dutch language">Woordenlijst Nederlandse taal</a>, more commonly known as het groene boekje (i.e. "the green booklet", because of its colour), is the authoritative orthographic word list (without definitions) of the Dutch Language Union; a version with definitions can be had as Het Groene Woordenboek; both are published by <a href="/wiki/Sdu_(publishing_company)" title="Sdu (publishing company)">Sdu</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Example_text">Example text</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_language&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Example text">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><audio id="mwe_player_3" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="11" data-mwtitle="Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights_-_dut_-_aw_-_Art1.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights_-_dut_-_aw_-_Art1.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights_-_dut_-_aw_-_Art1.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7c/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights_-_dut_-_aw_-_Art1.ogg/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights_-_dut_-_aw_-_Art1.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio><figcaption>Dutch pronunciation</figcaption></figure> Article 1 of the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> in Dutch: <dl><dd>Alle mensen worden vrij en gelijk in waardigheid en rechten geboren. Zij zijn begiftigd met verstand en geweten, en behoren zich jegens elkander in een geest van broederschap te gedragen.<a href="#cite_note-155">[137]</a></dd></dl> Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in English: <dl><dd>All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.<a href="#cite_note-156">[138]</a></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_language&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bargoens" title="Bargoens">Bargoens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Braille" title="Dutch Braille">Dutch Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_grammar" title="Dutch grammar">Dutch grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Language_Union" title="Dutch Language Union">Dutch Language Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch literature">Dutch literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_name" title="Dutch name">Dutch name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_orthography" title="Dutch orthography">Dutch orthography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch-based_creole_languages" title="Dutch-based creole languages">Dutch-based creole languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_dialects" title="Flemish dialects">Flemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Flemish" title="French Flemish">French Flemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Dictation_of_the_Dutch_Language" title="Grand Dictation of the Dutch Language">Grand Dictation of the Dutch Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istvaeones" title="Istvaeones">Istvaeones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_words_of_Dutch_origin" title="List of English words of Dutch origin">List of English words of Dutch origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_Afrikaans_or_Dutch_are_official_languages" title="List of countries and territories where Afrikaans or Dutch are official languages">List of countries and territories where Afrikaans or Dutch are official languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Franconian" title="Low Franconian">Low Franconian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meuse-Rhenish" title="Meuse-Rhenish">Meuse-Rhenish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Dutch" title="Middle Dutch">Middle Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Frankish" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Frankish">Old Frankish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surinamese_Dutch" title="Surinamese Dutch">Surinamese Dutch</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_language&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Afrikaans is a daughter language of Dutch; see <a href="#CITEREFBooij1999">Booij 1999</a>, p. 2, <a href="#CITEREFJansenSchreuderNeijt2007">Jansen, Schreuder & Neijt 2007</a>, p. 5, <a href="#CITEREFMennenLeveltGerrits2006">Mennen, Levelt & Gerrits 2006</a>, p. 1, <a href="#CITEREFBooij2003">Booij 2003</a>, p. 4, <a href="#CITEREFHiskensAuerKerswill2005">Hiskens, Auer & Kerswill 2005</a>, p. 19, <a href="#CITEREFHeeringade_Wet2007">Heeringa & de Wet 2007</a>, pp. 1, 3, 5. Afrikaans was historically called Cape Dutch; see <a href="#CITEREFDeumertVandenbussche2003">Deumert & Vandenbussche 2003</a>, p. 16, <a href="#CITEREFConradie2005">Conradie 2005</a>, p. 208, <a href="#CITEREFSebba1997">Sebba 1997</a>, p. 160, <a href="#CITEREFLangerDavies2005">Langer & Davies 2005</a>, p. 144, <a href="#CITEREFDeumert2002">Deumert 2002</a>, p. 3, <a href="#CITEREFBerdichevsky2004">Berdichevsky 2004</a>, p. 130. Afrikaans is rooted in 17th-century dialects of Dutch; see <a href="#CITEREFHolm1989">Holm 1989</a>, p. 338, <a href="#CITEREFGeertsClyne1992">Geerts & Clyne 1992</a>, p. 71, <a href="#CITEREFMesthrie1995">Mesthrie 1995</a>, p. 214, <a href="#CITEREFNieslerLouwRoux2005">Niesler, Louw & Roux 2005</a>, p. 459. Afrikaans is variously described as a creole, a partially creolised language, or a deviant variety of Dutch and has a vastly simplified grammar compared to Dutch; see <a href="#CITEREFSebba2007">Sebba 2007</a>, p. 116. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> It has the widest geographical and racial distribution of all official languages of South Africa; see <a href="#CITEREFWebb2003">Webb 2003</a>, pp. 7, 8, <a href="#CITEREFBerdichevsky2004">Berdichevsky 2004</a>, p. 131. It has by far the largest geographical distribution; see <a href="#CITEREFAlant2004">Alant 2004</a>, p. 45. It is widely spoken and understood as a second or third language; see <a href="#CITEREFDeumertVandenbussche2003">Deumert & Vandenbussche 2003</a>, p. 16, <a href="#CITEREFKamwangamalu2004">Kamwangamalu 2004</a>, p. 207, <a href="#CITEREFMyers-Scotton2006">Myers-Scotton 2006</a>, p. 389, <a href="#CITEREFSimpson2008">Simpson 2008</a>, p. 324, <a href="#CITEREFPalmer2001">Palmer 2001</a>, p. 141, <a href="#CITEREFWebb2002">Webb 2002</a>, p. 74, <a href="#CITEREFHerrimanBurnaby1996">Herriman & Burnaby 1996</a>, p. 18, <a href="#CITEREFPageSonnenburg2003">Page & Sonnenburg 2003</a>, p. 7, <a href="#CITEREFBrook_Napier2007">Brook Napier 2007</a>, pp. 69, 71. An estimated 40 percent of South Africans have at least a basic level of communication in Afrikaans; see <a href="#CITEREFWebb2003">Webb 2003</a>, p. 7 <a href="#CITEREFMcLeanMcCormick1996">McLean & McCormick 1996</a>, p. 333. Afrikaans is a lingua franca of Namibia; see <a href="#CITEREFDeumert2004">Deumert 2004</a>, p. 1, <a href="#CITEREFAdegbija1994">Adegbija 1994</a>, p. 26, <a href="#CITEREFBatibo2005">Batibo 2005</a>, p. 79, <a href="#CITEREFDonaldson1993">Donaldson 1993</a>, p. xiii, <a href="#CITEREFDeumertVandenbussche2003">Deumert & Vandenbussche 2003</a>, p. 16, <a href="#CITEREFBakerPrys_Jones1998">Baker & Prys Jones 1998</a>, p. 364, <a href="#CITEREFDomínguezLópez1995">Domínguez & López 1995</a>, p. 399, <a href="#CITEREFPageSonnenburg2003">Page & Sonnenburg 2003</a>, p. 8, <a href="#CITEREFCIA2010">CIA 2010</a>. While the number of total speakers of Afrikaans is unknown, estimates range between 15 and 23 million. Afrikaans has 16.3 million speakers; see <a href="#CITEREFde_Swaan2001">de Swaan 2001</a>, p. 216. Afrikaans has a total of 16 million speakers; see <a href="#CITEREFMachan2009">Machan 2009</a>, p. 174. About 9 million people speak Afrikaans as a second or third language; see <a href="#CITEREFAlant2004">Alant 2004</a>, p. 45, <a href="#CITEREFProost2006">Proost 2006</a>, p. 402. Afrikaans has over 5 million native speakers and 15 million second language speakers; see <a href="#CITEREFRéguer2004">Réguer 2004</a>, p. 20. Afrikaans has about 6 million native and 16 million second language speakers; see <a href="#CITEREFDomínguezLópez1995">Domínguez & López 1995</a>, p. 340. In South Africa, over 23 million people speak Afrikaans to some degree, of which a third are first-language speakers; see <a href="#CITEREFPageSonnenburg2003">Page & Sonnenburg 2003</a>, p. 7. L2 "Black Afrikaans" is spoken, with different degrees of fluency, by an estimated 15 million; see <a href="#CITEREFStell2008">Stell 2008</a>, p. 1. Dutch and Afrikaans share mutual intelligibility; see <a href="#CITEREFGooskens2007">Gooskens 2007</a>, p. 453, <a href="#CITEREFHolm1989">Holm 1989</a>, p. 338, <a href="#CITEREFBakerPrys_Jones1998">Baker & Prys Jones 1998</a>, p. 302, <a href="#CITEREFEgil_BreivikHåkon_Jahr1987">Egil Breivik & Håkon Jahr 1987</a>, p. 232. For written mutual intelligibility; see <a href="#CITEREFSebba2007">Sebba 2007</a>, p. 116, <a href="#CITEREFSebba1997">Sebba 1997</a>, p. 161. It is easier for Dutch speakers to understand Afrikaans than the other way around; see <a href="#CITEREFGooskens2007">Gooskens 2007</a>, p. 454. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> 410,000 in the United States, 159,000 in Canada, 47,000 in Australia; see <a href="#CITEREFSimpson2009">Simpson 2009</a>, p. 307. Between 200,000 and 400,000 in US alone; see <a href="#CITEREFMcGoldrickGiordanoGarcia-Preto2005">McGoldrick, Giordano & Garcia-Preto 2005</a>, p. 536. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> In France, a historical dialect called <a href="/wiki/French_Flemish" title="French Flemish">French Flemish</a> is spoken. There are about 80,000 Dutch speakers in France; see <a href="#CITEREFSimpson2009">Simpson 2009</a>, p. 307. In French Flanders, only a remnant of 20,000 Flemish-speakers remain; see <a href="#CITEREFBerdichevsky2004">Berdichevsky 2004</a>, p. 90. French Flemish is spoken in the north-west of France by an estimated population of 20,000 daily speakers and 40,000 occasional speakers; see <a href="#CITEREFEuropean_Commission2010">European Commission 2010</a>. A dialect continuum exists between Dutch and German through the <a href="/wiki/Kleverlandish" title="Kleverlandish">Kleverlandish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Limburgish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Limburgish language">Limburgish</a> dialects. In 1941, 400,000 Indonesians spoke Dutch, and Dutch exerted a major influence on Indonesian; see <a href="#CITEREFSneddon2003">Sneddon 2003</a>, p. 161. In 1941, about 0.5% of the inland population had a reasonable knowledge of Dutch; see <a href="#CITEREFMaier2005">Maier 2005</a>, p. 12. At the beginning of World War II, about one million Asians had an active command of Dutch, while an additional half million had a passive knowledge; see <a href="#CITEREFJones2008">Jones 2008</a>, p. xxxi. Many older Indonesians speak Dutch as a second language; see <a href="#CITEREFThomson2003">Thomson 2003</a>, p. 80. Some of the ethnic Chinese in Indonesia speak Dutch amongst each other; see <a href="#CITEREFTan2008">Tan 2008</a>, pp. 62–64, <a href="#CITEREFErdentuğColombijn2002">Erdentuğ & Colombijn 2002</a>, p. 104. Dutch is spoken by "smaller groups of speakers" in Indonesia; see <a href="#CITEREFBussmann2002">Bussmann 2002</a>, p. 83. Some younger Indonesians learn Dutch as a foreign language because their parents and grandparents may speak it and because in some circles, Dutch is regarded as the language of the elite; see <a href="#CITEREFVos2001">Vos 2001</a>, p. 91. At present, only educated people of the oldest generation, in addition to specialists who require knowledge of the language, can speak Dutch fluently; see <a href="#CITEREFAmmonDittmarMattheierTrudgill2006">Ammon et al. 2006</a>, p. 2017. Around 6.4% of present-day Indonesian vocabulary can be traced back to Dutch words, see <a href="#CITEREFTadmor2009">Tadmor 2009</a>, p. 698. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Dutch and English are the closest relatives of German; see <a href="#CITEREFAbraham2006">Abraham 2006</a>, p. 124. Dutch is the closest relative of German; see <a href="#CITEREFCzepluchAbraham2004">Czepluch & Abraham 2004</a>, p. 13. Dutch and English are closely related; see <a href="#CITEREFIngram1989">Ingram 1989</a>, p. 494, <a href="#CITEREFTodd2004">Todd 2004</a>, p. 37, <a href="#CITEREFKager1989">Kager 1989</a>, p. 105, <a href="#CITEREFHogg2002">Hogg 2002</a>, p. 134, <a href="#CITEREFDe_BotLowieVerspoor2005">De Bot, Lowie & Verspoor 2005</a>, pp. 130, 166, <a href="#CITEREFWeissenbornHöhle2001">Weissenborn & Höhle 2001</a>, p. 209, <a href="#CITEREFCrismaLongobarde2009">Crisma & Longobarde 2009</a>, p. 250. Dutch and English are very closely related languages; see <a href="#CITEREFFitzpatrick2007">Fitzpatrick 2007</a>, p. 188. Dutch is, after Frisian, the closest relative of English; see <a href="#CITEREFMalloryAdams2006">Mallory & Adams 2006</a>, p. 23, <a href="#CITEREFClasse2000">Classe 2000</a>, p. 390, <a href="#CITEREFHogg2002">Hogg 2002</a>, p. 3, <a href="#CITEREFDenningKesslerLeben2007">Denning, Kessler & Leben 2007</a>, p. 22. English is most closely related to Dutch; see <a href="#CITEREFLightfoot1999">Lightfoot 1999</a>, p. 22, and more so than to German; see <a href="#CITEREFSonnenschein2008">Sonnenschein 2008</a>, p. 100, <a href="#CITEREFKennedy_Wyld2009">Kennedy Wyld 2009</a>, p. 190. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Dutch is traditionally described as morphologically between English and German, but syntactically closer to German; see <a href="#CITEREFClyne2003">Clyne 2003</a>, p. 133. Dutch has been positioned to be between English and German; see <a href="#CITEREFPutnam2011">Putnam 2011</a>, p. 108, <a href="#CITEREFBussmann2002">Bussmann 2002</a>, p. 83, <a href="#CITEREFMüller1995">Müller 1995</a>, p. 121, <a href="#CITEREFOnyskoMichel2010">Onysko & Michel 2010</a>, p. 210. Typologically, Dutch takes a position between German and English, a similar word order to that of German, grammatical gender, and a largely Germanic vocabulary with many cognates to German words. It is morphologically close to English, and the case system and subjunctive have largely fallen out of use; see <a href="#CITEREFSwanSmith2001">Swan & Smith 2001</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Dutch shares with English its simplified morphology and the abandonment of the <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">grammatical case system</a>; see <a href="#CITEREFBooij1999">Booij 1999</a>, p. 1, <a href="#CITEREFSimpson2009">Simpson 2009</a>, p. 309. In contrast to German, case markings have become vestigial in English and Dutch; see <a href="#CITEREFHogg2002">Hogg 2002</a>, p. 134, <a href="#CITEREFAbraham2006">Abraham 2006</a>, p. 118, <a href="#CITEREFBussmann2002">Bussmann 2002</a>, p. 83, <a href="#CITEREFSwanSmith2001">Swan & Smith 2001</a>, p. 6. The umlaut in Dutch and English matured to a much lesser extent than in German; see <a href="#CITEREFSimpson2009">Simpson 2009</a>, p. 307, <a href="#CITEREFLass1994">Lass 1994</a>, p. 70, <a href="#CITEREFDeprez1997">Deprez 1997</a>, p. 251. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Dutch has effectively two genders; see <a href="#CITEREFBooij1999">Booij 1999</a>, p. 1, <a href="#CITEREFSimpson2009">Simpson 2009</a>, p. 309, <a href="#CITEREFDe_Vogelaer2009">De Vogelaer 2009</a>, p. 71. Grammatical gender has little grammatical consequences in Dutch; see <a href="#CITEREFBussmann2002">Bussmann 2002</a>, p. 84 </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSimpson2009">Simpson 2009</a>, p. 307, <a href="#CITEREFBooij1999">Booij 1999</a>, p. 1 Dutch and German do not have a strict SVO order as in English; see <a href="#CITEREFHogg2002">Hogg 2002</a>, pp. 87, 134. In contrast to English, which has SVO as the underlying word order, for Dutch and German this is SV1OV2 or (in subordinate clauses) SOV; see <a href="#CITEREFIngram1989">Ingram 1989</a>, p. 495, <a href="#CITEREFJordensLalleman1988">Jordens & Lalleman 1988</a>, pp. 149, 150, 177. Dutch has almost the same word order as German; see <a href="#CITEREFSwanSmith2001">Swan & Smith 2001</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Dutch vocabulary has more Germanic words than English and more Romance words than German; see <a href="#CITEREFSimpson2009">Simpson 2009</a>, p. 309, <a href="#CITEREFSwanSmith2001">Swan & Smith 2001</a>, p. 17. Dutch vocabulary is mostly Germanic; see <a href="#CITEREFSwanSmith2001">Swan & Smith 2001</a>, p. 6. Dutch has the most similar vocabulary to English; see <a href="#CITEREFMalloryAdams2006">Mallory & Adams 2006</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Friedrich Maurer uses the term <a href="/wiki/Istvaeones" title="Istvaeones">Istvaeonic</a> instead of Franconian; see Friedrich Maurer (1942), Nordgermanen und Alemannen: Studien zur germanischen und frühdeutschen Sprachgeschichte, Stammes- und Volkskunde, Bern: Verlag Francke. </li> <li id="cite_note-notconstitution-76"><a href="#cite_ref-notconstitution_76-0">^</a> The Dutch language does have the status of official language in the Netherlands, together with the Dutch Sign Language and West-Frisian (in Friesland). However, it is not legally enshrined in the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Netherlands" title="Constitution of the Netherlands">Dutch constitution</a>, which is uncommon in the European Union.<a href="#cite_note-73">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-denederlandsegrondwet.nl-2018-75">[64]</a> There is almost no legally defined status of Dutch stipulated anywhere in legislation.<a href="#cite_note-denederlandsegrondwet.nl-2018-75">[64]</a> A long series of parliamentary and public discussions in the 2010s on the question whether to enshrine Dutch as the official language of the Netherlands came to nothing, and the proposal was withdrawn again by the government in February 2018.<a href="#cite_note-denederlandsegrondwet.nl-2018-75">[64]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> Recognition of Surinamese-Dutch (Surinaams-Nederlands) as an equal natiolect was expressed in 1976 by the publication of the Woordenboek van het Surinaams-Nederlands – een geannoteerde lijst van Surinaams-Nederlandse woorden en uitdrukkingen (Dictionary of Surinam Dutch – an annotated list of Surinam-Dutch words and expressions), see Johannes van Donselaar Woordenboek van het Surinaams-Nederlands – een geannoteerde lijst van Surinaams-Nederlandse woorden en uitdrukkingen, Utrecht : Instituut A. W. de Groot voor Algemene Taalwetenschap van de Rijksuniversiteit te Utrecht (1976), Amsterdam, E.T.Rap (1977) <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-6005-125-4" title="Special:BookSources/90-6005-125-4">90-6005-125-4</a>, published in 1989 as the Woordenboek van het Surinaams-Nederlands (Dictionary of Surinam Dutch), by Van Donselaar, and later by the publication of the Woordenboek Surinaams Nederlands (Dictionary Surinam Dutch) in 2009 (editor Renata de Bies, in cooperation with lexicologists Willy Martin en Willy Smedts), which was previously published as the Woordenboek van de Surinaamse Bijdrage aan het Nederlands (Dictionary of the Surinam Contribution to Dutch"). </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0018784/2010-10-10">Spellingwet</a> (in Dutch), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191024063848/https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0018784/2010-10-10/">archived</a> from the original on October 24, 2019, retrieved October 24, 2019</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spellingwet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwetten.overheid.nl%2FBWBR0018784%2F2010-10-10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> This came into force on February 22, 2006, replacing the Act on the Spelling of the Dutch Language of February 14, 1947. see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0002027/">Wet voorschriften schrijfwijze Nederlandsche taal</a> (in Dutch), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230324124407/https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0002027/1997-02-21">archived</a> from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved October 24, 2019</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wet+voorschriften+schrijfwijze+Nederlandsche+taal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwetten.overheid.nl%2FBWBR0002027%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0019422/">Besluit bekendmaking spellingvoorschriften 2005</a> (in Dutch), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230324124856/https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0019422/2006-05-01">archived</a> from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved October 24, 2019</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Besluit+bekendmaking+spellingvoorschriften+2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwetten.overheid.nl%2FBWBR0019422%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> This decree entered into force on August 1, 2006, replacing the Spelling Decree of June 19, 1996. see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0008116/">Spellingbesluit</a> (in Dutch), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230324124856/https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0008116/1996-08-01">archived</a> from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved October 24, 2019</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spellingbesluit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwetten.overheid.nl%2FBWBR0008116%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ejustice.just.fgov.be/eli/besluit/2006/06/30/2009036011/staatsblad">Besluit van de Vlaamse Regering tot vaststelling van de regels van de officiële spelling en spraakkunst van de Nederlandse taal</a> (in Dutch), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201027075933/http://www.ejustice.just.fgov.be/eli/besluit/2006/06/30/2009036011/staatsblad">archived</a> from the original on October 27, 2020, retrieved October 24, 2019</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Besluit+van+de+Vlaamse+Regering+tot+vaststelling+van+de+regels+van+de+offici%C3%ABle+spelling+en+spraakkunst+van+de+Nederlandse+taal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ejustice.just.fgov.be%2Feli%2Fbesluit%2F2006%2F06%2F30%2F2009036011%2Fstaatsblad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+language" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_language&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e19-1"><a href="#cite_ref-e19_1-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/19/language/nld/">Dutch</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (19th ed., 2016) <a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eurobarometer_Languages-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eurobarometer_Languages_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eurobarometer_Languages_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eurobarometer_Languages_2-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEuropean_Commission2006" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070221061227/http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_243_en.pdf">"Special Eurobarometer 243: Europeans and their Languages (Survey)"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Europa_(web_portal)" title="Europa (web portal)">Europa</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_243_en.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on February 21, 2007. Retrieved February 3, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Special+Eurobarometer+243%3A+Europeans+and+their+Languages+%28Survey%29&rft.pub=Europa&rft.date=2006&rft.au=European+Commission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fpublic_opinion%2Farchives%2Febs%2Febs_243_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+language" class="Z3988"> "1% of the EU population claims to speak Dutch well enough in order to have a conversation." (page 153). </li> <li id="cite_note-UofL-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UofL_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UofL_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.le.ac.uk/departments/modern-languages/lal/languages%20at%20lal/dutch">"Dutch"</a>. Languages at Leicester. University of Leicester. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140502062920/http://www2.le.ac.uk/departments/modern-languages/lal/languages%20at%20lal/dutch">Archived</a> from the original on May 2, 2014. Retrieved July 1, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Languages+at+Leicester&rft.atitle=Dutch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.le.ac.uk%2Fdepartments%2Fmodern-languages%2Flal%2Flanguages%2520at%2520lal%2Fdutch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Feiten-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Feiten_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Feiten_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Feiten_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Feiten_4-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221006231723/http://taalunieversum.org/inhoud/feiten-en-cijfers">"Feiten en cijfers"</a> [Facts and numbers]. Taalunieversum (in Dutch). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://taalunieversum.org/inhoud/feiten-en-cijfers#feitencijfers">the original</a> on October 6, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Taalunieversum&rft.atitle=Feiten+en+cijfers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftaalunieversum.org%2Finhoud%2Ffeiten-en-cijfers%23feitencijfers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWouden2012" class="citation book cs1">Wouden, Ton van der (June 27, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QuDApplN_AoC&pg=PA258">Roots of Afrikaans: Selected writings of Hans den Besten</a>. John Benjamins Publishing. p. 258. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-7382-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-7382-6"><bdi>978-90-272-7382-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roots+of+Afrikaans%3A+Selected+writings+of+Hans+den+Besten&rft.pages=258&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing&rft.date=2012-06-27&rft.isbn=978-90-272-7382-6&rft.aulast=Wouden&rft.aufirst=Ton+van+der&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQuDApplN_AoC%26pg%3DPA258&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirsner2014" class="citation book cs1">Kirsner, Robert S. (February 15, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oaPPAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1">Qualitative-Quantitative Analyses of Dutch and Afrikaans Grammar and Lexicon</a>. John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-7104-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-7104-4"><bdi>978-90-272-7104-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Qualitative-Quantitative+Analyses+of+Dutch+and+Afrikaans+Grammar+and+Lexicon&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2014-02-15&rft.isbn=978-90-272-7104-4&rft.aulast=Kirsner&rft.aufirst=Robert+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoaPPAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://taalunie.org/over-de-taalunie-/wie-wij-zijn">"Taalunie"</a>. taalunie.org (in Dutch). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240105001149/https://taalunie.org/over-de-taalunie-/wie-wij-zijn">Archived</a> from the original on January 5, 2024. Retrieved April 23, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=taalunie.org&rft.atitle=Taalunie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftaalunie.org%2Fover-de-taalunie-%2Fwie-wij-zijn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNetherlands2019" class="citation web cs1">Netherlands, Statistics (April 4, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbs.nl/en-gb/figures/detail/82867ENG">"Caribbean Netherlands; Spoken languages and main language, characteristics"</a>. Statistics Netherlands. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231019133313/https://www.cbs.nl/en-gb/figures/detail/82867ENG">Archived</a> from the original on October 19, 2023. Retrieved April 24, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statistics+Netherlands&rft.atitle=Caribbean+Netherlands%3B+Spoken+languages+and+main+language%2C+characteristics&rft.date=2019-04-04&rft.aulast=Netherlands&rft.aufirst=Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbs.nl%2Fen-gb%2Ffigures%2Fdetail%2F82867ENG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Groeneboer, K (1993) Weg tot het westen. Het Nederlands voor Indie 1600–1950. Publisher: KITLEV, Leiden.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718083900/http://www.nrcboeken.nl/boek/in-indie-geworteld-druk-1-meijer-h">[1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaier2005-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaier2005_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaier2005_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaier2005_12-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMaier2005">Maier 2005</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindseyButt2018" class="citation book cs1">Lindsey, Tim; Butt, Simon (September 6, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sB5pDwAAQBAJ&dq=dutch%20language%20in%20nowadays%20Indonesia&pg=PA307">Indonesian Law</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 307. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-166556-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-166556-1"><bdi>978-0-19-166556-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indonesian+Law&rft.pages=307&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018-09-06&rft.isbn=978-0-19-166556-1&rft.aulast=Lindsey&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft.au=Butt%2C+Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsB5pDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Ddutch%2520language%2520in%2520nowadays%2520Indonesia%26pg%3DPA307&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillemyns2002" class="citation book cs1">Willemyns, Roland (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H7VcdGI20FkC&pg=PA4">"Language Contact at the Romance-Germanic Language Border"</a>. In Jeanine Treffers-Daller, Roland Willemyns (ed.). Journal of multilingual and multicultural development. Multilingual Matters. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1853596272" title="Special:BookSources/1853596272"><bdi>1853596272</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230324124351/https://books.google.com/books?id=H7VcdGI20FkC&pg=PA4">Archived</a> from the original on March 24, 2023. Retrieved March 19, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Language+Contact+at+the+Romance-Germanic+Language+Border&rft.btitle=Journal+of+multilingual+and+multicultural+development&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Multilingual+Matters&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1853596272&rft.aulast=Willemyns&rft.aufirst=Roland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH7VcdGI20FkC%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/languages/other/dutch/guide/facts.shtml">"A Guide to Dutch – 10 facts about the Dutch language"</a>. Languages. BBC. 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191202161434/http://www.bbc.co.uk/languages/other/dutch/guide/facts.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on December 2, 2019. Retrieved December 20, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Languages&rft.atitle=A+Guide+to+Dutch+%E2%80%93+10+facts+about+the+Dutch+language&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Flanguages%2Fother%2Fdutch%2Fguide%2Ffacts.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9055348/Netherlandic-language">"Dutch language"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica (Online ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080622131514/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9055348/Netherlandic-language">Archived</a> from the original on June 22, 2008. Retrieved October 27, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dutch+language&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=Online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Farticle-9055348%2FNetherlandic-language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> See also: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaeringen1960" class="citation book cs1">Haeringen, Coenraad van (1960). Netherlandic Language Research: Men and Works in the Study of Dutch (2nd ed.). Leiden: Brill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Netherlandic+Language+Research%3A+Men+and+Works+in+the+Study+of+Dutch&rft.place=Leiden&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Haeringen&rft.aufirst=Coenraad+van&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Nederlandsch#Dutch">"Nederlandsch"</a>. Wiktionary. July 7, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220630004511/https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Nederlandsch#Dutch">Archived</a> from the original on June 30, 2022. Retrieved October 27, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wiktionary&rft.atitle=Nederlandsch&rft.date=2021-07-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wiktionary.org%2Fwiki%2FNederlandsch%23Dutch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+language" class="Z3988"> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources#User-generated_content" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources">user-generated source</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Schutter1994" class="citation book cs1">De Schutter, Georges (1994). "Dutch". In König, Ekkehard; van der Auwera, Johan (eds.). The Germanic Languages. London: Routledge. p. 439.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dutch&rft.btitle=The+Germanic+Languages&rft.place=London&rft.pages=439&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=De+Schutter&rft.aufirst=Georges&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams2006269-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams2006269_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalloryAdams2006">Mallory & Adams 2006</a>, p. 269. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> W. Haubrichs, "Theodiscus, Deutsch und Germanisch – drei Ethnonyme, drei Forschungsbegriffe. Zur Frage der Instrumentalisierung und Wertbesetzung deutscher Sprach- und Volksbezeichnungen". In: H. Beck et al., Zur Geschichte der Gleichung "germanisch-deutsch" (2004), 199–228 </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary, 2nd revised edn., s.v. "Dutch" (Random House Reference, 2005). </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> M. Philippa e.a. (2003–2009) Etymologisch Woordenboek van het Nederlands [diets] </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrabo1996" class="citation book cs1">Strabo, Walafridus (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fh7vQT-lkTkC&pg=PA223">Walahfrid Strabo's Libellus de Exordiis Et Incrementis Quarundam in ... a translation by Alice L. Harting-Correa</a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004096698" title="Special:BookSources/9004096698"><bdi>9004096698</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230324124337/https://books.google.com/books?id=Fh7vQT-lkTkC&pg=PA223">Archived</a> from the original on March 24, 2023. Retrieved June 3, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Walahfrid+Strabo%27s+Libellus+de+Exordiis+Et+Incrementis+Quarundam+in+...+a+translation+by+Alice+L.+Harting-Correa&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9004096698&rft.aulast=Strabo&rft.aufirst=Walafridus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFh7vQT-lkTkC%26pg%3DPA223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Cornelis Dekker: The Origins of Old Germanic Studies in the Low Countries <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sOV5_giY6ssC&dq=tam+latine+quam+theodisce&pg=PA245">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230324124342/https://books.google.com/books?id=sOV5_giY6ssC&dq=tam+latine+quam+theodisce&pg=PA245">Archived</a> March 24, 2023, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Peter Polenz: Geschichte der deutschen Sprache. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin 2020, p. 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> L. De Grauwe: Emerging Mother-Tongue Awareness: The special case of Dutch and German in the Middle Ages and the early Modern Period (2002), p. 98–110. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> (in Dutch) See J. Verdam, Middelnederlandsch handwoordenboek (The Hague 1932 (reprinted 1994)): "Nederlant, znw. o. I) Laag of aan zee gelegen land. 2) land aan den Nederrijn; Nedersaksen, -duitschland." </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.pandora.be/michel.vanhalme/hermes29.htm">"Hermes in uitbreiding"</a> (in Dutch). Users.pandora.be. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080607142148/http://users.pandora.be/michel.vanhalme/hermes29.htm">Archived</a> from the original on June 7, 2008. Retrieved August 12, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hermes+in+uitbreiding&rft.pub=Users.pandora.be&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusers.pandora.be%2Fmichel.vanhalme%2Fhermes29.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> (in Dutch) neder- corresponds with the English nether-, which means "low" or "down". See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=nether">Online etymological dictionary. Entry: Nether.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081206145915/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=nether">Archived</a> December 6, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDBNL" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">DBNL. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/_ver025190901_01/_ver025190901_01_0030.php">"Verslagen en mededelingen van de Koninklijke Vlaamse Academie voor Taal- en Letterkunde 1909 · dbnl"</a>. DBNL (in Dutch). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170426062011/http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/_ver025190901_01/_ver025190901_01_0030.php">Archived</a> from the original on April 26, 2017. Retrieved April 25, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DBNL&rft.atitle=Verslagen+en+mededelingen+van+de+Koninklijke+Vlaamse+Academie+voor+Taal-+en+Letterkunde+1909+%C2%B7+dbnl&rft.au=DBNL&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dbnl.org%2Ftekst%2F_ver025190901_01%2F_ver025190901_01_0030.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> M. Janssen: Atlas van de Nederlandse taal: Editie Vlaanderen, Lannoo Meulenhoff, 2018, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWillemyns2013">Willemyns (2013)</a>, p. xiii </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statenvertaling.net/bijbel/psal/55.html">"Psalmen 55 – Oude Testament"</a>. Statenvertaling.net – bijbel en kunst (in Dutch). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200316205930/https://www.statenvertaling.net/bijbel/psal/55.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 16, 2020. Retrieved October 24, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statenvertaling.net+%E2%80%93+bijbel+en+kunst&rft.atitle=Psalmen+55+%E2%80%93+Oude+Testament&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statenvertaling.net%2Fbijbel%2Fpsal%2F55.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/psalms/55-18.htm">"Psalm 55:18 He will redeem my soul in peace from the battle waged against me, even though many oppose me"</a>. biblehub.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191024122732/https://biblehub.com/psalms/55-18.htm">Archived</a> from the original on October 24, 2019. Retrieved October 24, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=biblehub.com&rft.atitle=Psalm+55%3A18+He+will+redeem+my+soul+in+peace+from+the+battle+waged+against+me%2C+even+though+many+oppose+me.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiblehub.com%2Fpsalms%2F55-18.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newencyclopaedia07ency">"Languages of the World: Germanic languages"</a>. The New Encyclopædia Britannica. Chicago, IL, United States: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 1993. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85229-571-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-85229-571-5"><bdi>0-85229-571-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Languages+of+the+World%3A+Germanic+languages&rft.btitle=The+New+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.place=Chicago%2C+IL%2C+United+States&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-85229-571-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewencyclopaedia07ency&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+language" class="Z3988"> This long-standing, well-known article on the languages can be found in almost any edition of Britannica. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawkins1987" class="citation book cs1">Hawkins, John A. (1987). "Germanic languages". In <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Comrie" title="Bernard Comrie">Bernard Comrie</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldsmajorlangu00comr">The World's Major Languages</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldsmajorlangu00comr/page/68">68–76</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-520521-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-520521-9"><bdi>0-19-520521-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Germanic+languages&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Major+Languages&rft.pages=68-76&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-19-520521-9&rft.aulast=Hawkins&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldsmajorlangu00comr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Orrin_W._Robinson_(philologist)" title="Orrin W. Robinson (philologist)">Robinson, Orrin W.</a> (1992). Old English and Its Closest Relatives. Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-2221-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-2221-8"><bdi>0-8047-2221-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Old+English+and+Its+Closest+Relatives&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-8047-2221-8&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Orrin+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWillemyns2013">Willemyns (2013)</a>, pp. 40–41 </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatheson2012" class="citation book cs1">Matheson, Lister M. (2012). Icons of the Middle Ages: Rulers, Writers, Rebels, and Saints. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Greenwood. p. 145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313340802" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313340802"><bdi>978-0313340802</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Icons+of+the+Middle+Ages%3A+Rulers%2C+Writers%2C+Rebels%2C+and+Saints&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+Calif.&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0313340802&rft.aulast=Matheson&rft.aufirst=Lister+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_den_ToornPijnenburg1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Van den Toorn, M. C.; Pijnenburg, W. J. J.; et al. (1997). Geschiedenis van de Nederlandse taal (in Dutch). p. 37.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geschiedenis+van+de+Nederlandse+taal&rft.pages=37&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Van+den+Toorn&rft.aufirst=M.+C.&rft.au=Pijnenburg%2C+W.+J.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanssensMarynissen2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Janssens, G.; Marynissen, A. (2005). Het Nederlands vroeger en nu (in Dutch) (2nd ed.). pp. 38, 54.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Het+Nederlands+vroeger+en+nu&rft.pages=38%2C+54&rft.edition=2nd&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Janssens&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Marynissen%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_VriesWillemynsBurger2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">De Vries, Jan W.; Willemyns, Roland; Burger, Peter (2003). Het verhaal van een taal (in Dutch). Amsterdam: Prometheus. pp. 12, 21–27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Het+verhaal+van+een+taal&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pages=12%2C+21-27&rft.pub=Prometheus&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=De+Vries&rft.aufirst=Jan+W.&rft.au=Willemyns%2C+Roland&rft.au=Burger%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+language" class="Z3988"> Page 27: "...Aan het einde van de negende eeuw kan er zeker van Nederlands gesproken worden; hoe long daarvoor dat ook het geval was, kan niet met zekerheid worden uitgemaakt." [It can be said with certainty that Dutch was being spoken at the end of the 9th century; how long that might have been the case before that cannot be determined with certainty.] </li> <li id="cite_note-Webster-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Webster_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Webster_52-1">b</a> Webster's New World Dictionary: Old Dutch </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBesamuscaVerheul2014" class="citation book cs1">Besamusca, Emmeline; Verheul, Jaap (November 19, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GiJyBQAAQBAJ">Discovering the Dutch: on culture and society of the Netherlands</a>. Amsterdam University Press. p. 239. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789048526093" title="Special:BookSources/9789048526093"><bdi>9789048526093</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230324124343/https://books.google.com/books?id=GiJyBQAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on March 24, 2023. Retrieved June 3, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Discovering+the+Dutch%3A+on+culture+and+society+of+the+Netherlands&rft.pages=239&rft.pub=Amsterdam+University+Press&rft.date=2014-11-19&rft.isbn=9789048526093&rft.aulast=Besamusca&rft.aufirst=Emmeline&rft.au=Verheul%2C+Jaap&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGiJyBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Vaan2017" class="citation book cs1">de Vaan, Michiel (2017). The Dawn of Dutch: Language contact in the Western Low Countries before 1200. John Benjamins.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dawn+of+Dutch%3A+Language+contact+in+the+Western+Low+Countries+before+1200&rft.pub=John+Benjamins&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=de+Vaan&rft.aufirst=Michiel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDijkstra2011" class="citation book cs1">Dijkstra, M.F.P. (2011). Rondom de mondingen van Rijn & Maas: landschap en bewoning tussen de 3e en 9e eeuw in Zuid-Holland, in het bijzonder de Oude Rijnstreek. Sidestone Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rondom+de+mondingen+van+Rijn+%26+Maas%3A+landschap+en+bewoning+tussen+de+3e+en+9e+eeuw+in+Zuid-Holland%2C+in+het+bijzonder+de+Oude+Rijnstreek&rft.pub=Sidestone+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Dijkstra&rft.aufirst=M.F.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Full English transcript: Bible, that is: The entire H. Scripture, containing all the Canonical Books of the Old and the New Testaments. Now first, by order of the High Lords States General of the United Netherlands, and according to the Decision of the National Synod, held at Dordrecht, in the Years 1618 and 1619. From the Original languages into our Dutch language faithfully translated. With new added Clarifications of the dark passages, notes of the paralleled Texts, and new Indexes of both Testaments. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccjk.com/dutch-full-historical-junk/">"Dutch & Other Languages"</a>. Ccjk.com. January 23, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923201159/http://www.ccjk.com/dutch-full-historical-junk/">Archived</a> from the original on September 23, 2015. Retrieved August 12, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dutch+%26+Other+Languages&rft.pub=Ccjk.com&rft.date=2015-01-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccjk.com%2Fdutch-full-historical-junk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140619102750/http://taal.phileon.nl/brabants.php">"Taal in Nederland .:. Brabants"</a> (in Dutch). Taal.phileon.nl. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://taal.phileon.nl/brabants.php">the original</a> on June 19, 2014. Retrieved June 11, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Taal+in+Nederland+.%3A.+Brabants&rft.pub=Taal.phileon.nl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftaal.phileon.nl%2Fbrabants.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcRae1984" class="citation book cs1">McRae, Kenneth D. (1984). Conflict and compromise in multilingual societies. Waterloo, ON: Wilfrid Laurier University Press. pp. 54–55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0889201951" title="Special:BookSources/0889201951"><bdi>0889201951</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conflict+and+compromise+in+multilingual+societies&rft.place=Waterloo%2C+ON&rft.pages=54-55&rft.pub=Wilfrid+Laurier+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0889201951&rft.aulast=McRae&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBramlett2012" class="citation book cs1">Bramlett, Frank, ed. (2012). Linguistics and the Study of Comics (1st ed.). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 163. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1137004109" title="Special:BookSources/978-1137004109"><bdi>978-1137004109</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Linguistics+and+the+Study+of+Comics&rft.place=Basingstoke&rft.pages=163&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1137004109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelgium2005" class="citation book cs1">Belgium (2005). <a href="/wiki/Keith_Brown_(linguist)" title="Keith Brown (linguist)">Keith Brown</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Language_and_Linguistics" title="Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics">Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics</a> (2 ed.). Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-08-044299-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-08-044299-4"><bdi>0-08-044299-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Language+and+Linguistics&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-08-044299-4&rft.au=Belgium&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160604224753/http://statbel.fgov.be/nl/statistieken/cijfers/bevolking/structuur/woonplaats/oppervlakte_dichtheid/">"Structuur van de bevolking volgens woonplaats: oppervlakte en bevolkingsdichtheid"</a>. Statistics Belgium (in Dutch). 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(2005). Dialects Across Borders: Selected Papers from the 11th International Conference on Methods in Dialectology (Methods XI). John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-4787-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-4787-2"><bdi>978-90-272-4787-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/981047580">981047580</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dialects+Across+Borders%3A+Selected+Papers+from+the+11th+International+Conference+on+Methods+in+Dialectology+%28Methods+XI%29&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F981047580&rft.isbn=978-90-272-4787-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatz2013" class="citation book cs1">Katz, William F. 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August 2, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191206191658/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-languages-are-spoken-in-curacao.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 6, 2019. Retrieved December 6, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Atlas&rft.atitle=What+Languages+Are+Spoken+In+Cura%C3%A7ao%3F&rft.date=2017-08-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldatlas.com%2Farticles%2Fwhat-languages-are-spoken-in-curacao.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cbs.aw/wp/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/Fifth-Population-and-Housing-Census-Aruba.pdf">"Fifth Population and Housing Census"</a> (PDF). Central Bureau of Statistics (Aruba). September 29, 2010. p. 110. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171113150931/http://cbs.aw/wp/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/Fifth-Population-and-Housing-Census-Aruba.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on November 13, 2017. Retrieved December 7, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Central+Bureau+of+Statistics+%28Aruba%29&rft.atitle=Fifth+Population+and+Housing+Census&rft.pages=110&rft.date=2010-09-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcbs.aw%2Fwp%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2012%2F07%2FFifth-Population-and-Housing-Census-Aruba.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opendata.cbs.nl/statline/#/CBS/nl/dataset/82867NED/table?ts=1575730684156">"Caribisch Nederland; gesproken talen en voertaal, persoonskenmerken"</a>. Statline (in Dutch). CBS.nl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190508053636/https://statline.cbs.nl/StatWeb/publication/?VW=T&DM=SLNL&PA=70072ned&D1=224&D2=5-16&D3=l&HD=081103-1603&HDR=T&STB=G1,G2#/CBS/nl/dataset/82867NED/table?ts=1575730684156">Archived</a> from the original on May 8, 2019. Retrieved December 7, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statline&rft.atitle=Caribisch+Nederland%3B+gesproken+talen+en+voertaal%2C+persoonskenmerken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopendata.cbs.nl%2Fstatline%2F%23%2FCBS%2Fnl%2Fdataset%2F82867NED%2Ftable%3Fts%3D1575730684156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-languages-are-spoken-in-sint-maarten.html">"What Languages Are Spoken In Sint Maarten?"</a>. World Atlas. 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Retrieved December 6, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Atlas&rft.atitle=What+Languages+Are+Spoken+In+Sint+Maarten%3F&rft.date=2017-09-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldatlas.com%2Farticles%2Fwhat-languages-are-spoken-in-sint-maarten.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoninkrijksrelaties" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Koninkrijksrelaties, Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0005537/2024-01-01/#Hoofdstuk2_Afdeling2.2">"Algemene wet bestuursrecht"</a>. wetten.overheid.nl (in Dutch). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240424101708/https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0005537/2024-01-01/#Hoofdstuk2_Afdeling2.2">Archived</a> from the original on April 24, 2024. 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[Art 2.6: Administrative authorities and persons working under their responsibility shall use the Dutch language, unless provided otherwise by statutory regulation.]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wetten.overheid.nl&rft.atitle=Algemene+wet+bestuursrecht&rft.aulast=Koninkrijksrelaties&rft.aufirst=Ministerie+van+Binnenlandse+Zaken+en&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwetten.overheid.nl%2FBWBR0005537%2F2024-01-01%2F%23Hoofdstuk2_Afdeling2.2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinisterie_van_Binnenlandse_Zaken_en_Koninkrijksrelaties2016" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Ministerie_van_Binnenlandse_Zaken_en_Koninkrijksrelaties" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en Koninkrijksrelaties">Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en Koninkrijksrelaties</a> (January 11, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/erkende-talen/vraag-en-antwoord/onderwerpen/erkende-talen/vraag-en-antwoord/erkende-talen-nederland">"Welke erkende talen heeft Nederland? - Rijksoverheid.nl"</a>. www.rijksoverheid.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved September 12, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.rijksoverheid.nl&rft.atitle=Welke+erkende+talen+heeft+Nederland%3F+-+Rijksoverheid.nl&rft.date=2016-01-11&rft.au=Ministerie+van+Binnenlandse+Zaken+en+Koninkrijksrelaties&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rijksoverheid.nl%2Fonderwerpen%2Ferkende-talen%2Fvraag-en-antwoord%2Fonderwerpen%2Ferkende-talen%2Fvraag-en-antwoord%2Ferkende-talen-nederland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+language" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDBNL" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">DBNL. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/_nee003200701_01/_nee003200701_01_0061.php">"Grondwet 'De officiële taal van Nederland is het Nederlands' De taalartikelen in de grondwetten van de EU-landen Els Ruijsendaal Dick Wortel , Neerlandia/Nederlands van Nu. 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Retrieved January 7, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations&rft.atitle=Universal+Declaration+of+Human+Rights&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Fabout-us%2Funiversal-declaration-of-human-rights&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+language" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_references">General references</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_language&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: General references">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbraham2006" class="citation cs2">Abraham, Werner (2006), Kulikov, L.I.; Malchukov, A.L.; De Swart, Peter (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6UxRle-M1QQC">"Case, valency and transitivity: Bare and prepositional differential case marking"</a>, Studies in Language, vol. 77, John Benjamins Publishing Company, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9027230870" title="Special:BookSources/9027230870"><bdi>9027230870</bdi></a>, retrieved November 6, 2010</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Language&rft.atitle=Case%2C+valency+and+transitivity%3A+Bare+and+prepositional+differential+case+marking&rft.volume=77&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9027230870&rft.aulast=Abraham&rft.aufirst=Werner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6UxRle-M1QQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdegbija1994" class="citation cs2">Adegbija, Efurosibina E. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Languages+Spoken+in+Namibia&rft.pub=Government+of+Namibia&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Namibian+Population+Census&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.grnnet.gov.na%2Faboutnam.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCIA2010" class="citation cs2">CIA (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/namibia/">The World Factbook (CIA) — Namibia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210110010829/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/namibia">archived</a> from the original on January 10, 2021, retrieved May 28, 2010</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+Factbook+%28CIA%29+%E2%80%94+Namibia&rft.pub=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft.date=2010&rft.au=CIA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fnamibia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+language" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_language&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="nl:"> Dutch edition</a> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://taalunie.org/">The Nederlandse Taalunie</a>, Dutch language union</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dutchgrammar.group.shef.ac.uk/">The Dutch Learner's Grammar</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190929221815/https://dutchgrammar.group.shef.ac.uk/">Archived</a> September 29, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, from The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Sheffield" title="University of Sheffield">University of Sheffield</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kdutch.ivdnt.org/">K-Dutch CLARIN Knowledge Centre for Dutch</a>, hosted by the Instituut voor de Nederlandse Taal (Dutch Language Institute)</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">Dutch language at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/19px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/29px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/38px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Dutch" class="extiw" title="wikt:Dutch">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/category:Dutch_language" class="extiw" title="c:category:Dutch language">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/19px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/29px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Dutch" class="extiw" title="b:Dutch">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/21px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/32px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/42px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Introduction_to_the_Dutch_language" class="extiw" title="v:Introduction to the Dutch language">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/19px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/29px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/38px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Dutch_phrasebook" class="extiw" title="voy:Dutch phrasebook">Phrasebook</a> from Wikivoyage</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/21px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/32px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/42px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7411" class="extiw" title="d:Q7411">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_the_Netherlands" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_the_Netherlands" title="Template:Languages of the Netherlands"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_the_Netherlands" title="Template talk:Languages of the Netherlands"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_the_Netherlands" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of the Netherlands"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_the_Netherlands" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Netherlands" title="Languages of the Netherlands">Languages of the Netherlands</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dutch</a> (national)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_in_the_Netherlands" title="English in the Netherlands">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_language" title="West Frisian language">West Frisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papiamento" title="Papiamento">Papiamento</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-official</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambonese_Malay" title="Ambonese Malay">Ambonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limburgish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Limburgish language">Limburgish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Low_Saxon" title="Dutch Low Saxon">Low Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_language" title="Minangkabau language">Minangkabau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripuarian_language" title="Ripuarian language">Ripuarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Sign_Language" title="Dutch Sign Language">Dutch Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Belgium" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Belgium" title="Template:Languages of Belgium"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Belgium" title="Template talk:Languages of Belgium"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Belgium" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Belgium"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Belgium" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Belgium" title="Languages of Belgium">Languages of Belgium</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_French" title="Belgian French">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brabantian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Brabantian dialect">Brabantian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Flemish" title="East Flemish">East Flemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limburgish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Limburgish language">Limburgish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Flemish" title="West Flemish">West Flemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Champenois_language" title="Champenois language">Champenois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorrain_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Lorrain dialect">Lorrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picard_language" title="Picard language">Picard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_language" title="Walloon language">Walloon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language_family" title="French Sign Language family">Francosign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Sign_Language" title="Flemish Sign Language">Flemish Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Belgian_Sign_Language" title="French Belgian Sign Language">French Belgian Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/German_Sign_Language_family" title="German Sign Language family">Germanosign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Sign_Language" title="German Sign Language">German Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinte_Romani" title="Sinte Romani">Sinte Romani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_and_dialects_of_Benelux" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_and_dialects_of_Benelux" title="Template:Languages and dialects of Benelux"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_and_dialects_of_Benelux" title="Template talk:Languages and dialects of Benelux"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_and_dialects_of_Benelux" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages and dialects of Benelux"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_and_dialects_of_Benelux" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Languages and dialects of <a href="/wiki/Benelux" title="Benelux">Benelux</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dutch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brabantian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Brabantian dialect">Brabantian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Dutch_dialects" title="Central Dutch dialects">Central Dutch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hollandic_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollandic dialect">Hollandic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Flemish" title="East Flemish">East Flemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleverlandish" title="Kleverlandish">Kleverlandish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Flemish" title="West Flemish">West Flemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeelandic" title="Zeelandic">Zeelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadsfries_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadsfries dialects">Stadsfries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_in_the_Netherlands" title="English in the Netherlands">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_French" title="Belgian French">Belgian French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champenois_language" title="Champenois language">Champenois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorrain_language" title="Lorrain language">Lorrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picard_language" title="Picard language">Picard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_language" title="Walloon language">Walloon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_German_languages" title="High German languages">High German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_German" title="Standard German">Standard High German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripuarian_language" title="Ripuarian language">Ripuarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limburgish" title="Limburgish">Limburgish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Low_Saxon" title="Northern Low Saxon">Northern Low Saxon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gronings_dialect" title="Gronings dialect">Gronings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westphalian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Westphalian language">Westphalian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achterhooks" title="Achterhooks">Achterhoeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%A8ents_dialects" title="Drèents dialects">Drèents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallaans_dialect" title="Sallaans dialect">Sallands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellingwarfs_dialect" title="Stellingwarfs dialect">Stellingwarfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tweants_dialect" title="Tweants dialect">Tweants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urkers_dialect" title="Urkers dialect">Urkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veluws_dialect" title="Veluws dialect">Veluws</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish" title="Luxembourgish">Luxembourgish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papiamento" title="Papiamento">Papiamento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_language" title="West Frisian language">West Frisian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Sign_Language" title="German Sign Language">Deutsche Gebärdensprache, DGS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Belgian_Sign_Language" title="French Belgian Sign Language">Langue des signes Francophone de Belgique, LSFB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Sign_Language" title="Dutch Sign Language">Nederlandse Gebarentaal, NGT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Sign_Language" title="Flemish Sign Language">Vlaamse Gebarentaal, VGT</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Belgium" title="Languages of Belgium">Languages of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Netherlands" title="Languages of the Netherlands">Languages of the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Luxembourg" title="Languages of Luxembourg">Languages of Luxembourg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Germanic_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Germanic_languages" title="Template:Germanic languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Germanic_languages" title="Template talk:Germanic languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Germanic_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Germanic languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Germanic_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>According to contemporary <a href="/wiki/Germanic_philology" title="Germanic philology">philology</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="West" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Frisian_languages" title="Anglo-Frisian languages">Anglo-Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglic languages">Anglic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dialects_of_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialects of English">dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">Modern English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_English" title="Early Modern English">Early Modern English</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Irish Middle English <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fingallian" title="Fingallian">Fingallian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kildare_Poems#Linguistic_features" title="Kildare Poems">Kildare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yola_dialect" title="Yola dialect">Yola</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Scots" title="Early Scots">Early Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Scots" title="Middle Scots">Middle Scots</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Frisian_languages" title="Frisian languages">Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Frisian" title="Old Frisian">Old Frisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Frisian" title="Middle Frisian">Middle Frisian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Frisian_language" title="East Frisian language">East Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ems <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saterland_Frisian_language" title="Saterland Frisian language">Saterland Frisian</a></li></ul></li> <li>Weser <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wangerooge_Frisian" title="Wangerooge Frisian">Wangerooge Frisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wursten_Frisian" title="Wursten Frisian">Wursten Frisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlingerland_Frisian" title="Harlingerland Frisian">Harlingerland Frisian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Frisian_language" title="North Frisian language">North Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Insular <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eiderstedt_Frisian" title="Eiderstedt Frisian">Eiderstedt</a></li> <li>Föhr–Amrum <ul><li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%B6hr_North_Frisian" title="Föhr North Frisian">Föhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amrum_North_Frisian" title="Amrum North Frisian">Amrum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heligoland_Frisian" title="Heligoland Frisian">Heligolandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylt_North_Frisian" title="Sylt North Frisian">Sylt</a></li></ul></li> <li>Mainland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6kingharde_North_Frisian" title="Bökingharde North Frisian">Bökingharde</a> <ul><li>Mooring</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halligen_Frisian" title="Halligen Frisian">Halligen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goesharde_Frisian" title="Goesharde Frisian">Goesharde</a> <ul><li>Northern</li> <li>Central</li> <li>Southern</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karrharde_Frisian" title="Karrharde Frisian">Karrharde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strand_Frisian" title="Strand Frisian">Strand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiedingharde_Frisian" title="Wiedingharde Frisian">Wiedingharde</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_languages" title="West Frisian languages">West Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindeloopen_Frisian" title="Hindeloopen Frisian">Hindeloopen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schiermonnikoog_Frisian" title="Schiermonnikoog Frisian">Schiermonnikoog</a></li> <li>Westlauwers–Terschellings <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_language" title="West Frisian language">Mainland West Frisian</a> <ul><li>Clay Frisian</li> <li>Wood Frisian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Westereendersk" title="Westereendersk">Westereendersk</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terschelling_Frisian" title="Terschelling Frisian">Terschelling</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Saxon" title="Old Saxon">Old Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Low_German" title="Middle Low German">Middle Low German</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Low_German" class="mw-redirect" title="West Low German">West Low German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Low_Saxon" title="Dutch Low Saxon">Dutch Low Saxon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stellingwarfs_dialect" title="Stellingwarfs dialect">Stellingwarfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tweants_dialect" title="Tweants dialect">Tweants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gronings_dialect" title="Gronings dialect">Gronings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%A8ents_dialects" title="Drèents dialects">Drèents</a></li> <li>Gelders-Overijssels <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achterhooks" title="Achterhooks">Achterhooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallaans_dialect" title="Sallaans dialect">Sallaans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urkers_dialect" title="Urkers dialect">Urkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veluws_dialect" title="Veluws dialect">Veluws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Low_Saxon" title="Northern Low Saxon">Northern Low Saxon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Frisian_Low_Saxon" title="East Frisian Low Saxon">East Frisian Low Saxon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastphalian_language" title="Eastphalian language">Eastphalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westphalian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Westphalian language">Westphalian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Low_German" title="East Low German">East Low German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch_dialect" title="Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch dialect">Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandenburgisch_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Brandenburgisch dialect">Brandenburgisch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Pomeranian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Pomeranian (page does not exist)">Central Pomeranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Pomeranian" class="mw-redirect" title="East Pomeranian">East Pomeranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Prussian_dialect" title="Low Prussian dialect">Low Prussian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plautdietsch" title="Plautdietsch">Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Low_Franconian" title="Low Franconian">Low Franconian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_language" title="Frankish language">Frankish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Dutch" title="Old Dutch">Old Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Dutch" title="Middle Dutch">Middle Dutch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">Standard variants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kaaps" title="Kaaps">Kaaps</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West Low Franconian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Dutch_dialects" title="Central Dutch dialects">Central Dutch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hollandic_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollandic dialect">Hollandic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Flemish" title="West Flemish">West Flemish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Flemish" title="French Flemish">French Flemish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeelandic" title="Zeelandic">Zeelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Flemish" title="East Flemish">East Flemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brabantian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Brabantian dialect">Brabantian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleverlandish" title="Kleverlandish">Kleverlandish</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surinamese_Dutch" title="Surinamese Dutch">Surinamese Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Dutch_language" title="Jersey Dutch language">Jersey Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_Dutch" title="Mohawk Dutch">Mohawk Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadsfries_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadsfries dialects">Stadsfries</a>/<a href="/wiki/Bildts" title="Bildts">Bildts</a>/<a href="/wiki/Amelands" title="Amelands">Amelands</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Midslands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Midslands (page does not exist)">Midslands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Low_Franconian" title="South Low Franconian">East Low Franconian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limburgish" title="Limburgish">Limburgish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cover groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergish_dialects" title="Bergish dialects">Bergish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meuse-Rhenish" title="Meuse-Rhenish">Meuse-Rhenish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_German_languages" title="High German languages">High German</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_High_German" title="Middle High German">Middle High German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_High_German" title="New High German">New High German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_New_High_German" title="Early New High German">Early New High German</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Standard_German" title="Standard German">Standard German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Standard_German" title="German Standard German">German Standard German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_German" title="Austrian German">Austrian Standard German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Standard_German" title="Swiss Standard German">Swiss Standard German</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-<a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">standard variants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">creoles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Namibian German">Namibian German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_Black_German" title="Namibian Black German">Namibian Black German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_German" title="Berlin German">Berlinerisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unserdeutsch" title="Unserdeutsch">Unserdeutsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barossa_German" title="Barossa German">Barossa German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotwelsch" title="Rotwelsch">Rotwelsch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lotegorisch" title="Lotegorisch">Lotegorisch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yenish_language" title="Yenish language">Yenish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_dialects#Eastern_Yiddish" title="Yiddish dialects">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_dialects#Western_Yiddish" title="Yiddish dialects">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Scotland#"Scots-Yiddish"" title="History of the Jews in Scotland">Scots Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klezmer-loshn" title="Klezmer-loshn">Klezmer-loshn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachoudisch" title="Lachoudisch">Lachoudisch</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_German" title="Central German">Central German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Central_German" title="West Central German">West Central German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Franconian_languages" title="Central Franconian languages">Central Franconian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ripuarian_language" title="Ripuarian language">Ripuarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colognian_dialect" title="Colognian dialect">Colognian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Limburgish_dialect" title="Southeast Limburgish dialect">Southeast Limburgish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moselle_Franconian_language" title="Moselle Franconian language">Moselle Franconian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish" title="Luxembourgish">Luxembourgish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxon_dialect" title="Transylvanian Saxon dialect">Transylvanian Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunsr%C3%BCckisch_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunsrückisch dialect">Hunsrückisch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunsrik" title="Hunsrik">Hunsrik</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhenish_Franconian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhenish Franconian languages">Rhine Franconian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine_Franconian" title="Lorraine Franconian">Lorraine Franconian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palatine_German_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatine German language">Palatine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volga_Germans#Language" title="Volga Germans">Volga German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch_language" title="Pennsylvania Dutch language">Pennsylvania Dutch</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hessian_dialects" title="Hessian dialects">Hessian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Hessian" title="Central Hessian">Central Hessian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amana_German" title="Amana German">Amana German</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Central_German" title="East Central German">East Central German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thuringian_dialect" title="Thuringian dialect">Thuringian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Saxon_German" title="Upper Saxon German">Upper Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzgebirgisch" title="Erzgebirgisch">Erzgebirgisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusatian_dialects" title="Lusatian dialects">Lusatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_German" title="Silesian German">Silesian German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Prussian_dialect" title="High Prussian dialect">High Prussian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wymysorys_language" title="Wymysorys language">Wymysorys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alzenau_dialect" title="Alzenau dialect">Halcnovian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Upper_German" title="Upper German">Upper German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alemannic_German" title="Alemannic German">Alemannic</a> in the broad sense <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low_Alemannic_German" title="Low Alemannic German">Low Alemannic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alsatian_dialect" title="Alsatian dialect">Alsatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonia_Tovar_dialect" title="Colonia Tovar dialect">Coloniero</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Alemannic_German" title="High Alemannic German">High Alemannic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_German" title="Swiss German">Swiss German</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highest_Alemannic_German" title="Highest Alemannic German">Highest Alemannic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walser_German" title="Walser German">Walser German</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swabian_German" title="Swabian German">Swabian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_language" title="Bavarian language">Bavarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Bavarian" title="Northern Bavarian">Northern Bavarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bavarian" title="Central Bavarian">Central Bavarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viennese_German" title="Viennese German">Viennese German</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Bavarian" title="Southern Bavarian">Southern Bavarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Tyrolean_dialect" title="South Tyrolean dialect">South Tyrolean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimbrian_language" title="Cimbrian language">Cimbrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B2cheno_language" title="Mòcheno language">Mòcheno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterite_German" title="Hutterite German">Hutterite German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottscheerish" title="Gottscheerish">Gottscheerish</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Franconian_German" title="South Franconian German">South Franconian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Franconian_German" title="East Franconian German">East Franconian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vogtlandian" title="Vogtlandian">Vogtlandian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombardic_language" title="Lombardic language">Langobardic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="North_and_East" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Norse_language" title="Proto-Norse language">Proto-Norse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> <ul><li>Old West Norse</li> <li>Old East Norse</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Gutnish" title="Old Gutnish">Old Gutnish</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergensk" title="Bergensk">Bergensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebabnorsk" title="Kebabnorsk">Kebabnorsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sognam%C3%A5l_dialect" title="Sognamål dialect">Sognamål</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%B8ndersk" title="Trøndersk">Trøndersk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallingm%C3%A5l-Valdris" title="Hallingmål-Valdris">Valdris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestlandsk" title="Vestlandsk">Vestlandsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikv%C3%A6rsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Vikværsk">Vikværsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Bokmål">Bokmål</a> (written)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nynorsk" title="Nynorsk">Nynorsk</a> (written)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norwegian" title="Old Norwegian">Old Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Norwegian" title="Middle Norwegian">Middle Norwegian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_language" title="Faroese language">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse#Old_Icelandic" title="Old Norse">Old Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Icelandic#Middle_Icelandic_(1350–1550)" title="History of Icelandic">Middle Icelandic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_Norse" title="Greenlandic Norse">Greenlandic Norse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norn_language" title="Norn language">Norn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_dialects" title="Swedish dialects">Swedish dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinkeby_Swedish" title="Rinkeby Swedish">Rinkebysvenska</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_dialects" title="Danish dialects">Danish dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Danish" title="Insular Danish">Insular Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jutlandic_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Jutlandic dialect">Jutlandic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Jutlandic" title="South Jutlandic">South Jutlandic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Danish" title="East Danish">East Danish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bornholm_dialect" title="Bornholm dialect">Bornholmsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanian_dialect" title="Scanian dialect">Scanian</a> (historically)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Schleswig_Danish" title="Southern Schleswig Danish">Southern Schleswig Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B8tudanskt_accent" title="Gøtudanskt accent">Gøtudanskt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perkerdansk" title="Perkerdansk">Perkerdansk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Danish" title="History of Danish">Old Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Danish" title="History of Danish">Middle Danish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalecarlian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalecarlian language">Dalecarlian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elfdalian" title="Elfdalian">Elfdalian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Gutnish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gutnish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gutnish language">Mainland Gutnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A5r%C3%B6m%C3%A5l_dialect" title="Fårömål dialect">Fårö Gutnish</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Crimean_Gothic" title="Crimean Gothic">Crimean Gothic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgundians#Language" title="Burgundians">Burgundian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandalic_language" title="Vandalic language">Vandalic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Philology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_philology" title="Germanic philology">Philology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Maurer_(linguist)" title="Friedrich Maurer (linguist)">Language subgroups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elbe_Germanic" title="Elbe Germanic">Elbe (Irminonic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weser-Rhine_Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Weser-Rhine Germanic">Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Germanic" title="North Sea Germanic">North Sea (Ingvaeonic)</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Germanic" title="Northwest Germanic">Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotho-Nordic" class="mw-redirect" title="Gotho-Nordic">Gotho-Nordic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Germanic" title="South Germanic">South</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reconstructed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_grammar" title="Proto-Germanic grammar">Proto-Germanic grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_parent_language" title="Germanic parent language">Germanic parent language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Belgian_language" title="Ancient Belgian language">Ancient Belgian language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diachronic features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grimm%27s_law" title="Grimm's law">Grimm's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verner%27s_law" title="Verner's law">Verner's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holtzmann%27s_law" title="Holtzmann's law">Holtzmann's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sievers%27s_law" title="Sievers's law">Sievers's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kluge%27s_law" title="Kluge's law">Kluge's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_substrate_hypothesis" title="Germanic substrate hypothesis">Germanic substrate hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_gemination" title="West Germanic gemination">West Germanic gemination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_German_consonant_shift" title="High German consonant shift">High German consonant shift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_a-mutation" title="Germanic a-mutation">Germanic a-mutation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_umlaut" title="Germanic umlaut">Germanic umlaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_spirant_law" title="Germanic spirant law">Germanic spirant law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingvaeonic_nasal_spirant_law" title="Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law">Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Vowel_Shift" title="Great Vowel Shift">Great Vowel Shift</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Synchronic features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic verb">Germanic verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_strong_verb" title="Germanic strong verb">Germanic strong verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_weak_verb" title="Germanic weak verb">Germanic weak verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_verb#Preterite-presents" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic verb">Preterite-present verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatischer_Wechsel" title="Grammatischer Wechsel">Grammatischer Wechsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_ablaut" title="Indo-European ablaut">Indo-European ablaut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Italics indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7411#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7411#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7411#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/899732/">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4122614-8">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85040106">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11935388r">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11935388r">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00568910">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph115454&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007565477905171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027276805">IdRef</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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9.32% 247.810 1 Template:Infobox"," 8.37% 222.641 63 Template:Cite_web"," 6.74% 179.131 116 Template:Harvnb"," 5.53% 147.150 35 Template:Cite_book"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.768","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":21427942,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAbraham2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAdegbija1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlant2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAmmonDittmarMattheierTrudgill2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBakerPrys_Jones1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBatibo2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerdichevsky2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBesamuscaVerheul2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBooij1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBooij2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBramlett2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBromberSmieja2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrook_Napier2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBussmann2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCIA2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClasse2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClyne2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoetzee1940\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoetzee1948\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConradie2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrismaLongobarde2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCzepluchAbraham2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDBNL\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFDe_BotLowieVerspoor2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_Schutter1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_Vogelaer2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_VriesWillemynsBurger2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDecoster_\u0026amp;_Smessart2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDenningKesslerLeben2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeprez1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeumert2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeumert2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeumertVandenbussche2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDijkstra2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDomínguezLópez1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDonaldson1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDonaldson2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEgil_BreivikHåkon_Jahr1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErdentuğColombijn2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEuropean_Commission2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEuropean_Commission2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFilppulaKlemolaPalanderPenttilä2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFitzpatrick2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeertsClyne1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGooskens2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGooskensvan_Bezooijen2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGroeneboer1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGroeneboer1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaeringen1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHawkins1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeeringade_Wet2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerrimanBurnaby1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHiskensAuerKerswill2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHogg2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolm1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIngram1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJansenSchreuderNeijt2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJanssensMarynissen2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJordensLalleman1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKager1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKamwangamalu2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKatz2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKennedy_Wyld2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirsner2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoninkrijksrelaties\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuipers1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLangerDavies2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLass1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLightfoot1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLindseyButt2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMachan2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaier2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalloryAdams2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatheson2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGoldrickGiordanoGarcia-Preto2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcLeanMcCormick1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcRae1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMennenLeveltGerrits2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMesthrie1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMesthrie2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinisterie_van_Binnenlandse_Zaken_en_Koninkrijksrelaties2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMpati2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMyers-Scotton2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMüller1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNamibian_Population_Census2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNetherlands2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNieslerLouwRoux2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOnyskoMichel2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPageSonnenburg2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPalmer2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPierre1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFProost2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPutnam2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobinson1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRyckeboer2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRéguer2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSebba1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSebba2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShetterHam2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimpson2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimpson2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSneddon2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSonnenschein2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStell2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrabo1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStroop,_Jan1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwanSmith2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTadmor2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTan2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomson2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTodd2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_den_ToornPijnenburg1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVerhoeven2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVos2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWebb2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWebb2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeissenbornHöhle2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWillemyns2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWillemyns2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWouden2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Swaan2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Vaan2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_den_Toorn1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_der_Wal1992\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Angle bracket\"] = 3,\n [\"Audio\"] = 3,\n [\"Audio-IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 93,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 34,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite speech\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 63,\n [\"Collapsible list\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Dutch Language\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 2,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"ELL2\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 18,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Germanic languages\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvcoltxt\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 116,\n [\"Harvp\"] = 12,\n [\"IPA\"] = 100,\n [\"IPA link\"] = 44,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"In lang\"] = 3,\n [\"Infobox language\"] = 1,\n [\"InterWiki\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 440,\n [\"Languages of Belgium\"] = 1,\n [\"Languages of the Benelux\"] = 1,\n [\"Languages of the Netherlands\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Left\"] = 18,\n [\"Legend\"] = 10,\n [\"Legend-col\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 12,\n [\"Not a typo\"] = 12,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nts\"] = 8,\n [\"Pie chart\"] = 1,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 4,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 3,\n [\"See also\"] = 5,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 4,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Subject bar\"] = 1,\n [\"TOC limit\"] = 1,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"User-generated source\"] = 1,\n [\"Vr\"] = 2,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 5,\n [\"Wikt-lang\"] = 6,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","240","13.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","180","9.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::plain","140","7.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","140","7.6"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","120","6.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","80","4.3"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","80","4.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","80","4.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","80","4.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::anchorEncode","60","3.3"],["[others]","640","34.8"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-grc9c","timestamp":"20241130145346","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Dutch language","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dutch_language","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q7411","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q7411","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-10-31T00:59:34Z","dateModified":"2024-11-26T14:58:05Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/d\/d2\/Map_of_the_Dutch_World.svg","headline":"West Germanic language"}</script> </body> </html>