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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Hypernyms_and_hyponyms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Co-hyponyms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Co-hyponyms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Co-hyponyms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Co-hyponyms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Autohyponyms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autohyponyms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Autohyponyms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Autohyponyms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hypernymy and hyponymy</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%86%D9%88%D9%8A" title="الشمول المعنوي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الشمول المعنوي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%93_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="উপার্থকতা ও অধ্যর্থকতা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উপার্থকতা ও অধ্যর্থকতা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberbegriff" title="Oberbegriff – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Oberbegriff" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C_%D9%88_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="زیرشمولی و فراشمولی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زیرشمولی و فراشمولی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiperonimia_e_hiponimia" title="Hiperonimia e hiponimia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Hiperonimia e hiponimia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%81%ED%95%98%EC%9C%84_%EA%B4%80%EA%B3%84" title="상하위 관계 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="상하위 관계" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiponimi_dan_hipernimi" title="Hiponimi dan hipernimi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hiponimi dan hipernimi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipon%C3%ADmia_%C3%A9s_hiperon%C3%ADmia" title="Hiponímia és hiperonímia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hiponímia és hiperonímia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E4%BD%8D%E6%A6%82%E5%BF%B5%E3%80%81%E4%B8%8B%E4%BD%8D%E6%A6%82%E5%BF%B5%E3%80%81%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E6%A6%82%E5%BF%B5%E3%81%8A%E3%82%88%E3%81%B3%E5%90%8C%E4%B8%80%E6%A6%82%E5%BF%B5" title="上位概念、下位概念、同位概念および同一概念 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="上位概念、下位概念、同位概念および同一概念" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiper%C3%B4nimo_e_hip%C3%B4nimo" title="Hiperônimo e hipônimo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hiperônimo e hipônimo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiponimie_%C8%99i_hiperonimie" title="Hiponimie și hiperonimie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hiponimie și hiperonimie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Гипоним и гипероним – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гипоним и гипероним" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyponymy_and_hypernymy" title="Hyponymy and hypernymy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hyponymy and hypernymy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiponim" title="Hiponim – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Hiponim" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F_%D1%96_%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Гіперонімія і гіпонімія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гіперонімія і гіпонімія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng_v%E1%BB%8B_v%C3%A0_h%E1%BA%A1_v%E1%BB%8B" title="Thượng vị và hạ vị – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thượng vị và hạ vị" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E4%BD%8D%E8%A9%9E%E5%90%8C%E4%B8%8B%E4%BD%8D%E8%A9%9E" title="上位詞同下位詞 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="上位詞同下位詞" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E4%B8%8B%E4%BD%8D%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82" title="上下位關係 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="上下位關係" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyponymy&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyponymy">Hyponymy</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Semantic relations involving the type-of property</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hyponym_and_hypernym.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Hyponym_and_hypernym.svg/300px-Hyponym_and_hypernym.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Hyponym_and_hypernym.svg/450px-Hyponym_and_hypernym.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Hyponym_and_hypernym.svg/600px-Hyponym_and_hypernym.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="260" /></a><figcaption>An example of the relationship between hyponyms and hypernym</figcaption></figure> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p><b>Hypernymy</b> and <b>hyponymy</b> are the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Wiktionary:Semantic_relations" class="extiw" title="wikt:Wiktionary:Semantic relations">semantic relations</a> between a generic term (hypernym) and a more specific term (hyponym). The hypernym is also called a supertype, umbrella term, or blanket term.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hyponym names a <a href="/wiki/Subset" title="Subset">subtype</a> of the hypernym. The <a href="/wiki/Semantic_field" title="Semantic field">semantic field</a> of the hyponym is included within that of the hypernym.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, <i>pigeon</i>, <i>crow</i>, and <i>hen</i> are all hyponyms of <i>bird</i> and <i>animal</i>; <i>bird</i> and <i>animal</i> are both hypernyms of <i>pigeon, crow,</i> and <i>hen</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A core concept of hyponymy is "type of", whereas "instance of" is differentiable. For example, for the noun <i><a href="/wiki/City" title="City">city</a></i>, a hyponym (naming a type of city) is <i><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">capital city</a></i> or <i>capital</i>, whereas <i><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></i> are instances of a city, not types of city. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hypernyms_and_hyponyms">Hypernyms and hyponyms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypernymy_and_hyponymy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Hypernyms and hyponyms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">semantics</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_semantics" title="General semantics">general semantics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ontology_components" title="Ontology components">ontologies</a>, hyponymy (from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a> <i> </i><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BD%91%CF%80%CF%8C#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:ὑπό">ὑπό</a></span><i> (<span title="Ancient Greek transliteration" lang="grc-Latn"><i>hupó</i></span>)</i> 'under' and <i> </i><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BD%84%CE%BD%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%B1#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:ὄνυμα">ὄνυμα</a></span><i> (<span title="Ancient Greek transliteration" lang="grc-Latn"><i>ónuma</i></span>)</i> 'name') shows the relationship between a generic term (hypernym) and a specific instance of it (hyponym). A hyponym is a word or phrase whose semantic field is more specific than its hypernym. The semantic field of a hypernym, also known as a superordinate, is broader than that of a hyponym. An approach to the relationship between hyponyms and hypernyms is to view a hypernym as consisting of hyponyms. This, however, becomes more difficult with abstract words such as <i>imagine</i>, <i>understand</i> and <i>knowledge</i>. While hyponyms are typically used to refer to nouns, it can also be used on other parts of speech. Like nouns, hypernyms in verbs are words that refer to a broad category of actions. For example, verbs such as <i>stare</i>, <i>gaze</i>, <i>view</i> and <i>peer</i> can also be considered hyponyms of the verb <i>look</i>, which is their hypernym. </p><p>The meaning relation between hyponyms and hypernyms applies to lexical items of the same <a href="/wiki/Part_of_speech" title="Part of speech">word class (that is, part of speech)</a>, and holds between <a href="/wiki/Word_sense" title="Word sense">senses</a> rather than words. For instance, the word <i>screwdriver</i> used in the previous example refers to the <a href="/wiki/Screwdriver" title="Screwdriver">screwdriver tool</a>, and not to the <a href="/wiki/Screwdriver_(cocktail)" title="Screwdriver (cocktail)">screwdriver drink</a>. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Transitivity_of_hyponymy"></span> Hypernymy and hyponymy are <a href="/wiki/Converse_relation" title="Converse relation">converse relations</a>. If X is a kind of Y, then X is a hyponym of Y and Y is a hypernym of X. <sup id="cite_ref-Maienborn_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maienborn-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hyponymy is a <a href="/wiki/Transitive_relation" title="Transitive relation">transitive relation</a>: if X is a hyponym of Y, and Y is a hyponym of Z, then X is a hyponym of Z.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, <i><a href="/wiki/Violet_(color)" title="Violet (color)">violet</a></i> is a hyponym of <i><a href="/wiki/Purple" title="Purple">purple</a></i> and <i>purple</i> is a hyponym of <i><a href="/wiki/Color" title="Color">color</a></i>; therefore <i>violet</i> is a hyponym of <i>color</i>. A word can be both a hypernym and a hyponym: for example <i>purple</i> is a hyponym of color but itself is a hypernym of the broad spectrum of shades of purple between the range of <i>crimson</i> and <i>violet</i>. </p><p>The hierarchical structure of semantic fields can be seen in hyponymy.<sup id="cite_ref-Gao_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gao-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They could be observed from top to bottom, where the higher level is more general and the lower level is more specific.<sup id="cite_ref-Gao_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gao-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, <i>living things</i> will be the highest level followed by <i>plants</i> and <i>animals</i>, and the lowest level may comprise <i>dog</i>, <i>cat</i> and <i>wolf</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gao_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gao-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the relations of hyponymy and incompatibility, taxonomic hierarchical structures too can be formed. It consists of two relations; the first one being exemplified in "An X is a Y" (simple hyponymy) while the second relation is "An X is a kind/type of Y". The second relation is said to be more discriminating and can be classified more specifically under the concept of taxonomy.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Semantics_of_Relationships:_An_Interdisciplinary_Perspective_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Semantics_of_Relationships:_An_Interdisciplinary_Perspective-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Co-hyponyms">Co-hyponyms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypernymy_and_hyponymy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Co-hyponyms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>If the hypernym Z consists of hyponyms X and Y, then X and Y are identified as co-hyponyms (cohyponyms), also known as coordinate terms. Co-hyponyms are labelled as such when separate hyponyms share the same hypernym but are not hyponyms of one another, unless they happen to be synonymous.<sup id="cite_ref-Maienborn_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maienborn-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, <i>screwdriver</i>, <i>scissors</i>, <i>knife</i>, and <i>hammer</i> are all co-hyponyms of one another and hyponyms of <i>tool</i>, but not hyponyms of one another: *"A hammer is a type of <a href="/wiki/Knife" title="Knife">knife</a>" is false. </p><p>Co-hyponyms are often but not always related to one another by the relation of incompatibility. For example, <i>apple</i>, <i>peach</i> and <i>plum</i> are co-hyponyms of <i>fruit</i>. However, an <i>apple</i> is not a <i>peach</i>, which is also not a <i>plum</i>. Thus, they are incompatible. Nevertheless, co-hyponyms are not necessarily incompatible in all <a href="/wiki/Word_sense" title="Word sense">senses</a>. A <i>queen</i> and <i>mother</i> are both hyponyms of <i>woman</i> but there is nothing preventing the <i>queen</i> from being a <i>mother</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Meaning_in_Language_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meaning_in_Language-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This shows that compatibility may be relevant. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Autohyponyms">Autohyponyms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypernymy_and_hyponymy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Autohyponyms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Autohyponyms.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Autohyponyms.svg/300px-Autohyponyms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Autohyponyms.svg/450px-Autohyponyms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Autohyponyms.svg/600px-Autohyponyms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>Three varieties of autohyponym</figcaption></figure> <p>A word is an autohyponym if it is used for both a hypernym and its hyponym:<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it has a stricter <a href="/wiki/Word_sense" title="Word sense">sense</a> that is entirely a subset of a broader sense. For example, the word <i>dog</i> describes both the species <i><a href="/wiki/Canis_familiaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Canis familiaris">Canis familiaris</a></i> and male individuals of <i>Canis familiaris</i>, so it is possible to say "That dog isn't a dog, it's a bitch" ("That hypernym Z isn't a hyponym Z, it's a hyponym Y"). The term "autohyponym" was coined by linguist <a href="/wiki/Laurence_R._Horn" title="Laurence R. Horn">Laurence R. Horn</a> in a 1984 paper, <i>Ambiguity, negation, and the London School of Parsimony.</i> Linguist <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Kempson" title="Ruth Kempson">Ruth Kempson</a> had already observed that if there are hyponyms for one part of a set but not another, the hypernym can complement the existing hyponym by being used for the remaining part. For example, fingers describe all digits on a hand, but the existence of the word <a href="/wiki/Thumb" title="Thumb">thumb</a> for the first finger means that fingers can also be used for "non-thumb digits on a hand".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Autohyponymy is also called "vertical <a href="/wiki/Polysemy" title="Polysemy">polysemy</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Horn called this "licensed <a href="/wiki/Polysemy" title="Polysemy">polysemy</a>", but found that autohyponyms also formed even when there is no other hyponym. <a href="/wiki/Yankee" title="Yankee">Yankee</a> is autohyponymous because it is a hyponym (native of New England) and its hypernym (native of the United States), even though there is no other hyponym of Yankee (as native of the United States) that means "not a native of New England".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, the <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verb</a> to drink (a beverage) is a hypernym for to drink (an alcoholic beverage).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some cases, autohyponyms duplicate existing, distinct hyponyms. The hypernym "smell" (to emit any smell) has a hyponym "stink" (to emit a bad smell), but is autohyponymous because "smell" can also mean "to emit a bad smell", even though there is no "to emit a smell that isn't bad" hyponym.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypernymy_and_hyponymy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Hyperonym</i> and <i>hypernym</i> mean the same thing, with both in use by linguists. The form <i>hypernym</i> interprets the <i>-o-</i> of <i>hyponym</i> as a part of <i>hypo</i>, such as in <i>hypertension</i> and <i>hypotension</i>. However, etymologically the <i>-o-</i> is part of the Greek stem <i>ónoma</i>. In other combinations with this stem, e.g. <i>synonym</i>, it is never elided. Therefore, <i>hyperonym</i> is etymologically more faithful than <i>hypernym</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Hyperonymy</i> is used, for instance, by John Lyons, who does not mention <i>hypernymy</i> and prefers <i>superordination</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nominalization <i>hyperonymy</i> is rarely used, because the neutral term to refer to the relationship is <i>hyponymy</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypernymy_and_hyponymy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">Computer science</a> often terms this relationship an "<a href="/wiki/Is-a" title="Is-a">is-a</a>" relationship. For example, the phrase "Red is-a color" can be used to describe the hyponymic relationship between <i>red</i> and <i>color</i>. </p><p>Hyponymy is the most frequently encoded relation among <a href="/wiki/Synonym_ring" class="mw-redirect" title="Synonym ring">synsets</a> used in lexical databases such as <a href="/wiki/WordNet" title="WordNet">WordNet</a>. These semantic relations can also be used to compare <a href="/wiki/Semantic_similarity" title="Semantic similarity">semantic similarity</a> by judging the distance between two synsets and to analyse <a href="/wiki/Anaphora_(linguistics)" title="Anaphora (linguistics)">anaphora</a>. </p><p>As a hypernym can be understood as a more general word than its hyponym, the relation is used in <a href="/wiki/Semantic_compression" title="Semantic compression">semantic compression</a> by generalization to reduce a level of <a href="/wiki/Specialization_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Specialization (linguistics)">specialization</a>. </p><p>The notion of hyponymy is particularly relevant to <a href="/wiki/Language_translation" class="mw-redirect" title="Language translation">language translation</a>, as hyponyms are very common across languages. For example, in Japanese the word for older brother is <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">ani</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">兄</span></span>)</span>, and the word for younger brother is <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">otōto</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">弟</span></span>)</span>. An English-to-Japanese translator presented with a phrase containing the English word <i>brother</i> would have to choose which Japanese word equivalent to use. This would be difficult, because abstract information (such as the speakers' relative ages) is often not available during <a href="/wiki/Machine_translation" title="Machine translation">machine translation</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypernymy_and_hyponymy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contrast_set" title="Contrast set">Contrast set</a> – Collection of related items in a schema or ontology</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Has-a" title="Has-a">Has-a</a> – Composition relationship in object-oriented programming</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Is-a" title="Is-a">Is-a</a> – Subsumption relationship between abstractions</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genus%E2%80%93differentia_definition" title="Genus–differentia definition">Genus proximum</a> – Type of intensional definition</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexical_semantics" title="Lexical semantics">Lexical semantics</a> – Subfield of linguistic semantics</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meronymy_and_holonymy" title="Meronymy and holonymy">Meronymy and holonymy</a> – Semantic relation of a part to the whole</li> <li><a href="/wiki/-onym" title="-onym">-onym</a> – Suffix used in linguistics</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polysemy" title="Polysemy">Polysemy</a> – Capacity for a sign to have multiple related meanings</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcategory" title="Subcategory">Subcategory</a> – Category whose objects and morphisms are inside a bigger category</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synonym" title="Synonym">Synonym</a> – Words or phrases of the same meaning</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxonomy (general)">Taxonomy</a> – Development of classes and classifications<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type%E2%80%93token_distinction" title="Type–token distinction">Type–token distinction</a> – Distinguishing objects and classes of objects</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WordNet" title="WordNet">WordNet</a> – Computational lexicon of English</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypernymy_and_hyponymy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In part because the term autohyponymy is ambiguous because it is itself an autohyponym (see Koskela)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Horn identifies up to four layers of hyponym for Yankee: native of the United States, native of the northern United States, native of New England, or <a href="/wiki/White_Anglo-Saxon_Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="White Anglo-Saxon Protestant">WASP</a> native of New England.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypernymy_and_hyponymy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://definitions.uslegal.com/u/umbrella-term/">"Umbrella Term Law and Legal Definition"</a>. <i>uslegal.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 11,</span> 2018</span>. <q>Umbrella term is also called a hypernym</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=uslegal.com&rft.atitle=Umbrella+Term+Law+and+Legal+Definition&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdefinitions.uslegal.com%2Fu%2Fumbrella-term%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypernymy+and+hyponymy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander_Dhoest2016" class="citation book cs1">Alexander Dhoest (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lDklDwAAQBAJ&q=hypernym+umbrella&pg=PA165"><i>LGBTQs, Media and Culture in Europe</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317233138" title="Special:BookSources/9781317233138"><bdi>9781317233138</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 11,</span> 2018</span>. <q>Hypernym can also be called an "Umbrella term"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=LGBTQs%2C+Media+and+Culture+in+Europe&rft.pages=165&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781317233138&rft.au=Alexander+Dhoest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlDklDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dhypernym%2Bumbrella%26pg%3DPA165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypernymy+and+hyponymy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_J._Sternberg2011" class="citation book cs1">Robert J. Sternberg (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Og8rJGaXCDwC&q=hypernym+umbrella&pg=PA73"><i>Handbook of Intellectual Styles</i></a>. Springer Publishing Company. p. 73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780826106681" title="Special:BookSources/9780826106681"><bdi>9780826106681</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 11,</span> 2018</span>. <q>umbrealla term, or hypernym</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Intellectual+Styles&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=Springer+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780826106681&rft.au=Robert+J.+Sternberg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOg8rJGaXCDwC%26q%3Dhypernym%2Bumbrella%26pg%3DPA73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypernymy+and+hyponymy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank_W._D._Röder2011" class="citation book cs1">Frank W. D. Röder (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W_MJkq-3scQC&q=hypernym+umbrella&pg=PA77"><i>The Roeder Protocol</i></a>. Books on Demand. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783842351288" title="Special:BookSources/9783842351288"><bdi>9783842351288</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 11,</span> 2018</span>. <q>Synaptic plasticity is a hypernym (umbrella term)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roeder+Protocol&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Books+on+Demand&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9783842351288&rft.au=Frank+W.+D.+R%C3%B6der&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW_MJkq-3scQC%26q%3Dhypernym%2Bumbrella%26pg%3DPA77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypernymy+and+hyponymy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrinton2000" class="citation book cs1">Brinton, Laurel J. (2000). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/structuremoderne00brin"><i>The Structure of Modern English: A Linguistic Introduction</i></a></span> (Illustrated ed.). <a href="/wiki/John_Benjamins_Publishing_Company" title="John Benjamins Publishing Company">John Benjamins Publishing Company</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/structuremoderne00brin/page/n134">112</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-2567-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-2567-2"><bdi>978-90-272-2567-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Structure+of+Modern+English%3A+A+Linguistic+Introduction&rft.pages=112&rft.edition=Illustrated&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-90-272-2567-2&rft.aulast=Brinton&rft.aufirst=Laurel+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstructuremoderne00brin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypernymy+and+hyponymy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFromkinRobert1998" class="citation book cs1">Fromkin, Victoria; Robert, Rodman (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontola00from_1"><i>Introduction to Language</i></a></span> (6th ed.). Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace College Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-03-018682-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-03-018682-0"><bdi>978-0-03-018682-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Language&rft.place=Fort+Worth&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Harcourt+Brace+College+Publishers&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-03-018682-0&rft.aulast=Fromkin&rft.aufirst=Victoria&rft.au=Robert%2C+Rodman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontola00from_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypernymy+and+hyponymy" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2014)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maienborn-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Maienborn_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maienborn_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaienbornvon_HeusingerPortner2011" class="citation book cs1">Maienborn, Claudia; von Heusinger, Klaus; Portner, Paul, eds. (2011). <i>Semantics: An International Handbook of Natural Language Meaning</i>. Berlin: <a href="/wiki/De_Gruyter_Mouton" class="mw-redirect" title="De Gruyter Mouton">De Gruyter Mouton</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-018470-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-018470-9"><bdi>978-3-11-018470-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Semantics%3A+An+International+Handbook+of+Natural+Language+Meaning&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=De+Gruyter+Mouton&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-3-11-018470-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypernymy+and+hyponymy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyons1977" class="citation book cs1">Lyons, John (1977). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/semantics00lyon"><i>Semantics</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-52-129165-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-52-129165-1"><bdi>978-0-52-129165-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Semantics&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-52-129165-1&rft.aulast=Lyons&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsemantics00lyon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypernymy+and+hyponymy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gao-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gao_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gao_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gao_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaoXu2013" class="citation journal cs1">Gao, Chunming; Xu, Bin (November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141010143851/http://ojs.academypublisher.com/index.php/tpls/article/viewFile/tpls031120302035/8042">"The Application of Semantic Field Theory to English Vocabulary Learning"</a>. <i>Theory and Practice in Language Studies</i>. <b>3</b> (11): 2033–2034. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4304%2Ftpls.3.11.2030-2035">10.4304/tpls.3.11.2030-2035</a></span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ojs.academypublisher.com/index.php/tpls/article/viewFile/tpls031120302035/8042">the original</a> on 2014-10-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Theory+and+Practice+in+Language+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Application+of+Semantic+Field+Theory+to+English+Vocabulary+Learning&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=2033-2034&rft.date=2013-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4304%2Ftpls.3.11.2030-2035&rft.aulast=Gao&rft.aufirst=Chunming&rft.au=Xu%2C+Bin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fojs.academypublisher.com%2Findex.php%2Ftpls%2Farticle%2FviewFile%2Ftpls031120302035%2F8042&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypernymy+and+hyponymy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Semantics_of_Relationships:_An_Interdisciplinary_Perspective-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Semantics_of_Relationships:_An_Interdisciplinary_Perspective_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenBeanSung2002" class="citation book cs1">Green, Rebecca; Bean, Carol A.; Sung, Hyon Myaeng (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JgplkZbZ2zwC&pg=PA3"><i>The Semantics of Relationships: An Interdisciplinary Perspective</i></a>. Netherlands: <a href="/wiki/Kluwer_Academic_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Kluwer Academic Publishers">Kluwer Academic Publishers</a>. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781402005688" title="Special:BookSources/9781402005688"><bdi>9781402005688</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-10-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Semantics+of+Relationships%3A+An+Interdisciplinary+Perspective&rft.place=Netherlands&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Kluwer+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781402005688&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft.au=Bean%2C+Carol+A.&rft.au=Sung%2C+Hyon+Myaeng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJgplkZbZ2zwC%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypernymy+and+hyponymy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meaning_in_Language-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Meaning_in_Language_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCruse2004" class="citation book cs1">Cruse, D. A. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141017101534/http://www.personal.uni-jena.de/~mu65qev/wikolin/images/d/d0/Cruse_ch9.pdf"><i>Meaning in Language: An Introduction to Semantics and Pragmatics</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (2 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 162. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.personal.uni-jena.de/~mu65qev/wikolin/images/d/d0/Cruse_ch9.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2014-10-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-10-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Meaning+in+Language%3A+An+Introduction+to+Semantics+and+Pragmatics&rft.pages=162&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Cruse&rft.aufirst=D.+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.personal.uni-jena.de%2F~mu65qev%2Fwikolin%2Fimages%2Fd%2Fd0%2FCruse_ch9.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypernymy+and+hyponymy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillon1990" class="citation journal cs1">Gillon, Brendan S. (1990). "Ambiguity, generality, and indeterminacy: Tests and definitions". <i>Synthese</i>. <b>85</b> (3): 391–416. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00484835">10.1007/BF00484835</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20116854">20116854</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15186368">15186368</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Synthese&rft.atitle=Ambiguity%2C+generality%2C+and+indeterminacy%3A+Tests+and+definitions&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=391-416&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A15186368%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20116854%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00484835&rft.aulast=Gillon&rft.aufirst=Brendan+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypernymy+and+hyponymy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorn1984" class="citation web cs1">Horn, Laurence R (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286695474">"Ambiguity, negation, and the London School of Parsimony"</a>. pp. 110–118.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ambiguity%2C+negation%2C+and+the+London+School+of+Parsimony&rft.pages=110-118&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Horn&rft.aufirst=Laurence+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F286695474&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypernymy+and+hyponymy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoskela2015" class="citation journal cs1">Koskela, Anu (2015-01-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/24023/1/ak_metonymy.pdf">"On the distinction between metonymy and vertical polysemy in encyclopaedic semantics"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.sussex.ac.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-06-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.sussex.ac.uk&rft.atitle=On+the+distinction+between+metonymy+and+vertical+polysemy+in+encyclopaedic+semantics&rft.date=2015-01-23&rft.aulast=Koskela&rft.aufirst=Anu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsro.sussex.ac.uk%2Fid%2Feprint%2F24023%2F1%2Fak_metonymy.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypernymy+and+hyponymy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pius ten Hacken, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://euralex.org/wp-content/themes/euralex/proceedings/Euralex%202018/118-4-2974-1-10-20180820.pdf">"On the Interpretation of Etymologies in Dictionaries"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lyons, John (1977), <i>Semantics</i>, Vol. 1, p. 291</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypernymy_and_hyponymy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnowJurafskyNg2004" class="citation journal cs1">Snow, Rion; Jurafsky, Daniel; Ng, Andrew Y. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stanford.edu/~jurafsky/paper887.pdf">"Learning syntactic patterns for automatic hypernym discovery"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems</i>. <b>17</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Advances+in+Neural+Information+Processing+Systems&rft.atitle=Learning+syntactic+patterns+for+automatic+hypernym+discovery&rft.volume=17&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Snow&rft.aufirst=Rion&rft.au=Jurafsky%2C+Daniel&rft.au=Ng%2C+Andrew+Y.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stanford.edu%2F~jurafsky%2Fpaper887.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypernymy+and+hyponymy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHearst1992" class="citation journal cs1">Hearst, M. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3115%2F992133.992154">"Automatic acquisition of hyponyms from large text corpora"</a>. <i>Proceedings of 14th International Conference on Computational Linguistics</i>. <b>2</b>: 539. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3115%2F992133.992154">10.3115/992133.992154</a></span>.</cite><span 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#aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media 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