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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standard_formatting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Standard formatting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standard_formatting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Color" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Color"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Color</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Color-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Width,_height" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Width,_height"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Width, height</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Width,_height-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Width, height subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Width,_height-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Setting_column_widths" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Setting_column_widths"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Setting column widths</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Setting_column_widths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Setting_borders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Setting_borders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Setting borders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Setting_borders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vertical_alignment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vertical_alignment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Vertical alignment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vertical_alignment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Floating_table" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Floating_table"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Floating table</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Floating_table-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Centering_tables" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Centering_tables"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Centering tables</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Centering_tables-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collapsible_tables" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collapsible_tables"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Collapsible tables</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collapsible_tables-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sortable_tables" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sortable_tables"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Sortable tables</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sortable_tables-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-namespace">Help</span><span class="mw-page-title-separator">:</span><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tables</span></h1> <div 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Available in 3 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-3" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">3 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aiuto:Tabelle" title="Aiuto:Tabelle – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Aiuto:Tabelle" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikibooks.org/wiki/Help:Gebruik_van_tabellen" title="Help:Gebruik van tabellen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Help:Gebruik van tabellen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikibooks.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%89:%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87" title="วิธีใช้:ตาราง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วิธีใช้:ตาราง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6045135#sitelinks-wikibooks" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-help" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Tables" title="View the help page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Help page</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help_talk:Tables" rel="discussion" title="Discussion about the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Tables"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Tables&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Tables&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet 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accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Help:Tables" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=en" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Tables&oldid=3694490" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Tables&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li 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class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page"><span>Meta-Wiki</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Help%3ATables"><span>Create a collection</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Help%3ATables&action=show-download-screen"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Tables&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet 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padding:0.5em 1.4em 0.8em 0em; background:transparent;"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc"/></div> <p>A <b>table</b> is an arrangement of columns and rows used to organize and position data. Tables are useful for this purpose and there are many different styles and tricks that can be used to customize each. This page gives you information about syntax to build tables in Wikibooks. <br style="clear:left;"/> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Using_the_toolbar" data-mw-thread-id="h-Using_the_toolbar"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Using_the_toolbar"></span>Using the toolbar<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Using_the_toolbar"></span></h2></div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frame"><a href="/wiki/File:English_Wikibooks_advanced_Vector_toolbar.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/English_Wikibooks_advanced_Vector_toolbar.png" decoding="async" width="694" height="67" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="694" data-file-height="67"/></a><figcaption>Vector toolbar</figcaption></figure> <p>To automatically insert a table, click <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="(Insert a table)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Vector_toolbar_insert_table_button.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="28" data-file-height="28"/></span></span> on the <a href="/wiki/Help:Editing#Edit_toolbar" title="Help:Editing">edit toolbar</a>. </p><p>The following text is inserted when the button is clicked and the default values are accepted: </p> <pre style="display: inline-block;">{| class="wikitable" |- ! Header text !! Header text !! Header text |- | Example || Example || Example |- | Example || Example || Example |- | Example || Example || Example |} </pre> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Header text</th> <th>Header text</th> <th>Header text </th></tr> <tr> <td>Example</td> <td>Example</td> <td>Example </td></tr> <tr> <td>Example</td> <td>Example</td> <td>Example </td></tr> <tr> <td>Example</td> <td>Example</td> <td>Example </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The sample text ("Header text" or "Example") is to be replaced with actual data. The number of columns and rows can be customized when working with the initial dialog box that appears after clicking the "insert table" button. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Syntax_tutorial" data-mw-thread-id="h-Syntax_tutorial"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Syntax_tutorial"></span>Syntax tutorial<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Syntax_tutorial"></span></h2></div> <table style="width:900px; font-family:monospace; font-size:110%; vertical-align:top;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:450px"> <table style="border:1px solid black; border-spacing:1em; width:100%;"> <caption><b>Wiki Table Markup</b> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>{|</td> <td><b>table start</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td> |+</td> <td>table <b>caption,</b> <i>optional;</i> only between <b>table start</b> and first <b>table row</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td> |-</td> <td><b>table row,</b> <i>optional on first row</i> -- wiki engine assumes the first row </td></tr> <tr> <td> !</td> <td><b>table header</b> cell, <i>optional.</i> Consecutive <b>table header</b> cells may be added on same line separated by double marks (!!) or start on new lines, each with its own single mark (!). </td></tr> <tr> <td> |</td> <td><b>table data</b> cell, <i>required!</i> Consecutive <b>table data</b> cells may be added on same line separated by double marks (||) or start on new lines, each with its own single mark (|). </td></tr> <tr> <td> |}</td> <td><b>table end</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">The above marks must <b>start on a new line</b> except the double || and !! for optionally adding consecutive cells to a line. </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td style="width:450px"> <table style="width:100%;" class="wikitable"> <caption><b>Comparison of table markup</b> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:50%;">WIKI</th> <th>XHTML </th></tr> <tr> <td>{| [attr]</td> <td><table [attr]> </td></tr> <tr> <td> |+ caption</td> <td><caption>caption</caption> </td></tr> <tr> <td> |+ [attr] | caption</td> <td><caption [attr]>caption</caption> </td></tr> <tr> <td> |- [attr] </td> <td><tr [attr]></tr> </td></tr> <tr> <td> ! header</td> <td><th>header</th> </td></tr> <tr> <td> ! attr | header</td> <td><th [attr]>header</th> </td></tr> <tr> <td> ! header !! header</td> <td><th>header</th><br/><th>header</th> </td></tr> <tr> <td> ! [attr] | header !! header</td> <td><th [attr]>header</th><br/><th [attr]>header</th> </td></tr> <tr> <td> | data cell </td> <td><td>data cell</td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> | [attr] | data cell</td> <td><td [attr]>data cell</td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> | data || data</td> <td><td>data</td><br/><td>data</td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> | [attr] | data || data</td> <td><td [attr]>data</td><br/><td [attr]>data</td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> |}</td> <td></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>If you use single bars, then what might appear to be the first cell is in fact a format modifier applied to the cell, and the rest of your "cells" will be merged into one: </p> <pre>{| style="border:1px;" |- |format modifier (not displayed) <span style="color: #a63;"><b>|</b></span>These all <span style="color: #a63;"><b>|</b></span>(including the pipes) <span style="color: #a63;"><b>|</b></span>go into <span style="color: #a63;"><b>|</b></span>the first cell |} </pre> <p>which is probably not what you want: </p> <table border="1"> <tbody><tr> <td>These all |(including the pipes)|go into |the first cell </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>However, the format modifier is useful: </p> <pre>{| style="border:1px;" |- | Cell 1 (no modifier—not aligned) |- | style="text-align: right;" | Cell 2 (right aligned) |} </pre> <table border="1"> <tbody><tr> <td>Cell 1 (no modifier — not aligned) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: right;">Cell 2 (right aligned) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Just remember: no more than 2 single pipes on a line! </p><p>A row of <b>column headings</b> is identified by using "! scope="col" |" instead of "|", and using "!! scope="col" |" instead of "||". Header cells typically render differently from regular cells, depending on the browser. They are often rendered in a bold font and centered. </p> <pre>{| |+ The table's caption <span style="color: #a63;"><b>! scope="col" | Column heading 1</b> <b>! scope="col" | Column heading 2</b> <b>! scope="col" | Column heading 3</b></span> |- | Cell 1 || Cell 2 || Cell 3 |- | Cell A | Cell B | Cell C |} </pre> <p>The first cell of a row is identified as a <b>row heading</b> by starting the line with "! scope="row" |" instead of "|", and starting subsequent data cells on a new line. </p> <pre>{| |+ The table's caption ! scope="col" | Column heading 1 ! scope="col" | Column heading 2 ! scope="col" | Column heading 3 |- <span style="color: #a63;"><b>! scope="row" | Row heading 1</b></span> | Cell 2 || Cell 3 |- <span style="color: #a63;"><b>! scope="row" | Row heading A</b></span> | Cell B | Cell C |} </pre> <p>Optional <b>parameters</b> can modify the behavior of cells, rows, or the entire table. For instance, a border could be added to the table: </p> <pre>{| <span style="color: #a63;"><b>border="1"</b></span> |+ The table's caption ! scope="col" | Column heading 1 ! scope="col" | Column heading 2 ! scope="col" | Column heading 3 |- ! scope="row" | Row heading 1 | Cell 2 || Cell 3 |- ! scope="row" | Row heading A | Cell B | Cell C |} </pre> <p>The final table would display like this: </p> <div style="background: white; border: 1px solid rgb(153, 153, 153); padding: 1em;"> <table border="1"> <caption>The table's caption </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Column heading 1 </th> <th scope="col">Column heading 2 </th> <th scope="col">Column heading 3 </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Row heading 1 </th> <td>Cell 2</td> <td>Cell 3 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Row heading A </th> <td>Cell B </td> <td>Cell C </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <p>Each row must have the same number of cells as the other rows, so that the number of columns in the table remains consistent. For empty cells, use the non-breaking space <code>&nbsp;</code> as content to ensure that the cells are displayed. To show a visible pipe in a cell, use <tt><nowiki>|</nowiki></tt> or <tt>&#124;</tt>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Simple_example" data-mw-thread-id="h-Simple_example"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Simple_example"></span>Simple example<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Simple_example"></span></h2></div> <p>Both of these generate the same output. Choose a style based on the number of cells in each row and the total text inside each cell. </p><p>The wiki markup code: </p> <pre>{| | A | B |- | C | D |} </pre> <pre>{| | A || B |- | C || D |} </pre> <p>What it looks like in your browser: </p> <div style="background: white; border: 1px solid rgb(153, 153, 153); padding: 1em;"> <table> <tbody><tr> <td>A </td> <td>B </td></tr> <tr> <td>C </td> <td>D </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Standard_formatting" data-mw-thread-id="h-Standard_formatting"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Standard_formatting"></span>Standard formatting<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Standard_formatting"></span></h2></div> <p>You can add <tt>class="wikitable"</tt> next to the <tt>{|</tt> at the start of your table to have the standard formatting applied that applies a background color to table headings and adds borders between cells and around the table. </p> <pre style="overflow: auto;">{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px; height: 200px;" |+ Multiplication table |- ! scope="col" | × ! scope="col" | 1 ! scope="col" | 2 ! scope="col" | 3 |- ! scope="row" | 1 | 1 || 2 || 3 |- ! scope="row" | 2 | 2 || 4 || 6 |- ! scope="row" | 3 | 3 || 6 || 9 |- ! scope="row" | 4 | 4 || 8 || 12 |- ! scope="row" | 5 | 5 || 10 || 15 |} </pre> <p>and what it looks like in your browser: </p> <div style="background: white; border: 1px solid rgb(153, 153, 153); padding: 1em;"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px; height: 200px;"> <caption>Multiplication table </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">× </th> <th scope="col">1 </th> <th scope="col">2 </th> <th scope="col">3 </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1 </th> <td>1</td> <td>2</td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2 </th> <td>2</td> <td>4</td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">3 </th> <td>3</td> <td>6</td> <td>9 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">4 </th> <td>4</td> <td>8</td> <td>12 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">5 </th> <td>5</td> <td>10</td> <td>15 </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Color" data-mw-thread-id="h-Color"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Color"></span>Color<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Color"></span></h2></div> <p>The way of specifying color of text and background for a single cell are as follows. </p><p>The wiki markup code: </p> <pre style="display: inline-block;">{| | style="background: red; color: white" | abc | def | style="background: red; color: white" | ghi | jkl |} </pre> <p>What it looks like in your browser: </p> <div style="background: white; border: 1px solid rgb(153, 153, 153); padding: 1em;"> <table> <tbody><tr> <td style="background: red; color: white">abc </td> <td>def </td> <td style="background: red; color: white">ghi </td> <td>jkl </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <p>Like other parameters, colors can also be specified for a whole row or the whole table; parameters for a row override the value for the table, and those for a cell override those for a row. (Note that there is no easy way to specify a color for a whole column—each cell in the column must be individually specified.): </p><p>The wiki markup code: </p> <pre style="display: inline-block;">{| style="background: yellow; color: green" |- | abc || def || ghi |- style="background: red; color: white" | jkl || mno || pqr |- | stu || style="background: silver" | vwx || yz |} </pre> <p>What it looks like in your browser: </p> <div style="background: white; border: 1px solid rgb(153, 153, 153); padding: 1em;"> <table style="background: yellow; color: green"> <tbody><tr> <td>abc</td> <td>def</td> <td>ghi </td></tr> <tr style="background: red; color: white"> <td>jkl</td> <td>mno</td> <td>pqr </td></tr> <tr> <td>stu</td> <td style="background: silver">vwx</td> <td>yz </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <p>To make the table blend in with the background, use <code>style="background: none;"</code> or <code>style="background: transparent;"</code>. </p><p>To force a cell to match one of the default colors of the <code>class="wikitable"</code>, use <code>style="background: #f2f2f2"</code> for the darker header, and <code>style="background: #f9f9f9"</code> for the lighter body. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Width,_height" data-mw-thread-id="h-Width,_height"><span id="Width.2C_height"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Width,_height"></span>Width, height<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Width,_height"></span></h2></div> <p>The width and height of the whole table can be specified, as well as the height of a row. To specify the width of a column one can specify the width of an arbitrary cell in it. If the width is not specified for all columns, and/or the height is not specified for all rows, then there is some ambiguity, and the result depends on the browser. </p><p>The wiki markup code: </p> <pre style="display: inline-block;">{| style="width: 75%; height: 200px;" class="wikitable" |- | abc || def || ghi |- style="height:100px;" | jkl || style="width:200px;" | mno || pqr |- | stu || vwx || yz |} </pre> <p>What it looks like in your browser: </p> <div style="background: white; border: 1px solid rgb(153, 153, 153); padding: 1em;"> <table style="width:75%; height:200px;" class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>abc</td> <td>def</td> <td>ghi </td></tr> <tr style="height:100px;"> <td>jkl</td> <td style="width:200px;">mno</td> <td>pqr </td></tr> <tr> <td>stu</td> <td>vwx</td> <td>yz </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Setting_column_widths" data-mw-thread-id="h-Setting_column_widths-Width,_height"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Setting_column_widths-Width,_height"></span>Setting column widths<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Setting_column_widths-Width,_height"></span></h3></div> <p>To force column widths to specific requirements, rather than accepting the width of the widest text element in a column's cells, follow this example. Note that <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/word_wrap" class="extiw" title="w:word wrap">wrap-around of text</a> is forced. </p><p>The wiki markup code: </p> <pre style="display: inline-block;">{| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width:50px;" | Name ! scope="col" style="width:225px;" | Effect ! scope="col" style="width:225px;" | Games Found In |- | Poké Ball || Regular Poké Ball || All Versions |- | Great Ball || Better than a Poké Ball || All Versions |} </pre> <div style="background: white; border: 1px solid black; padding: 1em;"> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:50px;">Name </th> <th scope="col" style="width:225px;">Effect </th> <th scope="col" style="width:225px;">Games Found In </th></tr> <tr> <td>Poké Ball</td> <td>Regular Poké Ball</td> <td>All Versions </td></tr> <tr> <td>Great Ball</td> <td>Better than a Poké Ball</td> <td>All Versions </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <p>To set column widths in a table without headers, specify the width in the first cell for each column, like this: </p> <pre style="display: inline-block;">{| class="wikitable" |- | style="width:100px;" | This column is 100 pixels wide | style="width:200px;" | This column is 200 pixels wide | style="width:300px;" | This column is 300 pixels wide |- | blah || blih || bluh |} </pre> <div style="background: white; border: 1px solid black; padding: 1em;"> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width: 100px;">This column is 100 pixels wide </td> <td style="width: 200px;">This column is 200 pixels wide </td> <td style="width: 300px;">This column is 300 pixels wide </td></tr> <tr> <td>blah</td> <td>blih</td> <td>bluh </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Setting_borders" data-mw-thread-id="h-Setting_borders"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Setting_borders"></span>Setting borders<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Setting_borders"></span></h2></div> <p>Table borders default to a complex shaded double-line (the default in HTML); however, those borders can be set to a thin solid line by using a style-parameter (<tt>style="border: 1px solid darkgray"</tt>), as in the following (<i>Note: if you intend to use the 'cellpadding' or 'cellspacing' options along with a border, you MUST use this format</i>): </p> <pre style="display: inline-block;">{| cellpadding="2" style="border: 1px solid darkgray;" ! style="width: 140px;" | Left ! style="width: 150px;" | Middle ! style="width: 130px;" | Right |- style="border:none;" | [[File:StarIconBronze.png|120px]] | [[File:StarIconGold.png|120px|Caption when mouse-over image]] | [[File:StarIconGreen.png|120px|Green stellar icon]] |- style="text-align:center;" | Bronze star || Gold star || Green star |} </pre> <p>Note the bottom-row texts are centered by <tt>style="text-align: center;"</tt> while star-images were not centered. </p> <table cellpadding="2" style="border: 1px solid darkgrey; margin-left: 4em;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width: 140px;">Left </th> <th style="width: 150px;">Middle </th> <th style="width: 130px;">Right </th></tr> <tr style="border: none;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:StarIconBronze.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/StarIconBronze.png/120px-StarIconBronze.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/StarIconBronze.png/180px-StarIconBronze.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/StarIconBronze.png/240px-StarIconBronze.png 2x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="259"/></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:StarIconGold.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Caption when mouse-over image"><img alt="Caption when mouse-over image" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/StarIconGold.png/120px-StarIconGold.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/StarIconGold.png/180px-StarIconGold.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/StarIconGold.png/240px-StarIconGold.png 2x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="259"/></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:StarIconGreen.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Green stellar icon"><img alt="Green stellar icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/StarIconGreen.png/120px-StarIconGreen.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/StarIconGreen.png/180px-StarIconGreen.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/StarIconGreen.png/240px-StarIconGreen.png 2x" data-file-width="267" data-file-height="256"/></a></span> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td>Bronze star</td> <td>Gold star</td> <td>Green star </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>As long as the <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:FILE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikibooks:FILE">files</a> omit the parameter "thumb" they will not show borders. The border color "darkgray" matches that seen using <tt>class="wikitable"</tt> above; however, it could be any color name (such as <tt>style="border: 1px solid darkgreen;"</tt>) or use a hex-color (such as: #DDCCBB). See <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_colors" class="extiw" title="w:Web colors">Web colors</a> for information on hex-colors, which allow you to specify any shade you like. </p><p>A column format-specifier (enclosed in "|...|") can have a style-parameter to set borders on each cell, as follows: </p> <pre style="display: inline-block;">{| cellpadding="2" style="border: 1px solid darkgray;" ! style="width: 140px;" | Left ! style="width: 150px;" | Middle ! style="width: 130px;"| Right |- style="text-align: center;" | style="border: 1px solid blue;"| [[File:StarIconBronze.png|120px]] | style="border: 1px solid #777777;"| [[File:StarIconGold.png|120px|Caption when mouse-over image]] | style="border: 1px solid #22AA55;"| [[File:StarIconGreen.png|120px|Green stellar icon]] |- style="text-align: center;" |Bronze star || Gold star || Green star |} </pre> <p>Note only the image cells, here, have individual borders, not the text. </p> <table cellpadding="2" style="border: 1px solid darkgrey; margin-left:4em;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width: 140px;">Left</th> <th style="width: 150px;">Middle</th> <th style="width: 130px;">Right </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td style="border: 1px solid blue;"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:StarIconBronze.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/StarIconBronze.png/120px-StarIconBronze.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/StarIconBronze.png/180px-StarIconBronze.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/StarIconBronze.png/240px-StarIconBronze.png 2x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="259"/></a></span> </p> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #777;"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:StarIconGold.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Caption when mouse-over image"><img alt="Caption when mouse-over image" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/StarIconGold.png/120px-StarIconGold.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/StarIconGold.png/180px-StarIconGold.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/StarIconGold.png/240px-StarIconGold.png 2x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="259"/></a></span> </p> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #2a5;"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:StarIconGreen.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Green stellar icon"><img alt="Green stellar icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/StarIconGreen.png/120px-StarIconGreen.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/StarIconGreen.png/180px-StarIconGreen.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/StarIconGreen.png/240px-StarIconGreen.png 2x" data-file-width="267" data-file-height="256"/></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td>Bronze star</td> <td>Gold star</td> <td>Green star </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The lower hex-colors (such as: #616161) are closer to black. Typically, all borders in a table would be one specific color. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Vertical_alignment" data-mw-thread-id="h-Vertical_alignment"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Vertical_alignment"></span>Vertical alignment<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Vertical_alignment"></span></h2></div> <p>By default data in tables is vertically aligned to the middle of the cell, which results in layouts like this: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="width: 400px; margin-left: 6em;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="row" style="width: 10%;">Row heading </th> <td style="width: 70%;">A longer piece of text. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. </td> <td style="width: 20%;">short text </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>To fix this, apply <tt>style="vertical-align: top;"</tt> to the rows (unfortunately it is necessary to apply this individually to every single row). For example: </p> <pre style="display: inline-block;">{| class="wikitable" style="width: 400px;" |- style="vertical-align: top;" ! scope="row" style="width: 10%;" | Row heading | style="width: 70%;" | A longer piece of text. Lorem ipsum... | style="width: 20%;" | short text |- style="vertical-align: top" ! scope="row" | Row heading | Excepteur sint occaecat... | short text |} </pre> <table class="wikitable" style="width: 400px; margin-left: 6em;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align: top"> <th scope="row" style="width: 10%;">Row heading </th> <td style="width: 70%;">A longer piece of text. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. </td> <td style="width: 20%;">short text </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Floating_table" data-mw-thread-id="h-Floating_table"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Floating_table"></span>Floating table<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Floating_table"></span></h2></div> <p>The wiki markup coding: </p> <pre style="display: inline-block;">This paragraph is before the table. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod... {| style="float: right;" class="wikitable" | Col 1, row 1 | rowspan="2" | Col 2, row 1 (and 2) | Col 3, row 1 |- | Col 1, row 2 | Col 3, row 2 |} Note the floating-table to the right. This paragraph is after the table. The text in column 2 will span both rows due to format specifier <tt>"rowspan=2"</tt> so there is no coding for "Col 2" in the 2nd row, just: Col 1 & Col 3. </pre> <p>What it looks like in your browser: </p> <div style="background: white; border: 1px solid rgb(153, 153, 153); padding: 1em;"> <p>This paragraph is before the table. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod... </p> <table style="float: right; margin:5px 0px;" class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>Col 1, row 1 </td> <td rowspan="2">Col 2, row 1 (and 2) </td> <td>Col 3, row 1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Col 1, row 2 </td> <td>Col 3, row 2 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Note the floating-table to the right. </p><p>This paragraph is after the table. The text in column 2 will span both rows due to format specifier "rowspan=2" so there is no coding for "Col 2" in the 2nd row, just: Col 1 & Col 3. </p> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Centering_tables" data-mw-thread-id="h-Centering_tables"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Centering_tables"></span>Centering tables<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Centering_tables"></span></h2></div> <p>Centered tables can be achieved, but they will not "float"; that is to say, no text will appear to either side. The trick is <tt>{| style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"</tt> </p><p><b>Wiki markup</b> </p> <pre style="display: inline-block;">{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;" |+ '''Cells left-aligned, table centered''' ! scope="col" | Duis ! scope="col" | aute ! scope="col" | irure |- | dolor || in reprehenderit || in voluptate velit |- | esse cillum dolore || eu fugiat nulla || pariatur. |} </pre> <p><b>What it looks like in your browser</b> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"> <caption><b>Cells left-aligned, table centered</b> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Duis</th> <th>aute</th> <th>irure </th></tr> <tr> <td>dolor</td> <td>in reprehenderit</td> <td>in voluptate velit </td></tr> <tr> <td>esse cillum dolore</td> <td>eu fugiat nulla</td> <td>pariatur. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Collapsible_tables" data-mw-thread-id="h-Collapsible_tables"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Collapsible_tables"></span>Collapsible tables<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Collapsible_tables"></span></h2></div> <p>You can create a table that will collapse and be hidden. Add <tt>class="collapsible"</tt> to the top of a table or add "collapsible" after "wikitable" to enable collapsing behavior. By default, a collapsible table will begin collapsed. To change this, include the additional class 'selected'. You must include a header row, where the control to expand and collapse will be displayed. Example: </p> <pre style="display: inline-block;">{| class="wikitable collapsible selected" ! Header |- | Content which starts shown |- | Click the header row to collapse |} </pre> <p>Gives: </p> <table class="wikitable collapsible selected"> <tbody><tr> <th>Header </th></tr> <tr> <td>Content which starts shown </td></tr> <tr> <td>Click the header row to collapse </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Sortable_tables" data-mw-thread-id="h-Sortable_tables"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Sortable_tables"></span>Sortable tables<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Sortable_tables"></span></h2></div> <p>Tables can be made sortable by adding <tt>class="sortable"</tt>. Since this can be very useful, it is wise to keep the possibilities and limitations of this feature in mind when designing a table. For example: </p> <ul><li>Do not divide a table into sections by subheaders spanning several rows. Instead, an extra column can be made showing the content of these headers on each row, in a short form.</li> <li>Do not have elements spanning several columns; instead, again, repeat the content on each row, in a short form.</li> <li>In a column of numbers, do not put text such as "ca." in front of a number-it will sort like zero. Do not put text after the number, and do not put a range of numbers. Instead, put these texts in a separate column.</li></ul> <p>A long form of abbreviated content can be put as legend outside the table. </p><p><b>Wiki markup</b> </p> <div style="background: white; border: 1px solid rgb(153, 153, 153); padding: 1em;"><pre>{| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Sortable table |- ! scope="col" | Alphabetic ! scope="col" | Numeric ! scope="col" | Date ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Unsortable |- | d || 20 || 2008-11-24 || This |- | b || 8 || 2004-03-01 || column |- | a || 6 || 1979-07-23 || cannot |- | c || 4 || 1492-12-08 || be |- | e || 0 || 1601-08-13 || sorted. |} </pre></div> <p><b>What it looks like in your browser</b> </p> <div style="background: white; border: 1px solid rgb(153, 153, 153); padding: 1em;"> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Sortable table </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Alphabetic </th> <th scope="col">Numeric </th> <th scope="col">Date </th> <th scope="col" class="unsortable">Unsortable </th></tr> <tr> <td>d</td> 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href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Good_books" title="Wikibooks:Good books">Criteria</a>) <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Cookbook:Table_of_Contents" title="Cookbook:Table of Contents">Cookbook</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Cookbook/Help_pages&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Cookbook/Help pages (does not exist)">Help pages</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Cookbook/Special_pages&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Cookbook/Special pages (does not exist)">Special pages</a>) <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikijunior" title="Wikijunior">Wikijunior</a> (<a href="/wiki/Department:Wikijunior" title="Department:Wikijunior">Department</a>) <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Department:Computing" title="Department:Computing">Computing</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Department:Engineering" title="Department:Engineering">Engineering</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Department:Humanities" title="Department:Humanities">Humanities</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Department:Languages" title="Department:Languages">Languages</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Department:Mathematics" title="Department:Mathematics">Mathematics</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Department:Science" title="Department:Science">Science</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Department:Social_sciences" title="Department:Social sciences">Social sciences</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Department:Standard_curricula" title="Department:Standard curricula">Standard curricula</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Shelf:Help" title="Shelf:Help">Wikibooks and MediaWiki help</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:PDF_versions" title="Wikibooks:PDF versions">PDF versions</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Requested_books" title="Wikibooks:Requested books">Requested books</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:FAQ" title="Help:FAQ">FAQs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:FAQ/Overview" title="Help:FAQ/Overview">Wikibooks overview</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Help:FAQ/Readers" title="Help:FAQ/Readers">Readers</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Help:FAQ/Contributing" title="Help:FAQ/Contributing">Contributing</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Help:FAQ/Editing" title="Help:FAQ/Editing">Editing</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Help:FAQ/Administration" title="Help:FAQ/Administration">Administration</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Help:FAQ/Problems" title="Help:FAQ/Problems">Problems</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Help:Contents">Help</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:Glossary" title="Help:Glossary">Glossary</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Help:Navigating" title="Help:Navigating">Navigating</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pages" title="Help:Pages">Pages (Creating, Namespaces, Discussing, Archiving, Moving, Merging, Deleting)</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Help:Tracking_changes" title="Help:Tracking changes">Tracking changes</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Help:Account_management" title="Help:Account management">Account management</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Help:Contributing" title="Help:Contributing">Contributing (Why and why not contribute? Starting a book)</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Help:Editing" title="Help:Editing">Editing</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Help:Categories" title="Help:Categories">Categories</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Help:Files" title="Help:Files">Files</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tables</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Help:Variables" title="Help:Variables">Variables</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Help:Formulas" title="Help:Formulas">Formulas</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Help:Quizzes" title="Help:Quizzes">Quizzes</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Help:Local_manuals_of_style" title="Help:Local manuals of style">Local manuals of style</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikijunior:Style_guide" title="Wikijunior:Style guide">Wikijunior</a>) <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Help:Collections" title="Help:Collections">Collections</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Help:Importing" title="Help:Importing">Importing</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Help:Editnotices" title="Help:Editnotices">Editnotices</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Help:Database_download" title="Help:Database download">Database download</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Help:Development_stages" title="Help:Development stages">Development stages</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Help:Dialog" title="Help:Dialog">Dialog</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Assistant" title="Wikibooks:Assistant">Assistant</a>) <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Help:Export" title="Help:Export">Export</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Help:Print_versions" title="Help:Print versions">Print versions</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> Help books (<a href="/wiki/Using_Wikibooks" title="Using Wikibooks">Using Wikibooks</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Editing_Wikitext" title="Editing Wikitext">Editing Wikitext</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Cascading_Style_Sheets" title="Cascading Style Sheets">CSS</a>)</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Templates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:Templates" title="Help:Templates">Template help</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Templates" title="Wikibooks:Templates">Template index</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Templates/Book_information" title="Wikibooks:Templates/Book information">Book information</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Templates/General" title="Wikibooks:Templates/General">General</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Templates/Sources" title="Wikibooks:Templates/Sources">Sources</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Templates/Links" title="Wikibooks:Templates/Links">Links</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Templates/Navigation" title="Wikibooks:Templates/Navigation">Navigation</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Templates/Files" title="Wikibooks:Templates/Files">Files</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Templates/Media" title="Wikibooks:Templates/Media">Media</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Templates/Maintenance" title="Wikibooks:Templates/Maintenance">Maintenance</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Templates/Licensing_issues_notices" title="Wikibooks:Templates/Licensing issues notices">Licensing issues notices</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Templates/Deletion" title="Wikibooks:Templates/Deletion">Deletion</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Templates/Stubs" title="Wikibooks:Templates/Stubs">Stubs</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Templates/User_messages" title="Wikibooks:Templates/User messages">User messages</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Templates/User_notices" title="Wikibooks:Templates/User notices">User notices</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Templates/User_pages" title="Wikibooks:Templates/User pages">User pages</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Templates/Discussion" title="Wikibooks:Templates/Discussion">Discussion</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Templates/Featured_books" title="Wikibooks:Templates/Featured books">Featured books</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Templates/Policies_and_guidelines" title="Wikibooks:Templates/Policies and guidelines">Policies and guidelines</a>) <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Templates" title="Category:Templates">Template categories</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Editing_Wikitext/Making_Templates_A101" title="Editing Wikitext/Making Templates A101">Making Templates A101</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Editing_Wikitext/Templates_Ready_to_Use" title="Editing Wikitext/Templates Ready to Use">Templates Ready to Use</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Reading_room" title="Wikibooks:Reading room">Reading room</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Reading_room/General" title="Wikibooks:Reading room/General">General</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Reading_room/Proposals" title="Wikibooks:Reading room/Proposals">Proposals</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Reading_room/Projects" title="Wikibooks:Reading room/Projects">Projects</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Featured_books/Nominations" title="Wikibooks:Featured books/Nominations">Featured books</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Reading_room/Assistance" title="Wikibooks:Reading room/Assistance">General</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Reading_room/Technical_Assistance" title="Wikibooks:Reading room/Technical Assistance">Technical</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Reading_room/Administrative_Assistance" title="Wikibooks:Reading room/Administrative Assistance">Administrative</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Requests_for_deletion#Deletion" title="Wikibooks:Requests for deletion">Deletion</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Requests_for_deletion#Undeletion" title="Wikibooks:Requests for deletion">Undeletion</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Requests_for_import" title="Wikibooks:Requests for import">Import</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Requests_for_permissions" title="Wikibooks:Requests for permissions">Permissions</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Reading_room/Bulletin_Board" title="Wikibooks:Reading room/Bulletin Board">Bulletin Board</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Useful_Wikibooks_pages" title="Category:Useful Wikibooks pages">Useful pages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Accuracy_dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikibooks:Accuracy dispute">Accuracy dispute</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Authorship" title="Wikibooks:Authorship">Authorship</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Autoblock" title="Wikibooks:Autoblock">Autoblock</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Book_donations" title="Wikibooks:Book donations">Book donations</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Categories" title="Wikibooks:Categories">Categories</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Dealing_with_vandalism" title="Wikibooks:Dealing with vandalism">Dealing with vandalism</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Dewikify" title="Wikibooks:Dewikify">Dewikify</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:How_to_obtain_public_domain_books" title="Wikibooks:How to obtain public domain books">How to obtain public domain books</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Language_Learning_Difficulty_for_English_Speakers" title="Wikibooks:Language Learning Difficulty for English Speakers">Language Learning Difficulty</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Licensing_guidelines" title="Wikibooks:Licensing guidelines">Licensing guidelines</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:NPOV_dispute" title="Wikibooks:NPOV dispute">NPOV dispute</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Reading_Levels" title="Wikibooks:Reading Levels">Reading Levels</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Render_as_PNG" title="Wikibooks:Render as PNG">Render as PNG</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Subject_pages" title="Wikibooks:Subject pages">Subject pages</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Textbook_standards" title="Wikibooks:Textbook standards">Textbook standards</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:User_rights" title="Wikibooks:User rights">User rights</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Wikibooks_for_course_instructors" title="Wikibooks:Wikibooks for course instructors">Wikibooks for course instructors</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Wikibooks_for_Wikimedians" title="Wikibooks:Wikibooks for Wikimedians">Wikibooks for Wikimedians</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Wikimedia" title="Wikibooks:Wikimedia">Wikimedia</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikibooks" title="Category:Wikibooks">Other<br/>project pages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Welcome" title="Wikibooks:Welcome">Welcome</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Sandbox" title="Wikibooks:Sandbox">Sandbox</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Contact_us" title="Wikibooks:Contact us">Contact us</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Wikibooks_disclaimers" title="Category:Wikibooks disclaimers">Disclaimers category</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:CCO_Resources" title="Wikibooks:CCO Resources">CCO Resources</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Shortcuts" title="Wikibooks:Shortcuts">Shortcuts</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Community_Portal" title="Wikibooks:Community Portal">Community Portal</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Maintenance" title="Wikibooks:Maintenance">Maintenance</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:WikiProject" title="Wikibooks:WikiProject">WikiProject</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Essays" title="Wikibooks:Essays">Wikibooks essays</a> (<a href="/wiki/Category:Wikibooks_essays" title="Category:Wikibooks essays">Essays category</a>) <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Book_sources" title="Wikibooks:Book sources">Book sources</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Wikibooks_as_an_aid_to_teaching" title="Wikibooks:Wikibooks as an aid to teaching">Wikibooks for teaching</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Guidelines_for_class_projects" title="Wikibooks:Guidelines for class projects">Guidelines for class projects</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:List_of_class_projects" title="Wikibooks:List of class projects">List of class projects</a>) <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:WikiNode" title="Wikibooks:WikiNode">WikiNode</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Edit_filter" title="Wikibooks:Edit filter">Edit filter</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_3.0_Unported_License" title="Wikibooks:Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License">CC-BY-SA License</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:GNU_Free_Documentation_License" title="Wikibooks:GNU Free Documentation License">GFDL License</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Policies_and_guidelines" title="Wikibooks:Policies and guidelines">Policies and guidelines</a> (<a href="/wiki/Category:Wikibooks_policies_and_guidelines" title="Category:Wikibooks 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