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<div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Chattanooga, Tennessee</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Chattanooga,_Tennessee" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Chattanooga,_Tennessee" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" 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block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Chattanooga" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Chattanooga (disambiguation)">Chattanooga (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the actor with a similar sounding nickname, see <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Weber" title="Pedro Weber">Pedro Weber</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style>Chattanooga (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌtʃætəˈnuːɡə/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">CHAT-ə-NOO-gə</a>) is a city in and the <a href="/wiki/County_seat" title="County seat">county seat</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_County,_Tennessee" title="Hamilton County, Tennessee">Hamilton County, Tennessee</a>, United States. It is located along the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_River" title="Tennessee River">Tennessee River</a>, and borders <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a> to the south. With a population of 181,099 in 2020,<a href="#cite_note-QuickFacts-9">[9]</a> it is Tennessee's <a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Tennessee" title="List of municipalities in Tennessee">fourth-most populous city</a> and one of the two principal cities of <a href="/wiki/East_Tennessee" title="East Tennessee">East Tennessee</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Knoxville,_Tennessee" title="Knoxville, Tennessee">Knoxville</a>. It anchors the <a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_metropolitan_area" title="Chattanooga metropolitan area">Chattanooga metropolitan area</a>, Tennessee's fourth-largest <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_statistical_area" title="Metropolitan statistical area">metropolitan statistical area</a>,<a href="#cite_note-greaterchatt.com-10">[10]</a> as well as a larger three-state area that includes Southeast Tennessee, Northwest Georgia, and Northeast Alabama. <table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Chattanooga</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/City" title="City">City</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div style="border:1;;height:112px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Chattanooga,_Tennessee_(2023).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Chattanooga%2C_Tennessee_%282023%29.jpg/288px-Chattanooga%2C_Tennessee_%282023%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Chattanooga%2C_Tennessee_%282023%29.jpg/432px-Chattanooga%2C_Tennessee_%282023%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Chattanooga%2C_Tennessee_%282023%29.jpg/576px-Chattanooga%2C_Tennessee_%282023%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3431" data-file-height="1337"></a></div><div>Chattanooga skyline in 2023</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:93px;max-width:93px"><div style="border:1;;height:60px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Hunter_Museum_entrance_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Hunter_Museum_entrance_2.jpg/91px-Hunter_Museum_entrance_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Hunter_Museum_entrance_2.jpg/137px-Hunter_Museum_entrance_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Hunter_Museum_entrance_2.jpg/182px-Hunter_Museum_entrance_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5923" data-file-height="3949"></a></div><div><a href="/wiki/Hunter_Museum_of_American_Art" title="Hunter Museum of American Art">Hunter Museum of American Art</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:110px;max-width:110px"><div style="border:1;;height:60px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Creative_Discovery_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Creative_Discovery_Museum.jpg/108px-Creative_Discovery_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="108" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Creative_Discovery_Museum.jpg/162px-Creative_Discovery_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Creative_Discovery_Museum.jpg/216px-Creative_Discovery_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="563"></a></div><div><a href="/wiki/Creative_Discovery_Museum" title="Creative Discovery Museum">Creative Discovery Museum</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:83px;max-width:83px"><div style="border:1;;height:60px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Tennessee_Aquarium_(2023).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Tennessee_Aquarium_%282023%29.jpg/81px-Tennessee_Aquarium_%282023%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="81" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Tennessee_Aquarium_%282023%29.jpg/122px-Tennessee_Aquarium_%282023%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Tennessee_Aquarium_%282023%29.jpg/162px-Tennessee_Aquarium_%282023%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024"></a></div><div>Tennessee Aquarium</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:146px;max-width:146px"><div style="border:1;;height:107px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Chattanooga_Choo_Choo_Hotel_(2023).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Chattanooga_Choo_Choo_Hotel_%282023%29.jpg/144px-Chattanooga_Choo_Choo_Hotel_%282023%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="144" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Chattanooga_Choo_Choo_Hotel_%282023%29.jpg/216px-Chattanooga_Choo_Choo_Hotel_%282023%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Chattanooga_Choo_Choo_Hotel_%282023%29.jpg/288px-Chattanooga_Choo_Choo_Hotel_%282023%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024"></a></div><div><a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_Choo-Choo_Hotel" title="Chattanooga Choo-Choo Hotel">Choo-Choo Hotel</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:142px;max-width:142px"><div style="border:1;;height:107px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:TVA_offices_in_Chattanooga,_Tennessee_(4403311112).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/TVA_offices_in_Chattanooga%2C_Tennessee_%284403311112%29.jpg/140px-TVA_offices_in_Chattanooga%2C_Tennessee_%284403311112%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/TVA_offices_in_Chattanooga%2C_Tennessee_%284403311112%29.jpg/210px-TVA_offices_in_Chattanooga%2C_Tennessee_%284403311112%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/TVA_offices_in_Chattanooga%2C_Tennessee_%284403311112%29.jpg/280px-TVA_offices_in_Chattanooga%2C_Tennessee_%284403311112%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3328" data-file-height="2563"></a></div><div><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Authority" title="Tennessee Valley Authority">TVA</a> offices</div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Chattanooga,_Tennessee.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Chattanooga"><img alt="Flag of Chattanooga" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_Chattanooga%2C_Tennessee.svg/100px-Flag_of_Chattanooga%2C_Tennessee.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_Chattanooga%2C_Tennessee.svg/150px-Flag_of_Chattanooga%2C_Tennessee.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_Chattanooga%2C_Tennessee.svg/200px-Flag_of_Chattanooga%2C_Tennessee.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1000"></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Chattanooga,_Tennessee" title="Flag of Chattanooga, Tennessee">Flag</a></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Chattanooga,_Tennessee.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official seal of Chattanooga"><img alt="Official seal of Chattanooga" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Seal_of_Chattanooga%2C_Tennessee.svg/80px-Seal_of_Chattanooga%2C_Tennessee.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Seal_of_Chattanooga%2C_Tennessee.svg/120px-Seal_of_Chattanooga%2C_Tennessee.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Seal_of_Chattanooga%2C_Tennessee.svg/160px-Seal_of_Chattanooga%2C_Tennessee.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3402" data-file-height="3402"></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Seal</div></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_of_Chattanooga,_Tennessee.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official logo of Chattanooga"><img alt="Official logo of Chattanooga" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Logo_of_Chattanooga%2C_Tennessee.svg/100px-Logo_of_Chattanooga%2C_Tennessee.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Logo_of_Chattanooga%2C_Tennessee.svg/150px-Logo_of_Chattanooga%2C_Tennessee.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Logo_of_Chattanooga%2C_Tennessee.svg/200px-Logo_of_Chattanooga%2C_Tennessee.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="483"></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Logo</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nicknames: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">Scenic City (official); Chatt, Chattown, Gig City, Nooga, and River City</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Hamilton_County_Tennessee_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Chattanooga_Highlighted_4714000.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Chattanooga in Hamilton County, Tennessee"><img alt="Location of Chattanooga in Hamilton County, Tennessee" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Hamilton_County_Tennessee_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Chattanooga_Highlighted_4714000.svg/260px-Hamilton_County_Tennessee_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Chattanooga_Highlighted_4714000.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Hamilton_County_Tennessee_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Chattanooga_Highlighted_4714000.svg/390px-Hamilton_County_Tennessee_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Chattanooga_Highlighted_4714000.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Hamilton_County_Tennessee_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Chattanooga_Highlighted_4714000.svg/520px-Hamilton_County_Tennessee_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Chattanooga_Highlighted_4714000.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="502" data-file-height="234"></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Location of Chattanooga in Hamilton County, Tennessee</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_Tennessee_relief_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chattanooga is located in Tennessee"><img alt="Chattanooga is located in Tennessee" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/USA_Tennessee_relief_location_map.svg/250px-USA_Tennessee_relief_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/USA_Tennessee_relief_location_map.svg/375px-USA_Tennessee_relief_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/USA_Tennessee_relief_location_map.svg/500px-USA_Tennessee_relief_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1068"></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:67.876%;left:57.503%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Chattanooga" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:4px;left:-3em"><div>Chattanooga</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location within Tennessee</div>Show map of Tennessee</div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Chattanooga is located in the United States"><img alt="Chattanooga is located in the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png/250px-Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png/375px-Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png/500px-Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="731"></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:60.349%;left:68.921%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Chattanooga" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:4px;left:-3em"><div>Chattanooga</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Chattanooga (the United States)</div>Show map of the United States</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chattanooga,_Tennessee&params=35_2_44_N_85_16_2_W_region:US-TN_type:city(181099)">35°2′44″N 85°16′2″W / 35.04556°N 85.26722°W / 35.04556; -85.26722</a><a href="#cite_note-chat_info-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">State</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Tennessee" title="List of counties in Tennessee">County</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_County,_Tennessee" title="Hamilton County, Tennessee">Hamilton</a><a href="#cite_note-mtas-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Incorporated</th><td class="infobox-data">1839<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mayor-council" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor-council">Mayor-council</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Mayor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Kelly_(Tennessee_politician)" title="Tim Kelly (Tennessee politician)">Tim Kelly</a> (<a href="/wiki/Independent_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent (politics)">I</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-TigerWebMapServer-4">[4]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/City" title="City">City</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">150.08 sq mi (388.70 km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Land</th><td class="infobox-data">142.35 sq mi (368.69 km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Water</th><td class="infobox-data">7.73 sq mi (20.01 km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-gnis-5">[5]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">676 ft (206 m)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (<a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 United States Census">2020</a>)<a href="#cite_note-USCensusDecennial2020CenPopScriptOnly-6">[6]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/City" title="City">City</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">181,099</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_cities_by_population" title="List of United States cities by population">142nd</a> in the United States <a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Tennessee" title="List of municipalities in Tennessee">4th</a> in Tennessee</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">1,272.19/sq mi (491.20/km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">Urban</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">398,569 (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_urban_areas" title="List of United States urban areas">US: 105th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Urban density</th><td class="infobox-data">1,366.4/sq mi (527.6/km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-2020Pop-7">[7]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">562,647 (<a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_statistical_areas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of metropolitan statistical areas">US: 101st</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Chattanoogan</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%925" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC−5">UTC−5</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone" title="Eastern Time Zone">EST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%924" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC−4">UTC−4</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Daylight_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Daylight Time">EDT</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ZIP_code" class="mw-redirect" title="ZIP code">ZIP code(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">37401-37412, 37414-37416, 37419, 37421-37422, 37424, 37450</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Area_code_423" title="Area code 423">423</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Information_Processing_Standard" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Information Processing Standard">FIPS code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">47-14000<a href="#cite_note-GR2-8">[8]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System" title="Geographic Names Information System">GNIS</a> feature ID</th><td class="infobox-data">1307240<a href="#cite_note-gnis-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Airport</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_Metropolitan_Airport" title="Chattanooga Metropolitan Airport">Chattanooga Metropolitan Airport</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Public transportation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_Area_Regional_Transportation_Authority" title="Chattanooga Area Regional Transportation Authority">CARTA</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Waterways</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_River" title="Tennessee River">Tennessee River</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chattanooga.gov">chattanooga.gov</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Chattanooga was a crucial city during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> due to the multiple railroads that converge there.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> After the war, the railroads allowed for the city to grow into one of the Southeastern United States' largest heavy industrial hubs. Today, major industry that drives the economy includes automotive, advanced manufacturing, food and beverage production, healthcare, insurance, tourism, and back office and corporate headquarters.<a href="#cite_note-greaterchatt.com-10">[10]</a> Chattanooga remains a transit hub in the present day, served by multiple <a href="/wiki/Interstate_Highway_System" title="Interstate Highway System">Interstate highways</a> and railroad lines. It is 118 miles (190 km) northwest of <a href="/wiki/Atlanta,_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlanta, Georgia">Atlanta, Georgia</a>, 112 miles (180 km) southwest of <a href="/wiki/Knoxville,_Tennessee" title="Knoxville, Tennessee">Knoxville, Tennessee</a>, 134 miles (216 km) southeast of <a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville, Tennessee</a>, 102 miles (164 km) east-northeast of <a href="/wiki/Huntsville,_Alabama" title="Huntsville, Alabama">Huntsville, Alabama</a>, and 147 miles (237 km) northeast of <a href="/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama" title="Birmingham, Alabama">Birmingham, Alabama</a>. Divided by the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_River" title="Tennessee River">Tennessee River</a>, Chattanooga is at the transition between the <a href="/wiki/Ridge-and-valley_Appalachians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ridge-and-valley Appalachians">ridge-and-valley Appalachians</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Plateau" title="Cumberland Plateau">Cumberland Plateau</a>, both of which are part of the larger <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian Mountains</a>. Its official nickname is the "Scenic City", alluding to the surrounding mountains, ridges, and valleys. Unofficial nicknames include "River City", "Chatt", "Nooga", "Chattown", and "Gig City", the latter a reference to its claims that it has the fastest internet service in the Western Hemisphere.<a href="#cite_note-Internet_rivals_Comcast,_EPB_slug_it_out-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Chattanooga is internationally known from the 1941 hit song "<a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_Choo_Choo" title="Chattanooga Choo Choo">Chattanooga Choo Choo</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Miller" title="Glenn Miller">Glenn Miller</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Miller_Orchestra" title="Glenn Miller Orchestra">orchestra</a>. It is home to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tennessee_at_Chattanooga" title="University of Tennessee at Chattanooga">University of Tennessee at Chattanooga</a> (UTC) and <a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_State_Community_College" title="Chattanooga State Community College">Chattanooga State Community College</a>. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History">1 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Early_history">1.1 Early history</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Civil_War">1.2 Civil War</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#1867_flood">1.3 1867 flood</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#20th_century">1.4 20th century</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="#Civil_Rights_Movement">1.4.1 Civil Rights Movement</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#21st_century">1.5 21st century</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Geography">2 Geography</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Cityscape">2.1 Cityscape</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#Downtown_revitalization">2.1.1 Downtown revitalization</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Neighborhoods">2.2 Neighborhoods</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Notable_suburbs">2.3 Notable suburbs</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Climate">2.4 Climate</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Time_zone">2.5 Time zone</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Demographics">3 Demographics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#2020_census">3.1 2020 census</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#2010_census">3.2 2010 census</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Religion">3.3 Religion</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Economy">4 Economy</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Utilities">4.1 Utilities</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#EPB's_gigabit_public_fiber_optic_network">4.2 EPB's gigabit public fiber optic network</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Banking">4.3 Banking</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#Culture_and_tourism">5 Culture and tourism</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Attractions">5.1 Attractions</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Museums">5.2 Museums</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Performing_arts">5.3 Performing arts</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Literary_events">5.4 Literary events</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Festivals_and_events">5.5 Festivals and events</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="#Sports">6 Sports</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Organized_sports">6.1 Organized sports</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-31"><a href="#College_sports">6.1.1 College sports</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-32"><a href="#Semi-Pro_and_Minor_League_Baseball">6.1.2 Semi-Pro and Minor League Baseball</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-33"><a href="#Professional_soccer">6.1.3 Professional soccer</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-34"><a href="#Rugby">6.1.4 Rugby</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="#Outdoor_sports">6.2 Outdoor sports</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36"><a href="#Media_and_communications">7 Media and communications</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="#Newspapers">7.1 Newspapers</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38"><a href="#Online_media">7.2 Online media</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-39"><a href="#Radio">7.3 Radio</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-40"><a href="#AM">7.3.1 AM</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-41"><a href="#FM">7.3.2 FM</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-42"><a href="#Television">7.4 Television</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-43"><a href="#Law_and_government">8 Law and government</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-44"><a href="#Education">9 Education</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-45"><a href="#Primary_and_secondary_education">9.1 Primary and secondary education</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-46"><a href="#Higher_education">9.2 Higher education</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-47"><a href="#Public_library">9.3 Public library</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-48"><a href="#Health_care">10 Health care</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-49"><a href="#Transportation">11 Transportation</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-50"><a href="#Highways">11.1 Highways</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-51"><a href="#Tunnels">11.2 Tunnels</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-52"><a href="#Public_transit">11.3 Public transit</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-53"><a href="#Bicycle-sharing_system">11.4 Bicycle-sharing system</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-54"><a href="#Railroad_lines">11.5 Railroad lines</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-55"><a href="#Bridges">11.6 Bridges</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-56"><a href="#Air_travel">11.7 Air travel</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-57"><a href="#In_popular_culture">12 In popular culture</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-58"><a href="#Novels">12.1 Novels</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-59"><a href="#Documentaries">12.2 Documentaries</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-60"><a href="#Films">12.3 Films</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-61"><a href="#Sporting_and_entertainment_events">12.4 Sporting and entertainment events</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-62"><a href="#TV_shows">12.5 TV shows</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-63"><a href="#Miscellaneous_film_and_TV_productions">12.6 Miscellaneous film and TV productions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-64"><a href="#Sister_cities">13 Sister cities</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-65"><a href="#Friendship_cities">13.1 Friendship cities</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-66"><a href="#See_also">14 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-67"><a href="#Notes">15 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-68"><a href="#References">16 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-69"><a href="#Further_reading">17 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-70"><a href="#External_links">18 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Chattanooga,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Chattanooga,_Tennessee" title="Timeline of Chattanooga, Tennessee">Timeline of Chattanooga, Tennessee</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Chattanooga,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early history" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The first inhabitants of the Chattanooga area were <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a>. Sites dating back to the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</a> period (c. <a href="/wiki/10,000_BCE" class="mw-redirect" title="10,000 BCE">10,000 BCE</a>) show continuous human occupation through the <a href="/wiki/Archaic_period_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaic period in the Americas">Archaic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Woodland_period" title="Woodland period">Woodland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian</a>/<a href="/wiki/Muscogee" title="Muscogee">Muskogean</a>/<a href="/wiki/Yuchi" title="Yuchi">Yuchi</a> (900–<a href="/wiki/Yuchi#History" title="Yuchi">1714</a> CE), and <a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a> (1776–1838) periods. The Chickamauga Mound near the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Chickamauga_Creek" title="Chickamauga Creek">Chickamauga Creek</a> is the oldest (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 750 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a>) remaining visible art in Chattanooga.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Citico_(Hamilton_County,_Tennessee)" class="mw-redirect" title="Citico (Hamilton County, Tennessee)">Citico</a> town and mound site was the most significant <a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian</a>/<a href="/wiki/Muscogee" title="Muscogee">Muscogee</a> landmark in Chattanooga up to 1915. The first part of the name "Chattanooga" derives from the <a href="/wiki/Muskogean" class="mw-redirect" title="Muskogean">Muskogean</a> word cvto /chắtȯ/ – 'rock'.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> The latter may be derived from a regional suffix -nuga meaning dwelling or dwelling place. It is also believed to be derived from the Creek Indian word Chat-to-to-noog-gee, meaning ‘rock rising to a point’, which is speculated to be a reference to Lookout Mountain.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> The earliest Cherokee occupation of the area dates from 1776, when <a href="/wiki/Dragging_Canoe" title="Dragging Canoe">Dragging Canoe</a> separated himself from the main tribe to establish resistance to European settlement during the <a href="/wiki/Cherokee%E2%80%93American_wars" title="Cherokee–American wars">Cherokee–American wars</a>. In 1816 <a href="/wiki/John_Ross_(Cherokee_chief)" title="John Ross (Cherokee chief)">John Ross</a>, who later became <a href="/wiki/Principal_Chief_of_the_Cherokee_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation">Principal Chief</a>, established <a href="/wiki/Ross%27s_Landing" title="Ross's Landing">Ross's Landing</a>. Located along what is now Broad Street, it became one of the centers of Cherokee Nation settlement, which also extended into Georgia and Alabama.<a href="#cite_note-tehc-17">[17]</a> In 1838, the U.S. government forced the Cherokees, along with other Native Americans, to relocate to the area designated as <a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory" title="Indian Territory">Indian Territory</a>, in what is now the state of <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>. Their journey west became known as the "<a href="/wiki/Trail_of_Tears" title="Trail of Tears">Trail of Tears</a>" for their exile and fatalities along the way. The U.S. Army used Ross's Landing as the site of one of three large internment camps, or "emigration depots", where Native Americans were held before the journey on the Trail of Tears.<a href="#cite_note-vott-18">[18]</a> In 1839, the community of Ross's Landing incorporated as the city of Chattanooga. The city grew quickly, initially benefiting from a location well-suited for river commerce. With the arrival of the railroad in 1850, Chattanooga became a boom town. The city was known as the site "where cotton meets corn," referring to its location along the cultural boundary between the mountain communities of southern Appalachia and the cotton-growing states to the south.<a href="#cite_note-tehc-17">[17]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chattanooga_Campaign_Battles_November_24-25.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Chattanooga_Campaign_Battles_November_24-25.pdf/page1-330px-Chattanooga_Campaign_Battles_November_24-25.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="231" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1050"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 330px;height: 231px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Chattanooga_Campaign_Battles_November_24-25.pdf/page1-330px-Chattanooga_Campaign_Battles_November_24-25.pdf.jpg" data-width="330" data-height="231" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Chattanooga_Campaign_Battles_November_24-25.pdf/page1-495px-Chattanooga_Campaign_Battles_November_24-25.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Chattanooga_Campaign_Battles_November_24-25.pdf/page1-660px-Chattanooga_Campaign_Battles_November_24-25.pdf.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Battles for Chattanooga, November 24–25, 1863</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_War">Civil War</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Chattanooga,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Civil War" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Chattanooga in the American Civil War">Chattanooga in the American Civil War</a></div> During the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, Chattanooga was a center of battle. Chattanooga served as a hub connecting fifty percent of the Confederacy's arsenals, those being located in <a href="/wiki/Atlanta,_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlanta, Georgia">Atlanta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Augusta,_Georgia" title="Augusta, Georgia">Augusta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Georgia" title="Columbus, Georgia">Columbus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Macon,_Georgia" title="Macon, Georgia">Macon</a>. Chattanooga's <a href="/wiki/Confederate_railroads_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Confederate railroads in the American Civil War">railroads</a> were vital to the Confederacy's transportation of raw material to processing plants for producing small arms munitions.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Chickamauga_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Chickamauga Campaign">Chickamauga Campaign</a>, <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union</a> artillery <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Chattanooga" title="Second Battle of Chattanooga">bombarded Chattanooga</a> as a diversion and occupied it on September 9, 1863. Following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chickamauga" title="Battle of Chickamauga">Battle of Chickamauga</a>, the defeated Union Army retreated to safety in Chattanooga. On November 23, 1863, the Battles for Chattanooga began when Union forces led by <a href="/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)" title="Major general (United States)">Major General</a> <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> reinforced troops at Chattanooga and advanced to Orchard Knob against <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Confederate</a> troops besieging the city. The next day, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lookout_Mountain" title="Battle of Lookout Mountain">Battle of Lookout Mountain</a> was fought, driving the Confederates off the mountain. On November 25, Grant's army routed the Confederates in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Missionary_Ridge" title="Battle of Missionary Ridge">Battle of Missionary Ridge</a>. In regard to victories won by the Union, Chattanooga marks one of three defining moments that turned the Civil War in their favor. The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg" title="Battle of Gettysburg">Battle of Gettysburg</a> brought the streak of victories obtained by the Confederacy to an end, while the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vicksburg" title="Siege of Vicksburg">Siege of Vicksburg</a> split the Confederacy itself in half, while Chattanooga served as the doorway to the <a href="/wiki/Deep_South" title="Deep South">Deep South</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> These battles were followed the next spring by the <a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlanta Campaign">Atlanta Campaign</a>, beginning just over the nearby state line in Georgia and moving southeastward. After the war ended, the city became a major railroad <a href="/wiki/Transportation_hub" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportation hub">hub</a> and industrial and manufacturing center. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1867_flood">1867 flood</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Chattanooga,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1867 flood" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The <a href="/wiki/1867_flood_of_Chattanooga" title="1867 flood of Chattanooga">largest flood in Chattanooga's history</a> occurred in 1867, before the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Authority" title="Tennessee Valley Authority">Tennessee Valley Authority</a> (TVA) system was created in 1933 by <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a>. The flood crested at 58 feet (18 m) and completely inundated the city. Since the completion of the reservoir system, the highest Chattanooga flood stage has been nearly 37 feet (11 m), which occurred in 1973. Without regulation, the flood would have crested at 52.4 feet (16.0 m).<a href="#cite_note-tva.gov-21">[21]</a> Chattanooga was a major priority in the design of the TVA reservoir system and remains a major operating priority in the 21st century.<a href="#cite_note-tva.gov-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Chattanooga,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 20th century" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Market-street-chatt-1907.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Market-street-chatt-1907.jpg/210px-Market-street-chatt-1907.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4802" data-file-height="3778"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 210px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Market-street-chatt-1907.jpg/210px-Market-street-chatt-1907.jpg" data-width="210" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Market-street-chatt-1907.jpg/315px-Market-street-chatt-1907.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Market-street-chatt-1907.jpg/420px-Market-street-chatt-1907.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Market Street in 1907</figcaption></figure> In December 1906, Chattanooga was in the national headlines in <a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Shipp" title="United States v. Shipp">United States v. Shipp</a>, as the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">United States Supreme Court</a>, in the only criminal trial in its history, ruled that <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_County,_Tennessee" title="Hamilton County, Tennessee">Hamilton County</a> Sheriff Joseph H. Shipp had violated <a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Ed_Johnson" title="Lynching of Ed Johnson">Ed Johnson</a>'s civil rights when Shipp allowed a mob to enter the Hamilton County jail and <a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">lynch</a> Johnson on the <a href="/wiki/Walnut_Street_Bridge_(Chattanooga,_Tennessee)" class="mw-redirect" title="Walnut Street Bridge (Chattanooga, Tennessee)">Walnut Street Bridge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Chattanooga grew with the entry of the United States in the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a> in 1917; the nearest training camp was in <a href="/wiki/Fort_Oglethorpe,_Georgia" title="Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia">Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Spanish_flu" title="Spanish flu">Influenza pandemic of 1918</a> closed local movie theaters and pool halls.<a href="#cite_note-History_of_Chattanooga_from_Reconstruction_to_the_Second_World_War-23">[23]</a> By the 1930s, Chattanooga was known as the "Dynamo of Dixie", inspiring the 1941 <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Miller" title="Glenn Miller">Glenn Miller</a> <a href="/wiki/Big-band" class="mw-redirect" title="Big-band">big-band</a> <a href="/wiki/Swing_music" title="Swing music">swing</a> song "<a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_Choo_Choo" title="Chattanooga Choo Choo">Chattanooga Choo Choo</a>".<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Through <a href="/wiki/P.R._Olgiati" title="P.R. Olgiati">Mayor P.R. Olgiati's</a> efforts, Chattanooga became the first city in Tennessee to have a completed interstate highway system in the latter 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> In February 1958, Chattanooga became one of the smallest cities in the country with three <a href="/wiki/VHF" class="mw-redirect" title="VHF">VHF</a> television stations: WROM-TV (now <a href="/wiki/WTVC" title="WTVC">WTVC-TV</a>) channel 9 (<a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">ABC</a>), WRGP-TV (now <a href="/wiki/WRCB-TV" class="mw-redirect" title="WRCB-TV">WRCB-TV</a>) channel 3 (<a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a>), and <a href="/wiki/WDEF-TV" title="WDEF-TV">WDEF-TV</a> channel 12 (<a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a>).<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> The same mountains that provide Chattanooga's scenic backdrop also trap industrial pollutants, which settle over the city. In 1969, the federal government declared that Chattanooga had the dirtiest air in the nation.<a href="#cite_note-From_being_the_nation's_dirtiest_city_to_being_one_of_the_nation's_cleanest_cities-29">[29]</a> Like other early industrial cities, Chattanooga entered the 1970s with serious socioeconomic challenges, including job layoffs because of de-industrialization, deteriorating city infrastructure, racial tensions, and social division. Chattanooga's population increased by nearly 50,000 in the 1970s. However, this was mostly because the city annexed nearby residential areas.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> By the mid-1980s, local leaders launched <a href="/wiki/Vision_2000_(Chattanooga)" title="Vision 2000 (Chattanooga)">Vision 2000</a>, an effort to revitalize and reinvent Chattanooga's culture and economy. Chattanooga's population declined by more than 10% in the 1980s, but regained it over the next two decades, the only major U.S. city to do so in that period.<a href="#cite_note-timesfreepress.com-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Civil_Rights_Movement">Civil Rights Movement</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Chattanooga,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Civil Rights Movement" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The civil rights movement of Chattanooga began in 1960 when teenage students of Howard High School, inspired by activists in <a href="/wiki/Nashville_sit-ins" title="Nashville sit-ins">Nashville</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greensboro_sit-ins" title="Greensboro sit-ins">Greensboro</a>, began to organize a similar sit-in protest. Class President Paul Walker, Lehman Pierce and as many as 200 other black students organized peaceful sit-ins at four businesses along one block in downtown Chattanooga.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> White youth mobs responded with agitation, inflammatory language and violence. By the third day, Mayor Rudy Olgiatti instructed the fire department to utilize water hoses on crowds becoming the first city to utilize this tactic against protesters. Three months later the city would agree to desegregate the downtown businesses.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Unlike many southern cities the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.">assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.</a> did not lead to riots in Chattanooga. Mayor Kelley and Police Commissioner Turner met with young people to defuse the situation and bought the protesters lunch. The frustrated youths voiced their complaints about racial injustice in Chattanooga, but were convinced to peacefully disperse.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> In 1971, John Franklin Sr. became the first African-American elected official of Chattanooga.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> However racial tensions related to poverty and education continued to simmer. In the same year, a cancelled concert refusing to give ticket refunds sparked a four-day riot of black youth. An all-night curfew was called and close to 2,000 National Guard troops arrived in the city, setting up a post at City Hall.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> The unrest led to 1 death and 300 arrests.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1980mural_downtown.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/1980mural_downtown.jpg/220px-1980mural_downtown.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/1980mural_downtown.jpg/220px-1980mural_downtown.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/1980mural_downtown.jpg/330px-1980mural_downtown.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/1980mural_downtown.jpg/440px-1980mural_downtown.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A downtown mural memorializing the five Black women who were injured during the 1980 Klan shooting.</figcaption></figure> On April 19, 1980, three <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a> members rode down historic 9th street and opened fire on five black women: Viola Ellison, Lela Mae Evans, Katherine O. Johnson, Opal Lee Jackson and Fannie Crumsey. All of the women survived.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> When an all-white jury acquitted the three Klan members for their crime, Chattanooga erupted into four nights of rioting.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Not deterred by the jury verdict, the five women went on to be plaintiffs in a historic civil lawsuit against the Klan. In 1982, the federal courts ordered the Klan to pay the women $535,000 on account of the attack. This case created the legal strategy for dismantling the Klan across the country in the following years.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> In 1987, the city's at-large voting process was challenged on the basis that it marginalized the voting power of Black voters.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> The issue was initially presented by <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Kom%27boa_Ervin" title="Lorenzo Kom'boa Ervin">Lorenzo Ervin</a>, Annie Thomas and Maxine Cousin to the <a href="/wiki/ACLU" class="mw-redirect" title="ACLU">ACLU</a> in <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a>. Following the case of <a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Commissioners_of_the_City_of_Chattanooga" title="Brown v. Board of Commissioners of the City of Chattanooga">Brown v. Board of Commissioners of Chattanooga</a>, the city terminated the at-large voting system.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Chattanooga,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 21st century" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Downtown_chattanooga.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Downtown_chattanooga.JPG/220px-Downtown_chattanooga.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Downtown_chattanooga.JPG/220px-Downtown_chattanooga.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Downtown_chattanooga.JPG/330px-Downtown_chattanooga.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Downtown_chattanooga.JPG/440px-Downtown_chattanooga.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Downtown Chattanooga, viewed from <a href="/wiki/Lookout_Mountain" title="Lookout Mountain">Lookout Mountain</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Typeface_sample_Chatype.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Typeface_sample_Chatype.png/220px-Typeface_sample_Chatype.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1040"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 286px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Typeface_sample_Chatype.png/220px-Typeface_sample_Chatype.png" data-width="220" data-height="286" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Typeface_sample_Chatype.png/330px-Typeface_sample_Chatype.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Typeface_sample_Chatype.png/440px-Typeface_sample_Chatype.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Chatype, the typeface used by Chattanooga</figcaption></figure> Since the beginning of the 21st century, the city of Chattanooga has grown, attracting people from out of state and even out of the country.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Chattanooga launched the first one-gigabit-per-second Internet service in the United States in September 2010, provided through the city-owned utility <a href="/wiki/EPB" title="EPB">EPB</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> In August 2012, Chattanooga developed its own <a href="/wiki/Typeface" title="Typeface">typeface</a>, called Chatype, which marks the first time a municipality has its own typeface in the United States and the first <a href="/wiki/Crowd-funded" class="mw-redirect" title="Crowd-funded">crowd-funded</a>, custom-made typeface in the world.<a href="#cite_note-Chatype_bursts_on_the_scene_in_Chattanooga-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chattanooga_from_A_to_Z-47">[47]</a> On July 16, 2015, five people — four U.S. Marines and one sailor — were murdered and two more were wounded in <a href="/wiki/2015_Chattanooga_shootings" title="2015 Chattanooga shootings">shootings at two U.S. military facilities in Chattanooga</a>. The perpetrator was Muhammad Youssef Abdulazeez, an <a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> On November 21, 2016, a school bus carrying students from Woodmore Elementary School <a href="/wiki/2016_Chattanooga_school_bus_crash" title="2016 Chattanooga school bus crash">crashed in the Brainerd neighborhood</a>, killing 6 and injuring 23.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> In March 2018, the driver, an employee of <a href="/wiki/Durham_School_Services" title="Durham School Services">Durham School Services</a>, was convicted of six counts of criminally negligent homicide, 11 counts of reckless aggravated assault, seven counts of assault, reckless endangerment, reckless driving and illegally using his phone while driving.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> The crash reignited the debate about whether <a href="/wiki/Seat_belt" title="Seat belt">seat belts</a> should be required in school buses.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> On June 5, 2022, there was a <a href="/wiki/Mass_shooting" title="Mass shooting">mass shooting</a> in Chattanooga that left three dead and injured 11.<a href="#cite_note-Three_people_dead,_14_shot_outside_nightclub_in_Chattanooga,_Tennessee-52">[52]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Chattanooga,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Geography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> According to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>, the city has a total area of 144.6 square miles (374.4 km2), of which 137.1 square miles (355.2 km2) are land and 7.4 square miles (19.2 km2), or 5.12%, are water.<a href="#cite_note-Census_2010-53">[53]</a> The most prominent natural features in and around Chattanooga are the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_River" title="Tennessee River">Tennessee River</a> and the surrounding mountains. The Tennessee River is impounded by the <a href="/wiki/Chickamauga_Dam" title="Chickamauga Dam">Chickamauga Dam</a> north of the downtown area. The city is nestled between the southwestern <a href="/wiki/Ridge-and-valley_Appalachians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ridge-and-valley Appalachians">Ridge-and-valley Appalachians</a> and the foot of <a href="/wiki/Walden%27s_Ridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Walden's Ridge">Walden's Ridge</a>; the river separates the ridge from the western side of downtown. Several miles east, the city is bisected by <a href="/wiki/Missionary_Ridge" title="Missionary Ridge">Missionary Ridge</a>. The downtown area sits at an elevation of approximately 676 feet (206 m), one of the lowest elevations in <a href="/wiki/East_Tennessee" title="East Tennessee">East Tennessee</a>.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cityscape">Cityscape</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Chattanooga,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Cityscape" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1208px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Chattanooga_Skyline.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Downtown Chattanooga"><noscript><img alt="Chattanooga from Nikki's Drive Inn Restaurant" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Chattanooga_Skyline.JPG/1200px-Chattanooga_Skyline.JPG" decoding="async" width="1200" height="412" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="1473"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 1200px;height: 412px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Chattanooga_Skyline.JPG/1200px-Chattanooga_Skyline.JPG" data-alt="Chattanooga from Nikki's Drive Inn Restaurant" data-width="1200" data-height="412" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Chattanooga_Skyline.JPG/1800px-Chattanooga_Skyline.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Chattanooga_Skyline.JPG/2400px-Chattanooga_Skyline.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Chattanooga_Skyline.JPG" title="File:Chattanooga Skyline.JPG"> </a></div>Downtown Chattanooga</div></div></div> Downtown Chattanooga has a wide variety of entertainment, dining, cultural and architectural attractions, including the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Aquarium" title="Tennessee Aquarium">Tennessee Aquarium</a>, opened in 1992; the <a href="/wiki/Creative_Discovery_Museum" title="Creative Discovery Museum">Creative Discovery Museum</a>, opened in 1995; and the historic <a href="/wiki/Walnut_Street_Bridge_(Chattanooga)" title="Walnut Street Bridge (Chattanooga)">Walnut Street Bridge</a>, reopened in 1993. The downtown footprint is bounded by interstate highway I-24 on the south to Frazier Avenue in the Northshore, as well as US highway 27 in the west to Central Avenue in the east.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> The modern downtown skyline is dominated by the Aquarium, the Republic Centre<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> (tallest building in Chattanooga<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Wikipedia_and_sources_that_mirror_or_use_it" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">circular reference</a>]), <a href="/wiki/John_C._Portman_Jr." title="John C. Portman Jr.">John C. Portman Jr.</a>'s the Westin (Gold Building),<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> the James Building (Chattanooga's first skyscraper),<a href="#cite_note-urbanstoryventures.com-59">[59]</a> and The Block,<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> a climbing gym with 5,000 square feet of functional climbing space. Chattanooga has buildings with historical significance, such as <a href="/wiki/The_Read_House_Hotel,_Chattanooga,_TN" class="mw-redirect" title="The Read House Hotel, Chattanooga, TN">The Read House Hotel</a> (the longest continuously operating hotel in the <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeastern United States</a>),<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_Choo-Choo_Hotel" title="Chattanooga Choo-Choo Hotel">Chattanooga Choo-Choo Hotel</a> (a converted railroad terminal), the Maclellan Building,<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> the Dome Building<a href="#cite_note-urbanstoryventures.com-59">[59]</a> (once the home to the Chattanooga Times), and the <a href="/wiki/Tivoli_Theatre_(Chattanooga,_Tennessee)" title="Tivoli Theatre (Chattanooga, Tennessee)">Tivoli Theatre</a>. The <a href="/wiki/BlueCross_BlueShield_of_Tennessee" title="BlueCross BlueShield of Tennessee">BlueCross BlueShield of Tennessee</a> headquarters,<a href="#cite_note-bcbst.com-63">[63]</a> atop Cameron Hill,<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> is the second-largest LEED Gold-certified corporate campus in the nation.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Downtown Chattanooga has four main bridges over the Tennessee River: the Walnut Street Bridge, the <a href="/wiki/Market_Street_Bridge_(Chattanooga)" title="Market Street Bridge (Chattanooga)">Market Street Bridge</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Olgiati_Bridge" title="Olgiati Bridge">Olgiati Bridge</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Veterans_Memorial_Bridge_(Chattanooga)" title="Veterans Memorial Bridge (Chattanooga)">Veterans Memorial Bridge</a>. These bridges allow pedestrians to connect the Riverfront and Northshore to the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Riverwalk" title="Tennessee Riverwalk">Tennessee Riverwalk</a> and Bluff View Art District. Downtown Chattanooga parks include <a href="/wiki/Coolidge_Park" title="Coolidge Park">Coolidge Park</a>, Renaissance Park, Miller Park, Miller Plaza and Main Terrain Art Park. The Martin Luther King District runs parallel to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tennessee_at_Chattanooga" title="University of Tennessee at Chattanooga">University of Tennessee at Chattanooga</a>'s campus and features the largest mural in Chattanooga.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> The 40,000-square-foot mural was created by Philadelphia-based muralist <a href="/wiki/Meg_Saligman" title="Meg Saligman">Meg Saligman</a> and seven other local artists.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Downtown_revitalization">Downtown revitalization</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Chattanooga,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Downtown revitalization" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In late 20th and early 21st centuries, substantial private and governmental resources have been invested in transforming the city's tarnished image. In 1993, restoration of the Walnut Street Bridge was completed. An excellent specimen of the <a href="/wiki/Truss_bridge" title="Truss bridge">Camelback truss bridge</a>, it is the oldest surviving bridge of its kind in the Southeastern United States, having been built in 1891. Efforts to improve the city include the "21st Century Waterfront Plan" – a $120 million redevelopment of the Chattanooga waterfront area, which was completed in 2005. The Tennessee Aquarium, which opened in 1992, has become a major waterfront attraction that has helped to spur neighborhood development.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Since the opening of the aquarium, downtown Chattanooga has received over $5 billion of private investment,<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> including nearly $1 billion from 2014 to 2018.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> The city has won three national awards for outstanding "livability", and nine Gunther Blue Ribbon Awards for excellence in housing and consolidated planning.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Public art experts chose Passageways 2.0 City Thread from among 50 outstanding public art projects created in 2018 through the Public Art Network Year in Review program, a national program that recognizes compelling public art.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> In addition to winning various national and regional awards, Chattanooga has been in the national limelight numerous times. Chattanooga was the profile city of the August 2007 edition of US Airways Magazine.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Chattanooga-based businesses have been recognized for their investment in solar energy.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> In December 2009, Chattanooga was ranked 8th out of America's 100 largest metro areas for the best "Bang For Your Buck" city, according to <a href="/wiki/Forbes_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Forbes magazine">Forbes magazine</a>, which measured overall affordability, housing rates, and more.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neighborhoods">Neighborhoods</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Chattanooga,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Neighborhoods" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Chattanooga has many buildings and three neighborhoods on the <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Hamilton_County,_Tennessee" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Hamilton County, Tennessee">National Register of Historic Places</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ferger_Place" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferger Place">Ferger Place</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Wood_Historic_District" title="Fort Wood Historic District">Fort Wood</a>, and <a href="/wiki/St._Elmo_Historic_District_(Chattanooga,_Tennessee)" title="St. Elmo Historic District (Chattanooga, Tennessee)">St. Elmo</a>. Additionally, Chattanooga has several local historic districts: Battery Place, Glenwood, Missionary Ridge, M.L. King, and <a href="/wiki/Stringer%27s_Ridge" title="Stringer's Ridge">Stringer's Ridge</a>. Four of these are formally managed as local historic districts by the city.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Brainerd,_Tennessee" title="East Brainerd, Tennessee">East Brainerd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferger_Place" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferger Place">Ferger Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Wood_Historic_District" title="Fort Wood Historic District">Fort Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_Park,_Chattanooga" title="Highland Park, Chattanooga">Highland Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lupton_City,_Chattanooga" title="Lupton City, Chattanooga">Lupton City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary_Ridge" title="Missionary Ridge">Missionary Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Elmo_Historic_District_(Chattanooga,_Tennessee)" title="St. Elmo Historic District (Chattanooga, Tennessee)">St. Elmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiftonia,_Tennessee" title="Tiftonia, Tennessee">Lookout Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyner,_Tennessee" title="Tyner, Tennessee">Tyner</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_suburbs">Notable suburbs</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Chattanooga,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notable suburbs" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apison,_Tennessee" title="Apison, Tennessee">Apison, Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chickamauga,_Georgia" title="Chickamauga, Georgia">Chickamauga, Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegedale,_Tennessee" title="Collegedale, Tennessee">Collegedale, Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Brainerd,_Tennessee" title="East Brainerd, Tennessee">East Brainerd, Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Ridge,_Tennessee" title="East Ridge, Tennessee">East Ridge, Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Oglethorpe,_Georgia" title="Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia">Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison,_Tennessee" title="Harrison, Tennessee">Harrison, Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hixson,_Tennessee" title="Hixson, Tennessee">Hixson, Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LaFayette,_Georgia" title="LaFayette, Georgia">LaFayette, Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lookout_Mountain,_Georgia" title="Lookout Mountain, Georgia">Lookout Mountain, Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lookout_Mountain,_Tennessee" title="Lookout Mountain, Tennessee">Lookout Mountain, Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ooltewah,_Tennessee" title="Ooltewah, Tennessee">Ooltewah, Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Bank,_Tennessee" title="Red Bank, Tennessee">Red Bank, Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridgeside,_Tennessee" title="Ridgeside, Tennessee">Ridgeside, Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringgold,_Georgia" title="Ringgold, Georgia">Ringgold, Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rossville,_Georgia" title="Rossville, Georgia">Rossville, Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sale_Creek,_Tennessee" title="Sale Creek, Tennessee">Sale Creek, Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_Mountain,_Tennessee" title="Signal Mountain, Tennessee">Signal Mountain, Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soddy-Daisy,_Tennessee" title="Soddy-Daisy, Tennessee">Soddy-Daisy, Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trenton,_Georgia" title="Trenton, Georgia">Trenton, Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walden,_Tennessee" title="Walden, Tennessee">Walden, Tennessee</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Chattanooga,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Climate" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Chattanooga, like much of Tennessee, has a four-season <a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">humid subtropical climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a> Cfa). Winter days are usually mild, but most years have at least one day (average 3.2) where the high remains at or below freezing. Snowfall is highly variable from year to year. 11 inches (28 cm) were recorded between January 9–10, 2011.<a href="#cite_note-NCDC-77">[77]</a> The average snowiest month is February which corresponds with the annual peak in <a href="/wiki/Nor%27easter" title="Nor'easter">nor'easter</a> activity. Summers are hot and humid, with a July daily mean of 80.0 °F (26.7 °C) and 52 days annually with 90 °F (32 °C) or greater temperatures.<a href="#cite_note-NOAA-78">[78]</a> Chattanooga is the sixth fastest warming city in the United States due to <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Average annual precipitation is over 52 inches (1,300 mm). On average, November through March represents an extended relatively wet period, because of Chattanooga's frequent placement (in the winter season) in a zone of conflict between warm, moist air from the Gulf of Mexico and cold, dry air from Canada, amplified by jet-stream energy and abundant Gulf moisture. July presents a secondary maximum in precipitation, due to frequent thunderstorm activity. Despite the mountains that surround the city, Chattanooga has been affected by tornadoes.<a href="#cite_note-Weather_extremes_for_Chattanooga-80">[80]</a> These tornadoes include the <a href="/wiki/2011_Super_Outbreak" title="2011 Super Outbreak">2011 Super Outbreak</a>, which impacted the city and nearby locations, including <a href="/wiki/Apison,_Tennessee" title="Apison, Tennessee">Apison</a> and Cherokee Valley in <a href="/wiki/Catoosa_County,_Georgia" title="Catoosa County, Georgia">Catoosa County, Georgia</a>, where fifteen people died, eight in Apison and seven in Cherokee Valley.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-Funerals_for_Apison_tornado_victims-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-Memorial_unveiled_for_victims_of_April_27th_tornadoes-83">[83]</a> An <a href="/wiki/2020_Easter_tornado_outbreak#Fort_Oglethorpe,_Georgia/Chattanooga%E2%80%93Ooltewah,_Tennessee" title="2020 Easter tornado outbreak">EF3 tornado</a> struck southeastern portions of Chattanooga on the night of April 12, 2020, and caused significant damage and three fatalities.<a href="#cite_note-wapoupdates-84">[84]</a> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for <a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_Metropolitan_Airport" title="Chattanooga Metropolitan Airport">Chattanooga Metropolitan Airport</a>, Tennessee (1991–2020 normals,<a href="#cite_note-85">[a]</a> extremes 1879–present<a href="#cite_note-87">[b]</a>) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">78 (26) </td> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">82 (28) </td> <td style="background: #FF4100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">89 (32) </td> <td style="background: #FF3300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">93 (34) </td> <td style="background: #FF1F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">99 (37) </td> <td style="background: #F80000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">107 (42) </td> <td style="background: #F80000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">107 (42) </td> <td style="background: #FF0300; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">105 (41) </td> <td style="background: #FF0A00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">104 (40) </td> <td style="background: #FF1800; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">100 (38) </td> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">86 (30) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">78 (26) </td> <td style="background: #F80000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">107 (42) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean maximum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #FF9123; color:#000000;" class="notheme">68.8 (20.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF8002; color:#000000;" class="notheme">73.0 (22.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80.6 (27.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">86.0 (30.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF3E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">90.5 (32.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF2C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">95.2 (35.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF2400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">97.1 (36.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF2700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">96.4 (35.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF3200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">93.5 (34.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">85.8 (29.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">76.8 (24.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF8F1F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">69.3 (20.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF2000; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">98.3 (36.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #FFD4AA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51.0 (10.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFC388; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55.6 (13.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFA347; color:#000000;" class="notheme">64.1 (17.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">73.6 (23.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">81.0 (27.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF4900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">87.6 (30.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF3E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">90.5 (32.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF4000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">89.8 (32.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF5500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">84.3 (29.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">74.1 (23.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA56; color:#000000;" class="notheme">62.0 (16.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFCC9A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53.2 (11.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF8409; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">72.2 (22.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #FFF8F2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">41.7 (5.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFE9D4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">45.6 (7.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFCC9A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53.2 (11.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFAC59; color:#000000;" class="notheme">61.7 (16.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF8C1A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">70.0 (21.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">77.4 (25.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80.7 (27.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80.0 (26.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">73.9 (23.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFA851; color:#000000;" class="notheme">62.7 (17.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFD4A9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51.2 (10.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFEFDF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">44.3 (6.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFAB58; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">61.9 (16.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.4 (0.2) </td> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.6 (2.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFF6EE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">42.2 (5.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49.9 (9.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFB66E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">59.0 (15.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF962E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">67.3 (19.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF8811; color:#000000;" class="notheme">71.0 (21.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF8B18; color:#000000;" class="notheme">70.2 (21.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFA44A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63.6 (17.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFD3A8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51.4 (10.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFFEFD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">40.3 (4.6) </td> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.3 (1.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFD3A8; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">51.5 (10.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean minimum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #B3B3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.9 (−9.5) </td> <td style="background: #C1C1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.6 (−6.9) </td> <td style="background: #D3D3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.5 (−3.6) </td> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.3 (1.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFEFE0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">44.1 (6.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFBE7E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">56.9 (13.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFA64D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63.4 (17.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFAB58; color:#000000;" class="notheme">61.9 (16.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFD7B0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">50.3 (10.2) </td> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.1 (1.7) </td> <td style="background: #D4D4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.9 (−3.4) </td> <td style="background: #C5C5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.8 (−6.2) </td> <td style="background: #ADADFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">12.9 (−10.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #6A6AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−10 (−23) </td> <td style="background: #6A6AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−10 (−23) </td> <td style="background: #8A8AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2 (−17) </td> <td style="background: #D1D1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25 (−4) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34 (1) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">39 (4) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51 (11) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">50 (10) </td> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36 (2) </td> <td style="background: #C6C6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22 (−6) </td> <td style="background: #9090FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 (−16) </td> <td style="background: #8080FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2 (−19) </td> <td style="background: #6A6AFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−10 (−23) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> inches (mm) </th> <td style="background: #40FF40; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.02 (128) </td> <td style="background: #2DFF2D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.03 (128) </td> <td style="background: #34FF34; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.34 (136) </td> <td style="background: #40FF40; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.87 (124) </td> <td style="background: #69FF69; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.94 (100) </td> <td style="background: #5BFF5B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.18 (106) </td> <td style="background: #3EFF3E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.08 (129) </td> <td style="background: #74FF74; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.67 (93) </td> <td style="background: #5AFF5A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.23 (107) </td> <td style="background: #77FF77; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.59 (91) </td> <td style="background: #43FF43; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.80 (122) </td> <td style="background: #38FF38; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.25 (133) </td> <td style="background: #4EFF4E; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">55.00 (1,397) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowfall inches (cm) </th> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.0 (2.5) </td> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.2 (3.0) </td> <td style="background: #D5D5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.1 (2.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.3 (0.76) </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">3.6 (9.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) </th> <td style="background: #7C7CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.6 </td> <td style="background: #6868FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.1 </td> <td style="background: #7272FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.4 </td> <td style="background: #7E7EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.1 </td> <td style="background: #7C7CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.6 </td> <td style="background: #6D6DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.4 </td> <td style="background: #6C6CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.9 </td> <td style="background: #8B8BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.4 </td> <td style="background: #9A9AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.9 </td> <td style="background: #9D9DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.9 </td> <td style="background: #8A8AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.1 </td> <td style="background: #7373FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.3 </td> <td style="background: #7E7EFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">122.7 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) </th> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.7 </td> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.1 </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.3 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.3 </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2.4 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000ED; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">71.2 </td> <td style="background: #0000F9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">68.2 </td> <td style="background: #0202FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">65.9 </td> <td style="background: #0A0AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">63.8 </td> <td style="background: #0000EC; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">71.5 </td> <td style="background: #0000E6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">73.1 </td> <td style="background: #0000DF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">74.9 </td> <td style="background: #0000DB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">76.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000D7; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">77.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000E0; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">74.6 </td> <td style="background: #0000E4; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">73.5 </td> <td style="background: #0000E7; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">72.9 </td> <td style="background: #0000EA; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">71.9 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #C2C215; color:#000000;" class="notheme">147.0 </td> <td style="background: #CDCD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">155.6 </td> <td style="background: #D7D700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">200.5 </td> <td style="background: #E2E200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">240.2 </td> <td style="background: #E8E800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">275.6 </td> <td style="background: #EBEB03; color:#000000;" class="notheme">275.5 </td> <td style="background: #E6E600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">265.2 </td> <td style="background: #E4E400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">256.8 </td> <td style="background: #DFDF00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">227.9 </td> <td style="background: #DBDB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">218.8 </td> <td style="background: #CACA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">158.7 </td> <td style="background: #BFBF28; color:#000000;" class="notheme">140.4 </td> <td style="background: #DBDB00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,562.2 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Percent <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">possible sunshine</a> </th> <td style="background: #F9F926; color:#000000;" class="notheme">47 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF43; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF5F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">61 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF6C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">64 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF68; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF5B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">60 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF63; color:#000000;" class="notheme">62 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF5F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">61 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF68; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51 </td> <td style="background: #F8F822; color:#000000;" class="notheme">46 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF53; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">58 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: <a href="/wiki/NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">NOAA</a> (relative humidity and sun 1961–1990)<a href="#cite_note-NOAA-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Time_zone">Time zone</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Chattanooga,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Time zone" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Chattanooga uses the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone" title="Eastern Time Zone">Eastern Time Zone</a>. Counties directly to its west (in both Tennessee and Alabama) use the <a href="/wiki/Central_Time_Zone" title="Central Time Zone">Central Time Zone</a>. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Chattanooga,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Demographics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224496135">.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop{border-spacing:1px;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:0.3em;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop caption{background-color:lavender;color:black;padding-right:0.2em;padding-left:0.2em;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-bottom:none}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop th[scope=col]{border-bottom:1px solid black}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td:nth-child(2){text-align:right;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td.us-census-pop-estimate{padding-left:0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td:nth-child(3){padding-left:0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td:nth-child(4){padding-left:0.5em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-footnote{border-top:1px solid black;font-size:85%;text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-right{float:right;clear:right;margin:0 0 1em 1em}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-none{float:none;margin:0 1em 1em 0}}</style> <table class="us-census-pop us-census-pop-right"> <caption>Historical population</caption> <tbody><tr><th scope="col">Census</th><th scope="col"><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr></th><th scope="col"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1152813436">.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;white-space:nowrap}</style>Note</th><th scope="col"><abbr title="Percent change">%±</abbr></th></tr> <tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1870_United_States_census" title="1870 United States census">1870</a></th><td>6,093</td><td></td><td>—</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_census" title="1880 United States census">1880</a></th><td>12,892</td><td></td><td>111.6%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1890_United_States_census" title="1890 United States census">1890</a></th><td>29,100</td><td></td><td>125.7%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1900_United_States_census" title="1900 United States census">1900</a></th><td>30,154</td><td></td><td>3.6%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1910_United_States_census" title="1910 United States census">1910</a></th><td>44,604</td><td></td><td>47.9%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_census" title="1920 United States census">1920</a></th><td>57,895</td><td></td><td>29.8%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1930_United_States_census" title="1930 United States census">1930</a></th><td>119,798</td><td></td><td>106.9%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_census" title="1940 United States census">1940</a></th><td>128,613</td><td></td><td>7.4%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1950_United_States_census" title="1950 United States census">1950</a></th><td>131,041</td><td></td><td>1.9%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_census" title="1960 United States census">1960</a></th><td>130,009</td><td></td><td>−0.8%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1970_United_States_census" title="1970 United States census">1970</a></th><td>119,923</td><td></td><td>−7.8%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_census" title="1980 United States census">1980</a></th><td>169,514</td><td></td><td>41.4%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1990_United_States_census" title="1990 United States census">1990</a></th><td>152,466</td><td></td><td>−10.1%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_census" title="2000 United States census">2000</a></th><td>155,554</td><td></td><td>2.0%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_census" title="2010 United States census">2010</a></th><td>167,674</td><td></td><td>7.8%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020</a></th><td>181,099</td><td></td><td>8.0%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">2023 (est.)</th><td class="us-census-pop-estimate">187,030</td><td><a href="#cite_note-USCensusEst2023-90">[88]</a></td><td>3.3%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" class="us-census-pop-footnote">Sources:<a href="#cite_note-GR9-91">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-QuickFacts-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-USCensusDecennial2020CenPopScriptOnly-6">[6]</a></td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsed collapsible" style="font-size: 90%;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Historical racial composition</th> <th>1970<a href="#cite_note-historicaldemographics-92">[90]</a></th> <th>1990<a href="#cite_note-historicaldemographics-92">[90]</a></th> <th>2000<a href="#cite_note-censussite-93">[91]</a></th> <th>2010<a href="#cite_note-censussite-93">[91]</a></th> <th>2019 est.<a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">White</a></td> <td>64.0%</td> <td>65.0%</td> <td>60.0%</td> <td>58.0%</td> <td>62.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">Black</a></td> <td>35.8%</td> <td>33.7%</td> <td>35.8%</td> <td>34.9%</td> <td>31.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian</a></td> <td>0.1%</td> <td>1.0%</td> <td>1.6%</td> <td>2.0%</td> <td>2.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native</a></td> <td>0.1%</td> <td>0.2%</td> <td>0.3%</td> <td>0.4%</td> <td>0.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Native_Hawaiian" class="mw-redirect" title="Native Hawaiian">Native Hawaiian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander" title="Pacific Islander">other Pacific Islander</a></td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>0.1%</td> <td>0.1%</td> <td>0.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States Census">Other race</a></td> <td>0.1%</td> <td>0.2%</td> <td>1.0%</td> <td>2.8%</td> <td>1.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_Americans" title="Multiracial Americans">Two or more races</a></td> <td>-</td> <td>–</td> <td>1.3%</td> <td>1.9%</td> <td>2.4% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2020_census">2020 census</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Chattanooga,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 2020 census" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Chattanooga city, Tennessee – Racial and ethnic composition <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race. </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Race / Ethnicity (NH = Non-Hispanic) </th> <th>Pop 2000<a href="#cite_note-2000CensusP004-95">[93]</a> </th> <th>Pop 2010<a href="#cite_note-2010CensusP2-96">[94]</a> </th> <th style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Pop 2020<a href="#cite_note-2020CensusP2-97">[95]</a> </th> <th>% 2000 </th> <th>% 2010 </th> <th style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">% 2020 </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_or_Latino_whites" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Hispanic or Latino whites">White</a> alone (NH) </td> <td>91,582 </td> <td>93,698 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">98,977 </td> <td>58.87% </td> <td>55.88% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">54.65% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_or_Latino_African_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Hispanic or Latino African Americans">Black or African American</a> alone (NH) </td> <td>55,874 </td> <td>58,256 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">52,384 </td> <td>35.92% </td> <td>34.74% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">28.93% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> or <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Native" class="mw-redirect" title="Alaska Native">Alaska Native</a> alone (NH) </td> <td>395 </td> <td>409 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">429 </td> <td>0.25% </td> <td>0.24% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">0.24% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian</a> alone (NH) </td> <td>2,384 </td> <td>3,273 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">4,956 </td> <td>1.53% </td> <td>1.95% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">2.74% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander_Americans" title="Pacific Islander Americans">Pacific Islander</a> alone (NH) </td> <td>83 </td> <td>79 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">60 </td> <td>0.05% </td> <td>0.05% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">0.03% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Some Other Race alone (NH) </td> <td>182 </td> <td>220 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">691 </td> <td>0.12% </td> <td>0.13% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">0.38% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_Americans" title="Multiracial Americans">Mixed race or Multiracial</a> (NH) </td> <td>1,773 </td> <td>2,514 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">7,021 </td> <td>1.14% </td> <td>1.50% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">3.88% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic or Latino</a> (any race) </td> <td>3,281 </td> <td>9,225 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">16,581 </td> <td>2.11% </td> <td>5.50% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">9.16% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total </td> <td>155,554 </td> <td>167,674 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">181,099 </td> <td>100.00% </td> <td>100.00% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">100.00% </td></tr></tbody></table> As of the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020 United States census</a>, there were 181,099 people, 79,565 households, and 41,059 families residing in the city. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2010_census">2010 census</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Chattanooga,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: 2010 census" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> As of the <a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_census" title="2010 United States census">census of 2010</a>, there were 167,674 people, 70,749 households, and 40,384 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,222.5 inhabitants per square mile (472.0/km2). There were 79,607 housing units at an average density of 588.8 units per square mile (227.3 units/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 58.0% <a href="/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="White (U.S. Census)">White</a>, 34.9% <a href="/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="African American (U.S. Census)">Black</a>, 2.0% <a href="/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian (U.S. Census)">Asian</a>, 0.4% <a href="/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American (U.S. Census)">American Indian</a>, 0.1% <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander_(U.S._Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)">Pacific Islander</a>, 2.8% from <a href="/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="Race (United States Census)">other races</a>, and 1.9% from two or more races. Persons of <a href="/wiki/Hispanics_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanics in the United States">Hispanic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="Latino (U.S. Census)">Latino</a> origin (regardless of race) constituted 5.5% of the total population. <a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_Whites" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Hispanic Whites">Non-Hispanic Whites</a> were 55.9% of the population in 2010, down from 67.3% in 1980.<a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a> There were 70,749 households, out of which 26.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 36% were married couples living together, 17.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 42% were non-families. 33.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 26% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.26 and the average family size was 2.94. In the city, the population was spread out, with 21.3% under the age of 18, 11.5% from 18 to 24, 27% from 25 to 44, 25.5% from 45 to 64, and 14.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38.1 years. 46.1% of the population was male and 53.9% of the population was female. The median income for a household in the city was $35,817, and the median income for a family was $43,314. Males had a median income of $36,109 versus $31,077 for females. The per capita income for the city was $23,756. About 14% of families and 16.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 27% of those under age 18 and 13.8% of those age 65 or over. Chattanooga's <a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_metropolitan_area" title="Chattanooga metropolitan area">Metropolitan Statistical Area</a>, which includes Hamilton, <a href="/wiki/Marion_County,_Tennessee" title="Marion County, Tennessee">Marion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sequatchie_County,_Tennessee" title="Sequatchie County, Tennessee">Sequatchie</a> counties in Tennessee and <a href="/wiki/Catoosa_County,_Georgia" title="Catoosa County, Georgia">Catoosa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dade_County,_Georgia" title="Dade County, Georgia">Dade</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Walker_County,_Georgia" title="Walker County, Georgia">Walker</a> counties in Georgia, grew from 476,531 people, as of the 2000 census, to 529,222 people, as of the 2010 census, an 11% increase during the 2000s.<a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Chattanooga,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Religion" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The single largest religious group in Chattanooga is <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>. According to 2010 statistics, the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Baptist_Convention" title="Southern Baptist Convention">Southern Baptist Convention</a> was the largest denomination with 225 congregations and 122,300 members; followed by the <a href="/wiki/United_Methodist_Church" title="United Methodist Church">United Methodist Church</a> with 31,500 members and 83 churches. The third-largest group of Christians identified as <a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">non-denominational</a> congregations; and the fourth-largest organized denomination was the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_(Cleveland,_Tennessee)" title="Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee)">Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee)</a> with 82 churches and 17,900 members. The 5th largest Christian religious group, according to <a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="2010 United States Census">2010 statistics</a>, was the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Knoxville" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Knoxville">Roman Catholic Diocese of Knoxville</a>, which had 12 congregations and 14,300 members. <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> has 2,200 adherents in Chattanooga.<a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Chattanooga,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Economy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chattanooga-millworkers-1910.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Chattanooga-millworkers-1910.jpg/220px-Chattanooga-millworkers-1910.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="451"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 155px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Chattanooga-millworkers-1910.jpg/220px-Chattanooga-millworkers-1910.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="155" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Chattanooga-millworkers-1910.jpg/330px-Chattanooga-millworkers-1910.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Chattanooga-millworkers-1910.jpg/440px-Chattanooga-millworkers-1910.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Child labor at Richmond Spinning Mill in Chattanooga, 1910. Photo by <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Hine" title="Lewis Hine">Lewis Hine</a>.</figcaption></figure> Chattanooga's economy includes a diversified and growing mix of manufacturing and service industries. Notable Chattanooga businesses include <a href="/wiki/Access_America_Transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Access America Transport">Access America Transport</a>, <a href="/wiki/BlueCross_BlueShield_of_Tennessee" title="BlueCross BlueShield of Tennessee">BlueCross BlueShield of Tennessee</a>, <a href="/wiki/CBL_%26_Associates_Properties" class="mw-redirect" title="CBL & Associates Properties">CBL & Associates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_Bakery,_inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Chattanooga Bakery, inc.">The Chattanooga Bakery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanofi" title="Sanofi">Sanofi</a>, the world's first <a href="/wiki/Coca-Cola" title="Coca-Cola">Coca-Cola</a> bottling plant, <a href="/wiki/Coker_Tire" title="Coker Tire">Coker Tire</a>, U.S. Xpress Inc., <a href="/wiki/Covenant_Logistics" title="Covenant Logistics">Covenant Logistics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Double_Cola" class="mw-redirect" title="Double Cola">Double Cola</a>, <a href="/wiki/CraftWorks_Restaurants_%26_Breweries" class="mw-redirect" title="CraftWorks Restaurants & Breweries">CraftWorks Restaurants & Breweries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luken_Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Luken Communications">Luken Communications</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miller_%26_Martin" title="Miller & Martin">Miller & Martin</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Model_Railroad_Association" title="National Model Railroad Association">National Model Railroad Association</a>, <a href="/wiki/PepsiCo" title="PepsiCo">PepsiCo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reliance_Partners" title="Reliance Partners">Reliance Partners</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_Parking_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic Parking System">Republic Parking System</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rock/Creek" title="Rock/Creek">Rock/Creek</a>, Tricycle Inc., and <a href="/wiki/Unum" title="Unum">Unum</a>. The city also hosts large branch offices of <a href="/wiki/Cigna" title="Cigna">Cigna</a>, <a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="AT&T Inc.">AT&T</a>, <a href="/wiki/T-Mobile_USA" class="mw-redirect" title="T-Mobile USA">T-Mobile USA</a>, and <a href="/wiki/UBS_AG" class="mw-redirect" title="UBS AG">UBS</a>. <a href="/wiki/McKee_Foods_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="McKee Foods Corporation">McKee Foods Corporation</a>, the maker of nationally known <a href="/wiki/Little_Debbie" class="mw-redirect" title="Little Debbie">Little Debbie</a> brand snack cakes, is a privately held, family-run company headquartered in nearby <a href="/wiki/Collegedale,_Tennessee" title="Collegedale, Tennessee">Collegedale, Tennessee</a>. Notable companies that have manufacturing or distribution facilities in the city include <a href="/wiki/Amazon.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon.com">Amazon.com</a>, <a href="/wiki/BASF" title="BASF">BASF</a>, <a href="/wiki/DuPont" title="DuPont">DuPont</a>, <a href="/wiki/Invista" title="Invista">Invista</a>, <a href="/wiki/Komatsu_Limited" title="Komatsu Limited">Komatsu</a>, <a href="/wiki/PepsiCo" title="PepsiCo">PepsiCo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rock-Tenn" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock-Tenn">Rock-Tenn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plantronics" title="Plantronics">Plantronics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Domtar" title="Domtar">Domtar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Southern" class="mw-redirect" title="Norfolk Southern">Norfolk Southern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferrara_Candy_Company" title="Ferrara Candy Company">Ferrara Candy Company</a> (manufacturer of <a href="/wiki/Brach%27s" title="Brach's">Brach's candies</a>), <a href="/wiki/Akzo_Nobel" class="mw-redirect" title="Akzo Nobel">Alco Chemical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Pipeline" title="Colonial Pipeline">Colonial Pipeline</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Buzzi_Unicem" title="Buzzi Unicem">Buzzi Unicem</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a> The <a href="/wiki/William_Wrigley_Jr._Company" class="mw-redirect" title="William Wrigley Jr. Company">William Wrigley Jr. Company</a> has a prominent presence in Chattanooga, the sole site of production of <a href="/wiki/Altoids" title="Altoids">Altoids</a> breath mint products since 2005.<a href="#cite_note-Wrigley's_Chattanooga_Plant-103">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-Altoids_moves_to_Chattanooga-104">[102]</a> In a seminal event for Chattanooga, <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen" title="Volkswagen">Volkswagen</a> announced in July 2008 the construction of its first U.S. auto plant in over three decades, the <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Chattanooga_Assembly_Plant" title="Volkswagen Chattanooga Assembly Plant">Volkswagen Chattanooga Assembly Plant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a> In May 2011, <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Group_of_America" title="Volkswagen Group of America">Volkswagen Group of America</a> inaugurated its plant.<a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a> The $1 billion plant, opened in May 2011, served as the group's North American manufacturing headquarters. The plant, which initially employed 2,700 people, later increasing to 4,700, manufactures the <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Passat_NMS" class="mw-redirect" title="Volkswagen Passat NMS">Passat</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Atlas" title="Volkswagen Atlas">Atlas</a>. It also has a full <a href="/wiki/Research_and_development" title="Research and development">research and development</a> center in downtown Chattanooga, employing some 200 engineers, the first of its kind in the South.<a href="#cite_note-VW_ushers_in_new_era_in_U.S.-107">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a> The plant was the first new <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen" title="Volkswagen">Volkswagen</a> plant in the United States since the 1988 closure of <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Westmoreland_Assembly" title="Volkswagen Westmoreland Assembly">Volkswagen Westmoreland Assembly</a> near <a href="/wiki/New_Stanton,_Pennsylvania" title="New Stanton, Pennsylvania">New Stanton, Pennsylvania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a> In 2019, Volkswagen Chattanooga announced plans to expand its Chattanooga-based plant to construct <a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle" title="Electric vehicle">electric vehicles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a> The expansion is expected to create one thousand new jobs and $800 million in investments.<a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a> In addition to corporate business interests, there are many retail shops in Chattanooga, including two shopping malls: <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Place_Mall" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamilton Place Mall">Hamilton Place Mall</a> in <a href="/wiki/East_Brainerd" class="mw-redirect" title="East Brainerd">East Brainerd</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northgate_Mall_(Hixson)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northgate Mall (Hixson)">Northgate Mall</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hixson,_Tennessee" title="Hixson, Tennessee">Hixson</a>. <a href="/wiki/Eastgate_Mall_(Chattanooga)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastgate Mall (Chattanooga)">Eastgate Mall</a> in Brainerd used to be a shopping mall, but has changed into a multi-use office building. Tourism and Hospitality has been a growing part of Chattanooga's economy, with 2014 being the first year for Hamilton County to surpass $1 billion in revenue. Startups have been an increasing trend, due in part to <a href="/wiki/EPB" title="EPB">EPB</a>'s fiber optic grid. Notable venture firms based in the city are Blank Slate Ventures, Chattanooga Renaissance Fund, Lamp Post Group, SwiftWing Ventures, the Jump Fund, Dynamo Ventures, and Brickyard VC. The city is served by several incubators, notably Co.Lab, the Business Development Center, and Lamp Post Group. The Business Development Center is among the nation's largest incubators, both in square footage and in the number of startups that it supports.<a href="#cite_note-Greater_Chattanooga's_business_incubators-113">[111]</a> Co-working spaces have picked up downtown, including Society of Work and Chattanooga Workspace. Unique in the city is the startup accelerator Gigtank, which utilizes the city's gigabit capacities and focuses on 3D printing, healthcare, and smartgrid technologies. Notable startups include Quickcue (acquired by <a href="/wiki/OpenTable" title="OpenTable">OpenTable</a> in 2013), and <a href="/wiki/Reliance_Partners" title="Reliance Partners">Reliance Partners</a>. Chattanooga went from zero investable capital in 2009 to over $50 million in 2014.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Utilities">Utilities</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Chattanooga,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Utilities" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USACE_Chickamauga_Lock_and_Dam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/USACE_Chickamauga_Lock_and_Dam.jpg/220px-USACE_Chickamauga_Lock_and_Dam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1001"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/USACE_Chickamauga_Lock_and_Dam.jpg/220px-USACE_Chickamauga_Lock_and_Dam.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/USACE_Chickamauga_Lock_and_Dam.jpg/330px-USACE_Chickamauga_Lock_and_Dam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/USACE_Chickamauga_Lock_and_Dam.jpg/440px-USACE_Chickamauga_Lock_and_Dam.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chickamauga_Dam" title="Chickamauga Dam">Chickamauga Lock and Dam</a> on the Tennessee River at Chattanooga</figcaption></figure> Electric power for most of the city and surrounding area is provided by the city-run <a href="/wiki/EPB" title="EPB">Electric Power Board</a> (EPB). EPB also provides high-speed Internet service, TV, and telephone service to business and residential customers throughout Hamilton County, as well as parts of <a href="/wiki/Bledsoe_County,_Tennessee" title="Bledsoe County, Tennessee">Bledsoe County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bradley_County,_Tennessee" title="Bradley County, Tennessee">Bradley County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catoosa_County,_Georgia" title="Catoosa County, Georgia">Catoosa County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dade_County,_Georgia" title="Dade County, Georgia">Dade County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marion_County,_Tennessee" title="Marion County, Tennessee">Marion County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhea_County,_Tennessee" title="Rhea County, Tennessee">Rhea County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sequatchie_County,_Tennessee" title="Sequatchie County, Tennessee">Sequatchie County</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Walker_County,_Georgia" title="Walker County, Georgia">Walker County</a>, via the nation's largest municipally owned fiber optic system.<a href="#cite_note-114">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[113]</a> TVA operates the nearby <a href="/wiki/Sequoyah_Nuclear_Power_Plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Sequoyah Nuclear Power Plant">Sequoyah Nuclear Power Plant</a>, Chickamauga Dam, and the <a href="/wiki/Raccoon_Mountain_Pumped-Storage_Plant" title="Raccoon Mountain Pumped-Storage Plant">Raccoon Mountain Pumped-Storage Plant</a>, all of which provide electricity to the greater Chattanooga area. TVA's corporate power generation and distribution organization is headquartered in downtown Chattanooga. Natural gas and water are provided by the privately run <a href="/wiki/AGL_Resources" class="mw-redirect" title="AGL Resources">Chattanooga Gas Company</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_Water_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Water (company)">Tennessee-American Water Company</a>, respectively. In 2005, Mayor <a href="/wiki/Ron_Littlefield" title="Ron Littlefield">Ron Littlefield</a> stated his desire for the city to purchase the Tennessee-American Water Company, which was sold in a public offering in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-116">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[115]</a> Former Mayor Jon Kinsey's attempts to have the city buy control of Tennessee-American Water were defeated in court. <a href="/wiki/EPB" title="EPB">EPB Fiber Optics</a> is the dominant <a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">cable</a> and internet service provider for most areas of the city.<a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Incumbent_local_exchange_carrier" title="Incumbent local exchange carrier">incumbent telephone company</a> is <a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="AT&T Inc.">AT&T Inc.</a> However, <a href="/wiki/Competitive_local_exchange_carrier" title="Competitive local exchange carrier">competing phone companies</a>, such as EPB, cellular phones, and <a href="/wiki/VoIP" class="mw-redirect" title="VoIP">VoIP</a> are making inroads. A major interstate <a href="/wiki/Fiber_optics" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiber optics">fiber optics</a> line operated by AT&T traverses the city, making its way from Atlanta to <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati</a>. There are more choices among TV, Internet, and phone service providers for Chattanooga residents than in most other cities its size because of the intense competition between AT&T, Comcast, and EPB.<a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="EPB's_gigabit_public_fiber_optic_network">EPB's gigabit public fiber optic network</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Chattanooga,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: EPB's gigabit public fiber optic network" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Beginning in 2009 and continuing through March 2011, when <a href="/wiki/Haletown,_Tennessee" title="Haletown, Tennessee">Haletown, Tennessee</a>, received service from EPB's fiber optic network, EPB began to establish its exclusive fiber optic network to its 600 sq mi (1,600 km2) service area, which covers the greater Chattanooga <a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_metropolitan_area" title="Chattanooga metropolitan area">Metropolitan Statistical Area</a>.<a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a> In September 2010, EPB became the first municipally-owned utilities company in the United States to offer internet access directly to the public at speeds up to ten gigabit (10,000 megabits) per second.<a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[120]</a> The network has been emulated by at least six other cities in Tennessee and studied by other cities in the U.S. and internationally.<a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a> However, Tennessee state law has prevented the expansion of Chattanooga's municipal network to nearby communities that have requested connections, and that restriction was upheld in the 2016 circuit court ruling <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_v._FCC" title="Tennessee v. FCC">Tennessee v. FCC</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-125">[123]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jay_Weatherill" title="Jay Weatherill">Jay Weatherill</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a>'s Premier, visited Chattanooga in January 2012 and studied the gigabit network that was supporting critical city safety functions such as police and fire communications infrastructure, equipment and applications. He also inspected wastewater management, storm water management, traffic control and medical diagnostics applications, as well as operations of a smart lighting and camera system that allows the police to control public lighting and see what is happening in heavy crime areas. The use of broadband to carry the video and control signaling has contributed to making Chattanooga's Coolidge Park a safer place to visit.<a href="#cite_note-126">[124]</a> In 2011, the expansion of EPB's network became a subject of major controversy in Tennessee.<a href="#cite_note-127">[125]</a> The success of its network, credited with the expansion of Volkswagen's Chattanooga plant and the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Amazon.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon.com">Amazon.com</a> facilities in Chattanooga and <a href="/wiki/Cleveland,_Tennessee" title="Cleveland, Tennessee">Cleveland</a>, led to a number of legal challenges by AT&T and Comcast insisting that public funds not be used to fund expansion of public networks in competition with private ones.<a href="#cite_note-128">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[127]</a> However, according to EPB, federal agencies, electricity industry trade sources, and other press sources, the investment in the fully fiber optic network is justified by electrical system benefits alone, including early fault detection and decreases in standby power.<a href="#cite_note-130">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Banking">Banking</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Chattanooga,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Banking" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (April 2020)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> As of 2014, there are 27 banks operating in the Chattanooga metropolitan area, lending to financial strength.<a href="#cite_note-136">[134]</a> Among the larger banks are regional banks <a href="/wiki/First_Horizon_Bank" title="First Horizon Bank">First Horizon Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Truist_Financial" title="Truist Financial">Truist Financial</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Regions_Financial_Corporation" title="Regions Financial Corporation">Regions Financial Corporation</a>, but the area also has offices from <a href="/wiki/UBS" title="UBS">UBS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chase_(bank)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chase (bank)">Chase</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_America" title="Bank of America">Bank of America</a>. Due in part to the strength and growing economic development, Chase recently shifted its East Tennessee headquarters from Knoxville to Chattanooga.<a href="#cite_note-137">[135]</a> In early 2015, three locally owned banks and one in nearby <a href="/wiki/Cleveland,_Tennessee" title="Cleveland, Tennessee">Cleveland, Tennessee</a>, were acquired by other banks. CapitalMark, formed in 2007, will be acquired by the Nashville-based <a href="/wiki/Pinnacle_Financial_Partners" title="Pinnacle Financial Partners">Pinnacle Financial Partners</a> for $187 million to have the fourth largest market share in the Chattanooga metro area.<a href="#cite_note-138">[136]</a> First Security Group, Inc, the largest Chattanooga-based bank, formed in 2000, will be acquired by the Atlanta-based Atlantic Capital Bancshares, Inc., for $160 million. Cornerstone, started in 1985, will merge with the Knoxville-based SmartBank in a stock deal. Cleveland's Southern Heritage Bank was acquired in 2014 by First Citizens National Bank in <a href="/wiki/Dyersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyersburg">Dyersburg</a>, Tennessee, for $32.2 million. All these mergers only leave one Chattanooga-based, independent bank, First Volunteer Bank. Others in the area locally based include <a href="/wiki/Dunlap,_Tennessee" title="Dunlap, Tennessee">Dunlap, Tennessee</a>-based Citizens Tri-County Bank, Ooltewah-based Community Trust and Banking Co., <a href="/wiki/Dayton,_Tennessee" title="Dayton, Tennessee">Dayton, Tennessee</a>-based Community National Bank, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Oglethorpe,_Georgia" title="Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia">Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia</a>-based Capital Bank, <a href="/wiki/LaFayette,_Georgia" title="LaFayette, Georgia">LaFayette, Georgia</a>-based Bank of LaFayette, and Cleveland-based Bank of Cleveland.<a href="#cite_note-139">[137]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Culture_and_tourism">Culture and tourism</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Chattanooga,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Culture and tourism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attractions">Attractions</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Chattanooga,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Attractions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Chattanooga touts many attractions, including the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Aquarium" title="Tennessee Aquarium">Tennessee Aquarium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cavern" class="mw-redirect" title="Cavern">caverns</a>, and new waterfront attractions along and across the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_River" title="Tennessee River">Tennessee River</a>. In the downtown area is the <a href="/wiki/Terminal_Station_(Chattanooga)" class="mw-redirect" title="Terminal Station (Chattanooga)">Chattanooga Choo Choo</a> Hotel, housed in the renovated Terminal Station. Also downtown are the <a href="/wiki/Creative_Discovery_Museum" title="Creative Discovery Museum">Creative Discovery Museum</a>, a hands-on children's museum dedicated to science, art, and music; an <a href="/wiki/IMAX" title="IMAX">IMAX</a> 3D Theatre, and the newly expanded <a href="/wiki/Hunter_Museum_of_American_Art" title="Hunter Museum of American Art">Hunter Museum of American Art</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Riverwalk" title="Tennessee Riverwalk">Tennessee Riverwalk</a>, an approximately 13-mile-long (21 km) trail running alongside the river, is another attraction for both tourists and residents alike. Across the river from downtown is the North Shore district, roughly bounded by the <a href="/wiki/P._R._Olgiati_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="P. R. Olgiati Bridge">Olgiati Bridge</a> to the west and Veterans Bridge to the east. The newly renovated area draws locals and tourists to locally owned independent boutique stores and restaurants, plus attractions along the Chattanooga Riverpark system, including Coolidge Park and Renaissance Park.<a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[139]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_Zoo_at_Warner_Park" title="Chattanooga Zoo at Warner Park">Chattanooga Zoo at Warner Park</a> is at 301 North Holtzclaw Avenue, a short distance from the downtown area. Hours of operation are from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. every day. In 1937, the first small exhibit was "established with the construction of a 4x6' cage for two Rhesus Monkeys."<a href="#cite_note-Chattanooga_Zoo_%7B%7B!%7D%7D_History-142">[140]</a> The Zoo has since grown, as in 2017, "the Zoo kicked off the year with the announcement of the Kits and Cubs Program, which is a unique early childhood learning program designed specifically for the youngest of animal lovers."<a href="#cite_note-Chattanooga_Zoo_%7B%7B!%7D%7D_History-142">[140]</a> And in May 2017, "the Zoo broke ground to expand the Corcovado Jungle exhibit adding six new outdoor and six new indoor exhibits to house small South American monkeys and mammals in June."<a href="#cite_note-Chattanooga_Zoo_%7B%7B!%7D%7D_History-142">[140]</a> Parks and natural scenic areas provide other attractions. The red-and-black painted "<a href="/wiki/Rock_City_(roadside_attraction)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock City (roadside attraction)">See Rock City</a>" <a href="/wiki/Barn" title="Barn">barns</a> along highways in the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Southern_states" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Southern states">Southeast</a> are remnants of a now-classic <a href="/wiki/Americana_(culture)" title="Americana (culture)">Americana</a> tourism campaign to attract visitors to the <a href="/wiki/Rock_City_(roadside_attraction)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock City (roadside attraction)">Rock City</a> tourist attraction in nearby <a href="/wiki/Lookout_Mountain,_Georgia" title="Lookout Mountain, Georgia">Lookout Mountain, Georgia</a>. The mountain is also the site of <a href="/wiki/Ruby_Falls" title="Ruby Falls">Ruby Falls</a> and Craven's House.<a href="#cite_note-143">[141]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Lookout_Mountain_Incline_Railway" title="Lookout Mountain Incline Railway">Lookout Mountain Incline Railway</a> is a steep <a href="/wiki/Funicular_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Funicular railway">funicular railway</a> that rises from the <a href="/wiki/St._Elmo_Historic_District_(Chattanooga,_Tennessee)" title="St. Elmo Historic District (Chattanooga, Tennessee)">St. Elmo Historic District</a> to the top of the mountain, where passengers can visit the <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>'s Point Park and the Battles for Chattanooga Museum.<a href="#cite_note-144">[142]</a> Formerly known as Confederama, the museum includes a diorama that details the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Chattanooga" title="Second Battle of Chattanooga">Battle of Chattanooga</a>. From the military park, visitors can enjoy panoramic views of <a href="/wiki/Moccasin_Bend" title="Moccasin Bend">Moccasin Bend</a> and the Chattanooga skyline from the mountain's famous "point" or from vantage points along the well-marked trail system.<a href="#cite_note-145">[143]</a> Near Chattanooga, the <a href="/wiki/Raccoon_Mountain_Pumped_Storage_Plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Raccoon Mountain Pumped Storage Plant">Raccoon Mountain Reservoir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raccoon_Mountain_Caverns" title="Raccoon Mountain Caverns">Raccoon Mountain Caverns</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Reflection_Riding_Arboretum_and_Botanical_Garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Reflection Riding Arboretum and Botanical Garden">Reflection Riding Arboretum and Botanical Garden</a> boast a number of outdoor and family fun opportunities. Other arboretums include <a href="/wiki/Bonny_Oaks_Arboretum" title="Bonny Oaks Arboretum">Bonny Oaks Arboretum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Arboretum_at_Audubon_Acres" title="Cherokee Arboretum at Audubon Acres">Cherokee Arboretum at Audubon Acres</a>, and Cherokee Trail Arboretum. The <a href="/wiki/Ocoee_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocoee River">Ocoee River</a>, host to a number of events at the 1996 <a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlanta Olympics">Atlanta Olympics</a>, features rafting, kayaking, camping, and hiking. <a href="/wiki/Harrison_Bay_State_Park" title="Harrison Bay State Park">Harrison Bay State Park</a> is another popular destination, offering a range of activities such as <a href="/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">fishing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boating" title="Boating">boating</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Camping" title="Camping">camping</a> in a scenic lakeside setting. Just outside Chattanooga is the <a href="/wiki/Lake_Winnepesaukah" title="Lake Winnepesaukah">Lake Winnepesaukah</a> amusement park. The <a href="/wiki/Justin_P._Wilson_Cumberland_Trail_State_Park" title="Justin P. Wilson Cumberland Trail State Park">Cumberland Trail</a> begins in Signal Mountain, just outside Chattanooga. <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:TN_Aquarium_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Tennessee Aquarium's River Journey building"><noscript><img alt="The Tennessee Aquarium's River Journey building" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/TN_Aquarium_01.jpg/270px-TN_Aquarium_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5956" data-file-height="3971"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/TN_Aquarium_01.jpg/270px-TN_Aquarium_01.jpg" data-alt="The Tennessee Aquarium's River Journey building" data-width="180" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/TN_Aquarium_01.jpg/405px-TN_Aquarium_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/TN_Aquarium_01.jpg/540px-TN_Aquarium_01.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Tennessee Aquarium's River Journey building</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:TN_Aquarium_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Tennessee Aquarium's Ocean Journey building"><noscript><img alt="The Tennessee Aquarium's Ocean Journey building" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/TN_Aquarium_02.jpg/270px-TN_Aquarium_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5898" data-file-height="3932"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/TN_Aquarium_02.jpg/270px-TN_Aquarium_02.jpg" data-alt="The Tennessee Aquarium's Ocean Journey building" data-width="180" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/TN_Aquarium_02.jpg/405px-TN_Aquarium_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/TN_Aquarium_02.jpg/540px-TN_Aquarium_02.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Tennessee Aquarium's Ocean Journey building</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Water_steps.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Trail of Tears water steps off of Market Street, downtown Chattanooga"><noscript><img alt="Trail of Tears water steps off of Market Street, downtown Chattanooga" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Water_steps.jpg/240px-Water_steps.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="540"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 160px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Water_steps.jpg/240px-Water_steps.jpg" data-alt="Trail of Tears water steps off of Market Street, downtown Chattanooga" data-width="160" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Water_steps.jpg/360px-Water_steps.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Water_steps.jpg/480px-Water_steps.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Trail of Tears water steps off of Market Street, downtown Chattanooga</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coolidge_park_chattanooga.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Coolidge Park"><noscript><img alt="Coolidge Park" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Coolidge_park_chattanooga.JPG/270px-Coolidge_park_chattanooga.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Coolidge_park_chattanooga.JPG/270px-Coolidge_park_chattanooga.JPG" data-alt="Coolidge Park" data-width="180" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Coolidge_park_chattanooga.JPG/405px-Coolidge_park_chattanooga.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Coolidge_park_chattanooga.JPG/540px-Coolidge_park_chattanooga.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coolidge Park</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Walnut_Street_Bridge;_Chattanooga,_Tennessee;_April_5,_2013.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Walnut Street Bridge"><noscript><img alt="Walnut Street Bridge" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Walnut_Street_Bridge%3B_Chattanooga%2C_Tennessee%3B_April_5%2C_2013.JPG/270px-Walnut_Street_Bridge%3B_Chattanooga%2C_Tennessee%3B_April_5%2C_2013.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3834" data-file-height="2555"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Walnut_Street_Bridge%3B_Chattanooga%2C_Tennessee%3B_April_5%2C_2013.JPG/270px-Walnut_Street_Bridge%3B_Chattanooga%2C_Tennessee%3B_April_5%2C_2013.JPG" data-alt="Walnut Street Bridge" data-width="180" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Walnut_Street_Bridge%3B_Chattanooga%2C_Tennessee%3B_April_5%2C_2013.JPG/405px-Walnut_Street_Bridge%3B_Chattanooga%2C_Tennessee%3B_April_5%2C_2013.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Walnut_Street_Bridge%3B_Chattanooga%2C_Tennessee%3B_April_5%2C_2013.JPG/540px-Walnut_Street_Bridge%3B_Chattanooga%2C_Tennessee%3B_April_5%2C_2013.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Walnut Street Bridge</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Chattanooga.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Looking south towards Lookout Mountain"><noscript><img alt="Looking south towards Lookout Mountain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Chattanooga.jpg/240px-Chattanooga.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2528" data-file-height="1898"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 160px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Chattanooga.jpg/240px-Chattanooga.jpg" data-alt="Looking south towards Lookout Mountain" data-width="160" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Chattanooga.jpg/360px-Chattanooga.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Chattanooga.jpg/480px-Chattanooga.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Looking south towards Lookout Mountain</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums">Museums</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Chattanooga,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Museums" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hunter_Museum_of_American_Art.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Hunter_Museum_of_American_Art.jpg/220px-Hunter_Museum_of_American_Art.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="767"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Hunter_Museum_of_American_Art.jpg/220px-Hunter_Museum_of_American_Art.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Hunter_Museum_of_American_Art.jpg/330px-Hunter_Museum_of_American_Art.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Hunter_Museum_of_American_Art.jpg/440px-Hunter_Museum_of_American_Art.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Contemporary extension of the <a href="/wiki/Hunter_Museum_of_American_Art" title="Hunter Museum of American Art">Hunter Museum of American Art</a></figcaption></figure> As the birthplace of the <a href="/wiki/Tow_truck" title="Tow truck">tow truck</a>, Chattanooga is the home of the <a href="/wiki/International_Towing_and_Recovery_Hall_of_Fame_and_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="International Towing and Recovery Hall of Fame and Museum">International Towing and Recovery Hall of Fame and Museum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-146">[144]</a> Another transportation icon, the <a href="/wiki/Passenger_train" title="Passenger train">passenger train</a>, can be found at the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Railroad_Museum" title="Tennessee Valley Railroad Museum">Tennessee Valley Railroad Museum</a>, called TVRM by locals, which is the largest operating historic railroad in the South.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Other notable museums include the National Medal of Honor Heritage Center, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Houston_Museum_of_Decorative_Arts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Houston Museum of Decorative Arts (page does not exist)">Houston Museum of Decorative Arts</a>,<a href="#cite_note-147">[145]</a> the Bessie Smith Cultural Center,<a href="#cite_note-148">[146]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Creative_Discovery_Museum" title="Creative Discovery Museum">Creative Discovery Museum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-149">[147]</a> Chattanooga African American Museum.<a href="#cite_note-150">[148]</a> There is no local history museum, but the Chattanooga History website holds a large collection of old photographs and other resources.<a href="#cite_note-151">[149]</a> There are also several art museums, including the <a href="/wiki/Hunter_Museum_of_American_Art" title="Hunter Museum of American Art">Hunter Museum of American Art</a>. The Institute of Contemporary Arts Chattanooga (ICA Chattanooga), located on campus of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tennessee_at_Chattanooga" title="University of Tennessee at Chattanooga">University of Tennessee at Chattanooga</a> (UTC), hosts a series of exhibitions of contemporary art throughout the year, which include exhibitions by regional and national contemporary artists and also feature from UTC's permanent collection.<a href="#cite_note-152">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Performing_arts">Performing arts</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Chattanooga,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Performing arts" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Chattanooga has a wide range of <a href="/wiki/Performing_arts" title="Performing arts">performing arts</a> in different venues. Chattanooga's historic <a href="/wiki/Tivoli_Theatre_(Chattanooga,_Tennessee)" title="Tivoli Theatre (Chattanooga, Tennessee)">Tivoli Theatre</a>, dating from 1921 and one of the first public air-conditioned buildings in the United States, is home to the <a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_Symphony_and_Opera" title="Chattanooga Symphony and Opera">Chattanooga Symphony and Opera</a> (CSO), which became the first merged symphony and opera company in the United States in 1985. The CSO is directed by Kayoko Dan.<a href="#cite_note-153">[151]</a> The Chattanooga Theatre Centre offers 15 productions each year in three separate theater programs: the Mainstage, the Circle Theater, and the Youth Theater.<a href="#cite_note-154">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[153]</a> Another popular performance venue is the <a href="/wiki/Soldiers_and_Sailors_Memorial_Auditorium" title="Soldiers and Sailors Memorial Auditorium">Soldiers and Sailors Memorial Auditorium</a>. It was built between 1922 and 1924 by John Parks, General Contractors, and was designed by the architect R.H. Hunt, who also designed the Tivoli Theatre in Chattanooga.<a href="#cite_note-156">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literary_events">Literary events</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Chattanooga,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Literary events" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Chattanooga hosts several writing conferences, including the Conference on Southern Literature and the Festival of Writers, both sponsored by the Arts & Education Council of Chattanooga.<a href="#cite_note-157">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Festivals_and_events">Festivals and events</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Chattanooga,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Festivals and events" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Chattanooga hosts the well-known <a href="/wiki/Riverbend_Festival" title="Riverbend Festival">Riverbend Festival</a>, an annual four-day music festival held in June in the downtown area. One of the most popular events is the "<a href="/wiki/Bessie_Smith" title="Bessie Smith">Bessie Smith</a> Strut", a one-night showcase of <a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">blues</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> music named for the city's most noted blues singer. The annual "Southern Brewer's Festival" and the "River Roast" festival celebrate such traditional Southern staples as beer and barbecue. Moon River Festival is a three-day musical festival held every September in Coolidge Park. The festival originally was located in <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis</a> but relocated to Chattanooga in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-160">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[159]</a> Moon River Festival and Riverbend Festival were rated among the top 10 music festivals in the south by <a href="/wiki/Southern_Living" title="Southern Living">Southern Living</a> magazine.<a href="#cite_note-162">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[161]</a> New events, such as GoFest!, the "Between the Bridges" wakeboard competition, Heritage Festival, and Talespin, complement well-established events, such as Riverbend and the Southern Brewer's Festival, and attract their own audiences.<a href="#cite_note-164">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[163]</a> Back Row Films is a citywide celebration of film co-sponsored by the Hunter Museum of American Art, the Arts & Education Council, and UTC.<a href="#cite_note-166">[164]</a> "Nightfall" is a free weekly concert series in Miller Plaza on Friday nights that features an eclectic mix of <a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock</a>, blues, jazz, <a href="/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae">reggae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zydeco" title="Zydeco">zydeco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Funk" title="Funk">funk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bluegrass_music" title="Bluegrass music">bluegrass</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk music</a> from <a href="/wiki/Memorial_Day" title="Memorial Day">Memorial Day</a> until the end of September.<a href="#cite_note-167">[165]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_Market" title="Chattanooga Market">Chattanooga Market</a> features events all year round as part of the "Sunday at the Southside", including an <a href="/wiki/Oktoberfest" title="Oktoberfest">Oktoberfest</a> in mid-October. The Chattanooga Dulcimer Festival, held each June, features workshops for mountain dulcimer, hammered dulcimer, and auto harp, among others, along with performances by champion performers from across the nation.<a href="#cite_note-168">[166]</a> Chattanooga is also the center of much bluegrass music. In 1935, as well as from 1993 to 1995, the city hosted the <a href="/wiki/National_Folk_Festival_(USA)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Folk Festival (USA)">National Folk Festival</a>. Since 2007, the annual 3 Sisters Festival showcases traditional and contemporary bluegrass artists, and has been named one of the country's "5 Best" bluegrass festivals by <a href="/wiki/Great_American_Country" class="mw-redirect" title="Great American Country">Great American Country</a>.<a href="#cite_note-169">[167]</a> Each January, Chattanooga plays host to <a href="/wiki/Chattacon" title="Chattacon">Chattacon</a>, a science fiction and fantasy literary convention.<a href="#cite_note-170">[168]</a> The convention is organized by the nonprofit Chattanooga Speculative Fiction Fans, Inc. First held in 1976, the convention drew an estimated 1,000 attendees to the Chattanooga Choo Choo Hotel in 2012, as well as an estimated 1,300 attendees in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-171">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chattacon_2013_brings_1,300_attendees_to_Chattanooga-172">[170]</a> Since 2014, Chattanooga has been home to the <a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_Film_Festival" title="Chattanooga Film Festival">Chattanooga Film Festival</a>, an annual <a href="/wiki/Film_festival" title="Film festival">film festival</a>.<a href="#cite_note-173">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[173]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Chattanooga,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Sports" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> Chattanooga has a large, growing, and diversified sports scene for a city of its size, including professional soccer, college sports, minor league baseball, semi-professional teams, professional cycling exemplified by the <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen" title="Volkswagen">Volkswagen</a> <a href="/wiki/USA_Cycling" title="USA Cycling">USA Cycling</a> Professional Road & Time Trial National Championships, the <a href="/wiki/Ironman_Triathlon" title="Ironman Triathlon">Ironman Triathlon</a>, and a large nationally renowned regatta the first weekend of November. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organized_sports">Organized sports</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Chattanooga,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Organized sports" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="College_sports">College sports</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Chattanooga,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: College sports" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Chattanooga was the home of the <a href="/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_Football_Championship" title="NCAA Division I Football Championship">NCAA Division I Football Championship</a> game, which was held at <a href="/wiki/W._Max_Finley_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="W. Max Finley Stadium">Finley Stadium</a> in Chattanooga, from 1997 to 2009. The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tennessee_at_Chattanooga" title="University of Tennessee at Chattanooga">University of Tennessee at Chattanooga</a> (UTC) Mocs compete in NCAA Division I and the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Conference" title="Southern Conference">Southern Conference</a>. UTC's athletic programs include football at the <a href="/wiki/Football_Championship_Subdivision" class="mw-redirect" title="Football Championship Subdivision">FCS</a> level, women's soccer, volleyball, and cross country in the fall; men's and women's basketball, <a href="/wiki/Collegiate_wrestling" title="Collegiate wrestling">Wrestling</a>, and indoor track & field in the winter; and softball and outdoor track & field in the spring. Men's and women's golf and men's and women's tennis play in the fall and spring. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Semi-Pro_and_Minor_League_Baseball">Semi-Pro and Minor League Baseball</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Chattanooga,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Semi-Pro and Minor League Baseball" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The <a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_Lookouts" title="Chattanooga Lookouts">Chattanooga Lookouts</a>, a Class <a href="/wiki/Minor_league_baseball" class="mw-redirect" title="Minor league baseball">AA</a> <a href="/wiki/Double-A_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Double-A South">Double-A South</a> baseball team affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati_Reds" title="Cincinnati Reds">Cincinnati Reds</a>, play at the riverfront <a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Field" title="AT&T Field">AT&T Field</a>.<a href="#cite_note-176">[174]</a> Chattanooga also is home to several semi-professional <a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">football</a> teams, including the Tennessee Crush and the Chattanooga Steam. The Tennessee Crush plays its games at <a href="/wiki/Finley_Stadium" title="Finley Stadium">Finley Stadium</a> in downtown Chattanooga. The Chattanooga Steam plays at <a href="/wiki/Lookout_Valley_Middle_High_School" title="Lookout Valley Middle High School">Lookout Valley High School</a> near <a href="/wiki/Lookout_Mountain" title="Lookout Mountain">Lookout Mountain</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Professional_soccer">Professional soccer</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Chattanooga,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Professional soccer" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The city has two professional soccer teams. From 2009 to 2019, <a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_FC" title="Chattanooga FC">Chattanooga FC</a> played in the <a href="/wiki/National_Premier_Soccer_League" title="National Premier Soccer League">National Premier Soccer League</a>, but moved to an unsanctioned professional league (<a href="/wiki/National_Independent_Soccer_Association" title="National Independent Soccer Association">NISA</a>) in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-177">[175]</a> Founded in 2009,<a href="#cite_note-fund1-178">[176]</a> Chattanooga FC has gone to the national finals four times since its inception, and drew a record 18,227 fans for their 2015 NPSL title match.<a href="#cite_note-179">[177]</a> The club has also found success in the <a href="/wiki/Lamar_Hunt_U.S._Open_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup">U.S. Open Cup</a> defeating the professional <a href="/wiki/United_Soccer_Leagues" class="mw-redirect" title="United Soccer Leagues">USL</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Wilmington_Hammerheads" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilmington Hammerheads">Wilmington Hammerheads</a> to reach the tournament's third round in 2014 and 2015. In 2019, Chattanooga FC became one of the founding members of NPSL's Founders Cup, a group of eleven teams playing a professional tournament in the fall before forming a fully professional league in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-180">[178]</a> To support this, Chattanooga FC became only the second sports team in the U.S., after the <a href="/wiki/Green_Bay_Packers" title="Green Bay Packers">Green Bay Packers</a>, to sell supporter shares in the team.<a href="#cite_note-fund1-178">[176]</a> These moves were partially in response to a <a href="/wiki/USL_League_One" title="USL League One">USL League One</a> franchise, the <a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_Red_Wolves_SC" title="Chattanooga Red Wolves SC">Chattanooga Red Wolves SC</a> starting play in the 2019 inaugural season of that new third-tier professional league under the direction of Chattanooga FC's former general manager.<a href="#cite_note-181">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[180]</a> The Red Wolves play in <a href="/wiki/USL_League_One" title="USL League One">USL League One</a> and intend to build a multi-million dollar soccer specific stadium in the neighboring town of East Ridge, Tennessee.<a href="#cite_note-183">[181]</a> Before the proposed stadium was built, the Red Wolves had a legal battle with Arkansas State, with ASU sending them a cease-and-desist letter in November 2019. The stadium was announced as CHI Memorial Stadium, and was opened for play and fans in 2020 while still under construction. It will hold an estimated 5,000 fans for soccer matches.<a href="#cite_note-184">[182]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rugby">Rugby</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Chattanooga,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Rugby" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Chattanooga is also home to several rugby teams: the Chattanooga Rugby Football Club, Nooga Red, Nooga Black, men's Old Boys, a women's rugby team, men's and women's teams at UTC, and an all-city high school team.<a href="#cite_note-Rugby_comes_to_stay_in_Chattanooga-185">[183]</a> The Chattanooga Rugby Football Club, which was established in 1978 and the 2011 and 2013 DII <a href="/wiki/MidSouth_Rugby_Football_Union" title="MidSouth Rugby Football Union">Mid South</a> champions, is affiliated with <a href="/wiki/USA_Rugby" title="USA Rugby">USA Rugby</a> and <a href="/wiki/USA_Rugby_South" title="USA Rugby South">USA Rugby South</a>. The club fields two teams, Nooga Red, which competes in Division II, and Nooga Black, which competes in Division III.<a href="#cite_note-Playing_rugby_in_Chattanooga-186">[184]</a> There is also a men's Old Boys team, a Chattanooga women's rugby team, as well as collegiate men's and women's teams representing the Mocs at the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga. A citywide high school rugby team, the Wolfpack, was established in 2012 and is open to any high school player living in the Chattanooga area.<a href="#cite_note-Rugby_comes_to_stay_in_Chattanooga-185">[183]</a> All seven teams play their home matches at Montague Park. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Head_of_the_Hooch_2008_Stands_and_Finish.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/eb/Head_of_the_Hooch_2008_Stands_and_Finish.jpg/220px-Head_of_the_Hooch_2008_Stands_and_Finish.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/eb/Head_of_the_Hooch_2008_Stands_and_Finish.jpg/220px-Head_of_the_Hooch_2008_Stands_and_Finish.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/eb/Head_of_the_Hooch_2008_Stands_and_Finish.jpg/330px-Head_of_the_Hooch_2008_Stands_and_Finish.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/eb/Head_of_the_Hooch_2008_Stands_and_Finish.jpg/440px-Head_of_the_Hooch_2008_Stands_and_Finish.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Overlooking the grandstand and finish area at the 2008 Head of the Hooch</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Outdoor_sports">Outdoor sports</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Chattanooga,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Outdoor sports" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Rowing The <a href="/wiki/Head_of_the_Hooch" title="Head of the Hooch">Head of the Hooch</a> rowing <a href="/wiki/Regatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Regatta">regatta</a> takes place along the Tennessee River in downtown Chattanooga during the first weekend of November. The <a href="/wiki/Head_race" title="Head race">head race</a> originally took place on the <a href="/wiki/Chattahoochee_River" title="Chattahoochee River">Chattahoochee River</a> in <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a> before moving to Chattanooga in 2005, hence the name "Head of the Hooch". With 1,965 boats in 2011 and nearly 2,000 boats in 2012, this competition ranks as the 2nd largest regatta in the United States,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] with numerous college and youth teams, such as UNC Men's Crew, Vanderbilt Rowing Club, James Madison University Crew, University of Tennessee Women's Rowing, Orlando Rowing Club, Nashville Rowing Club, Newport Rowing Club, and Chattanooga Rowing, competing.<a href="#cite_note-187">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-2012_Hooch_draws_nearly_2,000_boats_to_Chattanooga-189">[187]</a> There are also multiple local rowing clubs, such as the Lookout Rowing Club for adults and the Chattanooga Junior Rowing Club for high school students. The weekend of the Head of the Hooch also sees hot-air balloon rides and other activities. Cycling In 2013, the <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen" title="Volkswagen">Volkswagen</a> <a href="/wiki/USA_Cycling" title="USA Cycling">USA Cycling</a> Professional Road & Time Trial National Championships were held in Chattanooga. The schedule for the 3-day event on May 25–27 featured a <a href="/wiki/Handcycle" title="Handcycle">handcycling</a> time trail and various other <a href="/wiki/Cycle_sport" title="Cycle sport">cycling</a> time trials and road races, including a men's <a href="/wiki/Road_bicycle_racing" title="Road bicycle racing">road race</a> that took the cyclists through the heart of downtown Chattanooga and up <a href="/wiki/Lookout_Mountain" title="Lookout Mountain">Lookout Mountain</a> for a total race distance of 102.5 miles (165.0 km).<a href="#cite_note-190">[188]</a> American professional cyclist <a href="/wiki/Fred_Rodriguez" title="Fred Rodriguez">Freddie Rodriguez</a> won the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Road_Race_Championships" title="United States National Road Race Championships">national road race championship</a> title for the fourth time in his career.<a href="#cite_note-191">[189]</a> The Championships' debut in Chattanooga marked the first time in the event's 29-year history that women were allowed to compete for professional national titles.<a href="#cite_note-192">[190]</a> Chattanooga will also host the Championships in 2014 and 2015.<a href="#cite_note-193">[191]</a> The city is home to the Chattanooga Bicycle Club. It was established in 1967 to "encourage and promote bicycle riding and safety, and to foster good relationships between cyclists and motorists by demonstrating courtesy and respect the law."<a href="#cite_note-194">[192]</a> The Chattanooga Bicycle Club advocates for transportation, fitness, and recreation, as well as health and wellness. This club is in relative with the League of American Bicyclists (LAB), Adventure Cycling, Bike Chattanooga, and Outdoor Chattanooga. Running Due to its location at the junction of the <a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Plateau" title="Cumberland Plateau">Cumberland Plateau</a> and the southern <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachians</a>, Chattanooga has become a haven for outdoor sports, and has even been named Outside Magazine's "Best Town Ever" twice<a href="#cite_note-195">[193]</a> such as hunting, fishing, <a href="/wiki/Trail_running" title="Trail running">trail running</a>, <a href="/wiki/Road_running" title="Road running">road running</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adventure_racing" title="Adventure racing">adventure racing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rock_climbing" title="Rock climbing">rock climbing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mountain_biking" title="Mountain biking">mountain biking</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Road_biking" class="mw-redirect" title="Road biking">road biking</a>. The internationally known<a href="#cite_note-196">[194]</a> <a href="/wiki/StumpJump_50k" title="StumpJump 50k">StumpJump 50k</a> has been hosted on nearby Signal Mountain since 2002. The Erlanger Half Marathon and Marathon have become a large part of the spring activities in Chattanooga in recent years. These events are orchestrated by the Chattanooga Sports Committee, and the half marathon course and marathon course are designed by the same group of runners. The course is subject to change throughout the years. The most recent marathon and half marathon were held on March 3, 2019. Triathlons In August 2013, further cementing Chattanooga's growing status as a nationally recognized outdoor haven,<a href="#cite_note-197">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[196]</a> the Chattanooga Sports Committee, an organization established in 1992 to help the city host major sporting events, announced that the <a href="/wiki/Ironman_Triathlon" title="Ironman Triathlon">Ironman Triathlon</a> would be coming to the city in a 5-year deal.<a href="#cite_note-Ironman_comes_to_Chattanooga-199">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ironman_staying_in_Chattanooga_for_5_years-200">[198]</a> The city became one of only 11 cities in the United States to host the grueling competition showcasing Chattanooga's natural beauty, which consists of a 2.4-mile (3.9 km) swim, a 112-mile (180 km) bike race (which is broken down into two 56-mile (90 km) loops), and a 26.2-mile (42.2 km) run (which is broken down into two 13.1-mile (21.1 km) loops). The event has a $40,000 prize purse and chances to qualify for the <a href="/wiki/Ironman_World_Championship" title="Ironman World Championship">Ironman World Championship</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>.<a href="#cite_note-201">[199]</a> On November 4, 2014, it was announced that Chattanooga would host The <a href="/wiki/Ironman_70.3" title="Ironman 70.3">Ironman 70.3</a> event, also known as the Half Ironman, in addition to the standard <a href="/wiki/Ironman_Triathlon" title="Ironman Triathlon">Ironman Triathlon</a>. This event consists of a 1.2-mile (1.9 km) swim, 56-mile (90 km) bike ride, and 13.1-mile (21.1 km) run, and has a prize pot of $30,000. On September 29, 2015, The Chattanooga Convention and Visitors Bureau announced that Ironman had chosen Chattanooga, Tennessee to host the 2017 Ironman 70.3 World Championships.<a href="#cite_note-202">[200]</a> Awards Chattanooga has been a member of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_American_Bicyclists" title="League of American Bicyclists">League of American Bicyclists</a>' Bronze level since October 2003, the only city in Tennessee to be a member of the organization before Knoxville and Nashville joined in 2010 and 2012, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-Chattanooga_a_member_of_the_League_of_American_Bicyclists'_Bronze_level_since_October_2003-203">[201]</a> The city has a number of outdoor clubs: Scenic City Velo, <a href="/w/index.php?title=SORBA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SORBA (page does not exist)">SORBA</a>-Chattanooga, the Wilderness Trail Running Association, and the Chattanooga Track Club. The city also funds Outdoor Chattanooga, an organization focused on promoting outdoor recreation. In September 2004, the city appointed its first-ever executive director of Outdoor Chattanooga to implement the organization's mission, which includes promoting bicycling for transportation, recreation, and active living.<a href="#cite_note-204">[202]</a> For paddlers, Chattanooga offers the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_River_Blueway" title="Tennessee River Blueway">Tennessee River Blueway</a>, a 50-mile (80 km) recreational section of the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_River" title="Tennessee River">Tennessee River</a> that flows through Chattanooga and the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_River_Gorge" title="Tennessee River Gorge">Tennessee River Gorge</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Aquarium" title="Tennessee Aquarium">Tennessee Aquarium</a> has a high speed <a href="/wiki/Catamaran" title="Catamaran">catamaran</a>, the River Gorge Explorer, to allow up to 70 people to explore the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_River_Gorge" title="Tennessee River Gorge">Tennessee River Gorge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-205">[203]</a> The Explorer departs from the Chattanooga Pier.<a href="#cite_note-206">[204]</a> Since 2008, Chattanooga has hosted the Skyhoundz<a href="#cite_note-207">[205]</a> World Canine Disc Championship, the crowning event of the largest disc dog competition series in the world. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Media_and_communications">Media and communications</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Chattanooga,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Media and communications" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Tennessee" title="List of newspapers in Tennessee">List of newspapers in Tennessee</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Tennessee" title="List of radio stations in Tennessee">List of radio stations in Tennessee</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_television_stations_in_Tennessee" title="List of television stations in Tennessee">List of television stations in Tennessee</a></div> The city of Chattanooga is served by numerous local, regional, and national media outlets which reach approximately one million people in four states: <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a>, and <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Newspapers">Newspapers</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Chattanooga,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Newspapers" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chattanooga_Times_Free_Press_office.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Chattanooga_Times_Free_Press_office.JPG/220px-Chattanooga_Times_Free_Press_office.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 164px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Chattanooga_Times_Free_Press_office.JPG/220px-Chattanooga_Times_Free_Press_office.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="164" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Chattanooga_Times_Free_Press_office.JPG/330px-Chattanooga_Times_Free_Press_office.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Chattanooga_Times_Free_Press_office.JPG/440px-Chattanooga_Times_Free_Press_office.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_Times_Free_Press" title="Chattanooga Times Free Press">Chattanooga Times Free Press</a> headquarters</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_Times_Free_Press" title="Chattanooga Times Free Press">Chattanooga Times Free Press</a>, the area's only daily newspaper, is published every morning. It was formed in 1999 from the merger of two papers that had been bitter rivals for half a century, the Times and the News-Free Press.<a href="#cite_note-208">[206]</a> The Times was owned and published by <a href="/wiki/Adolph_Ochs" title="Adolph Ochs">Adolph Ochs</a>, who later bought <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. The Times was the morning paper and had a generally more liberal editorial page. The <a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_News-Free_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Chattanooga News-Free Press">News-Free Press</a>, whose name was the result of an earlier merger, was an afternoon daily and its editorials were more conservative than those in the Times. On August 27, 1966, the News-Free Press became the first newspaper in the nation to dissolve a <a href="/wiki/Joint_operating_agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint operating agreement">joint operating agreement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Newspaper_marks_10_years_since_sales,_merger-209">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chattanooga_Times_and_News-Free_Press_dissolve_JOA-210">[208]</a> In 1999, the Free Press, which had changed its name from News-Free Press in 1993, was bought by an Arkansas company, <a href="/wiki/WEHCO_Media" title="WEHCO Media">WEHCO Media</a>, publisher of the <a href="/wiki/Arkansas_Democrat-Gazette" title="Arkansas Democrat-Gazette">Arkansas Democrat-Gazette</a>, which then bought The Times from the Ochs heirs.<a href="#cite_note-Chattanooga_Times_Free_Press_History-211">[209]</a> The Times Free Press is the only newspaper in the United States to have two editorial pages, reflecting opposite ends of the political spectrum. The Times's editorial page, which is liberal, is on the left page and the Free Press's editorial page, which is conservative, is on the right.<a href="#cite_note-212">[210]</a> The Chattanooga Pulse is a free weekly alternative newspaper, published every Wednesday, that focuses primarily on arts, music, film and culture.<a href="#cite_note-About_The_Pulse-213">[211]</a> It was formed in 2003 by Zachary Cooper and Michael Kull, running independently until 2008, when the paper was purchased by Brewer Media Group, which also owns and operates five radio stations in the city. Enigma is a free monthly pop culture and entertainment magazine.<a href="#cite_note-Enigma_Magazine_In_Print-214">[212]</a> Founded as a weekly newspaper in 1995 by David Weinthal, Enigma lays claim to being Chattanooga's oldest alternative newspaper, even though it had ceased physical publication from 2013 until it resumed as a monthly magazine in 2015. The Chattanooga News Chronicle is an African-American weekly newspaper.<a href="#cite_note-215">[213]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Online_media">Online media</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Chattanooga,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Online media" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/The_Chattanoogan" title="The Chattanoogan">The Chattanoogan</a> and its website "Chattanoogan.com", established in 1999, is an online media outlet that concentrates on news from Chattanooga, North Georgia, and Southeast Tennessee. The publisher is John Wilson, previously a staff writer for the <a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_Free_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Chattanooga Free Press">Chattanooga Free Press</a>. The Chattanoogan is the oldest online newspaper in Chattanooga.<a href="#cite_note-216">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[215]</a> Nooga.com, purchased in November 2010 by local entrepreneur Barry Large, relaunched in 2011 as a local news website offering "quality daily content focusing on local business, politics, and entertainment in the Chattanooga area."<a href="#cite_note-218">[216]</a> In August 2018, Nooga.com partnered with Greenville, S.C.-based media company 6AM City.<a href="#cite_note-219">[217]</a> The outlet was rebranded and relaunched as NOOGAtoday in September 2018.<a href="#cite_note-220">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-noogatoday-221">[219]</a> While NOOGAtoday's primary product is its daily email newsletter, it also publishes content on its social media accounts and website.<a href="#cite_note-noogatoday-221">[219]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radio">Radio</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Chattanooga,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Radio" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Chattanooga is served by the following AM and FM radio stations: <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="AM">AM</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Chattanooga,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: AM" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WDYN" title="WDYN">WDYN</a> 980 <a href="/wiki/AM_broadcasting" title="AM broadcasting">AM</a> – Southern Gospel / WDYN Radio,<a href="#cite_note-222">[220]</a> operated by <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Temple_University" title="Tennessee Temple University">Tennessee Temple University</a> (licensed to Rossville, GA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WFLI_(AM)" title="WFLI (AM)">WFLI</a> 1070 AM – Top 40 from the '60s & '70s (licensed to Chattanooga-Lookout Mountain, TN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WGOW_(AM)" title="WGOW (AM)">WGOW</a> 1150 AM – News Talk / NewsRadio 1150<a href="#cite_note-223">[221]</a> (licensed to Chattanooga, TN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WNOO" title="WNOO">WNOO</a> 1260 AM – Urban gospel and Motown (licensed to Chattanooga, TN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WXCT" title="WXCT">WXCT</a> 1370 AM – AAA / ALT 98.7 (licensed to Chattanooga, TN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WLMR" title="WLMR">WLMR</a> 1450 AM – Christian Talk (licensed to Chattanooga, TN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WJOC" title="WJOC">WJOC</a> 1490 AM – Southern Gospel (licensed to Chattanooga, TN)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="FM">FM</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Chattanooga,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: FM" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WUTC" title="WUTC">WUTC</a> 88.1 <a href="/wiki/FM_broadcasting" title="FM broadcasting">FM</a> – NPR<a href="#cite_note-224">[222]</a>/Mixed music / Music 88. Operated by UTC. First station in Chattanooga to broadcast in <a href="/wiki/HD_Radio" title="HD Radio">HD Radio</a>. (licensed to Chattanooga, TN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W203AZ" class="mw-redirect" title="W203AZ">W203AZ</a> 88.5 FM – Religious / CSN International<a href="#cite_note-225">[223]</a> (Licensed to Chattanooga, TN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WMBW" title="WMBW">WMBW</a> 88.9 FM – Christian / Moody Radio For The Heart of the Southeast. Owned and operated by <a href="/wiki/Moody_Bible_Institute" title="Moody Bible Institute">Moody Bible Institute</a>. (Licensed to Chattanooga, TN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WYBK" title="WYBK">WYBK</a> 89.7 FM – Christian. Operated by <a href="/wiki/Bible_Broadcasting_Network" title="Bible Broadcasting Network">Bible Broadcasting Network</a>. (Licensed to Chattanooga, TN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W211BG" class="mw-redirect" title="W211BG">W211BG</a> 90.1 FM – Religious<a href="#cite_note-226">[224]</a> (Licensed to Walden, TN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WSMC" class="mw-redirect" title="WSMC">WSMC</a> 90.5 FM – Classical/NPR/PRI<a href="#cite_note-227">[225]</a> Operated by Southern Adventist University. (licensed to Collegedale, TN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WJBP" title="WJBP">WJBP</a> 91.5 FM – Christian / Family Life Radio<a href="#cite_note-228">[226]</a> (licensed to Red Bank, TN)</li> <li>WAWL – College Alternative / The Wawl (web only / formerly broadcasting on 91.5) Chattanooga State Community College (licensed to Chattanooga, TN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WDEF-FM" title="WDEF-FM">WDEF-FM</a> 92.3 FM – Adult Contemporary / Sunny 92.3<a href="#cite_note-229">[227]</a> (licensed to Chattanooga, TN)</li> <li>W224AZ (<a href="/wiki/WALV-FM" title="WALV-FM">WALV-HD3</a>) 92.7 FM Christian / LF Radio <a href="#cite_note-230">[228]</a> (licensed to Chattanooga, TN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WSAA" title="WSAA">WSAA</a> 93.1 FM – Christian Rock / <a href="/wiki/Air_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Air 1">Air 1</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[229]</a> (licensed to Benton, TN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WMPZ" title="WMPZ">WMPZ</a> 93.5 FM – Urban Adult Contemporary / Groove 93<a href="#cite_note-232">[230]</a> (licensed to Harrison, TN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WJTT" title="WJTT">WJTT</a> 94.3 FM – Urban contemporary / Power 94<a href="#cite_note-233">[231]</a> (licensed to Red Bank, TN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WAAK-LP" title="WAAK-LP">WAAK-LP</a> 94.7 FM – Variety<a href="#cite_note-234">[232]</a>(low power station licensed to Boynton/Ringgold, GA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WALV-FM" title="WALV-FM">WALV-FM</a> 95.3 FM – Christian/The Joy FM <a href="#cite_note-235">[233]</a> (licensed to Ooltewah, TN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W241AF" class="mw-redirect" title="W241AF">W241AF</a> 96.1 FM / <a href="/wiki/W262DQ" class="mw-redirect" title="W262DQ">W262DQ</a> 100.3 FM – Conservative Talk / The Big One <a href="#cite_note-236">[234]</a> (licensed to Rossville, GA & Hixson, TN) (simulcast of <a href="/wiki/WFLI_(AM)" title="WFLI (AM)">WFLI-AM</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WDOD-FM" title="WDOD-FM">WDOD</a> 96.5 FM – Top-40 / Hits 96 <a href="#cite_note-237">[235]</a> (licensed to Chattanooga, TN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WUUQ" title="WUUQ">WUUQ</a> 97.3 FM / <a href="/wiki/W257AZ" class="mw-redirect" title="W257AZ">W257AZ</a> 99.3 FM – Classic Country / Q Country 97.3/99.3 (licensed to South Pittsburg, TN and Lookout Mountain, TN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W249BR" class="mw-redirect" title="W249BR">W249BR</a> (<a href="/wiki/WUSY" title="WUSY">WUSY-HD2</a>) 97.7 FM - Urban Contemporary / Real 97.7 <a href="#cite_note-238">[236]</a> (licensed to Lookout Mountain, TN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WLND" title="WLND">WLND</a> 98.1 FM – Hot AC / 98.1 The Lake<a href="#cite_note-239">[237]</a> (licensed to Signal Mountain, TN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WOOP-LP" title="WOOP-LP">WOOP-LP</a> 99.9 FM – Classic country, old-time gospel, bluegrass, and mountain music.<a href="#cite_note-240">[238]</a> Operated by the Traditional Music Resource Center (licensed to Cleveland, TN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WUSY" title="WUSY">WUSY</a> 100.7 FM – Contemporary Country / US101<a href="#cite_note-241">[239]</a> (licensed to Cleveland, TN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WJSQ" title="WJSQ">WJSQ</a> 101.7 FM – Contemporary and Classic country / 101.7 WLAR<a href="#cite_note-242">[240]</a> (licensed to Athens, TN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WOCE_(FM)" title="WOCE (FM)">WOCE</a> 101.9 FM – Spanish (licensed to Ringgold, GA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WGOW-FM" title="WGOW-FM">WGOW</a> 102.3 FM – Talk Radio 102.3<a href="#cite_note-243">[241]</a> (licensed to Soddy-Daisy, TN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WBDX" title="WBDX">WBDX</a> 102.7 FM – Contemporary Christian<a href="#cite_note-j103.com-244">[242]</a> (licensed to Trenton, GA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WJLJ" class="mw-redirect" title="WJLJ">WJLJ</a> 103.1 FM – Contemporary Christian<a href="#cite_note-j103.com-244">[242]</a> (simulcast with WBDX 102.7) (licensed to Etowah, TN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WKXJ" title="WKXJ">WKXJ</a> 103.7 FM – Top 40 / 103.7 Kiss FM<a href="#cite_note-245">[243]</a> (licensed to Walden, TN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WUIE" title="WUIE">WUIE</a> 105.1 FM – American Family Radio (licensed to Lakeside, TN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WRXR-FM" title="WRXR-FM">WRXR-FM</a> 105.5 FM – Active Rock / Rock 105<a href="#cite_note-246">[244]</a> (licensed to Rossville, GA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WSKZ" title="WSKZ">WSKZ</a> 106.5 FM – Classic Rock / KZ106<a href="#cite_note-247">[245]</a> (licensed to Chattanooga, TN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WALV-FM" title="WALV-FM">W295BI</a> (<a href="/wiki/WALV-FM" title="WALV-FM">WALV HD-2</a>) 106.9 FM Christian/ Joy Worship <a href="#cite_note-248">[246]</a>(licensed to Ooltewah, TN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WOGT" title="WOGT">WOGT</a> 107.9 FM – Country / New Country 107.9 <a href="#cite_note-249">[247]</a> (licensed to East Ridge, TN)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television">Television</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Chattanooga,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Television" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Chattanooga's television stations include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WRCB" title="WRCB">WRCB</a> channel 3, <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a> affiliate (DT 13 / cable 4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WOOT-LD" title="WOOT-LD">WOOT-LD</a> channel 6, Independent/Heartland (formerly UPN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WTVC-TV" class="mw-redirect" title="WTVC-TV">WTVC</a> channel 9, <a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">ABC</a>/<a href="/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company" title="Fox Broadcasting Company">Fox</a> affiliate (DT 9 / cable 10)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WDEF-TV" title="WDEF-TV">WDEF</a> channel 12, <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a> affiliate (DT 8 / cable 13)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WNGH-TV" class="mw-redirect" title="WNGH-TV">WNGH</a> channel 18, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_Public_Broadcasting" title="Georgia Public Broadcasting">GPB</a> affiliate (DT 4 / cable 12)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WELF-TV" title="WELF-TV">WELF</a> channel 23, <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Broadcasting_Network" title="Trinity Broadcasting Network">TBN</a> affiliate (DT 28 / cable 9)</li> <li>W26BE channel 26, <a href="/wiki/Three_Angels_Broadcasting_Network" title="Three Angels Broadcasting Network">3ABN</a> affiliate (cable 295)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WYHB-CD" title="WYHB-CD">WYHB</a> channel 39, Independent/DefyTV (DT 25)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WTCI-TV" class="mw-redirect" title="WTCI-TV">WTCI</a> channel 45, <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a> member station (DT 35 / cable 5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WFLI-TV" title="WFLI-TV">WFLI-TV</a> channel 53, <a href="/wiki/The_CW" title="The CW">The CW</a>/<a href="/wiki/MyNetworkTV" title="MyNetworkTV">MyNetworkTV</a> affiliate (Formerly <a href="/wiki/UPN" title="UPN">UPN</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_WB" title="The WB">The WB</a>) (DT 23 / cable 6)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WDSI-TV" title="WDSI-TV">WDSI</a> channel 61, <a href="/wiki/This_TV" title="This TV">This TV</a> affiliate (DT 14 / cable 11)</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Law_and_government">Law and government</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Chattanooga,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Law and government" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Mayors_of_Chattanooga,_Tennessee" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Mayors of Chattanooga, Tennessee">List of Mayors of Chattanooga, Tennessee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mayoral_elections_in_Chattanooga,_Tennessee" title="Mayoral elections in Chattanooga, Tennessee">Mayoral elections in Chattanooga, Tennessee</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Chattanooga,_Tennessee_(1923%E2%80%932012).svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Flag_of_Chattanooga%2C_Tennessee_%281923%E2%80%932012%29.svg/220px-Flag_of_Chattanooga%2C_Tennessee_%281923%E2%80%932012%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="346"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 132px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Flag_of_Chattanooga%2C_Tennessee_%281923%E2%80%932012%29.svg/220px-Flag_of_Chattanooga%2C_Tennessee_%281923%E2%80%932012%29.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="132" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Flag_of_Chattanooga%2C_Tennessee_%281923%E2%80%932012%29.svg/330px-Flag_of_Chattanooga%2C_Tennessee_%281923%E2%80%932012%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Flag_of_Chattanooga%2C_Tennessee_%281923%E2%80%932012%29.svg/440px-Flag_of_Chattanooga%2C_Tennessee_%281923%E2%80%932012%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Flag of Chattanooga from 1923 to 2012</figcaption></figure> The current mayor is <a href="/wiki/Tim_Kelly_(Tennessee_politician)" title="Tim Kelly (Tennessee politician)">Tim Kelly</a>, who was elected in April 2021.<a href="#cite_note-250">[248]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Chattanooga,_Tennessee.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_Chattanooga%2C_Tennessee.svg/220px-Flag_of_Chattanooga%2C_Tennessee.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 110px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_Chattanooga%2C_Tennessee.svg/220px-Flag_of_Chattanooga%2C_Tennessee.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="110" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_Chattanooga%2C_Tennessee.svg/330px-Flag_of_Chattanooga%2C_Tennessee.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_Chattanooga%2C_Tennessee.svg/440px-Flag_of_Chattanooga%2C_Tennessee.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Flag of Chattanooga from 2012</figcaption></figure> The city operates under a charter granted by the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_General_Assembly" title="Tennessee General Assembly">state legislature</a> in 1852; the charter has been subsequently amended. The city operates under a <a href="/wiki/Strong_mayor" class="mw-redirect" title="Strong mayor">strong mayor</a> system, which changed from a <a href="/wiki/Mayoralty_in_the_United_States" title="Mayoralty in the United States">commission</a> form of government with members voted <a href="/wiki/At-large" title="At-large">at-large</a>. In 1987 twelve African American city residents filed a complaint, <a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Commissioners_of_the_City_of_Chattanooga" title="Brown v. Board of Commissioners of the City of Chattanooga">Brown v. Board of Commissioners of the City of Chattanooga</a>, alleging that the commission-style government violated their civil rights, including the <a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a>, by diluting the minority black vote.<a href="#cite_note-From_Commission_to_Mayor-Council_Government-251">[249]</a> In 1989 U.S. District Judge <a href="/wiki/R._Allan_Edgar" class="mw-redirect" title="R. Allan Edgar">R. Allan Edgar</a> ruled in their favor, compelling the city to abandon the <a href="/wiki/Plurality-at-large_voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Plurality-at-large voting">at-large voting system</a> that it had used for the 'commission' form of government, established single-member geographical <a href="/wiki/Minority-majority_districts" class="mw-redirect" title="Minority-majority districts">districts to proportionally represent both majority and minority elements of the population</a> according to the city's <a href="#Demographics">racial demographics</a>, eliminated voting privileges for non-resident property owners, and created the city's current mayor-council form of government. The Chattanooga City Council has nine members, of whom four are <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African American</a>. The strong-mayor system began in 1991 after a 1990 citywide election that used the new court-ordered <a href="/wiki/Electoral_district" title="Electoral district">district</a> system.<a href="#cite_note-From_Commission_to_Mayor-Council_Government-251">[249]</a> The city's legislative branch is represented by members from nine districts, elected from single-member districts in partisan elections. The current council members are Chip Henderson (District 1), Jenny Hill (District 2), Ken Smith (District 3), Darrin Ledford (District 4), Isiah Hester (District 5), Carol Berz (District 6), Raquetta Dotley (District 7), Marvene Noel (District 8), and Demetrus Coonrod (District 9).<a href="#cite_note-252">[250]</a> Chattanooga's delegation to the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_House_of_Representatives" title="Tennessee House of Representatives">Tennessee House of Representatives</a> includes <a href="/wiki/Robin_Smith_(politician)" title="Robin Smith (politician)">Robin Smith</a><a href="#cite_note-253">[251]</a> (R), District 26; <a href="/wiki/Patsy_Hazlewood" title="Patsy Hazlewood">Patsy Hazlewood</a><a href="#cite_note-254">[252]</a> (R), District 27; <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Hakeem" title="Yusuf Hakeem">Yusuf Hakeem</a><a href="#cite_note-255">[253]</a> (D), District 28; <a href="/wiki/Mike_Carter_(politician)" title="Mike Carter (politician)">Mike Carter</a><a href="#cite_note-256">[254]</a> (R), District 29; and <a href="/wiki/Esther_Helton" title="Esther Helton">Esther Helton</a><a href="#cite_note-257">[255]</a> (R), District 30. In the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Senate" title="Tennessee Senate">Tennessee Senate</a>, Chattanooga is divided between Districts <a href="/wiki/Tennessee%27s_10th_Senate_district" title="Tennessee's 10th Senate district">10</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tennessee%27s_11th_Senate_district" title="Tennessee's 11th Senate district">11</a> with <a href="/wiki/Todd_Gardenhire" title="Todd Gardenhire">Todd Gardenhire</a><a href="#cite_note-258">[256]</a> (R) and <a href="/wiki/Bo_Watson" title="Bo Watson">Bo Watson</a><a href="#cite_note-259">[257]</a> (R) representing each district respectively. Chattanooga is represented in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a> by <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Fleischmann" title="Chuck Fleischmann">Chuck Fleischmann</a> (R), who represents the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee%27s_3rd_Congressional_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Tennessee's 3rd Congressional District">3rd District</a>.<a href="#cite_note-US_Congressman_Chuck_Fleischmann-260">[258]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a>, both <a href="/wiki/Marsha_Blackburn" title="Marsha Blackburn">Marsha Blackburn</a> (R) and <a href="/wiki/Bill_Hagerty" title="Bill Hagerty">Bill Hagerty</a> (R) have district offices in Chattanooga.<a href="#cite_note-261">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-US_Senator_Lamar_Alexander-262">[260]</a> Chattanooga, as the county seat of <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_County,_Tennessee" title="Hamilton County, Tennessee">Hamilton County</a>, is home to Chattanooga's City Courts and Hamilton County's Courts. Chattanooga is the location of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Tennessee" title="United States District Court for the Eastern District of Tennessee">United States District Court for the Eastern District of Tennessee</a>'s Southern Division, which is housed in the <a href="/wiki/Joel_W._Solomon_Federal_Building_and_United_States_Courthouse" title="Joel W. Solomon Federal Building and United States Courthouse">Joel W. Solomon Federal Courthouse</a>. The Southern Division has jurisdiction over <a href="/wiki/Bledsoe_County,_Tennessee" title="Bledsoe County, Tennessee">Bledsoe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bradley_County,_Tennessee" title="Bradley County, Tennessee">Bradley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_County,_Tennessee" title="Hamilton County, Tennessee">Hamilton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marion_County,_Tennessee" title="Marion County, Tennessee">Marion</a>, <a href="/wiki/McMinn_County,_Tennessee" title="McMinn County, Tennessee">McMinn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meigs_County,_Tennessee" title="Meigs County, Tennessee">Meigs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polk_County,_Tennessee" title="Polk County, Tennessee">Polk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhea_County,_Tennessee" title="Rhea County, Tennessee">Rhea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sequatchie_County,_Tennessee" title="Sequatchie County, Tennessee">Sequatchie</a> counties. The <a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_Police_Department" title="Chattanooga Police Department">Chattanooga Police Department</a> dates from 1852. Starting in 1883, it hired black police officers, making Chattanooga one of the first major Southern cities to have them. But after the state legislature imposed segregation, black police officers were dropped from the force. They were hired again on a permanent basis beginning on August 11, 1948, years before other major cities in the <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeast</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama" title="Birmingham, Alabama">Birmingham, Alabama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jackson,_Mississippi" title="Jackson, Mississippi">Jackson, Mississippi</a>, integrated their police departments. The first seven black officers in 1948, Thaddeus Arnold, Singer Askins, W.B. Baulridge, C.E. Black, Morris Glenn, Arthur Heard, and Thomas Patterson, were initially restricted to walking beats in black neighborhoods. In 1960, black police officers were authorized to patrol all neighborhoods and arrest white citizens.<a href="#cite_note-History_of_the_Chattanooga_Police_Department-263">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chattanooga_Police_Department_History-264">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hubbard-265">[263]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Chattanooga,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Education" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_and_secondary_education">Primary and secondary education</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Chattanooga,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Primary and secondary education" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Most of Chattanooga's primary and secondary education is funded by the government. The <a href="/wiki/Public_school_(government_funded)" class="mw-redirect" title="Public school (government funded)">public schools</a> in Chattanooga, as well as Hamilton County, have fallen under the purview of the <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_County_Schools" title="Hamilton County Schools">Hamilton County Schools</a> since the 1997 merger of the urban Chattanooga City Schools system and the mostly rural Hamilton County Schools system.<a href="#cite_note-266">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-267">[265]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Howard_School_of_Academics_and_Technology" title="Howard School of Academics and Technology">Howard School</a> was the first public school in the area, established in 1865 after the Civil War.<a href="#cite_note-268">[266]</a> Tyner High School (now <a href="/wiki/Tyner_Academy" title="Tyner Academy">Tyner Academy</a>) was the first secondary school built east of Missionary Ridge in 1907. It is now the home of <a href="/wiki/Tyner_Middle_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyner Middle Academy">Tyner Middle Academy</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_School_for_the_Arts_and_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Chattanooga School for the Arts and Sciences">Chattanooga School for the Arts and Sciences</a>, the STEM School Of Chattanooga and the <a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_High_School_Center_for_Creative_Arts" title="Chattanooga High School Center for Creative Arts">Chattanooga High School Center for Creative Arts</a> are additional public magnet schools. The city is home to several well-known private and parochial secondary schools, including <a href="/wiki/Baylor_School" title="Baylor School">Baylor School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boyd-Buchanan_School" title="Boyd-Buchanan School">Boyd-Buchanan School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_Christian_School" title="Chattanooga Christian School">Chattanooga Christian School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Girls_Preparatory_School" title="Girls Preparatory School">Girls Preparatory School</a>, <a href="/wiki/McCallie_School" class="mw-redirect" title="McCallie School">McCallie School</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_High_School_(Chattanooga,_Tennessee)" title="Notre Dame High School (Chattanooga, Tennessee)">Notre Dame High School</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Siskin_Children%27s_Institute" title="Siskin Children's Institute">Siskin Children's Institute</a> in Chattanooga is a specialized institution in the field of early childhood <a href="/wiki/Special_education" title="Special education">special education</a>.<a href="#cite_note-269">[267]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Higher_education">Higher education</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Chattanooga,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Higher education" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UTC_Race_Hall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/UTC_Race_Hall.jpg/220px-UTC_Race_Hall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/UTC_Race_Hall.jpg/220px-UTC_Race_Hall.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/UTC_Race_Hall.jpg/330px-UTC_Race_Hall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/UTC_Race_Hall.jpg/440px-UTC_Race_Hall.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/University_of_Tennessee_at_Chattanooga" title="University of Tennessee at Chattanooga">University of Tennessee at Chattanooga</a>'s Founders Hall in June 2007</figcaption></figure> A wide variety of higher education institutions can be found in Chattanooga and nearby. The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tennessee_at_Chattanooga" title="University of Tennessee at Chattanooga">University of Tennessee at Chattanooga</a> is the second largest campus of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tennessee_System" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Tennessee System">University of Tennessee System</a>, with a student population of over 11,587 as of 2017–18 school year.<a href="#cite_note-270">[268]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_State_Community_College" title="Chattanooga State Community College">Chattanooga State Community College</a> is a two-year community college with a total undergraduate enrollment of roughly 8150 students in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-271">[269]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Temple_University" title="Tennessee Temple University">Tennessee Temple University</a> was a Baptist college located in the Highland Park neighborhood that is no longer operating as of 2015. Chattanooga is also home to a branch of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tennessee_College_of_Medicine" title="University of Tennessee College of Medicine">University of Tennessee College of Medicine</a>, which provides medical education to third- and fourth-year medical students, residents, and other medical professionals in southeast Tennessee through an affiliation with <a href="/wiki/Erlanger_Health_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Erlanger Health System">Erlanger Health System</a>. <a href="/wiki/Covenant_College" title="Covenant College">Covenant College</a>, a private <a href="/wiki/Liberal_arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal arts">liberal arts</a> college operated by the <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_America" title="Presbyterian Church in America">Presbyterian Church in America</a>, is located in the nearby suburb of <a href="/wiki/Lookout_Mountain,_Georgia" title="Lookout Mountain, Georgia">Lookout Mountain, Georgia</a>, and has a student population of about 1,000. <a href="/wiki/Southern_Adventist_University" title="Southern Adventist University">Southern Adventist University</a> is located in the suburb of <a href="/wiki/Collegedale,_Tennessee" title="Collegedale, Tennessee">Collegedale, Tennessee</a>, and enrolls roughly 3,000 students. <a href="/wiki/Richmont_Graduate_University" title="Richmont Graduate University">Richmont Graduate University</a> is a Christian graduate school located in Chattanooga with a <a href="/wiki/CACREP" class="mw-redirect" title="CACREP">CACREP</a> accredited clinical mental health counseling program as well as other ministry related degrees and a student population close to 300. <a href="/wiki/Virginia_College" title="Virginia College">Virginia College</a> School of Business and Health offers a variety of programs leading to diplomas, associate degrees, and bachelor's degrees. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_library">Public library</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Chattanooga,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Public library" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The <a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_Public_Library" title="Chattanooga Public Library">Chattanooga Public Library</a> opened in 1905.<a href="#cite_note-272">[270]</a> Since 1976, the Chattanooga-Hamilton County Bicentennial Library system had been jointly operated by the city and county governments; due to Chattanooga terminating a 1966 agreement with Hamilton County to distribute sales tax revenue equally, the city has taken over full funding responsibilities as of 2011.<a href="#cite_note-273">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-1966_Sales_Tax_Agreement_between_Chattanooga_and_Hamilton_County_ends-274">[272]</a> The city was given a <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_library" title="Carnegie library">Carnegie library</a> in 1904, and the two-story purpose-built marble structure survives to this day at Eighth Street and Georgia Avenue as commercial office space. In 1939, the library moved to Douglas Street and McCallie Avenue and shared the new building with the John Storrs Fletcher Library of the University of Chattanooga. This building is now called Fletcher Hall and houses classrooms and offices for the university. In 1976, the city library moved to its third and current location at the corner of Tenth and Broad streets. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Health_care">Health care</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Chattanooga,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Health care" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_Tennessee" title="List of hospitals in Tennessee">List of hospitals in Tennessee</a></div> Chattanooga has three hospital systems: Erlanger Health System, Parkridge Hospital System, and CHI Memorial Hospital System. Founded in 1889, Erlanger is the seventh largest public healthcare system in the United States<a href="#cite_note-275">[273]</a> with more than half a million patient visits a year.<a href="#cite_note-276">[274]</a> <a href="/wiki/Erlanger_hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="Erlanger hospital">Erlanger Hospital</a> is a non-profit academic teaching center affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tennessee" title="University of Tennessee">University of Tennessee</a>'s College of Medicine.<a href="#cite_note-erlanger.org-277">[275]</a> Erlanger is also the area's primary trauma center, a Level-One Trauma Center for adults, and the only provider of tertiary care for the residents of southeastern <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>, north <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>, northeastern <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a>, and western <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-erlanger.org-277">[275]</a> In 2008, Erlanger was named one of the nation's "100 Top teaching hospitals for cardiovascular care" by <a href="/wiki/Thomson_Reuters" title="Thomson Reuters">Thomson Reuters</a>.<a href="#cite_note-278">[276]</a> Erlanger has been operated by the Chattanooga-Hamilton County Hospital Authority since 1976.<a href="#cite_note-279">[277]</a> Parkridge Hospital is located east of downtown in the Glenwood district and is run by Tri-Star Healthcare. Tri-Star also operates Parkridge East Medical Center in nearby <a href="/wiki/East_Ridge,_Tennessee" title="East Ridge, Tennessee">East Ridge</a>. Memorial Hospital, which is operated by <a href="/wiki/Denver" title="Denver">Denver</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Health_Initiatives" title="Catholic Health Initiatives">Catholic Health Initiatives</a>, is located downtown. In 2004, Memorial was named one of the "100 Top Teaching Hospitals" by <a href="/wiki/Thomson_Reuters" title="Thomson Reuters">Thomson Reuters</a>.<a href="#cite_note-280">[278]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Chattanooga,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Transportation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> Considered to be the gateway to the <a href="/wiki/Deep_South" title="Deep South">Deep South</a>, along with the <a href="/wiki/Midwest" class="mw-redirect" title="Midwest">Midwest</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeast</a> for motorists from states such as <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>, Chattanooga's extensive transportation infrastructure has evolved into an intricate system of interstates, streets, tunnels, railroad lines, bridges, and a commercial airport. While only a midsize city, Chattanooga is ranked as having some of the worst traffic congestion of cities its size, due primarily to unusually high volumes of <a href="/wiki/Trucking_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Trucking industry in the United States">truck traffic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-281">[279]</a> A 2015 study by <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Systematics" title="Cambridge Systematics">Cambridge Systematics</a> found that 80% of trucks that pass through Chattanooga are destined for a different location, the highest share of any metropolitan area in the country.<a href="#cite_note-282">[280]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Highways">Highways</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Chattanooga,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Highways" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Interstate_75_in_Tennessee" title="Interstate 75 in Tennessee">Interstate 75</a> (I-75) connects Chattanooga with Knoxville to the northeast and Atlanta to the south. <a href="/wiki/Interstate_24_in_Tennessee" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstate 24 in Tennessee">Interstate 24</a> (I-24), which to Nashville to the northwest, passes through the central part of the city and reaches its eastern terminus at the <a href="/wiki/75/24_Split" title="75/24 Split">75/24 Split</a> with I-75. The northern terminus of <a href="/wiki/Interstate_59" title="Interstate 59">Interstate 59</a> (I-59) is about 10 miles (16 km) southwest of downtown Chattanooga in <a href="/wiki/Dade_County,_Georgia" title="Dade County, Georgia">Dade County, Georgia</a>, and connects the city to Birmingham to the southwest. A <a href="/wiki/Controlled-access_highway" title="Controlled-access highway">controlled-access</a> segment of <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_27_in_Tennessee" title="U.S. Route 27 in Tennessee">U.S. Route 27</a> (US 27) begins at an interchange with I-24 in downtown Chattanooga, and ends in northern Hamilton County, connecting the city with the cities of <a href="/wiki/Red_Bank,_Tennessee" title="Red Bank, Tennessee">Red Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soddy-Daisy,_Tennessee" title="Soddy-Daisy, Tennessee">Soddy Daisy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dayton,_Tennessee" title="Dayton, Tennessee">Dayton</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dunlap,_Tennessee" title="Dunlap, Tennessee">Dunlap</a> to the north. <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_State_Route_153" title="Tennessee State Route 153">State Route 153</a> (SR 153), some of which is controlled-access, is a major route which connects I-75 to US 27 in the eastern and northern parts of the city. A short controlled-access portion of <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_State_Route_319" title="Tennessee State Route 319">SR 319</a>, known as DuPont Parkway, connects downtown Chattanooga to the <a href="/wiki/Hixson,_Tennessee" title="Hixson, Tennessee">Hixson</a> area.<a href="#cite_note-tdotmap-283">[281]</a> In addition to US 27, several other <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._Highways_in_Tennessee" title="List of U.S. Highways in Tennessee">US Highways</a> pass through Chattanooga as surface streets, and many share <a href="/wiki/Concurrency_(road)" title="Concurrency (road)">concurrencies</a>. They include U.S. Routes <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_11_in_Tennessee" title="U.S. Route 11 in Tennessee">11</a>, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_41_in_Tennessee" title="U.S. Route 41 in Tennessee">41</a>, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_64_in_Tennessee" title="U.S. Route 64 in Tennessee">64</a>, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_72_in_Tennessee" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Route 72 in Tennessee">72</a>, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_76_in_Tennessee" title="U.S. Route 76 in Tennessee">76</a>, and <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_127_in_Tennessee" title="U.S. Route 127 in Tennessee">127</a>, the last three of which have termini in Chattanooga. US 11 and 64 form a concurrency as Brainerd Road and Lee Highway, and connect Chattanooga to <a href="/wiki/Collegedale,_Tennessee" title="Collegedale, Tennessee">Collegedale</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cleveland,_Tennessee" title="Cleveland, Tennessee">Cleveland</a> to the northeast. US 41/76 (Ringgold Road) connects the city to <a href="/wiki/Ringgold,_Georgia" title="Ringgold, Georgia">Ringgold, Georgia</a> to the southeast, and a surface-street section of US 27 (Rossville Boulevard) connects to <a href="/wiki/Rossville,_Georgia" title="Rossville, Georgia">Rossville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Oglethorpe,_Georgia" title="Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia">Fort Oglethorpe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/LaFayette,_Georgia" title="LaFayette, Georgia">LaFayette</a>, all in Georgia, to the south. Beginning in downtown and continuing for several miles to the southwest, US Routes 11, 41, 64, and 72 run together as Cummings Highway, before US 11 splits off, heading toward <a href="/wiki/Trenton,_Georgia" title="Trenton, Georgia">Trenton, Georgia</a>. The remaining three routes continue toward <a href="/wiki/Jasper,_Tennessee" title="Jasper, Tennessee">Jasper</a>, where US 72 splits off headed towards <a href="/wiki/Huntsville,_Alabama" title="Huntsville, Alabama">Huntsville, Alabama</a>. US 127 (Signal Mountain Boulevard) begins in North Chattanooga at an interchange with US 27, and connects the city to <a href="/wiki/Signal_Mountain,_Tennessee" title="Signal Mountain, Tennessee">Signal Mountain</a> and Dunlap to the northwest.<a href="#cite_note-tdotmap-283">[281]</a> Other major <a href="/wiki/List_of_state_routes_in_Tennessee" title="List of state routes in Tennessee">state routes</a> in Chattanooga include routes <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_State_Route_17" title="Tennessee State Route 17">17</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_State_Route_58" title="Tennessee State Route 58">58</a> (Highway 58, Ochs Highway), <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_State_Route_148" title="Tennessee State Route 148">148</a> (Lookout Mountain Scenic Highway), <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_State_Route_317" title="Tennessee State Route 317">317</a> (Bonny Oaks Drive), 319 (Hixson Pike), and <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_State_Route_320" title="Tennessee State Route 320">320</a> (East Brainerd Road). Major city-maintained surface streets include Broad Street, Georgia Avenue, Gunbarrel Road, Hickory Valley Road, McCallie Avenue, Shallowford Road, Dayton Boulevard, and Frazier Avenue.<a href="#cite_note-tdotmap-283">[281]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tunnels">Tunnels</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Chattanooga,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Tunnels" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_L._Bachman" title="Nathan L. Bachman">Bachman Tubes</a> (also unofficially known as The East Ridge Tunnels), which carry Ringgold Road (US 41/76) into the neighboring city of <a href="/wiki/East_Ridge,_Tennessee" title="East Ridge, Tennessee">East Ridge</a>.</li> <li>Missionary Ridge Tunnels (also unofficially known as McCallie or Brainerd Tunnels), which carry McCallie and Bailey Avenues (US 11/64) through <a href="/wiki/Missionary_Ridge" title="Missionary Ridge">Missionary Ridge</a> where the route continues as Brainerd Road.</li> <li>Stringer's Ridge Tunnel, which carries Cherokee Boulevard through Stringer's Ridge where the route continues as Dayton Boulevard.</li> <li>Wilcox Tunnel, which carries Wilcox Boulevard through Missionary Ridge and connects to Shallowford Road.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_transit">Public transit</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Chattanooga,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Public transit" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The city is served by a publicly run bus company, the <a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_Area_Regional_Transportation_Authority" title="Chattanooga Area Regional Transportation Authority">Chattanooga Area Regional Transportation Authority</a> (CARTA). CARTA operates 17 routes, including a free electric shuttle service in the downtown area, and free <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">wireless Internet</a> on certain "smartbuses".<a href="#cite_note-284">[282]</a> The Chattanooga Department of Transportation has a mission "to make efficient transportation viable for all commuters- cyclists, pedestrians, transit users, and motorists while enhancing multi-use public spaces for all people."<a href="#cite_note-285">[283]</a> Chattanooga favors public transit, as the opening lines on the TDOT website read: "Sit back, relax, and let someone else deal with the traffic. Compared to driving, public transportation is less expensive, safer, and better for the environment. It reduces traffic congestion, saves energy, and benefits the communities it serves."<a href="#cite_note-286">[284]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bicycle-sharing_system">Bicycle-sharing system</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Chattanooga,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Bicycle-sharing system" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The city has its own <a href="/wiki/Bicycle-sharing_system" title="Bicycle-sharing system">bicycle transit system</a> (Bike Chattanooga)<a href="#cite_note-287">[285]</a> with 300 bikes and 33 docking stations, all supplied by <a href="/wiki/PBSC_Urban_Solutions" class="mw-redirect" title="PBSC Urban Solutions">PBSC Urban Solutions</a>, a Canadian company.<a href="#cite_note-288">[286]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Railroad_lines">Railroad lines</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Chattanooga,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Railroad lines" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chattanooga_Choo-Choo_train.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Chattanooga_Choo-Choo_train.jpg/220px-Chattanooga_Choo-Choo_train.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Chattanooga_Choo-Choo_train.jpg/220px-Chattanooga_Choo-Choo_train.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Chattanooga_Choo-Choo_train.jpg/330px-Chattanooga_Choo-Choo_train.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Chattanooga_Choo-Choo_train.jpg/440px-Chattanooga_Choo-Choo_train.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Terminal_Station_(Chattanooga)" class="mw-redirect" title="Terminal Station (Chattanooga)">Chattanooga Choo Choo</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chattanooga_Choo_Choo_in_Terminal_Station_(Chattanooga).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Chattanooga_Choo_Choo_in_Terminal_Station_%28Chattanooga%29.jpg/220px-Chattanooga_Choo_Choo_in_Terminal_Station_%28Chattanooga%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Chattanooga_Choo_Choo_in_Terminal_Station_%28Chattanooga%29.jpg/220px-Chattanooga_Choo_Choo_in_Terminal_Station_%28Chattanooga%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Chattanooga_Choo_Choo_in_Terminal_Station_%28Chattanooga%29.jpg/330px-Chattanooga_Choo_Choo_in_Terminal_Station_%28Chattanooga%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Chattanooga_Choo_Choo_in_Terminal_Station_%28Chattanooga%29.jpg/440px-Chattanooga_Choo_Choo_in_Terminal_Station_%28Chattanooga%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Terminal_Station_(Chattanooga)" class="mw-redirect" title="Terminal Station (Chattanooga)">Chattanooga Choo Choo</a></figcaption></figure> Though Chattanooga's most famous connection to the railroad industry is "<a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_Choo_Choo" title="Chattanooga Choo Choo">Chattanooga Choo Choo</a>", a 1941 song made famous by <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Miller_%26_His_Orchestra" class="mw-redirect" title="Glenn Miller & His Orchestra">Glenn Miller & His Orchestra</a>, the city serves as a major <a href="/wiki/Freight" class="mw-redirect" title="Freight">freight</a> hub with <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Southern" class="mw-redirect" title="Norfolk Southern">Norfolk Southern</a> (NS) and <a href="/wiki/CSX" class="mw-redirect" title="CSX">CSX</a> running trains on their own (and each other's) lines. The Norfolk Southern Railway's main <a href="/wiki/Classification_yard" title="Classification yard">classification yard</a>, DeButts Yard, is just east of downtown; Norfolk Southern's Shipp's Yard and CSX's Wauhatchie Yard are southwest of the city. Norfolk Southern maintains a large railroad repair shop in Chattanooga.<a href="#cite_note-Major_Norfolk_Southern_facilities-289">[287]</a> The two railroad companies are among the largest individual landowners in the city (the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Government">Federal Government</a> is another).<a href="#cite_note-290">[288]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Railroad_Museum" title="Tennessee Valley Railroad Museum">Tennessee Valley Railroad Museum</a> (TVRM), the largest historic operating railroad in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">South</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Chattooga_and_Chickamauga_Railway" title="Chattooga and Chickamauga Railway">Chattooga and Chickamauga Railway</a> also provide railroad service in Chattanooga. The headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/National_Model_Railroad_Association" title="National Model Railroad Association">National Model Railroad Association</a> (NMRA) were located in Chattanooga next to the TVRM from 1982 to 2013, when the NMRA moved to <a href="/wiki/Soddy_Daisy,_Tennessee" class="mw-redirect" title="Soddy Daisy, Tennessee">Soddy-Daisy</a>, a nearby suburb.<a href="#cite_note-Interview_with_NMRA_Library_Director-291">[289]</a> (The NMRA had moved from <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis,_Indiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Indianapolis, Indiana">Indianapolis, Indiana</a> to Chattanooga.<a href="#cite_note-Interview_with_NMRA_Library_Director-291">[289]</a>) Despite the high level of freight rail activity, there is no passenger rail service in the city for commuters or long-distance travelers. But the National Railroad Passenger Corporation (<a href="/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak">Amtrak</a>) has Chattanooga on a proposed future route that would run from <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a> to <a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville</a> twice daily, with additional stops in <a href="/wiki/Marietta,_Georgia" title="Marietta, Georgia">Marietta, GA</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cartersville,_Georgia" title="Cartersville, Georgia">Cartersville, GA</a>; <a href="/wiki/Dalton,_Georgia" title="Dalton, Georgia">Dalton, GA</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bridgeport,_Alabama" title="Bridgeport, Alabama">Bridgeport, AL</a>; <a href="/wiki/Tullahoma,_Tennessee" title="Tullahoma, Tennessee">Tullahoma, TN</a>; <a href="/wiki/Murfreesboro,_Tennessee" title="Murfreesboro, Tennessee">Murfreesboro, TN</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/Nashville_International_Airport" title="Nashville International Airport">Nashville International Airport</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Amtrak_Atlanta_to_Nashville_Proposal-292">[290]</a> Using the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_American_Railroads" title="Association of American Railroads">AAR</a> reporting marks (NS for <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Southern" class="mw-redirect" title="Norfolk Southern">Norfolk Southern</a>, CSXT for <a href="/wiki/CSX_Transportation" title="CSX Transportation">CSX Transportation</a>, TVRM for the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Railroad_Museum" title="Tennessee Valley Railroad Museum">Tennessee Valley Railroad Museum</a>, TNT for subsidiary Tyner Terminal Railroad, and CCKY for <a href="/wiki/Chattooga_and_Chickamauga_Railway" title="Chattooga and Chickamauga Railway">Chattooga and Chickamauga Railway</a>), the rail lines passing through Chattanooga are as follows: <ul><li>CSXT – <a href="/wiki/Western_and_Atlantic_Railroad" title="Western and Atlantic Railroad">Western & Atlantic Subdivision</a> (Chattanooga to <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a>) <ul><li>Chattanooga Subdivision (Chattanooga to <a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville</a> on former NC&StL trackage)</li></ul></li> <li>NS – <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati,_New_Orleans_and_Texas_Pacific" class="mw-redirect" title="Cincinnati, New Orleans and Texas Pacific">Cincinnati, New Orleans and Texas Pacific</a>, aka the Queen and Crescent Route, (Chattanooga to <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati</a>, Ohio via <a href="/wiki/Lexington,_Kentucky" title="Lexington, Kentucky">Lexington, Kentucky</a>) <ul><li>Alabama Division (Chattanooga to Memphis via <a href="/wiki/Huntsville,_Alabama" title="Huntsville, Alabama">Huntsville, Alabama</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Great_Southern_Railroad" title="Alabama Great Southern Railroad">Alabama Great Southern</a> (Chattanooga to New Orleans, Louisiana via <a href="/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama" title="Birmingham, Alabama">Birmingham, Alabama</a>)</li> <li>Georgia Division (Chattanooga to Atlanta)</li> <li>Central Division (Chattanooga to <a href="/wiki/Knoxville,_Tennessee" title="Knoxville, Tennessee">Knoxville</a>)</li> <li>Chattanooga Traction Company <ul><li>North Chattanooga to Signal Mountain</li> <li>Dry Valley Line (Red Bank to Lupton City)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>TVRM – East Chattanooga to Grand Junction (3 miles (4.8 km)) <ul><li>East Chattanooga Belt Line Railroad (from near 23rd Street, across to Holtzclaw Avenue and East Chattanooga around North Chamberlain Ave., used by TVRM)</li> <li>TNT – Tyner Terminal Railroad (Enterprise South Industrial Park railroad operations)</li></ul></li> <li>CCKY – formerly the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee,_Alabama_and_Georgia_Railway" title="Tennessee, Alabama and Georgia Railway">Tennessee Alabama & Georgia</a> line (Chattanooga to Hedges, Georgia, abandoned since 2009) <ul><li>formerly the <a href="/wiki/Central_of_Georgia_Railway" title="Central of Georgia Railway">Central of Georgia</a> line (Chattanooga to <a href="/wiki/Lyerly,_Georgia" title="Lyerly, Georgia">Lyerly, Georgia</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> The <a href="/wiki/Lookout_Mountain_Incline_Railway" title="Lookout Mountain Incline Railway">Lookout Mountain Incline Railway</a>, often referred to as the Incline Railway by locals, serves as a tourist attraction. It is also occasionally used for commuting by Lookout Mountain residents, particularly during wintry weather when traveling up and down the mountain could be very dangerous. Until the 1960s the <a href="/wiki/Louisville_and_Nashville" class="mw-redirect" title="Louisville and Nashville">Louisville and Nashville</a> railroad ran passenger trains through <a href="/wiki/Union_Station_(Chattanooga)" title="Union Station (Chattanooga)">Union Station</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Railway_(U.S.)" title="Southern Railway (U.S.)">Southern Railway</a> ran trains through <a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_Choo-Choo_Hotel" title="Chattanooga Choo-Choo Hotel">Terminal Station</a>. The last train, the L&N's <a href="/wiki/Georgian_(train)" title="Georgian (train)">Georgian</a>, left Terminal Station in October 1971. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bridges">Bridges</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Chattanooga,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Bridges" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Being bisected by the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_River" title="Tennessee River">Tennessee River</a>, Chattanooga has seven bridges that allow people to traverse the river; five of the bridges being automobile bridges, one a rail bridge, and one a pedestrian bridge. These are the following, from west to east: <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Market_Street_Bridge_Downtown_Chattanooga.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Market_Street_Bridge_Downtown_Chattanooga.JPG/220px-Market_Street_Bridge_Downtown_Chattanooga.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="3216"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Market_Street_Bridge_Downtown_Chattanooga.JPG/220px-Market_Street_Bridge_Downtown_Chattanooga.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Market_Street_Bridge_Downtown_Chattanooga.JPG/330px-Market_Street_Bridge_Downtown_Chattanooga.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Market_Street_Bridge_Downtown_Chattanooga.JPG/440px-Market_Street_Bridge_Downtown_Chattanooga.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Market Street Bridge facing the North Shore</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/P.R._Olgiati_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="P.R. Olgiati Bridge">P.R. Olgiati Bridge</a> – Named for a former mayor, <a href="/wiki/P.R._Olgiati" title="P.R. Olgiati">P.R. Olgiati</a>, this bridge, which was dedicated in 1959, carries <a href="/wiki/U.S._Highway_27" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Highway 27">U.S. Highway 27</a> from downtown towards <a href="/wiki/Dayton,_Tennessee" title="Dayton, Tennessee">Dayton, Tennessee</a> and points northward.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_Street_Bridge_(Chattanooga)" title="Market Street Bridge (Chattanooga)">Market Street Bridge</a> – Officially called the <a href="/wiki/John_Ross_(Cherokee_chief)" title="John Ross (Cherokee chief)">John Ross</a> Bridge, this bridge is a <a href="/wiki/Bascule_bridge" title="Bascule bridge">bascule bridge</a>, which is a type of <a href="/wiki/Draw_bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Draw bridge">draw bridge</a>. The bridge was completed in 1917 for the large sum of $1 million for the time. Having stood for decades since its last major overhaul, the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Department_of_Transportation" title="Tennessee Department of Transportation">Tennessee Department of Transportation</a> declared it unsafe in late 2004. The bridge was closed in 2005 for a long-overdue renovation and was reopened on August 4, 2007.<a href="#cite_note-293">[291]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walnut_Street_Bridge_(Tennessee)" class="mw-redirect" title="Walnut Street Bridge (Tennessee)">Walnut Street Bridge</a> – Also known as "The Walking Bridge", it is one of the centerpieces of Chattanooga's urban renewal and is the second longest <a href="/wiki/Pedestrian_bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedestrian bridge">pedestrian bridge</a> in the nation. Constructed in 1891, the bridge was declared unsafe and closed to traffic in 1978. It was on the verge of being demolished in the late 1980s when public outcry led to it being restored as a pedestrian-only span that opened in 1993.<a href="#cite_note-bikekatytrail.com-294">[292]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterans_Memorial_Bridge_(Chattanooga)" title="Veterans Memorial Bridge (Chattanooga)">Veterans Memorial Bridge</a> – Completed in 1984, this bridge has helped commuters from Hixson, Lupton City, and other northern areas reach downtown quickly.</li> <li>C.B. Robinson Bridge – Opened in 1981, this bridge carries DuPont Parkway (SR 319) from Amnicola Highway (SR 58) to Hixson Pike and <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_State_Route_153" title="Tennessee State Route 153">Route 153</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenbridge" title="Tenbridge">Tenbridge</a> – This <a href="/wiki/Truss_bridge" title="Truss bridge">truss bridge</a> with a vertical lift carries the <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati,_New_Orleans_and_Texas_Pacific_Railway" title="Cincinnati, New Orleans and Texas Pacific Railway">Cincinnati, New Orleans and Texas Pacific Railway</a> over the river and is a popular <a href="/wiki/Railfan" title="Railfan">railfan</a> area. It was constructed in 1920.<a href="#cite_note-295">[293]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilkes_T._Thrasher_Bridge" title="Wilkes T. Thrasher Bridge">Wilkes T. Thrasher Bridge</a> – Completed in 1955, this route carries Highway 153 over the <a href="/wiki/Chickamauga_Dam" title="Chickamauga Dam">Chickamauga Dam</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air_travel">Air travel</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Chattanooga,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Air travel" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The <a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_Metropolitan_Airport" title="Chattanooga Metropolitan Airport">Chattanooga Metropolitan Airport</a> (CHA) offers non-stop service to various domestic destinations via regional and national airlines, including <a href="/wiki/Allegiant_Airlines" class="mw-redirect" title="Allegiant Airlines">Allegiant Airlines</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_Eagle_Airlines" class="mw-redirect" title="American Eagle Airlines">American Eagle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delta_Air_Lines" title="Delta Air Lines">Delta Air Lines</a> and its regional carrier <a href="/wiki/Delta_Connection" title="Delta Connection">Delta Connection</a>, and <a href="/wiki/United_Express" title="United Express">United Express</a>.<a href="#cite_note-296">[294]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Chattanooga,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: In popular culture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> Chattanooga has been referred to in pop culture numerous times over the decades, including in books, documentaries, films, TV shows, and more. In recent years, Chattanooga has appeared in more productions of blockbuster movies and TV shows, as well as independent films and documentaries.<a href="#cite_note-Chattanooga_plans_to_become_movie_magnet-297">[295]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chattanooga_becomes_a_filming_location_for_movies-298">[296]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Novels">Novels</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Chattanooga,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Novels" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Books that have Chattanooga as either a major or minor plot setting include Four and Twenty Blackbirds by <a href="/wiki/Cherie_Priest" title="Cherie Priest">Cherie Priest</a>.<a href="#cite_note-299">[297]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Documentaries">Documentaries</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Chattanooga,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Documentaries" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Documentaries have been filmed in Chattanooga over the decades, mostly related to the railroad industry or the Civil War battles that were fought in Chattanooga. These include the following:<a href="#cite_note-Movies,_TV_shows,_documentaries,_and_more_filmed_in_Chattanooga-300">[298]</a> <ul><li>Up Lookout Mountain on the Electric Incline (1913)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>Battle Fields Around Chattanooga (1913)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>The Blue and the Gray (1935)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>Our Country (2003)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>John Henry: Inside the Sculptors Studio (2008)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>Let There Be Light: The Odyssey of Dark Star (2010)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>Memphis & Charleston Railroad: Marriage of the Waters (2010)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>Born and Bred (2011)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>When Mourning Breaks (2013)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Films">Films</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Chattanooga,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Films" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Chattanooga and its environs have been featured in numerous films since the early 1970s, principally due to Chattanooga being the home of the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Railroad_Museum" title="Tennessee Valley Railroad Museum">Tennessee Valley Railroad Museum</a> (TVRM), which has allowed its equipment to be filmed in various films. A partial list of movies shot with TVRM equipment follows:<a href="#cite_note-TVRM_in_the_movies-301">[299]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fool%27s_Parade" title="Fool's Parade">Fool's Parade</a> (1971) (Southern 4501 as B&O 4501)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_and_Franklin_(miniseries)" title="Eleanor and Franklin (miniseries)">Eleanor & Franklin</a> (1976), starring <a href="/wiki/Jane_Alexander" title="Jane Alexander">Jane Alexander</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Herrmann" title="Edward Herrmann">Edward Herrmann</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Days_of_Frank_and_Jesse_James" title="The Last Days of Frank and Jesse James">The Last Days of Frank and Jesse James</a> (1986)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fled" title="Fled">Fled</a> (1996) (shot on the TVRM mainline)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mama_Flora%27s_Family" title="Mama Flora's Family">Mama Flora's Family</a> (1998)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_Sky" title="October Sky">October Sky</a> (1999) (Southern 4501 appearing as N&W 4501 with <a href="/wiki/O._Winston_Link" title="O. Winston Link">O. Winston Link</a> being the engineer)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>The Adventures of Ociee Nash (2003)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warm_Springs_(film)" title="Warm Springs (film)">Warm Springs</a> (2005) (shot in <a href="/wiki/Summerville,_Georgia" title="Summerville, Georgia">Summerville, Georgia</a>, using TVRM equipment)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heaven%27s_Fall" class="mw-redirect" title="Heaven's Fall">Heaven's Fall</a> (2007)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leatherheads" title="Leatherheads">Leatherheads</a> (2008), starring <a href="/wiki/George_Clooney" title="George Clooney">George Clooney</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9e_Zellweger" title="Renée Zellweger">Renée Zellweger</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_for_Elephants_(film)" title="Water for Elephants (film)">Water for Elephants</a> (2011), starring <a href="/wiki/Reese_Witherspoon" title="Reese Witherspoon">Reese Witherspoon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Pattinson" title="Robert Pattinson">Robert Pattinson</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>The promotional video for <a href="/wiki/Josh_Turner" title="Josh Turner">Josh Turner</a>'s 2003 country single "<a href="/wiki/Long_Black_Train_(song)" title="Long Black Train (song)">Long Black Train</a>" was filmed on TVRM property.<a href="#cite_note-TVRM_in_the_movies-301">[299]</a></li></ul> In addition to the above TVRM films, the following films were filmed either in Chattanooga itself or in nearby locales:<a href="#cite_note-Movies,_TV_shows,_documentaries,_and_more_filmed_in_Chattanooga-300">[298]</a> <ul><li>The Man Trail (1915)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Night_the_Lights_Went_Out_in_Georgia_(film)" title="The Night the Lights Went Out in Georgia (film)">The Night the Lights Went Out in Georgia</a> (1981)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Big_Blue" title="The Big Blue">The Big Blue</a> (1988)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_(1991_film)" title="Dutch (1991 film)">Dutch</a> (1991)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus:_The_Discovery" title="Christopher Columbus: The Discovery">Christopher Columbus: The Discovery</a> (1992)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>All Over Again (2001)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_into_Darkness" title="Straight into Darkness">Straight into Darkness</a> (2004)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/42_(film)" title="42 (film)">42</a> (2013) (filmed at <a href="/wiki/Engel_Stadium" title="Engel Stadium">Engel Stadium</a>)<a href="#cite_note-302">[300]</a><a href="#cite_note-'42'_filmed_at_Chattanooga's_historic_Engel_Stadium-303">[301]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_Thief" title="Identity Thief">Identity Thief</a> (2013) (scene set in St. Louis was filmed on the <a href="/wiki/Market_Street_Bridge_(Chattanooga)" title="Market Street Bridge (Chattanooga)">Market Street Bridge</a>)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li></ul> </div> The 1941 Glenn Miller song that catapulted Chattanooga to international fame, "<a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_Choo_Choo" title="Chattanooga Choo Choo">Chattanooga Choo Choo</a>", has been performed in numerous movies, including the 1941 film <a href="/wiki/Sun_Valley_Serenade" title="Sun Valley Serenade">Sun Valley Serenade</a>, featuring the Miller Orchestra and <a href="/wiki/Milton_Berle" title="Milton Berle">Milton Berle</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Glenn_Miller_Story" title="The Glenn Miller Story">The Glenn Miller Story</a> starring <a href="/wiki/James_Stewart" title="James Stewart">James Stewart</a> in the 1953 title role, and the 1984 eponymous film <a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_Choo_Choo_(film)" title="Chattanooga Choo Choo (film)">Chattanooga Choo Choo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Movies,_TV_shows,_documentaries,_and_more_filmed_in_Chattanooga-300">[298]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sporting_and_entertainment_events">Sporting and entertainment events</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Chattanooga,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Sporting and entertainment events" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> A number of pro wrestling events, as well as other events, such as circuses, concerts, ice shows, monster truck rallies, and rodeos, have been held in Chattanooga since the late 1980s, all at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tennessee_at_Chattanooga" title="University of Tennessee at Chattanooga">UTC</a>'s <a href="/wiki/McKenzie_Arena" title="McKenzie Arena">McKenzie Arena</a>, also known as The Roundhouse because of its round shape and the impact of the railroad industry on Chattanooga.<a href="#cite_note-McKenzie_Arena_celebrates_25_years-304">[302]</a> The events include the following:<a href="#cite_note-Movies,_TV_shows,_documentaries,_and_more_filmed_in_Chattanooga-300">[298]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clash_of_the_Champions_IV:_Season%27s_Beatings" class="mw-redirect" title="Clash of the Champions IV: Season's Beatings">Clash of the Champions IV: Season's Beatings</a> (1988)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>Saturday's Night Main Event (January 27, 1990, episode)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halloween_Havoc_(1991)" title="Halloween Havoc (1991)">Halloween Havoc (1991)</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_Your_House_13:_Final_Four" title="In Your House 13: Final Four">In Your House 13: Final Four</a> (February 16, 1997)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-In_Your_House:_Final_Four_('97)_from_Chattanooga-305">[303]</a></li> <li>2005 and 2011 Men's <a href="/wiki/Southern_Conference" title="Southern Conference">Southern Conference</a> basketball tournaments</li> <li>2005 Women's Southern Conference basketball championship game</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenny_Rogers" title="Kenny Rogers">Kenny Rogers</a> concert (October 8, 1982; first-ever event held in McKenzie Arena)<a href="#cite_note-McKenzie_Arena_has_held_many_events,_including_Kenny_Rogers-306">[304]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toby_Keith" title="Toby Keith">Toby Keith</a> concert (February 8, 2007)<a href="#cite_note-Toby_Keith_plays_at_UTC_on_February_8,_2007-307">[305]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elton_John" title="Elton John">Elton John</a> concert (2011, 2013, 2016)<a href="#cite_note-Elton_John_performs_at_McKenzie_Arena-308">[306]</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="TV_shows">TV shows</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Chattanooga,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: TV shows" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Police_POV" title="Police POV">Police POV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cops_(TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cops (TV series)">COPS</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/MTV" title="MTV">MTV</a> show Cuff'd have shown members of the <a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_Police_Department" title="Chattanooga Police Department">Chattanooga Police Department</a> apprehending suspects.<a href="#cite_note-Police_shows_show_Chattanooga's_men_and_women_in_blue-309">[307]</a> In addition to police reality shows, Chattanooga and nearby areas have been either been featured or mentioned in several TV shows, including the following:<a href="#cite_note-Movies,_TV_shows,_documentaries,_and_more_filmed_in_Chattanooga-300">[298]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li>America's Walking (This Woman's Not Stopping episode, originally broadcast May 20, 2002)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%26B_Divas:_Atlanta" title="R&B Divas: Atlanta">R&B Divas: Atlanta</a> (Til Divas Do Us Part episode, originally broadcast June 19, 2013)<a href="#cite_note-310">[308]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Idol" title="American Idol">American Idol</a> (Top 3 Results Show episode, originally broadcast May 19, 2011)<a href="#cite_note-Lauren_Alaina_comes_home_to_Chattanooga-311">[309]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiques_Roadshow_(U.S.)" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiques Roadshow (U.S.)">Antiques Roadshow</a> (Chattanooga episodes (Hours 1–3), originally broadcast March 30 and April 6 and 13, 2009)<a href="#cite_note-312">[310]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridezillas" title="Bridezillas">Bridezillas</a> (Shederyl & Poni episode)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>Fitness Truth (CF Open Chattanooga episode, originally broadcast August 14, 2011)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%2440_a_Day" title="$40 a Day">$40 a Day</a> (Chattanooga episode, originally broadcast October 29, 2004)<a href="#cite_note-Rachel_Ray_visits_Chattanooga_for_%2440_a_Day_show-313">[311]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evening_Magazine" title="Evening Magazine">Evening Magazine</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_Makeover:_Home_Edition" title="Extreme Makeover: Home Edition">Extreme Makeover: Home Edition</a> (Sharrock Family episode, originally broadcast May 15, 2011)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Eats" title="Good Eats">Good Eats</a> (Hook, Line, and Dinner episode, originally broadcast September 8, 1999)<a href="#cite_note-Tennessee_Aquarium_and_Alton_Brown-314">[312]</a></li> <li>Mystery Manhunt (2012-)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-315">[313]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Off_Limits_(TV_series)" title="Off Limits (TV series)">Off Limits</a> (Tennessee episode, originally broadcast June 20, 2011)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Only_in_America_with_Larry_the_Cable_Guy" title="Only in America with Larry the Cable Guy">Only in America with Larry the Cable Guy</a> (Larry Gets the Horns episode, originally broadcast February 22, 2011)<a href="#cite_note-316">[314]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16_and_Pregnant" title="16 and Pregnant">16 and Pregnant</a> (Maci episode, originally broadcast June 11, 2009)<a href="#cite_note-Maci_Bookout,_from_Chattanooga,_appears_on_''16_and_Pregnant''_TV_show-317">[315]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teen_Mom" title="Teen Mom">Teen Mom</a> (<a href="/wiki/Maci_Bookout" title="Maci Bookout">Maci Bookout</a> character)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>Tennessee Crossroads (Show 752 episode, originally broadcast June 23, 1994)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Andy_Griffith_Show" title="The Andy Griffith Show">The Andy Griffith Show</a> (Andy the Matchmaker and The Shoplifters episodes, originally broadcast on November 14, 1960, and March 2, 1964, respectively.)<a href="#cite_note-318">[316]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Middle_(TV_series)" title="The Middle (TV series)">The Middle</a> (Vacation Days episode, originally broadcast March 5, 2014)<a href="#cite_note-Vacation_Days-319">[317]</a></li> <li>The Steps (a locally produced web series)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-320">[318]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trading_Spouses" title="Trading Spouses">Trading Spouses: Meet Your New Mommy</a> (Hammond/Howard episode, originally broadcast January 17 and 24, 2005)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-Hammond/Howard_Episodes_Parts_I_and_II-321">[319]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who_Do_You_Think_You_Are%3F_(U.S._TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Who Do You Think You Are? (U.S. TV series)">Who Do You Think You Are?</a> (Lionel Richie episode, originally broadcast March 4, 2011)<a href="#cite_note-322">[320]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restaurant:_Impossible" title="Restaurant: Impossible">Restaurant: Impossible</a> (Chattanooga Blues episode, shot at the Blue Orleans and was broadcast on February 27, 2020.)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Miscellaneous_film_and_TV_productions">Miscellaneous film and TV productions</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Chattanooga,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Miscellaneous film and TV productions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Numerous independent short films have been produced in Chattanooga over the last several years, including the following:<a href="#cite_note-Movies,_TV_shows,_documentaries,_and_more_filmed_in_Chattanooga-300">[298]</a> <ul><li>Outcasts (2003)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>Assurances (2004)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>A Bright Past (2008)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>Last Breath (2009)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>The Campaign for Chattanooga: Death Knell of the Confederacy (2012)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>Ella (2012)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-Movie_filmed_in_Chattanooga_to_premiere_Saturday-323">[321]</a></li></ul> Some TV movies have been filmed in Chattanooga or nearby areas, as well, including the 1986 TV movie <a href="/wiki/A_Winner_Never_Quits" title="A Winner Never Quits">A Winner Never Quits</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In addition, the 1999 music video Usher Live, starring Chattanooga native <a href="/wiki/Usher_(entertainer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Usher (entertainer)">Usher</a>, was filmed in Chattanooga.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="Sister_cities">Sister cities</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Chattanooga,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: Sister cities" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> Chattanooga's <a href="/wiki/Sister_city" title="Sister city">sister cities</a> are:<a href="#cite_note-sisters-324">[322]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><noscript><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" data-alt="Germany" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Hamm,_North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="Hamm, North Rhine-Westphalia">Hamm</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a> Germany (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><noscript><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" data-alt="China" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Wuxi" title="Wuxi">Wuxi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jiangsu" title="Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a>, China (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel"><noscript><img alt="Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" data-alt="Israel" data-width="21" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Givatayim" title="Givatayim">Givatayim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gush_Dan" title="Gush Dan">Gush Dan</a>, Israel (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><noscript><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" data-alt="Russia" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Tagil" title="Nizhny Tagil">Nizhny Tagil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sverdlovsk_Oblast" title="Sverdlovsk Oblast">Sverdlovsk Oblast</a>, Russia (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea"><noscript><img alt="South Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" data-alt="South Korea" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Gangneung" title="Gangneung">Gangneung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gangwon_Province_(South_Korea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangwon Province (South Korea)">Gangwon-do</a>, South Korea (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><noscript><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" data-alt="Germany" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Wolfsburg" title="Wolfsburg">Wolfsburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a>, Germany (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><noscript><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" data-alt="Japan" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dno,_Iwate" title="Tōno, Iwate">Tōno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iwate_Prefecture" title="Iwate Prefecture">Iwate</a>, Japan (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana"><noscript><img alt="Ghana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" data-alt="Ghana" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Accra" title="Accra">Accra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greater_Accra" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Accra">Greater Accra</a>, Ghana (2024)</li></ul> </div> In January 2007, all of the cities above (with the exceptions of Wolfsburg and Tōno) and the former sister cities of <a href="/wiki/Swindon" title="Swindon">Swindon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ascoli_Piceno" title="Ascoli Piceno">Ascoli Piceno</a> had a tree native to each locale planted at Coolidge Park's Peace Grove, which was established to replace a 100-year-old <a href="/wiki/Ulmus_rubra" title="Ulmus rubra">Slippery elm</a> tree which was damaged in a lightning storm in August 2006.<a href="#cite_note-325">[323]</a><a href="#cite_note-326">[324]</a> Wolfsburg and Tōno were added in September 2011 and January 2018, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-327">[325]</a><a href="#cite_note-328">[326]</a> The Peace Grove has nine trees: a <a href="/wiki/Linden_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Linden tree">linden tree</a>, which represents Hamm; a <a href="/wiki/Chinese_elm" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese elm">Chinese elm</a>, which represents Wuxi; a <a href="/wiki/Cedrus" title="Cedrus">Mediterranean cedar</a>, which represents Givatayim; a <a href="/wiki/White_birch" class="mw-redirect" title="White birch">white birch</a>, which represents Nizhny Tagil; a <a href="/wiki/Ginkgo_Biloba" class="mw-redirect" title="Ginkgo Biloba">ginkgo tree</a>, which represents Gangneung; an <a href="/wiki/English_elm" class="mw-redirect" title="English elm">English elm</a>, which represents Swindon; a <a href="/wiki/European_hornbeam" class="mw-redirect" title="European hornbeam">European hornbeam</a>, which represents Ascoli Piceno; an <a href="/wiki/Oak_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Oak tree">oak tree</a>, which represents Wolfsburg; and a <a href="/wiki/Prunus_serrulata" title="Prunus serrulata">cherry tree</a>, which represents Tōno. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Friendship_cities">Friendship cities</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Chattanooga,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: Friendship cities" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Chattanooga has friendly relations with:<a href="#cite_note-sisters-324">[322]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><noscript><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" data-alt="Italy" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Manfredonia" title="Manfredonia">Manfredonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a>, Italy (2014)</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Chattanooga,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 17px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="32" data-height="17" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Tennessee.svg/32px-Flag_of_Tennessee.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Tennessee.svg/32px-Flag_of_Tennessee.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="32" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Tennessee.svg/48px-Flag_of_Tennessee.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Tennessee.svg/64px-Flag_of_Tennessee.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Tennessee" title="Portal:Tennessee">Tennessee portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benwood_Foundation" title="Benwood Foundation">Benwood Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattanooga,_Rome_and_Columbus_Railroad" title="Chattanooga, Rome and Columbus Railroad">Chattanooga, Rome and Columbus Railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndhurst_Foundation" title="Lyndhurst Foundation">Lyndhurst Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Steele_home" class="mw-redirect" title="The Steele home">The Steele Home Orphanage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_Chattanooga" title="Underground Chattanooga">Underground Chattanooga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Chattanooga" title="USS Chattanooga">USS Chattanooga</a>, 4 ships</li> <li><a href="/wiki/YMCA_of_Metropolitan_Chattanooga" title="YMCA of Metropolitan Chattanooga">YMCA of Metropolitan Chattanooga</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(15)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Chattanooga,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=67" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-15 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-15"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> Official records for Chattanooga kept at the Weather Bureau downtown from January 1879 to June 1940 and at Lovell Field since July 1940.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(16)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Chattanooga,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=68" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-16 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-16"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-mtas-1"><a href="#cite_ref-mtas_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mtas.tennessee.edu/city/chattanooga">"Chattanooga"</a>. Municipal Technical Advisory Service. Retrieved August 2, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Municipal+Technical+Advisory+Service&rft.atitle=Chattanooga&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mtas.tennessee.edu%2Fcity%2Fchattanooga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChattanooga%2C+Tennessee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-chat_info-2"><a href="#cite_ref-chat_info_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110912064222/http://www.chattanooga-tennessee.info/">"About Chattanooga, Tennessee"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chattanooga-tennessee.info">the original</a> on September 12, 2011. 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August 20, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Amazing+travel+gadgets&rft.date=2015-08-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwgow.com%2Fam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChattanooga%2C+Tennessee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org">"Home Page Top Stories"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Home+Page+Top+Stories&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChattanooga%2C+Tennessee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csnradio.com">"Christian Radio – Bible Teaching"</a>. www.csnradio.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.csnradio.com&rft.atitle=Christian+Radio+%E2%80%93+Bible+Teaching&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csnradio.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChattanooga%2C+Tennessee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.klove.com">"Positive & Encouraging K-LOVE"</a>. K-LOVE.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=K-LOVE&rft.atitle=Positive+%26+Encouraging+K-LOVE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.klove.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChattanooga%2C+Tennessee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUniversity" class="citation web cs1">University, Southern Adventist. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wsmc.org">"Home"</a>. www.wsmc.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wsmc.org&rft.atitle=Home&rft.aulast=University&rft.aufirst=Southern+Adventist&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsmc.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChattanooga%2C+Tennessee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.myflr.org">"Family Life Radio – Christian Radio Station Network"</a>. Family Life Radio.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Family+Life+Radio&rft.atitle=Family+Life+Radio+%E2%80%93+Christian+Radio+Station+Network&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.myflr.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChattanooga%2C+Tennessee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sunny923.com">"WDEF"</a>. WDEF.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WDEF&rft.atitle=WDEF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sunny923.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChattanooga%2C+Tennessee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lf.radio/">"LF Radio"</a>. WALV-HD3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WALV-HD3&rft.atitle=LF+Radio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lf.radio%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChattanooga%2C+Tennessee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.air1.com">"Air1 – Positive Hits"</a>. Air1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Air1&rft.atitle=Air1+%E2%80%93+Positive+Hits&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.air1.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChattanooga%2C+Tennessee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.groove93.com">"WMPZ"</a>. WMPZ.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WMPZ&rft.atitle=WMPZ&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.groove93.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChattanooga%2C+Tennessee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.power94.com">"WJTT POWER94"</a>. WJTT POWER94.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WJTT+POWER94&rft.atitle=WJTT+POWER94&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.power94.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChattanooga%2C+Tennessee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.waakradio.com/listen-live//">"WAAK 94.7 FM WaaKool Radio – Catoosa County"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WAAK+94.7+FM+WaaKool+Radio+%E2%80%93+Catoosa+County&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.waakradio.com%2Flisten-live%2F%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChattanooga%2C+Tennessee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://florida.thejoyfm.com/">"The Joy FM"</a>. TheJoyFM.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TheJoyFM&rft.atitle=The+Joy+FM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fflorida.thejoyfm.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChattanooga%2C+Tennessee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.discoverdade.com/wfli/?doing_wp_cron=1717465884.7622199058532714843750">"WFLI"</a>. The Big One}.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Big+One%7D&rft.atitle=WFLI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.discoverdade.com%2Fwfli%2F%3Fdoing_wp_cron%3D1717465884.7622199058532714843750&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChattanooga%2C+Tennessee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hits96.com">"Hits 96"</a>. Hits 96.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hits+96&rft.atitle=Hits+96&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hits96.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChattanooga%2C+Tennessee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.audacy.com/real977">"Real 97.7"</a>. Real 97.7. March 5, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Real+97.7&rft.atitle=Real+97.7&rft.date=2021-03-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.audacy.com%2Freal977&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChattanooga%2C+Tennessee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://981thelake.com">"98.1 The Lake"</a>. 98.1 The Lake.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=98.1+The+Lake&rft.atitle=98.1+The+Lake&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F981thelake.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChattanooga%2C+Tennessee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.woopfm.com/">"Welcome to the World Wide Woop!"</a>. www.woopfm.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.woopfm.com&rft.atitle=Welcome+to+the+World+Wide+Woop%21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.woopfm.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChattanooga%2C+Tennessee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.us101country.com">"US 101"</a>. US 101.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=US+101&rft.atitle=US+101&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.us101country.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChattanooga%2C+Tennessee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wjsqwlar.com">"WJSQ / WLAR"</a>. www.wjsqwlar.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wjsqwlar.com&rft.atitle=WJSQ+%2F+WLAR&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wjsqwlar.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChattanooga%2C+Tennessee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051214185818/http://www.wgow.com/fm/">"Two Survivors Tell Of Wreck That Killed 3 Members Of Thomas Family..."</a> Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wgow.com/fm">the original</a> on December 14, 2005. Retrieved December 7, 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Two+Survivors+Tell+Of+Wreck+That+Killed+3+Members+Of+Thomas+Family...&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wgow.com%2Ffm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChattanooga%2C+Tennessee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-j103.com-244">^ <a href="#cite_ref-j103.com_244-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-j103.com_244-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.j103.com">"Shining the Light in the Tennessee Valley J103"</a>. www.j103.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.j103.com&rft.atitle=Shining+the+Light+in+the+Tennessee+Valley+J103&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.j103.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChattanooga%2C+Tennessee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kisschattanooga.com">"KISS FM"</a>. KISS FM.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KISS+FM&rft.atitle=KISS+FM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kisschattanooga.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChattanooga%2C+Tennessee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050531210541/http://www.rock105.net/">"Rock 105 Man Up!"</a>. Rock 105 Man Up!. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rock105.net/">the original</a> on May 31, 2005. Retrieved December 7, 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rock+105+Man+Up%21&rft.atitle=Rock+105+Man+Up%21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rock105.net%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChattanooga%2C+Tennessee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kz106.com">"WSKZ-FM"</a>. WSKZ-FM.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WSKZ-FM&rft.atitle=WSKZ-FM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kz106.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChattanooga%2C+Tennessee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.joyworship.com/">"Joy Worship"</a>. 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The History of Hamilton County and Chattanooga, Tennessee. (2 vol 1931; reprint The Overmountain Press, 1992)</li> <li>Crutchfield, Jennifer. Chattanooga Landmarks: Exploring the History of the Scenic City (The History Press, 2010)</li> <li>Desmond, Jerry R. Chattanooga (Arcadia Publishing, 1996)</li> <li>Downey, Fairfax. Storming of the Gateway: Chattanooga, 1863 (D. McKay Company, 1960)</li> <li>Ezzell, Tim. Chattanooga, 1865-1900: A City Set Down in Dixie (University of Tennessee Press; 2014) 212 pages; focuses on economic and political development</li> <li>Govan, Gilbert E., and James W. Livingood. "Chattanooga Under Military Occupation, 1863-1865." Journal of Southern History (1951) 17#1 pp: 23–47. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2198340">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Hubbard, Rita L. African Americans of Chattanooga: A History of Unsung Heroes (The History Press, 2007)</li> <li>Livingood, James Weston. Chattanooga: An Illustrated History (Windsor Publications, 1981)</li> <li>Scott, Michelle R. Blues Empress in Black Chattanooga: Bessie Smith and the Emerging Urban South (University of Illinois Press, 2008)</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(18)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Chattanooga,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=70" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-18 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-18"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output 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Cyclopædia">American Cyclopædia</a> article <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_(1879)/Chattanooga" class="extiw" title="s:The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Chattanooga">Chattanooga</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chattanooga.gov">Official website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.visitchattanooga.com">Visit Chattanooga</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chattanoogachamber.com">Chattanooga Area Chamber of Commerce</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Chattanooga">"Chattanooga" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. 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id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattanooga" title="Chattanooga – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Chattanooga" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sc%C3%A6tanoog%C3%A6" title="Scætanoogæ – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Scætanoogæ" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%BA%D8%A7" title="تشاتانوغا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تشاتانوغا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%8C_%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="چاتانوقا، تنسی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="چاتانوقا، تنسی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Чатануга – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Чатануга" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Чатануга – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Чатануга" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattanooga_(Tennessee)" title="Chattanooga (Tennessee) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Chattanooga (Tennessee)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattanooga" title="Chattanooga – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Chattanooga" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattanooga_(kapital_sa_kondado)" title="Chattanooga (kapital sa kondado) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Chattanooga (kapital sa kondado)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattanooga" title="Chattanooga – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Chattanooga" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattanooga" title="Chattanooga – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Chattanooga" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattanooga" title="Chattanooga – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Chattanooga" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattanooga" title="Chattanooga – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Chattanooga" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattanooga_(Tennessee)" title="Chattanooga (Tennessee) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Chattanooga (Tennessee)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ts%C3%A9_Nihin%C3%AD%CA%BC%C3%A1" title="Tsé Nihiníʼá – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tsé Nihiníʼá" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattanooga" title="Chattanooga – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Chattanooga" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%83%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%B1_(%CE%A4%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%83%CF%83%CE%AF)" title="Τσαττανούγκα (Τενεσσί) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τσαττανούγκα (Τενεσσί)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattanooga_(Tennessee)" title="Chattanooga (Tennessee) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Chattanooga (Tennessee)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattanooga_(Tenesio)" title="Chattanooga (Tenesio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Chattanooga (Tenesio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattanooga" title="Chattanooga – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Chattanooga" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%8C_%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="چاتانوگا، تنسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چاتانوگا، تنسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattanooga,_Tennessee" title="Chattanooga, Tennessee – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Chattanooga, Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattanooga" title="Chattanooga – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chattanooga" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattanooga_(Tennessee)" title="Chattanooga (Tennessee) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Chattanooga (Tennessee)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattanooga,_Tennessee" title="Chattanooga, Tennessee – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Chattanooga, Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattanooga,_Tennessee" title="Chattanooga, Tennessee – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Chattanooga, Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8A%DA%AF%D8%A7_(%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A)" title="چاتانۊگا (تنسي) – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="چاتانۊگا (تنسي)" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B1%84%ED%84%B0%EB%88%84%EA%B0%80" title="채터누가 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="채터누가" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%89%D5%A1%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A3%D5%A1" title="Չաթանուգա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Չաթանուգա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattanooga,_Tennessee" title="Chattanooga, Tennessee – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Chattanooga, Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattanooga,_Tennessee" title="Chattanooga, Tennessee – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Chattanooga, Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattanooga,_Tennessee" title="Chattanooga, Tennessee – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Chattanooga, Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattanooga_(Tennessee)" title="Chattanooga (Tennessee) – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Chattanooga (Tennessee)" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B3%C3%A6" title="Чаттанугæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Чаттанугæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattanooga" title="Chattanooga – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Chattanooga" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%27%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%92%D7%94" title="צ'טנוגה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צ'טנוגה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattanooga,_Tennessi" title="Chattanooga, Tennessi – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Chattanooga, Tennessi" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattanooga,_Tennessee" title="Chattanooga, Tennessee – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Chattanooga, Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattanooga,_Tennessee" title="Chattanooga, Tennessee – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Chattanooga, Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattanooga" title="Chattanooga – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Chattanooga" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Catan%C5%ABga" title="Čatanūga – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Čatanūga" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Catanuga" title="Čatanuga – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Čatanuga" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattanooga_(Tennessee)" title="Chattanooga (Tennessee) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Chattanooga (Tennessee)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattanooga,_Tennessee" title="Chattanooga, Tennessee – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Chattanooga, Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE_(%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80)" title="चॅटानूगा (टेनेसी) – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="चॅटानूगा (टेनेसी)" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%A7_(%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%89)" title="تشاتانوجا (تينيسى) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تشاتانوجا (تينيسى)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattanooga_(Tennessee)" title="Chattanooga (Tennessee) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Chattanooga (Tennessee)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%82%BF%E3%83%8C%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AC" title="チャタヌーガ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チャタヌーガ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0_(%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8)" title="Чаттануга (Теннесси) – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Чаттануга (Теннесси)" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattanooga" title="Chattanooga – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Chattanooga" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattanooga" title="Chattanooga – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Chattanooga" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattanooga_(Tennessee)" title="Chattanooga (Tennessee) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Chattanooga (Tennessee)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattanooga" title="Chattanooga – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Chattanooga" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattanooga" title="Chattanooga – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Chattanooga" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattanooga" title="Chattanooga – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Chattanooga" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Чаттануга – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чаттануга" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattanooga_(Tennessee)" title="Chattanooga (Tennessee) – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Chattanooga (Tennessee)" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattanooga,_Tennessee" title="Chattanooga, Tennessee – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Chattanooga, Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattanooga,_Tennessee" title="Chattanooga, Tennessee – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Chattanooga, Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattanooga" title="Chattanooga – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Chattanooga" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%A7" title="چاتانووگا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="چاتانووگا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Чатануга – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Чатануга" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattanooga,_Tennessee" title="Chattanooga, Tennessee – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Chattanooga, Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattanooga" title="Chattanooga – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Chattanooga" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattanooga,_Tennessee" title="Chattanooga, Tennessee – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Chattanooga, Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattanooga,_Tennessee" title="Chattanooga, Tennessee – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Chattanooga, Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Чаттануга – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Чаттануга" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattanooga,_Tennessee" title="Chattanooga, Tennessee – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Chattanooga, Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0_(%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D1%96)" title="Чаттануга (Теннессі) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чаттануга (Теннессі)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%B9%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%8C_%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="چٹانوگا، ٹینیسی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="چٹانوگا، ٹینیسی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattanooga,_Tennessee" title="Chattanooga, Tennessee – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chattanooga, Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattanooga_(Tennessee)" title="Chattanooga (Tennessee) – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Chattanooga (Tennessee)" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattanooga,_Tennessee" title="Chattanooga, Tennessee – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Chattanooga, Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E5%A1%94%E5%8A%AA%E5%8A%A0%EF%BC%88%E7%94%B0%E7%BA%B3%E8%A5%BF%E5%B7%9E%EF%BC%89" title="查塔努加（田纳西州） – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="查塔努加（田纳西州）" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li 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