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The Rush to Revisionism: Review of Jay Taylor, Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-Shek and the Struggle for Modern China</h1></div><div class="hide-on-desktop-redesign"><h1 class="ds-work-heading-lg" style="font-size: 20px;">(Review) :"The “Final Triumph of Chiang Kai-Shek? The Rush to Revisionism: Review of Jay Taylor, Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-Shek and the Struggle for Modern China</h1></div><div class="work-detail author-container"><a class="ds-body-sm-link js-wsj-grid-card-author wsj-work-card-author" data-author-id="20169598" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221219175716/https://independentscholar.academia.edu/CharlesHayford"><img alt="Profile image of Charles Hayford" class="wsj-author-icon" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20221219175716im_/https://0.academia-photos.com/20169598/5608389/35431210/s65_charles.hayford.jpg"/>Charles Hayford</a></div><div class="work-detail"><p class="ds-body-sm-regular">2011, H-DIPLO</p></div><div class="work-detail button-container extra-margin"><button class="ds-primary-button js-swp-download-button text-download-button primary" data-broccoli-component="continue-reading-button--work-card" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":65829733,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/45268084/_Review_The_Final_Triumph_of_Chiang_Kai_Shek_The_Rush_to_Revisionism_Review_of_Jay_Taylor_Generalissimo_Chiang_Kai_Shek_and_the_Struggle_for_Modern_China"}">Continue Reading</button><button class="ds-secondary-button js-swp-download-button text-download-button " data-broccoli-component="download-pdf-button--work-card" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":65829733,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="22px" height="22px" class="download-icon" viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M0 0h24v24H0V0z" fill="none"/><path d="M20 12l-1.41-1.41L13 16.17V4h-2v12.17l-5.58-5.59L4 12l8 8 8-8z" class="arrow-downward" fill="white"/></svg><div class="hide-on-mobile-redesign">Download Free PDF</div><div class="hide-on-desktop-redesign">Download</div></button></div></div></div></div><div class="wsj-loswp-column"><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="65829733" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/45268084/_Review_The_Final_Triumph_of_Chiang_Kai_Shek_The_Rush_to_Revisionism_Review_of_Jay_Taylor_Generalissimo_Chiang_Kai_Shek_and_the_Struggle_for_Modern_China" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="wsj-related-papers-header"><h3 class="ds-marketing-heading-sm">Related Papers</h3><hr class="wjs-divider ds-divider-24"/><div class="wsj-related-paper js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="1082844"><div class="work-description"></div><div class="work-detail"><a class="ds-body-lg-link js-wsj-grid-card-title js-related-work-grid-card-title title" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221219175716/https://www.academia.edu/1082844/Can_the_Weak_Defeat_the_Strong_Mao_s_Evolving_Approach_to_Asymmetric_Warfare_in_Yan_an">Can the Weak Defeat the Strong? Mao’s Evolving Approach to Asymmetric Warfare in Yan’an</a></div><div class="work-detail"><p class="ds-body-sm-regular wsj-secondary-text inline"><a class="ds-body-sm-link js-wsj-grid-card-author" data-author-id="934543" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221219175716/https://anu-au.academia.edu/AndrewKennedy">Andrew Kennedy</a></p></div><div class="work-detail"><div class="wsj-abstract"><p class="ds-body-sm-regular wsj-abstract-paragraph">Mao’s confidence in military confrontations with more powerful adversaries continues to inspire Chinese strategists more than half a century later. This article explores the origins and development of Mao’s thinking in this regard, focusing particularly on his years in Yan’an. Drawing on newly available sources, the analysis stresses the importance of experience, as opposed to ideology, in the development of Mao’s martial confidence. For much of his time in Yan’an Mao was relatively circumspect in his military ambitions. Yet towards the end of this period his confidence rose considerably after successes against the KMT offensive in 1946. In short, Mao’s martial confidence did not spring fully formed from his ideological convictions but emerged over time.</p></div></div><div class="work-detail"><button class="ds-inline-button js-swp-download-button wsj-related-download-link inline" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Can the Weak Defeat the Strong? 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margin-right: 4px;" src="//web.archive.org/web/20221219175716im_/https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png"/>Download Free PDF</button><a class="ds-body-sm-link js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf inline" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221219175716/https://www.academia.edu/5024039/_Americas_Coming_War_with_China_A_Collision_Course_over_Taiwan_Ted_Galen_Carpenter">View PDF<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16px" height="16px" class="view-pdf-icon" viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"/><path d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z" fill="inherit"/></svg></a></div></div><div class="wsj-related-paper js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="5068863"><div class="work-description"></div><div class="work-detail"><p class="ds-body-sm-regular wsj-secondary-text">China Information</p><a class="ds-body-lg-link js-wsj-grid-card-title js-related-work-grid-card-title title" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221219175716/https://www.academia.edu/5068863/The_rise_of_Republican_fever_in_the_PRC_and_the_implications_for_CCP_legitimacy">The rise of ‘Republican fever’ in the PRC and the implications for CCP legitimacy</a></div><div class="work-detail"><p class="ds-body-sm-regular wsj-secondary-text inline">2013 • </p><p class="ds-body-sm-regular wsj-secondary-text inline"><a class="ds-body-sm-link js-wsj-grid-card-author" data-author-id="783170" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221219175716/https://oxford.academia.edu/QiangZhang">Qiang Zhang</a></p></div><div class="work-detail"><div class="wsj-abstract"><p class="ds-body-sm-regular wsj-abstract-paragraph">This article examines the upsurge in Chinese public support for the legacy of the Republican era, a phenomenon known as ‘Republican fever’. The fever has arisen following the formal relaxation of restrictions on discussing the Republican period. The rationale for doing so is linked to political expediency and in particular to the CCP’s quest for nationalist legitimacy. By acknowledging the positive aspects of the Republican era as part of a placatory policy on reunification with Taiwan, the CCP is trying to present itself as a key partner in a united patriotic front with the Kuomintang. But things have not turned out as planned. As Republican fever has spread across a diverse section of Chinese society, so too has criticism of the CCP’s record in power. In light of this, we argue that instead of fortifying the Party’s nationalist legitimacy, the CCP has unwittingly started a process which appears to be eroding that legitimacy.</p></div></div><div class="work-detail"><button class="ds-inline-button js-swp-download-button wsj-related-download-link inline" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The rise of ‘Republican fever’ in the PRC and the implications for CCP legitimacy","attachmentId":33075510,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/5068863/The_rise_of_Republican_fever_in_the_PRC_and_the_implications_for_CCP_legitimacy","alternativeTracking":true}" title=" Download Free PDF"><img style="height: 100%; margin-right: 4px;" src="//web.archive.org/web/20221219175716im_/https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png"/>Download Free PDF</button><a class="ds-body-sm-link js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf inline" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221219175716/https://www.academia.edu/5068863/The_rise_of_Republican_fever_in_the_PRC_and_the_implications_for_CCP_legitimacy">View PDF<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16px" height="16px" class="view-pdf-icon" viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"/><path d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z" fill="inherit"/></svg></a></div></div><div class="wsj-related-paper js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="5253910"><div class="work-description"></div><div class="work-detail"><p class="ds-body-sm-regular wsj-secondary-text">European Journal of International Relations (20) 4</p><a class="ds-body-lg-link js-wsj-grid-card-title js-related-work-grid-card-title title" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221219175716/https://www.academia.edu/5253910/Popular_Narratives_versus_Chinese_History_Implications_for_Understanding_an_Emergent_China">Popular Narratives versus Chinese History: Implications for Understanding an Emergent China</a></div><div class="work-detail"><p class="ds-body-sm-regular wsj-secondary-text inline">2014 • </p><p class="ds-body-sm-regular wsj-secondary-text inline"><a class="ds-body-sm-link js-wsj-grid-card-author" data-author-id="3069586" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221219175716/https://nus.academia.edu/JaIanChong">Ja Ian Chong</a></p></div><div class="work-detail"><div class="wsj-abstract"><p class="ds-body-sm-regular wsj-abstract-paragraph">Closely associated with China’s growing prominence in international politics are discussions about how to understand Chinese history, and how such perspectives inform the way a stronger China may relate to the rest of the world. This article examines two narratives as cases, and considers how they fit against more careful historical scholarship. The first is the nationalist narrative dealing with Qing and Republican history, and the second is the narrative on the Chinese world order. Analyses of Chinese nationalism tend to see a more powerful China as being more assertive internationally, based in part on a belief in the need to address and overcome past wrongs. Studies of historical regional systems in Asia point to the role that a peaceful ‘Confucian’ ethos played in sustaining a stable Chinese-led order, and highlight the promise it holds for checking regional and international tensions. The two perspectives create an obvious tension when trying to understand China’s rise, which can suggest that using historical viewpoints to understand contemporary developments may be doomed to incoherence. This article argues that difficulties in applying knowledge of the past to analyses of China’s role in contemporary world politics indicate a relative inattentiveness to Chinese and Asian history. It illustrates how the nature of China’s rise may be more contingent on the external environment that it faces than popular received wisdom may indicate. The article suggests that a more extensive engagement with historical research and historiography can augment and enrich attempts to appreciate the context surrounding China’s rise.</p></div></div><div class="work-detail"><button class="ds-inline-button js-swp-download-button wsj-related-download-link inline" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Popular Narratives versus Chinese History: Implications for Understanding an Emergent China","attachmentId":32434845,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/5253910/Popular_Narratives_versus_Chinese_History_Implications_for_Understanding_an_Emergent_China","alternativeTracking":true}" title=" Download Free PDF"><img style="height: 100%; margin-right: 4px;" src="//web.archive.org/web/20221219175716im_/https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png"/>Download Free PDF</button><a class="ds-body-sm-link js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf inline" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221219175716/https://www.academia.edu/5253910/Popular_Narratives_versus_Chinese_History_Implications_for_Understanding_an_Emergent_China">View PDF<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16px" height="16px" class="view-pdf-icon" viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"/><path d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z" fill="inherit"/></svg></a></div></div><div class="wsj-related-paper js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="5664926"><div class="work-description"></div><div class="work-detail"><p class="ds-body-sm-regular wsj-secondary-text">Compare: A Journal of Comparative Education</p><a class="ds-body-lg-link js-wsj-grid-card-title js-related-work-grid-card-title title" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221219175716/https://www.academia.edu/5664926/Museums_and_nationalism_in_contemporary_China">Museums and nationalism in contemporary China</a></div><div class="work-detail"><p class="ds-body-sm-regular wsj-secondary-text inline">2007 • </p><p class="ds-body-sm-regular wsj-secondary-text inline"><a class="ds-body-sm-link js-wsj-grid-card-author" data-author-id="8160809" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221219175716/https://kyushu-u.academia.edu/EdwardVickers">Edward Vickers</a></p></div><div class="work-detail"><div class="wsj-abstract"></div></div><div class="work-detail"><button class="ds-inline-button js-swp-download-button wsj-related-download-link inline" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Museums and nationalism in contemporary China","attachmentId":32720418,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/5664926/Museums_and_nationalism_in_contemporary_China","alternativeTracking":true}" title=" Download Free PDF"><img style="height: 100%; margin-right: 4px;" src="//web.archive.org/web/20221219175716im_/https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png"/>Download Free PDF</button><a class="ds-body-sm-link js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf inline" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221219175716/https://www.academia.edu/5664926/Museums_and_nationalism_in_contemporary_China">View PDF<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16px" height="16px" class="view-pdf-icon" viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"/><path d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z" fill="inherit"/></svg></a></div></div><div class="wsj-related-paper js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="5836953"><div class="work-description"></div><div class="work-detail"><a class="ds-body-lg-link js-wsj-grid-card-title js-related-work-grid-card-title title" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221219175716/https://www.academia.edu/5836953/Chinese_Civil_War_Given_the_overwhelming_military_superiority_in_1945_why_were_the_Nationalists_so_decisively_defeated_in_the_course_of_the_next_four_years">Chinese Civil War - Given the overwhelming military superiority in 1945, why were the Nationalists so decisively defeated in the course of the next four years?</a></div><div class="work-detail"><p class="ds-body-sm-regular wsj-secondary-text inline"><a class="ds-body-sm-link js-wsj-grid-card-author" data-author-id="3398262" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221219175716/https://independent.academia.edu/FerrariMax">Max Ferrari</a></p></div><div class="work-detail"><div class="wsj-abstract"></div></div><div class="work-detail"><button class="ds-inline-button js-swp-download-button wsj-related-download-link inline" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Chinese Civil War - Given the overwhelming military superiority in 1945, why were the Nationalists so decisively defeated in the course of the next four years?","attachmentId":32841546,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/5836953/Chinese_Civil_War_Given_the_overwhelming_military_superiority_in_1945_why_were_the_Nationalists_so_decisively_defeated_in_the_course_of_the_next_four_years","alternativeTracking":true}" title=" Download Free PDF"><img style="height: 100%; 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Price, 1895-1974: The Role of an American Missionary in Sino-U.S. Relations.</a></div><div class="work-detail"><p class="ds-body-sm-regular wsj-secondary-text inline"><a class="ds-body-sm-link js-wsj-grid-card-author" data-author-id="3139162" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221219175716/https://athens.academia.edu/KrisErskine">Kris Erskine</a></p></div><div class="work-detail"><button class="ds-inline-button js-swp-download-button wsj-related-download-link inline" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Frank W. 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H-Diplo Roundtable Review, 15:2 (2013), 22-39.</a></div><div class="work-detail"><p class="ds-body-sm-regular wsj-secondary-text inline"><a class="ds-body-sm-link js-wsj-grid-card-author" data-author-id="60570240" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221219175716/https://cityu-mo.academia.edu/PriscillaRoberts">Priscilla Roberts</a></p></div><div class="work-detail"><button class="ds-inline-button js-swp-download-button wsj-related-download-link inline" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Round-table review of Odd Arne Westad, Restless Empire: China and the World Since 1750 (New York: Basic Books, 2012). 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The Cold War in East Asia 1945-1911 (Washington, DC, and Stanford: Wilson Center Press and Stanford University Press, 2011). H-Diplo Round Table Reviews, Vol. 12, No. 30 (June 25, 2012), 2-11.</a></div><div class="work-detail"><p class="ds-body-sm-regular wsj-secondary-text inline"><a class="ds-body-sm-link js-wsj-grid-card-author" data-author-id="60570240" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221219175716/https://cityu-mo.academia.edu/PriscillaRoberts">Priscilla Roberts</a></p></div><div class="work-detail"><button class="ds-inline-button js-swp-download-button wsj-related-download-link inline" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Introduction, Roundtable on Tsuyoshi Hasegawa, ed. The Cold War in East Asia 1945-1911 (Washington, DC, and Stanford: Wilson Center Press and Stanford University Press, 2011). 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H-Diplo Roundtable Reviews Vol. X, No. 22 (July 8, 2009), 30-38.</a></div><div class="work-detail"><p class="ds-body-sm-regular wsj-secondary-text inline"><a class="ds-body-sm-link js-wsj-grid-card-author" data-author-id="60570240" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221219175716/https://cityu-mo.academia.edu/PriscillaRoberts">Priscilla Roberts</a></p></div><div class="work-detail"><button class="ds-inline-button js-swp-download-button wsj-related-download-link inline" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Review of Ji Chaozhu, The Man on Mao’s Right: From Harvard Yard to Tiananmen Square, My Life Inside China’s Foreign Ministry (New York: Random House, 2008). 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