CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Tennessee Valley Authority - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"108f20d4-00a0-4540-9c14-b87d69d12b79","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Tennessee_Valley_Authority","wgTitle":"Tennessee Valley Authority","wgCurRevisionId":1248657236,"wgRevisionId":1248657236,"wgArticleId":55770,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from April 2024","Articles with permanently dead external links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use mdy dates from November 2020","Articles with hCards","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from May 2021","Webarchive template wayback links","Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia", "Tennessee Valley Authority","1933 establishments in Tennessee","1933 establishments in the United States","73rd United States Congress","American companies established in 1933","Appalachia","Appalachian culture","Appalachian Mountains","Companies based in Knoxville, Tennessee","Corporations chartered by the United States Congress","Economic development organizations in the United States","Electric power companies of the United States","Energy companies established in 1933","Energy companies of the United States","Energy infrastructure in Tennessee","Government agencies established in 1933","Hydroelectric power companies of the United States","Independent agencies of the United States government","New Deal agencies","New Deal in Tennessee","Nuclear power companies of the United States","Public utilities of the United States","Tennessee River","United States Department of Energy","Water management authorities in the United States","Government-owned energy companies", "Rural electrification in the United States"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Tennessee_Valley_Authority","wgRelevantArticleId":55770,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true, "wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1367577","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=[ "ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.tmh.player","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/US-TennesseeValleyAuthority-Logo.svg/1200px-US-TennesseeValleyAuthority-Logo.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/US-TennesseeValleyAuthority-Logo.svg/800px-US-TennesseeValleyAuthority-Logo.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/US-TennesseeValleyAuthority-Logo.svg/640px-US-TennesseeValleyAuthority-Logo.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="640"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Tennessee Valley Authority - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Authority"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Tennessee_Valley_Authority&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Authority"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Tennessee_Valley_Authority rootpage-Tennessee_Valley_Authority skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Tennessee+Valley+Authority" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Tennessee+Valley+Authority" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Tennessee+Valley+Authority" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Tennessee+Valley+Authority" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Operation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Operation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Operation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Operation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Operation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Board_of_directors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Board_of_directors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Board of directors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Board_of_directors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Board_members" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Board_members"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Board members </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Board_members-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nominations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nominations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Nominations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nominations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Power_generation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Power_generation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Power generation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Power_generation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Power_stations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Power_stations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.1 Power stations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Power_stations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electric_transmission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electric_transmission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.2 Electric transmission </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electric_transmission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recreation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recreation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Recreation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recreation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Economic development </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Background </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Founding_and_early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Founding_and_early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Founding and early history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Founding_and_early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 World War II </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Increasing_power_demand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Increasing_power_demand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Increasing power demand </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Increasing_power_demand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Financial_problems,_Tellico_Dam,_and_restructuring" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Financial_problems,_Tellico_Dam,_and_restructuring"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Financial problems, Tellico Dam, and restructuring </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Financial_problems,_Tellico_Dam,_and_restructuring-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_1990s_to_late_2010s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_1990s_to_late_2010s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Early 1990s to late 2010s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_1990s_to_late_2010s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recent_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recent_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Recent history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recent_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism_and_controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_and_controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Criticism and controversies </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criticism_and_controversies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Criticism and controversies subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Criticism_and_controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Allegations_of_federal_government_overreach" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allegations_of_federal_government_overreach"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Allegations of federal government overreach </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allegations_of_federal_government_overreach-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Legal_challenges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_challenges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Legal challenges </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_challenges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discrimination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discrimination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Discrimination </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discrimination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eminent_domain_and_resident_removal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eminent_domain_and_resident_removal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Eminent domain and resident removal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eminent_domain_and_resident_removal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 In popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Tennessee Valley Authority</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" > 24 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A9_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A" title="سلطة وادي تينيسي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سلطة وادي تينيسي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="تنسی ولی آتوریتی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تنسی ولی آتوریتی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Authority" title="Tennessee Valley Authority – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tennessee Valley Authority" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Authority" title="Tennessee Valley Authority – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tennessee Valley Authority" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Authority" title="Tennessee Valley Authority – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tennessee Valley Authority" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoridad_del_Valle_del_Tennessee" title="Autoridad del Valle del Tennessee – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Autoridad del Valle del Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="تنسی ولی آتوریتی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تنسی ولی آتوریتی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Authority" title="Tennessee Valley Authority – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tennessee Valley Authority" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%85%8C%EB%84%A4%EC%8B%9C%EA%B0%95_%EC%9C%A0%EC%97%AD_%EA%B0%9C%EB%B0%9C_%EA%B3%B5%EC%82%AC" title="테네시강 유역 개발 공사 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="테네시강 유역 개발 공사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Authority" title="Tennessee Valley Authority – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tennessee Valley Authority" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%A7_%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%99" title="רשות עמק טנסי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רשות עמק טנסי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%80_%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%86_%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A7%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0" title="ಟೆನಸೀ ಕಣಿವೆ ಪ್ರಾಧಿಕಾರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಟೆನಸೀ ಕಣಿವೆ ಪ್ರಾಧಿಕಾರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%AE%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BE%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%8F%E1%80%AC%E1%80%95%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%A1%E1%80%96%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B2%E1%80%B7" title="တင်နက်ဆီမြစ်ဝှမ်း အာဏာပိုင်အဖွဲ့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တင်နက်ဆီမြစ်ဝှမ်း အာဏာပိုင်အဖွဲ့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Authority" title="Tennessee Valley Authority – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tennessee Valley Authority" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%86%E3%83%8D%E3%82%B7%E3%83%BC%E5%B7%9D%E6%B5%81%E5%9F%9F%E9%96%8B%E7%99%BA%E5%85%AC%E7%A4%BE" title="テネシー川流域開発公社 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="テネシー川流域開発公社" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Authority" title="Tennessee Valley Authority – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tennessee Valley Authority" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Authority" title="Tennessee Valley Authority – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tennessee Valley Authority" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Authority" title="Tennessee Valley Authority – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tennessee Valley Authority" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Администрация долины Теннесси – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Администрация долины Теннесси" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Authority" title="Tennessee Valley Authority – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tennessee Valley Authority" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="டென்னசி கணவாய் ஆணையம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="டென்னசி கணவாய் ஆணையம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D1%96_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%96_%D0%90%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%82%D1%96" title="Теннессі Веллі Ауторіті – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Теннессі Веллі Ауторіті" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Authority" title="Tennessee Valley Authority – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tennessee Valley Authority" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B0%E7%B4%8D%E8%A5%BF%E6%B2%B3%E8%B0%B7%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%B1%80" title="田納西河谷管理局 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="田納西河谷管理局" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1367577#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Authority" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Tennessee_Valley_Authority" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Authority">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennessee_Valley_Authority&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennessee_Valley_Authority&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Authority">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennessee_Valley_Authority&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennessee_Valley_Authority&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Tennessee_Valley_Authority" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Tennessee_Valley_Authority" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennessee_Valley_Authority&oldid=1248657236" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennessee_Valley_Authority&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Tennessee_Valley_Authority&id=1248657236&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTennessee_Valley_Authority">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTennessee_Valley_Authority">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Tennessee_Valley_Authority&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennessee_Valley_Authority&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Authority" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1367577" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American utility company</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"TVA" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/TVA_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="TVA (disambiguation)">TVA (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1242257876">.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-label{padding-right:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-below{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-logo img{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-locality,.mw-parser-output .ib-company-country{display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-company vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Tennessee Valley Authority</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><a href="/wiki/File:US-TennesseeValleyAuthority-Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="TVA logo"><img alt="TVA logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/US-TennesseeValleyAuthority-Logo.svg/140px-US-TennesseeValleyAuthority-Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/US-TennesseeValleyAuthority-Logo.svg/210px-US-TennesseeValleyAuthority-Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/US-TennesseeValleyAuthority-Logo.svg/280px-US-TennesseeValleyAuthority-Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="251" data-file-height="251" /></a> Logo of the TVA <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Tennessee_Valley_Authority.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="TVA flag"><img alt="TVA flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_the_Tennessee_Valley_Authority.svg/140px-Flag_of_the_Tennessee_Valley_Authority.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_the_Tennessee_Valley_Authority.svg/210px-Flag_of_the_Tennessee_Valley_Authority.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_the_Tennessee_Valley_Authority.svg/280px-Flag_of_the_Tennessee_Valley_Authority.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> Flag of the TVA</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><div style="background-color:white;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid white;width:310px;display:table;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:1px 0 0 1px"><div style="display:table;background-color:white;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:TVA-towers-tennessee-river-tn1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/TVA-towers-tennessee-river-tn1.jpg/154px-TVA-towers-tennessee-river-tn1.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/TVA-towers-tennessee-river-tn1.jpg/231px-TVA-towers-tennessee-river-tn1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/TVA-towers-tennessee-river-tn1.jpg/308px-TVA-towers-tennessee-river-tn1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1610" data-file-height="1261" /></a></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:TVA_offices_in_Chattanooga,_Tennessee_(4403311112).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/TVA_offices_in_Chattanooga%2C_Tennessee_%284403311112%29.jpg/154px-TVA_offices_in_Chattanooga%2C_Tennessee_%284403311112%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/TVA_offices_in_Chattanooga%2C_Tennessee_%284403311112%29.jpg/231px-TVA_offices_in_Chattanooga%2C_Tennessee_%284403311112%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/TVA_offices_in_Chattanooga%2C_Tennessee_%284403311112%29.jpg/308px-TVA_offices_in_Chattanooga%2C_Tennessee_%284403311112%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3328" data-file-height="2563" /></a></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:white;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:TVA_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/TVA_map.png/310px-TVA_map.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/TVA_map.png/465px-TVA_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/TVA_map.png/620px-TVA_map.png 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="612" /></a></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="infobox-caption">From top down and left to right: TVA's twin tower administrative headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Knoxville,_Tennessee" title="Knoxville, Tennessee">Knoxville</a>, TVA's power operations headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Chattanooga,_Tennessee" title="Chattanooga, Tennessee">Chattanooga</a>, and a map of TVA's service area</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Company type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprise" title="State-owned enterprise">State-owned enterprise</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Industry</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Electric_utility" title="Electric utility">Electric utility</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">May 18, 1933 (1933-05-18)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founders</th><td class="infobox-data agent"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harcourt_Morgan" title="Harcourt Morgan">Harcourt Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ernest_Morgan" title="Arthur Ernest Morgan">Arthur Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_E._Lilienthal" title="David E. Lilienthal">David Lilienthal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">Federal government of the United States</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Knoxville,_Tennessee" title="Knoxville, Tennessee">Knoxville, Tennessee</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">U.S.</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Key people</div></th><td class="infobox-data agent">Joe Ritch, Chair<a href="#cite_note-Board-1">[1]</a> Jeff Lyash, CEO<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Revenue</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> US$12.05 billion (2023)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Net_income" title="Net income">Net income</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> US$0.5 billion (2023)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Owner</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">Federal government of the United States</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tva.com">tva.com</a></td></tr></tbody></table> The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) is a <a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprises_of_the_United_States#List_of_partially_or_wholly_federally_owned_enterprises" title="State-owned enterprises of the United States">federally owned</a> <a href="/wiki/Electric_utility" title="Electric utility">electric utility</a> <a href="/wiki/Corporation" title="Corporation">corporation</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. TVA's service area covers all of <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>, portions of <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a>, and small areas of <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>. While owned by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">federal government</a>, TVA receives no taxpayer funding and operates similarly to a private for-profit company. It is headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Knoxville,_Tennessee" title="Knoxville, Tennessee">Knoxville, Tennessee</a>, and is the sixth-largest power supplier and largest public utility in the country.<a href="#cite_note-reuters14-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-sainz-4">[4]</a> The TVA was created by <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> in 1933 as part of President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>'s <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a>. Its initial purpose was to provide <a href="/wiki/Navigation" title="Navigation">navigation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flood_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Flood control">flood control</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electricity_generation" title="Electricity generation">electricity generation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizer</a> manufacturing, <a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">regional planning</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development">economic development</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Valley" title="Tennessee Valley">Tennessee Valley</a>, a region that had suffered from lack of infrastructure and even more extensive poverty during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> than other regions of the nation. TVA was envisioned both as a power supplier and a regional economic development agency that would work to help modernize the region's economy and society. It later evolved primarily into an electric utility.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeuse2004972–979-5">[5]</a> It was the first large regional planning agency of the U.S. federal government, and remains the largest. Under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/David_E._Lilienthal" title="David E. Lilienthal">David E. Lilienthal</a>, the TVA also became the global model for the United States' later efforts to help modernize <a href="/wiki/Agrarian_society" title="Agrarian society">agrarian societies</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing world</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ekbladh-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> The TVA historically has been documented as a success in its efforts to modernize the Tennessee Valley and helping to recruit new employment opportunities to the region. Historians have criticized its use of <a href="/wiki/Eminent_domain_in_the_United_States" title="Eminent domain in the United States">eminent domain</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Forced_displacement" title="Forced displacement">displacement</a> of over 125,000 Tennessee Valley residents to build the agency's infrastructure projects.<a href="#cite_note-gaventa-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-dispossessed-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-power-10">[10]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operation">Operation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennessee_Valley_Authority&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Operation">edit</a>]</div> The Tennessee Valley Authority is a government-owned <a href="/wiki/Corporation" title="Corporation">corporation</a> created by <a href="/wiki/Title_16_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 16 of the United States Code">U.S. Code Title 16</a>, Chapter 12A, the Tennessee Valley Authority Act of 1933. It was initially founded as an agency to provide general <a href="/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development">economic development</a> to the region through power generation, flood control, navigation assistance, fertilizer manufacturing, and agricultural development. Since the Depression years, it has developed primarily into a power utility. Despite its shares being owned by the federal government, TVA operates like a private corporation, and receives no taxpayer funding.<a href="#cite_note-about-11">[11]</a> The TVA Act authorizes the company to use <a href="/wiki/Eminent_domain_in_the_United_States" title="Eminent domain in the United States">eminent domain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> TVA provides electricity to approximately ten million people through a diverse portfolio that includes <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coal-fired_power_station" title="Coal-fired power station">coal-fired</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a>-fired, <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydroelectric</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable</a> generation. TVA sells its power to 153 local power utilities, 58 direct-serve industrial and institutional customers, 7 federal installations, and 12 area utilities.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> In addition to power generation, TVA provides flood control with its 29 hydroelectric dams. Resulting lakes and other areas also allow for recreational activities. The TVA also provides navigation and land management along rivers within its region of operation, which is the fifth-largest river system in the United States, and assists governments and private companies on economic development projects.<a href="#cite_note-about-11">[11]</a> TVA's headquarters are located in <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Knoxville" title="Downtown Knoxville">Downtown Knoxville</a>, with large administrative offices in <a href="/wiki/Chattanooga,_Tennessee" title="Chattanooga, Tennessee">Chattanooga</a> (training/development; supplier relations; power generation and transmission) and <a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville</a> (economic development) in Tennessee and <a href="/wiki/Muscle_Shoals,_Alabama" title="Muscle Shoals, Alabama">Muscle Shoals, Alabama</a>. TVA's headquarters were housed in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Customs_House_(Knoxville,_Tennessee)" title="Old Customs House (Knoxville, Tennessee)">Old Customs House</a> in Knoxville from 1936 until 1976, when the current complex opened. The building is now operated as a museum and is listed on the <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> The Tennessee Valley Authority Police is the primary <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_United_States" title="Law enforcement in the United States">law enforcement agency</a> for the company. Initially part of the TVA, in 1994 the TVA Police was authorized as a <a href="/wiki/Federal_law_enforcement_in_the_United_States" title="Federal law enforcement in the United States">federal law enforcement agency</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Board_of_directors">Board of directors</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennessee_Valley_Authority&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Board of directors">edit</a>]</div> The Tennessee Valley Authority is governed by a nine-member part-time board of directors, nominated by the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president of the United States</a> and confirmed by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Board-1">[1]</a> A minimum of seven of the directors are required to be residents of TVA's service area. The members select the chair from their number, and serve five-year terms.<a href="#cite_note-15">[a]</a> They receive annual stipends of $45,000 ($50,000 for the chair). The board members choose the TVA's <a href="/wiki/Chief_executive_officer" title="Chief executive officer">chief executive officer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-board-16">[15]</a> When their terms expire, directors may remain on the board until the end of the current congressional session (typically in December) or until their successors take office, whichever comes first.<a href="#cite_note-about-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Board_members">Board members</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennessee_Valley_Authority&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Board members">edit</a>]</div> The current board members as of January 4, 2023: <table class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Position </th> <th scope="col">Name </th> <th scope="col">State </th> <th scope="col">Appointed by </th> <th scope="col">Sworn in </th> <th scope="col">Term expires </th></tr> <tr> <th>Chairman </th> <th scope="row" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joe_H._Ritch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joe H. Ritch (page does not exist)">Joe H. Ritch</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> </td> <td>January 4, 2023 </td> <td>May 18, 2025 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Member </th> <th scope="row" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brian_Noland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brian Noland (page does not exist)">Brian Noland</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a> </td> <td>Donald Trump </td> <td>December 31, 2020 </td> <td>May 18, 2024 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Member </th> <th scope="row" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Beth_Harwell" title="Beth Harwell">Beth Harwell</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a> </td> <td>Donald Trump </td> <td>January 5, 2021 </td> <td>May 18, 2024 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Member </th> <th scope="row" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beth_Prichard_Geer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beth Prichard Geer (page does not exist)">Beth Prichard Geer</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a> </td> <td>Joe Biden </td> <td>January 4, 2023 </td> <td>May 18, 2026 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Member </th> <th scope="row" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_P._Klein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert P. Klein (page does not exist)">Robert P. Klein</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a> </td> <td>Joe Biden </td> <td>January 4, 2023 </td> <td>May 18, 2026 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Member </th> <th scope="row" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=L._Michelle_Moore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L. Michelle Moore (page does not exist)">L. Michelle Moore</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a> </td> <td>Joe Biden </td> <td>January 4, 2023 </td> <td>May 18, 2026 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Member </th> <th scope="row" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adam_Wade_White&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adam Wade White (page does not exist)">Adam Wade White</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_(U.S._state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kentucky (U.S. state)">Kentucky</a> </td> <td>Joe Biden </td> <td>January 4, 2023 </td> <td>May 18, 2027 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Member </th> <th scope="row" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/William_J._Renick" class="mw-redirect" title="William J. Renick">William J. Renick</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a> </td> <td>Joe Biden </td> <td>January 4, 2023 </td> <td>May 18, 2027 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Member </th> <th scope="row" style="text-align:center;">Vacant </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>May 18, 2028 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nominations">Nominations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennessee_Valley_Authority&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Nominations">edit</a>]</div> President <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a> has nominated the following to fill a seat on the board. They await Senate confirmation.<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name</th> <th>State</th> <th>Term expires</th> <th>Replacing </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrice_J._Robinson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patrice J. Robinson (page does not exist)">Patrice J. Robinson</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a></td> <td>May 18, 2028</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_B._Kilbride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William B. Kilbride (page does not exist)">William B. Kilbride</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Power_generation">Power generation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennessee_Valley_Authority&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Power generation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sequoyah_Nuclear_Power_Plant.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Sequoyah_Nuclear_Power_Plant.JPG/220px-Sequoyah_Nuclear_Power_Plant.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Sequoyah_Nuclear_Power_Plant.JPG/330px-Sequoyah_Nuclear_Power_Plant.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Sequoyah_Nuclear_Power_Plant.JPG/440px-Sequoyah_Nuclear_Power_Plant.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>The twin cooling towers and reactor containment buildings of TVA's <a href="/wiki/Sequoyah_Nuclear_Plant" title="Sequoyah Nuclear Plant">Sequoyah Nuclear Plant</a> north of <a href="/wiki/Chattanooga,_Tennessee" title="Chattanooga, Tennessee">Chattanooga, Tennessee</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Power_stations">Power stations</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennessee_Valley_Authority&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Power stations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_operated_by_the_Tennessee_Valley_Authority" title="List of power stations operated by the Tennessee Valley Authority">List of power stations operated by the Tennessee Valley Authority</a></div> With a generating capacity of approximately 35 gigawatts (GW), TVA has the sixth highest generation capacity of any utility company in the United States and the third largest <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_the_United_States" title="Nuclear power in the United States">nuclear power</a> fleet, with seven units at three <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_plant" title="Nuclear power plant">sites</a>.<a href="#cite_note-reuters14-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> In addition, they also operate four <a href="/wiki/Coal-fired_power_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal-fired power plant">coal-fired power plants</a>, 29 <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydroelectric</a> dams, nine simple-cycle <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> <a href="/wiki/Combustion_turbine" class="mw-redirect" title="Combustion turbine">combustion turbine</a> plants, nine <a href="/wiki/Combined_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Combined cycle">combined cycle</a> gas plants, 1 <a href="/wiki/Pumped_storage" class="mw-redirect" title="Pumped storage">pumped storage</a> hydroelectric plant, 1 <a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">wind</a> energy site, and 14 <a href="/wiki/Solar_energy" title="Solar energy">solar energy</a> sites.<a href="#cite_note-powersystem-19">[18]</a> In fiscal year 2020, nuclear generation made up about 41% of TVA's total energy production, natural gas 26%, coal 14%, hydroelectric 13%, and wind and solar 3%.<a href="#cite_note-powersystem-19">[18]</a> TVA purchases about 15% of the power it sells from other power producers, which includes power from combined cycle natural gas plants, coal plants, and wind installations, and other renewables.<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> The cost of Purchased Power is part of the "Fuel Cost Adjustment" (FCA) charge that is separate from the TVA Rate. In addition, the <a href="/wiki/Watts_Bar_Nuclear_Plant" title="Watts Bar Nuclear Plant">Watts Bar Nuclear Plant</a> is the only facility in the country to industrially produce <a href="/wiki/Tritium" title="Tritium">tritium</a>, which is used by the <a href="/wiki/National_Nuclear_Security_Administration" title="National Nuclear Security Administration">National Nuclear Security Administration</a> for <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear weapons</a>, where it is used to supercharge and boost the explosive yield of the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_of_the_United_States" title="Nuclear weapons of the United States">U.S. nuclear arsenal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Electric_transmission">Electric transmission</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennessee_Valley_Authority&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Electric transmission">edit</a>]</div> TVA owns and operates its own <a href="/wiki/Electric_grid" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric grid">electric grid</a>, which consists of approximately 16,200 miles (26,100 km) of lines, one of the largest grids in the United States. This grid is part of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Interconnection" title="Eastern Interconnection">Eastern Interconnection</a> of the <a href="/wiki/North_American_power_transmission_grid" title="North American power transmission grid">North American power transmission grid</a>, and is under the jurisdiction of the <a href="/wiki/SERC_Reliability_Corporation" title="SERC Reliability Corporation">SERC Reliability Corporation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> Like most North American utilities, TVA uses a maximum transmission voltage of 500 kilovolts (kV), with lines carrying this voltage using <a href="/wiki/Overhead_power_line#Bundle_conductors" title="Overhead power line">bundled conductors</a> with three conductors per phase. The vast majority of TVA's transmission lines carry 161 kV, with the company also operating a number of sub-transmission lines with voltages of 69 kV and 46kV. They also operate a small number of 115kV and 230kV lines in Alabama and Georgia that connect to <a href="/wiki/Southern_Company" title="Southern Company">Southern Company</a> lines of the same voltage.<a href="#cite_note-clemnelson-23">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recreation">Recreation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennessee_Valley_Authority&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Recreation">edit</a>]</div> TVA has conveyed approximately 485,420 acres (1,964.4 km2) of property for recreation and preservation purposes including public parks, public access areas and roadside parks, wildlife refuges, national parks and forests, and other camps and recreation areas, comprising approximately 759 different sites.<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> Currently, TVA manages approximately 293,000 acres (1,190 km2) of Federally-owned land for public use. These lands are managed as either TVA Natural Areas or TVA Day-Use Recreation Areas. Natural Areas are smaller, ecologically or historically significant areas set aside for conservation, with some areas including hiking and walking trails. Day-Use Recreation Areas comprise approximately 80 different locations throughout the Tennessee Valley largely concentrated on or near TVA reservoirs that include water access points, campgrounds, hiking trails, fishing piers, and equestrian facilities.<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_development">Economic development</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennessee_Valley_Authority&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Economic development">edit</a>]</div> TVA operates an <a href="/wiki/Economic_development_organization" title="Economic development organization">economic development organization</a> that works with companies and economic development agencies throughout the Tennessee Valley to create jobs via private investments. They also work with businesses to help them choose locations for facilities and expand existing facilities. Services provided include assistance with site selection, employee recruitment and training, and research.<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> A total of seven sites throughout the Valley are certified by TVA as <a href="/wiki/Megasite" title="Megasite">megasites</a>, which contain a minimum of 1,000 acres (4.0 km2), and have access to an <a href="/wiki/Interstate_Highway_System" title="Interstate Highway System">Interstate Highway</a> and the potential for rail service, and environmental impact study, and contain or have the potential to contain direct-serve industrial customers.<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennessee_Valley_Authority&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennessee_Valley_Authority&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> In the late 19th century, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers" title="United States Army Corps of Engineers">Army Corps of Engineers</a> first recognized a number of potential dam sites along the Tennessee River for electricity generation and navigation improvements.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHargrove199419-30">[29]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_Defense_Act_of_1916" title="National Defense Act of 1916">National Defense Act of 1916</a>, signed into law by President <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a>, authorized the construction of a hydroelectric dam on the Tennessee River in <a href="/wiki/Muscle_Shoals,_Alabama" title="Muscle Shoals, Alabama">Muscle Shoals, Alabama</a>, for the purpose of producing nitrates for ammunition. During the 1920s and the 1930s, Americans began to support the idea of <a href="/wiki/Public_utility" title="Public utility">public ownership of utilities</a>, particularly hydroelectric power facilities. Many believed privately owned power companies were charging too much for power, did not employ fair operating practices, and were subject to abuse by their owners, utility holding companies, at the expense of consumers.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The concept of government-owned generation facilities selling to publicly owned distribution utilities was controversial, and remains so today.<a href="#cite_note-hubbard-31">[30]</a> The private sector practice of forming utility holding companies had resulted in them controlling 94 percent of generation by 1921, and they were essentially unregulated. In an effort to change this, Congress and Roosevelt enacted the <a href="/wiki/Public_Utility_Holding_Company_Act_of_1935" title="Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935">Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935</a> (PUHCA).<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> During his 1932 presidential campaign, <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> expressed his belief that private utilities had "selfish purposes" and said, "Never shall the federal government part with its sovereignty or with its control of its power resources while I'm President of the United States." U.S. Senator <a href="/wiki/George_W._Norris" title="George W. Norris">George W. Norris</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a> also distrusted private utility companies, and in 1920 blocked a proposal from industrialist <a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford" title="Henry Ford">Henry Ford</a> to build a private dam and create a utility to modernize the Tennessee Valley.<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> In 1930, Norris sponsored the <a href="/wiki/Muscle_Shoals_Bill" title="Muscle Shoals Bill">Muscle Shoals Bill</a>, which would have built a federal dam in the valley, but it was vetoed by President <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a>, who believed it to be <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialistic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> The idea behind the Muscle Shoals project became a core part of President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>'s <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> program that created the Tennessee Valley Authority.<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> Even by Depression standards, the Tennessee Valley was in dire economic straits in 1933. Thirty percent of the population was affected by <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a>. The average income in the rural areas was $639 per year (equivalent to $11,947 in 2024),<a href="#cite_note-inflation-USGDP-36">[35]</a> with some families surviving on as little as $100 per year (equivalent to $1,870 in 2023).<a href="#cite_note-inflation-USGDP-36">[35]</a> Much of the land had been exhausted by poor farming practices, and the soil was <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">eroded</a> and depleted. <a href="/wiki/Crop_yield" title="Crop yield">Crop yields</a> had fallen, reducing farm incomes. The best timber had been cut, and 10% of forests were lost to fires each year.<a href="#cite_note-hubbard-31">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Founding_and_early_history">Founding and early history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennessee_Valley_Authority&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Founding and early history">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roosevelt_signing_TVA_Act_(1933).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Roosevelt_signing_TVA_Act_%281933%29.jpg/220px-Roosevelt_signing_TVA_Act_%281933%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Roosevelt_signing_TVA_Act_%281933%29.jpg/330px-Roosevelt_signing_TVA_Act_%281933%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Roosevelt_signing_TVA_Act_%281933%29.jpg/440px-Roosevelt_signing_TVA_Act_%281933%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2155" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> signing the TVA Act</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TVA_sign_at_Hyde_Park,_NY_IMG_5665.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/TVA_sign_at_Hyde_Park%2C_NY_IMG_5665.JPG/220px-TVA_sign_at_Hyde_Park%2C_NY_IMG_5665.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/TVA_sign_at_Hyde_Park%2C_NY_IMG_5665.JPG/330px-TVA_sign_at_Hyde_Park%2C_NY_IMG_5665.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/TVA_sign_at_Hyde_Park%2C_NY_IMG_5665.JPG/440px-TVA_sign_at_Hyde_Park%2C_NY_IMG_5665.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3972" data-file-height="2328" /></a><figcaption>TVA poster at the <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum">Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum</a></figcaption></figure> President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Delano Roosevelt">Franklin Delano Roosevelt</a> signed the Tennessee Valley Authority Act (ch. 32, <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress#Public_law,_private_law,_designation" title="Act of Congress"><abbr title="Public Law">Pub. L.</abbr></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uslaw.link/citation/us-law/public/73/17">73–17</a>, 48 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-48-58">58</a>, enacted May 18, 1933, codified as amended at <a href="/wiki/Title_16_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 16 of the United States Code">16 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/16/831">§ 831</a>, et seq.), creating the TVA. The agency was initially tasked with modernizing the region, using experts and electricity to combat human and <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">economic</a> problems.<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> TVA developed fertilizers, and taught farmers ways to improve crop yields.<a href="#cite_note-Selznick-38">[37]</a> In addition, it helped replant forests, control <a href="/wiki/Forest_fires" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest fires">forest fires</a>, and improve habitats for fish and wildlife. The Authority hired many of the area's unemployed for a variety of jobs: they conducted <a href="/wiki/Habitat_conservation" title="Habitat conservation">conservation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development">economic development</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Social_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Social program">social programs</a>. For instance, a <a href="/wiki/Library" title="Library">library</a> service was instituted for this area. The professional staff at headquarters were generally composed of experts from outside the region. By 1934, TVA employed more than 9,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-history-39">[38]</a> The workers were classified by the usual racial and gender lines of the region, which limited opportunities for minorities and women. TVA hired a few <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a>, generally restricted for janitorial or other low-level positions. TVA recognized <a href="/wiki/Labor_unions" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor unions">labor unions</a>; its skilled and semi-skilled blue collar employees were unionized, a breakthrough in an area known for corporations hostile to miners' and textile workers' unions. Women were excluded from construction work. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TVA-first-board.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/TVA-first-board.jpg/220px-TVA-first-board.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/TVA-first-board.jpg/330px-TVA-first-board.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/TVA-first-board.jpg/440px-TVA-first-board.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="785" /></a><figcaption>TVA's first board (L to R): <a href="/wiki/Harcourt_Morgan" title="Harcourt Morgan">Harcourt Morgan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ernest_Morgan" title="Arthur Ernest Morgan">Arthur E. Morgan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/David_E._Lilienthal" title="David E. Lilienthal">David E. Lilienthal</a></figcaption></figure> Many local landowners were suspicious of government agencies, but TVA successfully introduced new agricultural methods into traditional farming communities by blending in and finding local champions. Tennessee farmers often rejected advice from TVA officials, so the officials had to find leaders in the communities and convince them that <a href="/wiki/Crop_rotation" title="Crop rotation">crop rotation</a> and the judicious application of fertilizers could restore soil fertility.<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> Once they had convinced the leaders, the rest followed.<a href="#cite_note-Selznick-38">[37]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%22A_group_showing_some_of_the_men_working_at_Norris_Dam.%22_-_NARA_-_532717.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Construction workers gather at Norris Dam site" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/%22A_group_showing_some_of_the_men_working_at_Norris_Dam.%22_-_NARA_-_532717.jpg/220px-%22A_group_showing_some_of_the_men_working_at_Norris_Dam.%22_-_NARA_-_532717.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/%22A_group_showing_some_of_the_men_working_at_Norris_Dam.%22_-_NARA_-_532717.jpg/330px-%22A_group_showing_some_of_the_men_working_at_Norris_Dam.%22_-_NARA_-_532717.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/%22A_group_showing_some_of_the_men_working_at_Norris_Dam.%22_-_NARA_-_532717.jpg/440px-%22A_group_showing_some_of_the_men_working_at_Norris_Dam.%22_-_NARA_-_532717.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2872" data-file-height="2016" /></a><figcaption>Workers at the site of <a href="/wiki/Norris_Dam" title="Norris Dam">Norris Dam</a>, the first hydroelectric dam built by the TVA, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1933</figcaption></figure> TVA immediately embarked on the construction of several hydroelectric dams, with the first, <a href="/wiki/Norris_Dam" title="Norris Dam">Norris Dam</a> in upper <a href="/wiki/East_Tennessee" title="East Tennessee">East Tennessee</a>, breaking ground on October 1, 1933. These facilities, designed with the intent of also controlling floods, greatly improved the lives of farmers and rural residents, making their lives easier and farms in the Tennessee Valley more productive. They also provided new employment opportunities to the poverty-stricken regions in the Valley. At the same time, however, they required the <a href="/wiki/Development-induced_displacement" title="Development-induced displacement">displacement</a> of more than 125,000 valley residents or roughly 15,000 families,<a href="#cite_note-gaventa-8">[8]</a> as well as some cemeteries and small towns, which caused some to oppose the projects, especially in rural areas.<a href="#cite_note-dispossessed-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-stephens-41">[40]</a> The projects also inundated several <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> archaeological sites, and graves were reinterred at new locations, along with new tombstones.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreese199095–105-42">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-43">[42]</a> The available electricity attracted new industries to the region, including <a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">textile</a> <a href="/wiki/Factory" title="Factory">mills</a>, providing desperately needed jobs, many of which were filled by women.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeuse2004972–979-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> A few regions of the Tennessee Valley did not receive electricity until the late 1940s and early 1950s, however. TVA was one of the first federal <a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">hydropower</a> agencies, and was quickly hailed as a success. While most of the nation's major hydropower systems are federally managed today, other attempts to create similar regional corporate agencies have failed. The most notable was the proposed Columbia Valley Authority for the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_River" title="Columbia River">Columbia River</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a>, which was modeled off of TVA, but did not gain approval.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHargrove1994137-45">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennessee_Valley_Authority&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: World War II">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PalmercarpenterA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/PalmercarpenterA.jpg/220px-PalmercarpenterA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/PalmercarpenterA.jpg/330px-PalmercarpenterA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/PalmercarpenterA.jpg/440px-PalmercarpenterA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2301" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Carpenter" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpenter">carpenter</a>, wearing a contractor's employee badge, at work during the 1942 construction of <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Dam" title="Douglas Dam">Douglas Dam</a> in <a href="/wiki/East_Tennessee" title="East Tennessee">East Tennessee</a>.</figcaption></figure> In order to provide the power for essential industries during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, TVA engaged in one of the largest hydropower construction programs ever undertaken in the U.S. This was especially important for the energy-intensive <a href="/wiki/Aluminum" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminum">aluminum</a> industry, which was used in airplanes and munitions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell194929–30-46">[45]</a> By early 1942, when the effort reached its peak, 12 hydroelectric plants and one coal-fired steam plant were under construction at the same time, and design and construction employment reached a total of 28,000. In its first eleven years, TVA constructed a total of 16 hydroelectric dams. During the war, the agency also provided 60% of the elemental <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a> used in munitions, produced maps of approximately 500,000 square miles (1,300,000 km2) of foreign territory using <a href="/wiki/Aerial_reconnaissance" title="Aerial reconnaissance">aerial reconnaissance</a>, and provided mobile housing for war workers.<a href="#cite_note-history-39">[38]</a> The largest project of this period was the <a href="/wiki/Fontana_Dam" title="Fontana Dam">Fontana Dam</a>. After negotiations led by then-Vice President <a href="/wiki/Harry_Truman" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Truman">Harry Truman</a>, TVA purchased the land from Nantahala Power and Light, a wholly owned subsidiary of <a href="/wiki/Alcoa" title="Alcoa">Alcoa</a>, and built Fontana Dam. Also in 1942, TVA's first coal-fired plant, the 267-megawatt <a href="/wiki/Watts_Bar_Steam_Plant" title="Watts Bar Steam Plant">Watts Bar Steam Plant</a>, began operation.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> The government originally intended the electricity generated from Fontana to be used by <a href="/wiki/Alcoa" title="Alcoa">Alcoa</a> factories for the war effort. However, the abundance of TVA power was one of the major factors in the decision by the U.S. Army to locate <a href="/wiki/Uranium_enrichment" class="mw-redirect" title="Uranium enrichment">uranium enrichment</a> facilities in <a href="/wiki/Oak_Ridge,_Tennessee" title="Oak Ridge, Tennessee">Oak Ridge, Tennessee</a>, for the world's first <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic bomb">atomic bombs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell194930–32-48">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreese1990221–231-49">[48]</a> This was part of an effort codenamed the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Increasing_power_demand">Increasing power demand</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennessee_Valley_Authority&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Increasing power demand">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Sevier_Steam_Plant_-_1956.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/John_Sevier_Steam_Plant_-_1956.jpg/220px-John_Sevier_Steam_Plant_-_1956.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/John_Sevier_Steam_Plant_-_1956.jpg/330px-John_Sevier_Steam_Plant_-_1956.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/John_Sevier_Steam_Plant_-_1956.jpg/440px-John_Sevier_Steam_Plant_-_1956.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1039" data-file-height="692" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Sevier_Fossil_Plant" title="John Sevier Fossil Plant">John Sevier Fossil Plant</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hawkins_County,_Tennessee" title="Hawkins County, Tennessee">Hawkins County, Tennessee</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1956</figcaption></figure> By the end of World War II, TVA had completed a 650-mile (1,050 km) navigation channel the length of the Tennessee River and had become the nation's largest electricity supplier.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell194923–24-52">[51]</a> Even so, the demand for electricity was outstripping TVA's capacity to produce power from <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydroelectric</a> dams, and so TVA began to construct additional coal-fired plants. Political interference kept TVA from securing additional federal appropriations to do so, so it sought the authority to issue bonds.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHargroveConkin198375–76-53">[52]</a> Several of TVA's coal-fired plants, including <a href="/wiki/Johnsonville_Fossil_Plant" title="Johnsonville Fossil Plant">Johnsonville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Widows_Creek_Fossil_Plant" title="Widows Creek Fossil Plant">Widows Creek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shawnee_Fossil_Plant" title="Shawnee Fossil Plant">Shawnee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingston_Fossil_Plant" title="Kingston Fossil Plant">Kingston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gallatin_Fossil_Plant" title="Gallatin Fossil Plant">Gallatin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Sevier_Fossil_Plant" title="John Sevier Fossil Plant">John Sevier</a>, began operations in the 1950s.<a href="#cite_note-slate-54">[53]</a> In 1955 coal surpassed hydroelectricity as TVA's top generating source.<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> On August 6, 1959, President <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> signed into law an amendment to the TVA act, making the agency self-financing.<a href="#cite_note-sentinel-56">[55]</a> During the 1950s, TVA's generating capacity nearly quadrupled.<a href="#cite_note-clemnelson-23">[22]</a> The 1960s were years of further unprecedented economic growth in the Tennessee Valley. Capacity growth during this time slowed, but ultimately increased 56% between 1960 and 1970.<a href="#cite_note-clemnelson-23">[22]</a> To handle a projected future increase in electrical consumption, TVA began constructing 500 kilovolt (kV) transmission lines, the first of which was placed into service on May 15, 1965.<a href="#cite_note-clemnelson-23">[22]</a> Electric rates were among the nation's lowest during this time and stayed low as TVA brought larger, more efficient generating units into service. Plants completed during this time included <a href="/wiki/Paradise_Combined_Cycle_Plant#History" title="Paradise Combined Cycle Plant">Paradise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bull_Run_Fossil_Plant" title="Bull Run Fossil Plant">Bull Run</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nickajack_Dam" title="Nickajack Dam">Nickajack Dam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-clemnelson-23">[22]</a> Expecting the Valley's electric power needs to continue to grow, TVA began building <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_the_United_States" title="Nuclear power in the United States">nuclear power plants</a> in 1966 as a new source of power.<a href="#cite_note-TVAtimeline-57">[56]</a> The following year, TVA began work on the construction of <a href="/wiki/Tellico_Dam" title="Tellico Dam">Tellico Dam</a>, which had been initially conceived in the 1930s and would later become its most controversial project.<a href="#cite_note-medium-58">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Financial_problems,_Tellico_Dam,_and_restructuring">Financial problems, Tellico Dam, and restructuring</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennessee_Valley_Authority&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Financial problems, Tellico Dam, and restructuring">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Land_use_plan_of_TVA%27s_failed_Timberlake_City_project.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Land_use_plan_of_TVA%27s_failed_Timberlake_City_project.png/300px-Land_use_plan_of_TVA%27s_failed_Timberlake_City_project.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Land_use_plan_of_TVA%27s_failed_Timberlake_City_project.png/450px-Land_use_plan_of_TVA%27s_failed_Timberlake_City_project.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Land_use_plan_of_TVA%27s_failed_Timberlake_City_project.png/600px-Land_use_plan_of_TVA%27s_failed_Timberlake_City_project.png 2x" data-file-width="1791" data-file-height="812" /></a><figcaption>Considered one of the TVA's most ambitious projects, Timberlake, a <a href="/wiki/Planned_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Planned city">planned city</a> along the Tellico Reservoir was proposed to support 30,000 residents.<a href="#cite_note-timberlake-61">[60]</a> The project was cancelled soon after the Tellico Project's controversy.<a href="#cite_note-vanwest-62">[61]</a></figcaption></figure> During the 1970s significant changes occurred in the economy of the Tennessee Valley and the nation, prompted by energy crises in <a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973</a> and <a href="/wiki/1979_energy_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="1979 energy crisis">1979</a> and accelerating fuel costs throughout the decade. The average cost of electricity in the Tennessee Valley increased fivefold from the early 1970s to the early 1980s. TVA's first nuclear reactor, <a href="/wiki/Browns_Ferry_Nuclear_Plant#Unit_1" title="Browns Ferry Nuclear Plant">Browns Ferry Unit 1</a>, began commercial operation on August 1, 1974.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> Between 1970 and 1974, TVA set out to construct a total of 17 nuclear reactors, due to a projection of further rapid increase in power demand.<a href="#cite_note-waldnyt-64">[63]</a> However, in the 1980s, it became increasingly evident that the agency had vastly overestimated the Valley's future energy needs, and rapid increases in construction costs and new regulations following the <a href="/wiki/Three_Mile_Island_accident" title="Three Mile Island accident">Three Mile Island accident</a> posed additional obstacles to this undertaking.<a href="#cite_note-Labaton-65">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-ANS-66">[65]</a> In 1981, the board voted to defer the <a href="/wiki/Phipps_Bend_Nuclear_Plant" title="Phipps Bend Nuclear Plant">Phipps Bend</a> plant, as well as to slow down construction on all other projects.<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hartsville_Nuclear_Plant" title="Hartsville Nuclear Plant">Hartsville</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Creek_Nuclear_Plant" title="Yellow Creek Nuclear Plant">Yellow Creek</a> plants were cancelled in 1984 and <a href="/wiki/Bellefonte_Nuclear_Plant" title="Bellefonte Nuclear Plant">Bellefonte</a> in 1988.<a href="#cite_note-waldnyt-64">[63]</a> Citing safety concerns, all of TVAs five operating nuclear reactors were indefinitely shut down in 1985 with the two at Sequoyah coming back online three years later and Browns Ferry's three reactors coming back online in 1991, 1995 and 2007. <a href="#cite_note-Labaton-65">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Early_Tellico_Dam_Construction.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Early_Tellico_Dam_Construction.jpg/220px-Early_Tellico_Dam_Construction.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Early_Tellico_Dam_Construction.jpg/330px-Early_Tellico_Dam_Construction.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Early_Tellico_Dam_Construction.jpg/440px-Early_Tellico_Dam_Construction.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1336" data-file-height="1038" /></a><figcaption>Construction on Tellico Dam</figcaption></figure> Construction of the <a href="/wiki/Tellico_Dam" title="Tellico Dam">Tellico Dam</a> raised political and environmental concerns, as laws had changed since early development in the valley. Scientists and other researchers had become more aware of the massive environmental effects of the dams and new lakes, and worried about preserving habitats and species. The Tellico Dam project was initially delayed because of <a href="/wiki/Snail_darter_controversy" title="Snail darter controversy">concern over</a> the <a href="/wiki/Snail_darter" title="Snail darter">snail darter</a>, a small <a href="/wiki/Actinopterygii" title="Actinopterygii">ray-finned fish</a> which had been discovered in the Little Tennessee River in 1973 and listed as an <a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">endangered species</a> two years later.<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> A lawsuit was filed under the <a href="/wiki/Endangered_Species_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Endangered Species Act">Endangered Species Act</a> and the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in favor of protecting the snail darter in <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Authority_v._Hill" title="Tennessee Valley Authority v. Hill">Tennessee Valley Authority v. Hill</a> in 1978.<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> The project's main motive was to support recreational and tourism development, unlike earlier dams constructed by TVA. Land acquired by eminent domain for the Tellico Dam and its reservoir that encountered minimal inundation was sold to private developers for the construction of present-day <a href="/wiki/Tellico_Village,_Tennessee" title="Tellico Village, Tennessee">Tellico Village</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Planned_community" title="Planned community">planned retirement community</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> The inflation crises of the 1970s and early 1980s, combined with the cancellation of several of the planned nuclear plants put the agency in deep financial trouble.<a href="#cite_note-Smothers-72">[71]</a> In an effort to restructure and improve efficiency and financial stability, TVA began shifting towards a more corporate environment in the latter 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-Lippman-73">[72]</a> <a href="/wiki/Marvin_Travis_Runyon" title="Marvin Travis Runyon">Marvin Travis Runyon</a>, a former corporate executive in the <a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Automotive industry in the United States">automotive industry</a>, became chairman of the TVA in January 1988, and pledged to stabilize the agency financially. During his four-year term he worked to reduce management layers, and reduced overhead costs by more than 30%, which required thousands of workers to be laid off and many operations transferred to private contractors. These moves resulted in cumulative savings and efficiency improvements of $1.8 billion (equivalent to $3.51 billion in 2023<a href="#cite_note-inflation-USGDP-36">[35]</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Smothers-72">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lippman-73">[72]</a> His tenure also saw three of the agency's five nuclear reactors return to service,<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> and the institution of a rate freeze that continued for ten years.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_1990s_to_late_2010s">Early 1990s to late 2010s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennessee_Valley_Authority&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Early 1990s to late 2010s">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TVA_Surplus.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/TVA_Surplus.png/400px-TVA_Surplus.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/TVA_Surplus.png/600px-TVA_Surplus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/TVA_Surplus.png/800px-TVA_Surplus.png 2x" data-file-width="5024" data-file-height="1875" /></a><figcaption>Tennessee Valley Authority Surplus/Deficit</figcaption></figure> As the electric-utility industry moved toward restructuring and <a href="/wiki/Deregulation" title="Deregulation">deregulation</a>, TVA began preparing for competition. It cut operating costs by nearly $800 million a year, reduced its workforce by more than half, increased the generating capacity of its plants, and developed a plan to meet the energy needs of the Tennessee Valley through 2020.<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> In 1992 work resumed on <a href="/wiki/Watts_Bar_Nuclear_Plant#Unit_1" title="Watts Bar Nuclear Plant">Watts Bar Unit 1</a>, and the reactor began operation in May 1996.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> This was the last commercial nuclear reactor in the United States to begin operation in the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> In 2002, TVA began work to restart <a href="/wiki/Browns_Ferry_Nuclear_Plant#Unit_1" title="Browns Ferry Nuclear Plant">Browns Ferry Unit 1</a>, the last of TVA's reactors that had been mothballed in 1985. This unit returned to service in 2007. In 2004, TVA implemented recommendations from the Reservoir Operations Study (ROS) on how it operates the Tennessee River system. The following year, the company announced its intention to construct an <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Pressurized_Water_Reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Pressurized Water Reactor">Advanced Pressurized Water Reactor</a> at its Bellefonte site in Alabama, filing the necessary applications in November 2007. This proposal was gradually trimmed over the following years, and essentially voided by 2016.<a href="#cite_note-ANS-66">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> In October 2007, construction resumed on <a href="/wiki/Watts_Bar_Nuclear_Plant#Unit_2" title="Watts Bar Nuclear Plant">Watts Bar Unit 2</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> which began commercial operation in October 2016. Watts Bar Unit 2 was the first new nuclear reactor to enter service in the United States in the 21st century.<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/TVAPond.ogv/220px--TVAPond.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="261" data-mwtitle="TVAPond.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:TVAPond.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4b/TVAPond.ogv/TVAPond.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4b/TVAPond.ogv/TVAPond.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/TVAPond.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="320" data-height="240" /></video><figcaption>Aerial footage of the <a href="/wiki/Kingston_Fossil_Plant_coal_fly_ash_slurry_spill" title="Kingston Fossil Plant coal fly ash slurry spill">Kingston Fossil Plant coal fly ash slurry spill</a>, the largest environmental disaster in American history.</figcaption></figure> On December 22, 2008, an earthen dike impounding a <a href="/wiki/Coal_ash" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal ash">coal ash</a> <a href="/wiki/Ash_pond" title="Ash pond">pond</a> at TVA's <a href="/wiki/Kingston_Fossil_Plant" title="Kingston Fossil Plant">Kingston Fossil Plant</a> failed, <a href="/wiki/Kingston_Fossil_Plant_coal_fly_ash_slurry_spill" title="Kingston Fossil Plant coal fly ash slurry spill">releasing 1.1 billion US gallons (4,200,000 m3) of coal ash slurry</a> across 300 acres (1.2 km2) of land and into two tributaries of the Tennessee River. The spill, of which cleanup was completed in 2015 at a cost of more than $1 billion, was the largest industrial spill in United States history, and considered one of the worst <a href="/wiki/Environmental_disaster" title="Environmental disaster">environmental disasters</a> of all time.<a href="#cite_note-Sullivan-84">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> A 2009 report by engineering firm <a href="/wiki/AECOM" title="AECOM">AECOM</a> found a number of inadequate design factors of the ash pond were responsible for the spill,<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> and in August 2012, TVA was found liable for the disaster by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Tennessee" title="United States District Court for the Eastern District of Tennessee">U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Tennessee</a>.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> The initial spill resulted in no injuries or deaths, but several of the employees of an engineering firm hired by TVA to clean up the spill developed illnesses, some of which were fatal,<a href="#cite_note-:0-43">[42]</a> and in November 2018, a federal jury ruled that the contractor did not properly inform the workers about the dangers of exposure to coal ash and had failed to provide them with necessary personal protective equipment.<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sullivan-84">[83]</a> In 2009, to gain more access to sustainable, green energy, TVA signed 20-year <a href="/wiki/Power_purchase_agreement" title="Power purchase agreement">power purchase agreements</a> with Maryland-based CVP Renewable Energy Co. and Chicago-based Invenergy Wind LLC for electricity generated by wind farms.<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> In April 2011, TVA reached an agreement with the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a> (EPA), four state governments, and three environmental groups to drastically reduce pollution and carbon emissions.<a href="#cite_note-npca-90">[89]</a> Under the terms of the agreement, TVA was required to retire at least 18 of its 59 coal-fired units by the end of 2018, and install scrubbers in several others or convert them to make them cleaner, at a cost of $25 billion, by 2021.<a href="#cite_note-npca-90">[89]</a> As a result, TVA closed several of its coal-fired power plants in the 2010s, converting some to natural gas. These include John Sevier in 2012, Shawnee Unit 10 in 2014, Widows Creek in 2015, Colbert in 2016, Johnsonville and Paradise Units 1 and 2 in 2017, Allen in 2018, and Paradise Unit 3 in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recent_history">Recent history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennessee_Valley_Authority&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Recent history">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CRNS_rendering.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/CRNS_rendering.png/300px-CRNS_rendering.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/CRNS_rendering.png/450px-CRNS_rendering.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/CRNS_rendering.png/600px-CRNS_rendering.png 2x" data-file-width="1478" data-file-height="583" /></a><figcaption>Artistic rendering of the small modular reactor (SMR) facility at the <a href="/wiki/Clinch_River_Breeder_Reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinch River Breeder Reactor">Clinch River Nuclear Site</a>, the first of several to be constructed as part of TVA's New Nuclear Program approved in early 2022.<a href="#cite_note-NNP-92">[91]</a></figcaption></figure> In 2018, TVA opened a new cybersecurity center in its downtown Chattanooga Office Complex. More than 20 Information Technology specialists monitor emails, Twitter feeds and network activity for cybersecurity threats and threats to grid security. Across TVA's digital platform, two billion activities occur each day. The center is staffed 24 hours a day to spot any threats to TVA's 16,000 miles of transmission lines.<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> Given continued economic pressure on the coal industry, the TVA board defied President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> and voted in February 2019 to close two aging coal plants, Paradise Unit 3 and Bull Run. TVA chief executive <a href="/wiki/William_D._Johnson_(CEO)" title="William D. Johnson (CEO)">Bill Johnson</a> said the decision was not about coal, per se, but rather "about keeping rates as low as feasible". They stated that decommissioning the two plants would reduce its carbon output by about 4.4% annually.<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> TVA announced in April 2021 plans to completely phase out coal power by 2035.<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> The following month, the board voted to consider replacing almost all of their operating coal facilities with combined-cycle gas plants. Such plants considered for gas plant redevelopment include the Cumberland, Gallatin, Shawnee, and Kingston facilities.<a href="#cite_note-flessner-96">[95]</a> In early February 2020, TVA awarded an outside company, <a href="/wiki/Framatome" title="Framatome">Framatome</a>, several multi-million-dollar contracts for work across the company's nuclear reactor fleet.<a href="#cite_note-framatome-97">[96]</a> This includes fuel for the <a href="/wiki/Browns_Ferry_Nuclear_Plant" title="Browns Ferry Nuclear Plant">Browns Ferry Nuclear Plant</a>, fuel handling equipment upgrades across the fleet and <a href="/wiki/Steam_generator_(nuclear_power)" title="Steam generator (nuclear power)">steam generator</a> replacements at the <a href="/wiki/Watts_Bar_Nuclear_Plant" title="Watts Bar Nuclear Plant">Watts Bar Nuclear Plant</a>. Framatome will provide its state-of-the-art ATRIUM 11 fuel for the three <a href="/wiki/Boiling_water_reactor" title="Boiling water reactor">boiling water reactors</a> at <a href="/wiki/Browns_Ferry_Nuclear_Plant" title="Browns Ferry Nuclear Plant">Browns Ferry</a>. This contract makes TVA the third U.S. utility to switch to the ATRIUM 11 fuel design.<a href="#cite_note-framatome-97">[96]</a> On August 3, 2020, President Trump fired the TVA chairman and another board member, saying they were overpaid and had <a href="/wiki/Outsourcing" title="Outsourcing">outsourced</a> 200 high-tech jobs. The move came after U.S. Tech Workers, a nonprofit that works to limit visas given to foreign technology workers, criticized the TVA for laying off its own workers and replacing them with contractors using foreign workers with <a href="/wiki/H-1B_visa" title="H-1B visa">H-1B visas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> Citing its aspiration to reach net-zero carbon emissions in 2050, the TVA Board voted to approve an advanced approach of nuclear energy technology with an estimated $200 million investment, known as the New Nuclear Program (NNP) in February 2022. This would promote the construction of new nuclear power facilities, particularly <a href="/wiki/Small_modular_reactors" class="mw-redirect" title="Small modular reactors">small modular reactors</a>, with the first facility being constructed in partnership with <a href="/wiki/Oak_Ridge_National_Laboratory" title="Oak Ridge National Laboratory">Oak Ridge National Laboratory</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Clinch_River_Breeder_Reactor_Project" title="Clinch River Breeder Reactor Project">Clinch River Nuclear Site</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oak_Ridge,_Tennessee" title="Oak Ridge, Tennessee">Oak Ridge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NNP-92">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-derr-99">[98]</a> On December 23, 2022, TVA had several hours of <a href="/wiki/Rolling_blackouts" class="mw-redirect" title="Rolling blackouts">rolling blackouts</a> due to the <a href="/wiki/Late_December_2022_North_American_winter_storm" class="mw-redirect" title="Late December 2022 North American winter storm">late December 2022 North American winter storm</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> As many as 24,000 <a href="/wiki/Nashville_Electric_Service" title="Nashville Electric Service">Nashville Electric Service</a> customers were without power, with thousands more from smaller distributors affected as well.<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism_and_controversies">Criticism and controversies</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennessee_Valley_Authority&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Criticism and controversies">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allegations_of_federal_government_overreach">Allegations of federal government overreach</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennessee_Valley_Authority&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Allegations of federal government overreach">edit</a>]</div> TVA was heralded by <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Dealers</a> and the <a href="/wiki/New_Deal_Coalition" class="mw-redirect" title="New Deal Coalition">New Deal Coalition</a> not only as a successful economic development program for a depressed area but also as a democratic nation-building effort overseas because of its alleged <a href="/wiki/Grassroots" title="Grassroots">grassroots</a> inclusiveness as articulated by director <a href="/wiki/David_E._Lilienthal" title="David E. Lilienthal">David E. Lilienthal</a>. However, the TVA was controversial early on, as some believed its creation was an overreach by the federal government. Supporters of TVA note that the agency's management of the Tennessee River system without appropriated federal funding saves federal taxpayers millions of dollars annually. Opponents, such as Dean Russell in The TVA Idea, in addition to condemning the project as being <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">socialistic</a>, argued that TVA created a "hidden loss" by preventing the creation of "factories and jobs that would have come into existence if the government had allowed the taxpayers to spend their money as they wished".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell194910–11-103">[102]</a> Defenders note that TVA remains overwhelmingly popular in Tennessee among <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">conservatives</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States">liberals</a> alike.<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> Business historian <a href="/wiki/Thomas_McCraw" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas McCraw">Thomas McCraw</a> concludes that Roosevelt "rescued the [power] industry from its own abuses" but "he might have done this much with a great deal less agitation and ill will".<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> New Dealers hoped to build numerous other federal utility corporations around the country but were defeated by lobbyist and <a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election" title="1940 United States presidential election">1940</a> <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> presidential nominee <a href="/wiki/Wendell_Willkie#TVA_battle" title="Wendell Willkie">Wendell Willkie</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_coalition" title="Conservative coalition">conservative coalition</a> in Congress. The valley authority model did not replace the limited-purpose water programs of the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Reclamation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bureau of Reclamation">Bureau of Reclamation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers" title="United States Army Corps of Engineers">Army Corps of Engineers</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ronald_Reagan_in_General_Electric_Theater.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Ronald_Reagan_in_General_Electric_Theater.jpg/220px-Ronald_Reagan_in_General_Electric_Theater.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Ronald_Reagan_in_General_Electric_Theater.jpg/330px-Ronald_Reagan_in_General_Electric_Theater.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Ronald_Reagan_in_General_Electric_Theater.jpg/440px-Ronald_Reagan_in_General_Electric_Theater.jpg 2x" data-file-width="983" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>, who was fired by <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a> after criticizing TVA as a problem of "big government".</figcaption></figure> However, it has been shown that in river policy, the strength of opposing interest groups also mattered.<a href="#cite_note-Rural_Sociology-106">[105]</a> The TVA bill was able to attain passage because reformers like Norris skillfully coordinated action at potential choke points and weakened the already disorganized opponents among the electric power industry lobbyists.<a href="#cite_note-hubbard-31">[30]</a> In 1936, after regrouping, opposing river lobbyists and members of congress who were part of the conservative coalition took advantage of the New Dealers' spending mood by expanding the Army Corps' flood control program. They also helped defeat further valley authorities, the most promising of the New Deal water policy reforms.<a href="#cite_note-Rural_Sociology-106">[105]</a> When <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrats</a> after 1945 began proclaiming the Tennessee Valley Authority as a model for countries in the <a href="/wiki/Developing_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing world">developing world</a> to follow, conservative critics charged that it was a top-heavy, centralized, <a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">technocratic</a> venture that displaced locals and did so in insensitive ways. Thus, when the program was used as the basis for modernization programs in various parts of the third world during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, such as in the <a href="/wiki/Mekong_Delta" title="Mekong Delta">Mekong Delta</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, its failure brought a backlash of cynicism toward modernization programs that has persisted.<a href="#cite_note-Ekbladh-6">[6]</a> In 1953, President <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> referred to the TVA as an example of "creeping socialism".<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-facingsouth-108">[107]</a> The following year, then-film actor and later 40th President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> began hosting <a href="/wiki/General_Electric_Theater" title="General Electric Theater">General Electric Theater</a>, which was sponsored by <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a> (GE). He was fired in 1962 after publicly referring to the TVA, which was a major customer for GE turbines, as one of the problems of "big government".<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> Some claim that Reagan was instead fired due to a criminal antitrust investigation involving him and the <a href="/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild" title="Screen Actors Guild">Screen Actors Guild</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> However, Reagan was only interviewed; nobody was actually charged with anything in the investigation.<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> In 1963, U.S. Senator and Republican presidential candidate <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a> was quoted in a <a href="/wiki/Saturday_Evening_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturday Evening Post">Saturday Evening Post</a> article by <a href="/wiki/Stewart_Alsop" title="Stewart Alsop">Stewart Alsop</a> as saying, "You know, I think we ought to sell TVA." He had called for the sale to private companies of particular parts of the Authority, including its fertilizer production and steam-generation facilities, because "it would be better operated and would be of more benefit for more people if it were part of private industry."<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> Goldwater's quotation was used against him in a TV ad by <a href="/wiki/Doyle_Dane_Bernbach" class="mw-redirect" title="Doyle Dane Bernbach">Doyle Dane Bernbach</a> for then-President <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_1964_presidential_campaign" title="Lyndon B. Johnson 1964 presidential campaign">1964 campaign</a>, which depicted an auction taking place atop a dam and promised that Johnson would not sell TVA.<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Legal_challenges">Legal challenges</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennessee_Valley_Authority&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Legal challenges">edit</a>]</div> The TVA has faced multiple constitutional challenges. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">United States Supreme Court</a> ruled TVA to be constitutional in <a href="/wiki/Ashwander_v._Tennessee_Valley_Authority" title="Ashwander v. Tennessee Valley Authority">Ashwander v. Tennessee Valley Authority</a> (297 U.S. 288) in 1936.<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> The Court noted that <a href="/wiki/Commerce_Clause" title="Commerce Clause">regulating commerce among the states</a> includes regulation of streams and that controlling floods is required for keeping streams navigable; it also upheld the constitutionality of the TVA under the <a href="/wiki/War_Powers_Clause" title="War Powers Clause">War Powers Clause</a>, seeing its activities as a means of assuring the electric supply for the manufacture of munitions in the event of war.<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> The argument before the court was that electricity generation was a by-product of navigation and flood control and therefore could be considered constitutional. The CEO of the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Electric_Power_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Tennessee Electric Power Company">Tennessee Electric Power Company</a> (TEPCO), <a href="/wiki/Jo_Conn_Guild" title="Jo Conn Guild">Jo Conn Guild</a>, was vehemently opposed to the creation of TVA, and with the help of attorney <a href="/wiki/Wendell_Willkie" title="Wendell Willkie">Wendell Willkie</a>, challenged the constitutionality of the TVA Act in federal court. The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">U.S. Supreme Court</a> again upheld the TVA Act, however, in its 1939 decision Tennessee Electric Power Company v. TVA. On August 16, 1939, TEPCO was forced to sell its assets, including <a href="/wiki/Hales_Bar_Dam" title="Hales Bar Dam">Hales Bar Dam</a>, Ocoee Dams <a href="/wiki/Ocoee_Dam_No._1" title="Ocoee Dam No. 1">1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ocoee_Dam_No._2" title="Ocoee Dam No. 2">2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blue_Ridge_Dam" title="Blue Ridge Dam">Blue Ridge Dam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Great_Falls_Dam_(Tennessee)" title="Great Falls Dam (Tennessee)">Great Falls Dam</a> to TVA for $78 million (equivalent to $1.34 billion in 2023<a href="#cite_note-inflation-USGDP-36">[35]</a>).<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discrimination">Discrimination</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennessee_Valley_Authority&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Discrimination">edit</a>]</div> In 1981 the TVA Board of Directors broke with previous tradition and took a hard line against white-collar unions during contract negotiations. As a result, a <a href="/wiki/Class_action_suit" class="mw-redirect" title="Class action suit">class action suit</a> was filed in 1984 in U.S. District Court charging the agency with sex discrimination under <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964#Title_VII" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Title VII</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a> based on the large number of women in one of the pay grades negatively impacted by the new contract.<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> TVA reached an out-of-court settlement in 1987, in which they agreed to contract modifications and paid the group $5 million (equivalent to $11.5 million in 2023<a href="#cite_note-inflation-USGDP-36">[35]</a>), but denied wrongdoing.<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eminent_domain_and_resident_removal">Eminent domain and resident removal</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennessee_Valley_Authority&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Eminent domain and resident removal">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_town_-_NARA_-_280421_cropped_cleaned_colorized.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Bean Station site pre-dam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/View_of_town_-_NARA_-_280421_cropped_cleaned_colorized.jpg/220px-View_of_town_-_NARA_-_280421_cropped_cleaned_colorized.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/View_of_town_-_NARA_-_280421_cropped_cleaned_colorized.jpg/330px-View_of_town_-_NARA_-_280421_cropped_cleaned_colorized.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/View_of_town_-_NARA_-_280421_cropped_cleaned_colorized.jpg/440px-View_of_town_-_NARA_-_280421_cropped_cleaned_colorized.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2851" data-file-height="1602" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Bean_Station_site_2021.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Bean Station site post-dam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Old_Bean_Station_site_2021.jpg/220px-Old_Bean_Station_site_2021.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Old_Bean_Station_site_2021.jpg/330px-Old_Bean_Station_site_2021.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Old_Bean_Station_site_2021.jpg/440px-Old_Bean_Station_site_2021.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2760" data-file-height="1553" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The historically significant town of <a href="/wiki/Bean_Station,_Tennessee" title="Bean Station, Tennessee">Bean Station, Tennessee</a> was among the largest of communities inundated by the TVA with nearly 90% of its population removed by eminent domain or federal lawsuits for the construction of <a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Dam" title="Cherokee Dam">Cherokee Dam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-robinson-120">[119]</a></div></div></div></div> TVA has received criticism throughout its entire history for what some have perceived as excessive use of its authority of <a href="/wiki/Eminent_domain_in_the_United_States" title="Eminent domain in the United States">eminent domain</a> and an unwillingness to compromise with landowners. All of TVA's hydroelectric projects were made possible through the use of eminent domain,<a href="#cite_note-slatee-121">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> and displaced more than 125,000 Tennessee Valley residents.<a href="#cite_note-gaventa-8">[8]</a> Residents who initially refused to sell their land were often forced to do so via <a href="/wiki/Court_order" title="Court order">court orders</a> and lawsuits.<a href="#cite_note-mtnpress-123">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-slatee-121">[120]</a> Many of these projects also inundated historic <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> sites and early <a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial</a>-era settlements.<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> Historians have claimed that the TVA forced residents to sell their property at values less than the <a href="/wiki/Just_compensation" title="Just compensation">fair market value</a>, and indirectly destabilized the real estate market for farmland.<a href="#cite_note-stephens-41">[40]</a> Some displaced residents committed suicide, unable to bear the events.<a href="#cite_note-dispossessed-9">[9]</a> On some occasions, land that TVA had acquired through eminent domain that was expected to be flooded by reservoirs was not flooded, and was instead given away to private developers.<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennessee_Valley_Authority&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: In popular culture">edit</a>]</div> The 1960 film <a href="/wiki/Wild_River_(film)" title="Wild River (film)">Wild River</a>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Elia_Kazan" title="Elia Kazan">Elia Kazan</a>, tells the story about a family forced to relocate from their land, which has been owned by their ancestors for generations, after TVA plans to construct a dam which will flood it. While fictional, the film depicts the real-life experiences of many people forced to give up their land to TVA to make way for hydroelectric projects, and was mostly inspired by the removal of families for the Norris Dam project.<a href="#cite_note-stephens-41">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> The 1970 <a href="/wiki/James_Dickey" title="James Dickey">James Dickey</a> novel <a href="/wiki/Deliverance_(novel)" title="Deliverance (novel)">Deliverance</a> and its 1972 <a href="/wiki/Deliverance" title="Deliverance">film adaptation</a> focuses on four <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a> businessmen taking a canoeing trip down a river that is being impounded by an electric utility, nodding to the TVA's early and controversial hydroelectric projects.<a href="#cite_note-nelson-129">[128]</a> The 1984 <a href="/wiki/Mark_Rydell" title="Mark Rydell">Mark Rydell</a> film <a href="/wiki/The_River_(1984_film)" title="The River (1984 film)">The River</a> focuses on an <a href="/wiki/East_Tennessee" title="East Tennessee">East Tennessee</a> family being confronted by the loss of their ancestral farm from the inundation of a nearby river by an electric utility. The film, shot on farmland near the <a href="/wiki/Holston_River" title="Holston River">Holston River</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hawkins_County,_Tennessee" title="Hawkins County, Tennessee">Hawkins County</a>, utilized flooding practical effects provided by the TVA.<a href="#cite_note-canby-130">[129]</a> In the 2000 film <a href="/wiki/O_Brother,_Where_Art_Thou%3F" title="O Brother, Where Art Thou?">O Brother, Where Art Thou?</a>, the family home of the protagonist, played by <a href="/wiki/George_Clooney" title="George Clooney">George Clooney</a>, is flooded by a reservoir constructed by the TVA. This plays a central role in the pacing of the film and the broader Depression-era Mississippi context of the narrative.<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a> "<a href="/wiki/Song_of_the_South_(song)" title="Song of the South (song)">Song of the South</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">country</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_rock" title="Southern rock">Southern rock</a> band <a href="/wiki/Alabama_(band)" title="Alabama (band)">Alabama</a> features the lyrics "Papa got a job with the TVA" following the lyrics "Well momma got sick and daddy got down, The county got the farm and they moved to town" expressing the hardships and changes that southerners faced during the post recession era.<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> The TVA and its impact on the region are featured in the <a href="/wiki/Drive-By_Truckers" title="Drive-By Truckers">Drive-By Truckers</a>' songs "TVA" and "Uncle Frank". In "TVA", the singer reflects on time spent with family members and a girlfriend at <a href="/wiki/Wilson_Dam" title="Wilson Dam">Wilson Dam</a>. In "Uncle Frank", the lyrics tell the story of an unnamed hydroelectric dam being built, and the effects on the community that would become flooded upon its completion. In 2012, <a href="/wiki/Jason_Isbell" title="Jason Isbell">Jason Isbell</a> released a solo cover of "TVA".<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennessee_Valley_Authority&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_history_of_the_United_States" title="Environmental history of the United States">Environmental history of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Regional_Commission" title="Appalachian Regional Commission">Appalachian Regional Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmand_and_Arghandab_Valley_Authority" title="Helmand and Arghandab Valley Authority">Helmand and Arghandab Valley Authority</a>, modelled on the TVA</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bay_Energy" title="James Bay Energy">James Bay Energy</a> Corporation, a <a href="/wiki/Crown_corporations_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown corporations of Canada">Crown corporation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> government for developing the <a href="/wiki/James_Bay_Project" title="James Bay Project">James Bay Project</a> for building various <a href="/wiki/Robert-Bourassa_generating_station" title="Robert-Bourassa generating station">dams</a> on <a href="/wiki/La_Grande_River" title="La Grande River">rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_navigation_authorities_in_the_United_States" title="List of navigation authorities in the United States">List of navigation authorities in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscle_Shoals_Bill" title="Muscle Shoals Bill">Muscle Shoals Bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville_Electric_Service" title="Nashville Electric Service">Nashville Electric Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norris,_Tennessee" title="Norris, Tennessee">Norris, Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Authority_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Tennessee Valley Authority Police">Tennessee Valley Authority Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Authority_v._Hill" title="Tennessee Valley Authority v. Hill">Tennessee Valley Authority v. Hill</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennessee_Valley_Authority&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> When their terms expire, directors may remain on the board until the end of the current congressional session (typically in December) or until their successors take office, whichever comes first. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennessee_Valley_Authority&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Board-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Board_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Board_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tva.com/about-tva/our-leadership/board-of-directors">"Board of Directors"</a>. TVA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201122124129/https://www.tva.com/about-tva/our-leadership/board-of-directors">Archived</a> from the original on November 22, 2020. Retrieved November 25, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TVA&rft.atitle=Board+of+Directors&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tva.com%2Fabout-tva%2Four-leadership%2Fboard-of-directors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaines2019" class="citation news cs1">Gaines, Jim (February 14, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.knoxnews.com/story/money/business/2019/02/14/tva-picks-new-ceo-jeffrey-lyash-president-of-ontario-power-generation/2868482002/">"TVA names president of Canadian utility as new CEO to replace outgoing Bill Johnson"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Knoxville_News_Sentinel" title="Knoxville News Sentinel">Knoxville News Sentinel</a>. Knoxville, Tennessee. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200411211634/https://www.knoxnews.com/story/money/business/2019/02/14/tva-picks-new-ceo-jeffrey-lyash-president-of-ontario-power-generation/2868482002/">Archived</a> from the original on April 11, 2020. Retrieved December 5, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Knoxville+News+Sentinel&rft.atitle=TVA+names+president+of+Canadian+utility+as+new+CEO+to+replace+outgoing+Bill+Johnson&rft.date=2019-02-14&rft.aulast=Gaines&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.knoxnews.com%2Fstory%2Fmoney%2Fbusiness%2F2019%2F02%2F14%2Ftva-picks-new-ceo-jeffrey-lyash-president-of-ontario-power-generation%2F2868482002%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-reuters14-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-reuters14_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-reuters14_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/amp/idUSBREA3S0P420140429">"Factbox: Largest U.S. electric companies by megawatts, customers"</a>. Reuters. April 29, 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308123918/https://www.reuters.com/article/amp/idUSBREA3S0P420140429">Archived</a> from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Factbox%3A+Largest+U.S.+electric+companies+by+megawatts%2C+customers&rft.date=2014-04-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Famp%2FidUSBREA3S0P420140429&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sainz-4"><a href="#cite_ref-sainz_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSainz2019" class="citation news cs1">Sainz, Adrian (November 14, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/nations-largest-utility-long-term-deals-sell-power-67021289">"Nation's largest utility in long-term deals to sell power"</a>. ABC News. Associated Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182851/https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/nations-largest-utility-long-term-deals-sell-power-67021289">Archived</a> from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved July 4, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Nation%27s+largest+utility+in+long-term+deals+to+sell+power&rft.date=2019-11-14&rft.aulast=Sainz&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FUS%2FwireStory%2Fnations-largest-utility-long-term-deals-sell-power-67021289&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeuse2004972–979-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeuse2004972–979_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeuse2004972–979_5-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNeuse2004">Neuse 2004</a>, pp. 972–979. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ekbladh-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ekbladh_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ekbladh_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEkbladh2002" class="citation journal cs1">Ekbladh, David (Summer 2002). ""Mr. TVA": Grass-Roots Development, David Lilienthal, and the Rise and Fall of the Tennessee Valley Authority as a Symbol for U.S. Overseas Development, 1933–1973". <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_History_(journal)" title="Diplomatic History (journal)">Diplomatic History</a>. 26 (3): 335–374. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1467-7709.00315">10.1111/1467-7709.00315</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1467-7709">1467-7709</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/772657716">772657716</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diplomatic+History&rft.atitle=%22Mr.+TVA%22%3A+Grass-Roots+Development%2C+David+Lilienthal%2C+and+the+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Tennessee+Valley+Authority+as+a+Symbol+for+U.S.+Overseas+Development%2C+1933%E2%80%931973&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=335-374&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F772657716&rft.issn=1467-7709&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1467-7709.00315&rft.aulast=Ekbladh&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://s25.q4cdn.com/191816265/files/doc_downloads/irw/tva_bonds/1998-h.pdf">"Global Impact"</a> (PDF). Tennessee Valley Authority. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210517153841/https://s25.q4cdn.com/191816265/files/doc_downloads/irw/tva_bonds/1998-h.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on May 17, 2021. Retrieved May 17, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tennessee+Valley+Authority&rft.atitle=Global+Impact&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fs25.q4cdn.com%2F191816265%2Ffiles%2Fdoc_downloads%2Firw%2Ftva_bonds%2F1998-h.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gaventa-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gaventa_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gaventa_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gaventa_8-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Gaventa1982" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Gaventa" title="John Gaventa">John Gaventa</a> (1982). "Book Review, 'TVA and the Dispossessed: The Resettlement of Population in the Norris Dam Area'". Tennessee Law Review. Symposium, the Tennessee Valley Authority. <a href="/wiki/Knoxville,_Tennessee" title="Knoxville, Tennessee">Knoxville, Tennessee</a>: Tennessee Law Review Association: 979–983. <q>Over the past fifty years the agency has had many opportunities to learn from its mistakes. Since 1933, over 125,000 residents have been displaced from their homesteads by TVA dam construction projects.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tennessee+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Book+Review%2C+%27TVA+and+the+Dispossessed%3A+The+Resettlement+of+Population+in+the+Norris+Dam+Area%27&rft.pages=979-983&rft.date=1982&rft.au=John+Gaventa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dispossessed-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dispossessed_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dispossessed_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dispossessed_9-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuldownyMcDonald1981" class="citation book cs1">Muldowny, John; McDonald, Michael (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_vUrhbkRLiAC">TVA and the Dispossessed: The Resettlement of Population in the Norris Dam Area</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tennessee" title="University of Tennessee">University of Tennessee</a> Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781572331648" title="Special:BookSources/9781572331648"><bdi>9781572331648</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230111024357/https://www.google.com/books/edition/TVA_and_the_Dispossessed/_vUrhbkRLiAC?hl=en&gbpv=0">Archived</a> from the original on January 11, 2023. Retrieved July 4, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=TVA+and+the+Dispossessed%3A+The+Resettlement+of+Population+in+the+Norris+Dam+Area&rft.pub=University+of+Tennessee+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=9781572331648&rft.aulast=Muldowny&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=McDonald%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_vUrhbkRLiAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-power-10"><a href="#cite_ref-power_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220218191130/https://appalachianfreepress.com/issue-%234/f/the-price-of-power">"The Price of Power: How the Tennessee Valley Authority Impacted Attitudes Towards Economic Development in East Tennessee"</a>. Appalachian Free Press. January 12, 2022. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://appalachianfreepress.com/issue-%234/f/the-price-of-power">the original</a> on February 18, 2022. Retrieved February 20, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Appalachian+Free+Press&rft.atitle=The+Price+of+Power%3A+How+the+Tennessee+Valley+Authority+Impacted+Attitudes+Towards+Economic+Development+in+East+Tennessee&rft.date=2022-01-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fappalachianfreepress.com%2Fissue-%25234%2Ff%2Fthe-price-of-power&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-about-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-about_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-about_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-about_11-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tva.com/About-TVA">"About TVA"</a>. tva.com. Tennessee Valley Authority. 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171206031147/https://www.tva.com/About-TVA">Archived</a> from the original on December 6, 2017. Retrieved January 7, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tva.com&rft.atitle=About+TVA&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tva.com%2FAbout-TVA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/tva-relocation.html">"The TVA and the Relocation of Mattie Randolph"</a>. Archives.gov. <a href="/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">National Archives and Records Administration</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043717/https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/tva-relocation.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 6, 2019. Retrieved March 4, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Archives.gov&rft.atitle=The+TVA+and+the+Relocation+of+Mattie+Randolph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Feducation%2Flessons%2Ftva-relocation.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tva.com/Energy/Public-Power-Partnerships">"Public Power Partnerships"</a>. tva.com. Tennessee Valley Authority. 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190412051448/https://www.tva.com/Energy/Public-Power-Partnerships">Archived</a> from the original on April 12, 2019. Retrieved January 7, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tva.com&rft.atitle=Public+Power+Partnerships&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tva.com%2FEnergy%2FPublic-Power-Partnerships&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070630145820/http://www.east-tennessee-history.org/">"East Tennessee Historical Society"</a>. East-tennessee-history.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.east-tennessee-history.org/">the original</a> on June 30, 2007. Retrieved February 28, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=East+Tennessee+Historical+Society&rft.pub=East-tennessee-history.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.east-tennessee-history.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-board-16"><a href="#cite_ref-board_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chattanoogan.com/2004/11/20/58934/TVA-Board-Expanded-To-9-Members.aspx">"TVA Board Expanded To 9 Members"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Chattanoogan" title="The Chattanoogan">The Chattanoogan</a>. Chattanooga, Tennessee. November 20, 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190107181119/https://www.chattanoogan.com/2004/11/20/58934/TVA-Board-Expanded-To-9-Members.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on January 7, 2019. Retrieved January 7, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Chattanoogan&rft.atitle=TVA+Board+Expanded+To+9+Members&rft.date=2004-11-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chattanoogan.com%2F2004%2F11%2F20%2F58934%2FTVA-Board-Expanded-To-9-Members.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/quick-search/nominations?wordsPhrases=Tennessee+Valley+Authority&wordVariants=on&congressGroups%5B0%5D=0&congresses%5B0%5D=118&nomCivil=on&nomOther=on&pnNumbers=&nomineeNames=&positions=&organizations=&stateTerritories%5B0%5D=any&nominationAction=&dates=datesReceivedInSenate&dateOperator=equal&startDate=&endDate=&dateIsOption=yesterday&qs_expand=false">"Quick Search Tennessee Valley Authority"</a>. Congress.gov. Library of Congress. Retrieved September 24, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Congress.gov&rft.atitle=Quick+Search+Tennessee+Valley+Authority&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.congress.gov%2Fquick-search%2Fnominations%3FwordsPhrases%3DTennessee%2BValley%2BAuthority%26wordVariants%3Don%26congressGroups%255B0%255D%3D0%26congresses%255B0%255D%3D118%26nomCivil%3Don%26nomOther%3Don%26pnNumbers%3D%26nomineeNames%3D%26positions%3D%26organizations%3D%26stateTerritories%255B0%255D%3Dany%26nominationAction%3D%26dates%3DdatesReceivedInSenate%26dateOperator%3Dequal%26startDate%3D%26endDate%3D%26dateIsOption%3Dyesterday%26qs_expand%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDermott2022" class="citation news cs1">McDermott, Jennifer (February 10, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/climate-technology-business-lifestyle-kentucky-28d44198e92e4d1aaf6ebcf223c50a19">"Largest US public power company launches new nuclear program"</a>. Associated Press News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230318083806/https://apnews.com/article/climate-technology-business-lifestyle-kentucky-28d44198e92e4d1aaf6ebcf223c50a19">Archived</a> from the original on March 18, 2023. Retrieved March 18, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press+News&rft.atitle=Largest+US+public+power+company+launches+new+nuclear+program&rft.date=2022-02-10&rft.aulast=McDermott&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fclimate-technology-business-lifestyle-kentucky-28d44198e92e4d1aaf6ebcf223c50a19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-powersystem-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-powersystem_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-powersystem_19-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tva.com/Energy/Our-Power-System">"Our Power System"</a>. tva.com. Tennessee Valley Authority. 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190412041402/https://www.tva.com/Energy/Our-Power-System">Archived</a> from the original on April 12, 2019. Retrieved January 7, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tva.com&rft.atitle=Our+Power+System&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tva.com%2FEnergy%2FOur-Power-System&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150731021622/https://www.tva.com/power/wind_purchases.htm">"TVA: Energy Purchases from Wind Farms"</a>. TVA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tva.com/power/wind_purchases.htm">the original</a> on July 31, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TVA&rft.atitle=TVA%3A+Energy+Purchases+from+Wind+Farms&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tva.com%2Fpower%2Fwind_purchases.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCathey2022" class="citation news cs1">Cathey, Ben (May 24, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wvlt.tv/2022/05/24/watts-bar-lone-source-nuclear-weapon-material-tva-increasing-production/">"Watts Bar lone source of a nuclear weapon material; TVA increasing production"</a>. <a href="/wiki/WVLT-TV" title="WVLT-TV">WVLT-TV</a>. Knoxville. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230318084551/https://www.wvlt.tv/2022/05/24/watts-bar-lone-source-nuclear-weapon-material-tva-increasing-production/">Archived</a> from the original on March 18, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WVLT-TV&rft.atitle=Watts+Bar+lone+source+of+a+nuclear+weapon+material%3B+TVA+increasing+production&rft.date=2022-05-24&rft.aulast=Cathey&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wvlt.tv%2F2022%2F05%2F24%2Fwatts-bar-lone-source-nuclear-weapon-material-tva-increasing-production%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=27152">"U.S. electric system is made up of interconnections and balancing authorities"</a>. eia.gov. Energy Information Administration. July 20, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220102031128/https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=27152">Archived</a> from the original on January 2, 2022. Retrieved January 2, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eia.gov&rft.atitle=U.S.+electric+system+is+made+up+of+interconnections+and+balancing+authorities&rft.date=2016-07-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eia.gov%2Ftodayinenergy%2Fdetail.php%3Fid%3D27152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-clemnelson-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-clemnelson_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-clemnelson_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-clemnelson_23-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-clemnelson_23-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-clemnelson_23-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClemNelson2010" class="citation report cs1">Clem, Clayton L.; Nelson, Jeffrey H. (October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1270775">"The TVA Transmission System: Facts, Figures and Trends"</a>. 2010 International Conference on High Voltage Engineering and Application (Report). Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE International Conference on High Voltage Engineering and Application. pp. 1–11. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2Fichve.2010.5640878">10.1109/ichve.2010.5640878</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4244-8283-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4244-8283-2"><bdi>978-1-4244-8283-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210624202734/https://zenodo.org/record/1270775">Archived</a> from the original on June 24, 2021. Retrieved April 18, 2021 – via <a href="/wiki/Zenodo" title="Zenodo">Zenodo</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=2010+International+Conference+on+High+Voltage+Engineering+and+Application&rft.pages=1-11&rft.pub=Proceedings+of+the+2010+IEEE+International+Conference+on+High+Voltage+Engineering+and+Application&rft.date=2010-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2Fichve.2010.5640878&rft.isbn=978-1-4244-8283-2&rft.aulast=Clem&rft.aufirst=Clayton+L.&rft.au=Nelson%2C+Jeffrey+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1270775&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation map cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160909085921/http://www.oatioasis.com/TVA/TVAdocs/TVA_Transmission_Map_2011_r2.pdf">NERC Transmission Planning Map</a> (PDF) (Map). North American Electric Reliability Corporation. 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oatioasis.com/TVA/TVAdocs/TVA_Transmission_Map_2011_r2.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on September 9, 2016. Retrieved April 18, 2021 – via <a href="/wiki/Open_Access_Same-Time_Information_System" title="Open Access Same-Time Information System">Open Access Same-Time Information System</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NERC+Transmission+Planning+Map&rft.pub=North+American+Electric+Reliability+Corporation&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oatioasis.com%2FTVA%2FTVAdocs%2FTVA_Transmission_Map_2011_r2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111110191237/http://www.tva.gov/environment/reports/nrp/pdf/finals/nrp_chapter5.pdf">"Chapter 8 – Recreation Management"</a> (PDF). Natural Resource Plan. Tennessee Valley Authority. July 2011. p. 113. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tva.gov/environment/reports/nrp/pdf/finals/nrp_chapter5.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on November 10, 2011. Retrieved March 22, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Natural+Resource+Plan&rft.atitle=Chapter+8+%E2%80%93+Recreation+Management&rft.pages=113&rft.date=2011-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tva.gov%2Fenvironment%2Freports%2Fnrp%2Fpdf%2Ffinals%2Fnrp_chapter5.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tva.com/environment/recreation/day-use-recreation-areas">"Day-Use Recreation Areas"</a>. TVA.com. Tennessee Valley Authority. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230606173200/https://www.tva.com/environment/recreation/day-use-recreation-areas">Archived</a> from the original on June 6, 2023. Retrieved June 6, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TVA.com&rft.atitle=Day-Use+Recreation+Areas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tva.com%2Fenvironment%2Frecreation%2Fday-use-recreation-areas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tva.com/environment/recreation/small-wild-areas">"Small Wild Areas"</a>. TVA.com. Tennessee Valley Authority. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230606173201/https://www.tva.com/environment/recreation/small-wild-areas">Archived</a> from the original on June 6, 2023. Retrieved June 6, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TVA.com&rft.atitle=Small+Wild+Areas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tva.com%2Fenvironment%2Frecreation%2Fsmall-wild-areas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tva.com/economic-development/the-global-valley">"The Global Valley"</a>. Tennessee Valley Authority. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230318100834/https://www.tva.com/economic-development/the-global-valley">Archived</a> from the original on March 18, 2023. Retrieved March 18, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Global+Valley&rft.pub=Tennessee+Valley+Authority&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tva.com%2Feconomic-development%2Fthe-global-valley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMattson-Teig2013" class="citation news cs1">Mattson-Teig, Beth (Summer 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.areadevelopment.com/siteSelection/Q3-2013/megasites-1000-plus-acre-certified-sites-182827611.shtml">"Mega Sites Lure Big Fish"</a>. Area Development. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170612173742/http://www.areadevelopment.com/siteSelection/Q3-2013/megasites-1000-plus-acre-certified-sites-182827611.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on June 12, 2017. Retrieved March 19, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Area+Development&rft.atitle=Mega+Sites+Lure+Big+Fish&rft.ssn=summer&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Mattson-Teig&rft.aufirst=Beth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.areadevelopment.com%2FsiteSelection%2FQ3-2013%2Fmegasites-1000-plus-acre-certified-sites-182827611.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHargrove199419-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHargrove199419_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHargrove1994">Hargrove 1994</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-hubbard-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hubbard_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hubbard_31-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hubbard_31-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHubbard1961" class="citation book cs1">Hubbard, Preston J. (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015031695052;view=1up;seq=12">Origins of the TVA: The Muscle Shoals Controversy, 1920–1932</a>. Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press. pp. 189–194. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/600647072">600647072</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210307215550/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015031695052;view=1up;seq=12">Archived</a> from the original on March 7, 2021. Retrieved March 20, 2018 – via HathiTrust Digital Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origins+of+the+TVA%3A+The+Muscle+Shoals+Controversy%2C+1920%E2%80%931932&rft.place=Nashville&rft.pages=189-194&rft.pub=Vanderbilt+University+Press&rft.date=1961&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F600647072&rft.aulast=Hubbard&rft.aufirst=Preston+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dmdp.39015031695052%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawes1977" class="citation journal cs1">Hawes, Douglas W. (April 1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarship.law.vanderbilt.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3108&context=vlr">"Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935 -- Fossil or Foil?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vanderbilt_Law_Review" title="Vanderbilt Law Review">Vanderbilt Law Review</a>. 30 (3): 605–625. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230312064455/https://scholarship.law.vanderbilt.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3108&context=vlr">Archived</a> from the original on March 12, 2023. Retrieved March 12, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vanderbilt+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Public+Utility+Holding+Company+Act+of+1935+--+Fossil+or+Foil%3F&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=605-625&rft.date=1977-04&rft.aulast=Hawes&rft.aufirst=Douglas+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarship.law.vanderbilt.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D3108%26context%3Dvlr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTobey1996" class="citation book cs1">Tobey, Ronald C. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0geUkFJjbzEC&pg=PA46">Technology as Freedom: The New Deal and the Electrical Modernization of the American Home</a>. University of California Press. pp. 46–48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520204218" title="Special:BookSources/9780520204218"><bdi>9780520204218</bdi></a>. Retrieved July 4, 2021 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Technology+as+Freedom%3A+The+New+Deal+and+the+Electrical+Modernization+of+the+American+Home&rft.pages=46-48&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780520204218&rft.aulast=Tobey&rft.aufirst=Ronald+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0geUkFJjbzEC%26pg%3DPA46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1930/04/05/archives/muscle-shoals-bill-passed-by-senate-vote-on-norris-measure-for.html">"Muscle Shoals Bill Passed By Senate; Vote on Norris Measure for Operation by Federal Corporation Is 45 to 23. House Counted Favorable But Hoover Veto is Expected in Event of Passage—His Supporters Divided in Debate. Hoover Supporters Divided. The Vote on Roll-Call"</a>. The New York Times. April 5, 1930. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210914152526/https://www.nytimes.com/1930/04/05/archives/muscle-shoals-bill-passed-by-senate-vote-on-norris-measure-for.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 14, 2021. Retrieved September 14, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Muscle+Shoals+Bill+Passed+By+Senate%3B+Vote+on+Norris+Measure+for+Operation+by+Federal+Corporation+Is+45+to+23.+House+Counted+Favorable+But+Hoover+Veto+is+Expected+in+Event+of+Passage%E2%80%94His+Supporters+Divided+in+Debate.+Hoover+Supporters+Divided.+The+Vote+on+Roll-Call.&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1930-04-05&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1930%2F04%2F05%2Farchives%2Fmuscle-shoals-bill-passed-by-senate-vote-on-norris-measure-for.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWengert1952" class="citation journal cs1">Wengert, Norman (1952). "Antecedents of TVA: The Legislative History of Muscle Shoals". <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_History_(journal)" title="Agricultural History (journal)">Agricultural History</a>. 26 (4): 141–147. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1533-8290">1533-8290</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3740474">3740474</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/971899953">971899953</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Agricultural+History&rft.atitle=Antecedents+of+TVA%3A+The+Legislative+History+of+Muscle+Shoals&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=141-147&rft.date=1952&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F971899953&rft.issn=1533-8290&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3740474%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Wengert&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-inflation-USGDP-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-inflation-USGDP_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-inflation-USGDP_36-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-inflation-USGDP_36-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-inflation-USGDP_36-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-inflation-USGDP_36-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnstonWilliamson2023" class="citation web cs1">Johnston, Louis; Williamson, Samuel H. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.measuringworth.com/datasets/usgdp/">"What Was the U.S. GDP Then?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/MeasuringWorth" title="MeasuringWorth">MeasuringWorth</a>. Retrieved November 30, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MeasuringWorth&rft.atitle=What+Was+the+U.S.+GDP+Then%3F&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft.au=Williamson%2C+Samuel+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.measuringworth.com%2Fdatasets%2Fusgdp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> United States <a href="/wiki/Gross_Domestic_Product_deflator" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross Domestic Product deflator">Gross Domestic Product deflator</a> figures follow the MeasuringWorth series. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulman1991" class="citation book cs1">Schulman, Bruce J. (1991). From Cotton Belt to Sunbelt: Federal policy, economic development, and the transformation of the South, 1938–1980. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-536344-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-536344-9"><bdi>978-0-19-536344-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/300412389">300412389</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Cotton+Belt+to+Sunbelt%3A+Federal+policy%2C+economic+development%2C+and+the+transformation+of+the+South%2C+1938%E2%80%931980&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F300412389&rft.isbn=978-0-19-536344-9&rft.aulast=Schulman&rft.aufirst=Bruce+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Selznick-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Selznick_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Selznick_38-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSelznick1953" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Selznick" title="Philip Selznick">Selznick, Philip</a> (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Mym5Ycgamo8C">TVA and the Grass Roots: A Study in the Sociology of Formal Organization</a>. Los Angeles; Berkeley, California: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. pp. 134–139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1528359852" title="Special:BookSources/1528359852"><bdi>1528359852</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231006212651/https://books.google.com/books?id=Mym5Ycgamo8C">Archived</a> from the original on October 6, 2023. Retrieved March 19, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=TVA+and+the+Grass+Roots%3A+A+Study+in+the+Sociology+of+Formal+Organization&rft.place=Los+Angeles%3B+Berkeley%2C+California&rft.pages=134-139&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1953&rft.isbn=1528359852&rft.aulast=Selznick&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMym5Ycgamo8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-history-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-history_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_39-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/topics/great-depression/history-of-the-tva">"TVA"</a>. History.com. The History Channel. August 7, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190108200728/https://www.history.com/topics/great-depression/history-of-the-tva">Archived</a> from the original on January 8, 2019. Retrieved January 8, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History.com&rft.atitle=TVA&rft.date=2017-08-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Fgreat-depression%2Fhistory-of-the-tva&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShapiro1970" class="citation journal cs1">Shapiro, Edward (Winter 1970). "The Southern Agrarians and the Tennessee Valley Authority". <a href="/wiki/American_Quarterly" title="American Quarterly">American Quarterly</a>. 22 (4): 791–806. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2711870">10.2307/2711870</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0678">0003-0678</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2711870">2711870</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5545493875">5545493875</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Southern+Agrarians+and+the+Tennessee+Valley+Authority&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=791-806&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F5545493875&rft.issn=0003-0678&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2711870%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2711870&rft.aulast=Shapiro&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-stephens-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stephens_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-stephens_41-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-stephens_41-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephens2018" class="citation web cs1">Stephens, Joseph (May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historicunioncounty.com/article/forced-relocations-presented-more-ordeal-opportunity-norris-reservoir-families">"Forced Relocations Presented More of an Ordeal than an Opportunity for Norris Reservoir Families"</a>. Historic Union County. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184540/https://www.historicunioncounty.com/article/forced-relocations-presented-more-ordeal-opportunity-norris-reservoir-families">Archived</a> from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved June 15, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historic+Union+County&rft.atitle=Forced+Relocations+Presented+More+of+an+Ordeal+than+an+Opportunity+for+Norris+Reservoir+Families&rft.date=2018-05&rft.aulast=Stephens&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historicunioncounty.com%2Farticle%2Fforced-relocations-presented-more-ordeal-opportunity-norris-reservoir-families&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECreese199095–105-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreese199095–105_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCreese1990">Creese 1990</a>, pp. 95–105. </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_43-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxfordamerican.org/magazine/issue-125-summer-2024/brackish-water">"Brackish Water"</a>. Oxford American. Retrieved July 7, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+American&rft.atitle=Brackish+Water&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foxfordamerican.org%2Fmagazine%2Fissue-125-summer-2024%2Fbrackish-water&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLong1999" class="citation journal cs1">Long, Jennifer (December 1999). "Government Job Creation Programs—Lessons from the 1930s and 1940s". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Economic_Issues" title="Journal of Economic Issues">Journal of Economic Issues</a>. 33 (4): 903–918. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00213624.1999.11506220">10.1080/00213624.1999.11506220</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-3624">0021-3624</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5996637494">5996637494</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Economic+Issues&rft.atitle=Government+Job+Creation+Programs%E2%80%94Lessons+from+the+1930s+and+1940s&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=903-918&rft.date=1999-12&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F5996637494&rft.issn=0021-3624&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00213624.1999.11506220&rft.aulast=Long&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHargrove1994137-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHargrove1994137_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHargrove1994">Hargrove 1994</a>, p. 137. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell194929–30-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell194929–30_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRussell1949">Russell 1949</a>, pp. 29–30. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tva.com/energy/our-power-system/coal/plants-of-the-past">"Plants of the Past"</a>. tva.com. Tennessee Valley Authority. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806101408/https://www.tva.com/energy/our-power-system/coal/plants-of-the-past">Archived</a> from the original on August 6, 2020. Retrieved October 21, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tva.com&rft.atitle=Plants+of+the+Past&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tva.com%2Fenergy%2Four-power-system%2Fcoal%2Fplants-of-the-past&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell194930–32-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell194930–32_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRussell1949">Russell 1949</a>, pp. 30–32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECreese1990221–231-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreese1990221–231_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCreese1990">Creese 1990</a>, pp. 221–231. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFineRemington1972" class="citation book cs1">Fine, Lenore; Remington, Jesse A. (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170201142645/https://history.army.mil/html/books/010/10-5/CMH_Pub_10-5.pdf">The Corps of Engineers: Construction in the United States</a> (PDF). Washington, D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History. pp. 134–135. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/834187">834187</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/html/books/010/10-5/CMH_Pub_10-5.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on February 1, 2017. Retrieved August 25, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Corps+of+Engineers%3A+Construction+in+the+United+States&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=134-135&rft.pub=United+States+Army+Center+of+Military+History&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F834187&rft.aulast=Fine&rft.aufirst=Lenore&rft.au=Remington%2C+Jesse+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.army.mil%2Fhtml%2Fbooks%2F010%2F10-5%2FCMH_Pub_10-5.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1985" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Vincent (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141007074359/http://www.history.army.mil/html/books/011/11-10/CMH_Pub_11-10.pdf">Manhattan: The Army and the Atomic Bomb</a> (PDF). Washington, D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History. pp. 46–47. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/10913875">10913875</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/html/books/011/11-10/CMH_Pub_11-10.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on October 7, 2014. Retrieved August 25, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manhattan%3A+The+Army+and+the+Atomic+Bomb&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=46-47&rft.pub=United+States+Army+Center+of+Military+History&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F10913875&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Vincent&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.army.mil%2Fhtml%2Fbooks%2F011%2F11-10%2FCMH_Pub_11-10.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell194923–24-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell194923–24_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRussell1949">Russell 1949</a>, pp. 23–24. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHargroveConkin198375–76-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHargroveConkin198375–76_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHargroveConkin1983">Hargrove & Conkin 1983</a>, pp. 75–76. </li> <li id="cite_note-slate-54"><a href="#cite_ref-slate_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGross2015" class="citation news cs1">Gross, Daniel (October 2, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.slate.com/business/2015/10/the-tennessee-valley-authority-is-closing-coal-plants-and-thats-huge.">"The Tennessee Valley Authority is closing coal plants, and that's huge"</a>. Slate Magazine. Retrieved January 7, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slate+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Tennessee+Valley+Authority+is+closing+coal+plants%2C+and+that%27s+huge&rft.date=2015-10-02&rft.aulast=Gross&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Fbusiness%2F2015%2F10%2Fthe-tennessee-valley-authority-is-closing-coal-plants-and-thats-huge.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tva.com/About-TVA/Our-History/The-1950s">"The 1950s"</a>. tva.com. Tennessee Valley Authority. 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190126030936/https://www.tva.com/About-TVA/Our-History/The-1950s">Archived</a> from the original on January 26, 2019. Retrieved January 7, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tva.com&rft.atitle=The+1950s&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tva.com%2FAbout-TVA%2FOur-History%2FThe-1950s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sentinel-56"><a href="#cite_ref-sentinel_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.knoxnews.com/news/local/snapshot-of-major-events-in-tva-history-ep-411654928-359899091.html/?page=1">"Snapshot of major events in TVA history"</a>. The Knoxville News-Sentinel. May 11, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190120194539/http://archive.knoxnews.com/news/local/snapshot-of-major-events-in-tva-history-ep-411654928-359899091.html/?page=1">Archived</a> from the original on January 20, 2019. Retrieved January 20, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Knoxville+News-Sentinel&rft.atitle=Snapshot+of+major+events+in+TVA+history&rft.date=2008-05-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.knoxnews.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fsnapshot-of-major-events-in-tva-history-ep-411654928-359899091.html%2F%3Fpage%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TVAtimeline-57"><a href="#cite_ref-TVAtimeline_57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100804060602/http://www.tva.com/75th/pdf/tva_timeline_by_year.pdf">"TVA timeline by year"</a> (PDF). Tennessee Valley Authority. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tva.com/75th/pdf/tva_timeline_by_year.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on August 4, 2010. Retrieved August 5, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TVA+timeline+by+year&rft.pub=Tennessee+Valley+Authority&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftva.com%2F75th%2Fpdf%2Ftva_timeline_by_year.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-medium-58"><a href="#cite_ref-medium_58-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrissey2018" class="citation news cs1">Morrissey, Connor (December 11, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medium.com/fall-2018-vt-intro-to-appalachian-studies/the-tennessee-valley-authority-a-timeline-of-controversy-b1a69df40a15">"The Tennessee Valley Authority: A Timeline of Controversy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Medium_(website)" title="Medium (website)">Medium</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220726012057/https://medium.com/fall-2018-vt-intro-to-appalachian-studies/the-tennessee-valley-authority-a-timeline-of-controversy-b1a69df40a15">Archived</a> from the original on July 26, 2022. Retrieved June 2, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medium&rft.atitle=The+Tennessee+Valley+Authority%3A+A+Timeline+of+Controversy&rft.date=2018-12-11&rft.aulast=Morrissey&rft.aufirst=Connor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2Ffall-2018-vt-intro-to-appalachian-studies%2Fthe-tennessee-valley-authority-a-timeline-of-controversy-b1a69df40a15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRawls1979" class="citation news cs1">Rawls, Wendell Jr. (November 11, 1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1979/11/11/archives/forgotten-people-of-the-tellico-dam-fight-right-of-eminent-domain.html">"Forgotten People of the Tellico Dam Fight"</a>. The New York Times. p. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220726020225/https://www.nytimes.com/1979/11/11/archives/forgotten-people-of-the-tellico-dam-fight-right-of-eminent-domain.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 26, 2022. Retrieved April 18, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Forgotten+People+of+the+Tellico+Dam+Fight&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1979-11-11&rft.aulast=Rawls&rft.aufirst=Wendell+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1979%2F11%2F11%2Farchives%2Fforgotten-people-of-the-tellico-dam-fight-right-of-eminent-domain.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tva.com/about-tva/our-history/built-for-the-people/telling-the-story-of-tellico-it-s-complicated">"Telling the Story of Tellico: It's Complicated"</a>. Tennessee Valley Authority. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220616105923/https://www.tva.com/about-tva/our-history/built-for-the-people/telling-the-story-of-tellico-it-s-complicated">Archived</a> from the original on June 16, 2022. Retrieved July 24, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tennessee+Valley+Authority&rft.atitle=Telling+the+Story+of+Tellico%3A+It%27s+Complicated&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tva.com%2Fabout-tva%2Four-history%2Fbuilt-for-the-people%2Ftelling-the-story-of-tellico-it-s-complicated&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-timberlake-61"><a href="#cite_ref-timberlake_61-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTennessee_Valley_Authority1976" class="citation book cs1">Tennessee Valley Authority (January 1, 1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1040&context=darter_materials">Timberlake New Community: Final Environmental Statement</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Chattanooga,_Tennessee" title="Chattanooga, Tennessee">Chattanooga</a>: <a href="/wiki/Boston_College_Law_School" title="Boston College Law School">Boston College Law School</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220812141123/https://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1040&context=darter_materials">Archived</a> from the original on August 12, 2022. Retrieved August 11, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Timberlake+New+Community%3A+Final+Environmental+Statement&rft.place=Chattanooga&rft.pub=Boston+College+Law+School&rft.date=1976-01-01&rft.au=Tennessee+Valley+Authority&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flawdigitalcommons.bc.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1040%26context%3Ddarter_materials&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-vanwest-62"><a href="#cite_ref-vanwest_62-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_West2017" class="citation web cs1">Van West, Carroll (October 8, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/entries/monroe-county/">"Monroe County"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Encyclopedia" title="Tennessee Encyclopedia">Tennessee Encyclopedia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Historical_Society" title="Tennessee Historical Society">Tennessee Historical Society</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220809070351/https://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/entries/monroe-county/">Archived</a> from the original on August 9, 2022. Retrieved August 11, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tennessee+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Monroe+County&rft.date=2017-10-08&rft.aulast=Van+West&rft.aufirst=Carroll&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftennesseeencyclopedia.net%2Fentries%2Fmonroe-county%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tennessean.newspapers.com/clip/57880858/browns-ferry-no-2-n-unit-test-approved/">"Browns Ferry No. 2 N-Unit Test Approved"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Tennessean" title="The Tennessean">The Tennessean</a>. Nashville, Tennessee. Associated Press. August 9, 1974. p. 6. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210418203709/https://tennessean.newspapers.com/clip/57880858/browns-ferry-no-2-n-unit-test-approved/">Archived</a> from the original on April 18, 2021. Retrieved August 23, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Tennessean&rft.atitle=Browns+Ferry+No.+2+N-Unit+Test+Approved&rft.pages=6&rft.date=1974-08-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftennessean.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F57880858%2Fbrowns-ferry-no-2-n-unit-test-approved%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-waldnyt-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-waldnyt_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-waldnyt_64-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWald2011" class="citation news cs1">Wald, Matthew (August 19, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/19/science/earth/19nuclear.html">"Alabama Nuclear Reactor, Partly Built, to Be Finished"</a>. The New York Times. p. A12. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170812191546/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/19/science/earth/19nuclear.html?">Archived</a> from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved February 25, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Alabama+Nuclear+Reactor%2C+Partly+Built%2C+to+Be+Finished&rft.pages=A12&rft.date=2011-08-19&rft.aulast=Wald&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F08%2F19%2Fscience%2Fearth%2F19nuclear.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Labaton-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Labaton_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Labaton_65-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLabaton1985" class="citation news cs1">Labaton, Stephen (August 3, 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1985/08/03/tennessee-valley-authority-generates-woes-with-nuclear-power-program/de3b0602-e769-4cb8-b351-73c49850fea6/">"Tennessee Valley Authority Generates Woes With Nuclear Power Program"</a>. The Washington Post. Retrieved March 18, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Tennessee+Valley+Authority+Generates+Woes+With+Nuclear+Power+Program&rft.date=1985-08-03&rft.aulast=Labaton&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fpolitics%2F1985%2F08%2F03%2Ftennessee-valley-authority-generates-woes-with-nuclear-power-program%2Fde3b0602-e769-4cb8-b351-73c49850fea6%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ANS-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ANS_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ANS_66-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2015" class="citation news cs1">Davis, Will (April 17, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ans.org/news/article-1686/tva-prepares-to-write-final-nuclear-chapters/">"TVA Prepares to Write Final Nuclear Chapters"</a>. Nuclear Newswire. <a href="/wiki/American_Nuclear_Society" title="American Nuclear Society">American Nuclear Society</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230729001150/https://www.ans.org/news/article-1686/tva-prepares-to-write-final-nuclear-chapters/">Archived</a> from the original on July 29, 2023. Retrieved March 18, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nuclear+Newswire&rft.atitle=TVA+Prepares+to+Write+Final+Nuclear+Chapters&rft.date=2015-04-17&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Will&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ans.org%2Fnews%2Farticle-1686%2Ftva-prepares-to-write-final-nuclear-chapters%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayes2008" class="citation news cs1">Hayes, Hank (August 23, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesnews.net/News/2008/08/23/Nuclear-power-option-still-alive-at-TVA-despite-Phipps-Bend-debacle">"Nuclear power option still alive at TVA despite Phipps Bend debacle"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kingsport_Times-News" title="Kingsport Times-News">Kingsport Times-News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180101030650/http://www.timesnews.net/News/2008/08/23/Nuclear-power-option-still-alive-at-TVA-despite-Phipps-Bend-debacle">Archived</a> from the original on January 1, 2018. Retrieved December 31, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kingsport+Times-News&rft.atitle=Nuclear+power+option+still+alive+at+TVA+despite+Phipps+Bend+debacle&rft.date=2008-08-23&rft.aulast=Hayes&rft.aufirst=Hank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesnews.net%2FNews%2F2008%2F08%2F23%2FNuclear-power-option-still-alive-at-TVA-despite-Phipps-Bend-debacle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1985/08/22/us/tva-citing-safety-to-shut-down-nuclear-plant.html">"T.V.A., Citing Safety, to Shut Down Nuclear Plant"</a>. The New York Times. Associated Press. August 22, 1985. p. A19. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230318072631/https://www.nytimes.com/1985/08/22/us/tva-citing-safety-to-shut-down-nuclear-plant.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 18, 2023. Retrieved January 7, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=T.V.A.%2C+Citing+Safety%2C+to+Shut+Down+Nuclear+Plant&rft.pages=A19&rft.date=1985-08-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1985%2F08%2F22%2Fus%2Ftva-citing-safety-to-shut-down-nuclear-plant.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2008" class="citation news cs1">Wilson, Robert (April 13, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.knoxnews.com/business/tellico-dam-still-generating-debate-ep-411807529-359923851.html/">"Tellico Dam still generating debate"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Knoxville_News_Sentinel" title="Knoxville News Sentinel">Knoxville News Sentinel</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161013142515/http://archive.knoxnews.com/business/tellico-dam-still-generating-debate-ep-411807529-359923851.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 13, 2016. Retrieved July 24, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Knoxville+News+Sentinel&rft.atitle=Tellico+Dam+still+generating+debate&rft.date=2008-04-13&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.knoxnews.com%2Fbusiness%2Ftellico-dam-still-generating-debate-ep-411807529-359923851.html%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <cite><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Authority_v._Hill" title="Tennessee Valley Authority v. Hill">Tennessee Valley Authority v. Hill</a></cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/437/153/">437 U.S. 153</a> (U.S. Supreme Court June 15, 1978), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200519222539/https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/437/153/">archived</a> from the original. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRawls1979" class="citation news cs1">Rawls, Wendell (November 11, 1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1979/11/11/archives/forgotten-people-of-the-tellico-dam-fight-right-of-eminent-domain.html">"Forgotten People of the Tellico Dam Fight"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220726020225/https://www.nytimes.com/1979/11/11/archives/forgotten-people-of-the-tellico-dam-fight-right-of-eminent-domain.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 26, 2022. Retrieved July 4, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Forgotten+People+of+the+Tellico+Dam+Fight&rft.date=1979-11-11&rft.aulast=Rawls&rft.aufirst=Wendell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1979%2F11%2F11%2Farchives%2Fforgotten-people-of-the-tellico-dam-fight-right-of-eminent-domain.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smothers-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smothers_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smothers_72-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmothers1988" class="citation news cs1">Smothers, Ronald (June 30, 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1988/06/30/us/tva-slashes-work-force-and-holds-off-on-2-plants.html">"T.V.A. Slashes Work Force And Holds Off on 2 Plants"</a>. The New York Times. p. A-14. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220102061109/https://www.nytimes.com/1988/06/30/us/tva-slashes-work-force-and-holds-off-on-2-plants.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 2, 2022. Retrieved January 2, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=T.V.A.+Slashes+Work+Force+And+Holds+Off+on+2+Plants&rft.pages=A-14&rft.date=1988-06-30&rft.aulast=Smothers&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1988%2F06%2F30%2Fus%2Ftva-slashes-work-force-and-holds-off-on-2-plants.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lippman-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lippman_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lippman_73-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLippman1992" class="citation news cs1">Lippman, Thomas W. (March 29, 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1992/03/29/tva-new-deal-for-an-old-power/ca353a10-f49e-48f5-85e6-b47396aea8c1/">"TVA: New Deal For An Old Power"</a>. The Washington Post. Retrieved March 18, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=TVA%3A+New+Deal+For+An+Old+Power&rft.date=1992-03-29&rft.aulast=Lippman&rft.aufirst=Thomas+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fbusiness%2F1992%2F03%2F29%2Ftva-new-deal-for-an-old-power%2Fca353a10-f49e-48f5-85e6-b47396aea8c1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLippman1990" class="citation news cs1">Lippman, Thomas W. (April 11, 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1990/04/11/for-tva-its-back-to-a-nuclear-future/021659df-d094-45d8-adfa-6a3dfd925c8a/">"For TVA, It's Back to a Nuclear Future"</a>. The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190413221438/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1990/04/11/for-tva-its-back-to-a-nuclear-future/021659df-d094-45d8-adfa-6a3dfd925c8a/">Archived</a> from the original on April 13, 2019. Retrieved January 7, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=For+TVA%2C+It%27s+Back+to+a+Nuclear+Future&rft.date=1990-04-11&rft.aulast=Lippman&rft.aufirst=Thomas+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fpolitics%2F1990%2F04%2F11%2Ffor-tva-its-back-to-a-nuclear-future%2F021659df-d094-45d8-adfa-6a3dfd925c8a%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/utilities-operations-tva/tva-ala-browns-ferry-1-2-reactor-output-rises-idUSN2423993020100824">"TVA Ala. Browns Ferry 1, 2 reactor output rises"</a>. Reuters. August 24, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230318073654/https://www.reuters.com/article/utilities-operations-tva/tva-ala-browns-ferry-1-2-reactor-output-rises-idUSN2423993020100824">Archived</a> from the original on March 18, 2023. Retrieved March 18, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=TVA+Ala.+Browns+Ferry+1%2C+2+reactor+output+rises&rft.date=2010-08-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Futilities-operations-tva%2Ftva-ala-browns-ferry-1-2-reactor-output-rises-idUSN2423993020100824&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMansfield1999" class="citation news cs1">Mansfield, Duncan (July 6, 1999). "TVA Shaped Valley Over Course of Decades New Deal Agency Tamed a River, Changed Many Lives in Impoverished Rural Areas". Birmingham News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Birmingham+News&rft.atitle=TVA+Shaped+Valley+Over+Course+of+Decades+New+Deal+Agency+Tamed+a+River%2C+Changed+Many+Lives+in+Impoverished+Rural+Areas&rft.date=1999-07-06&rft.aulast=Mansfield&rft.aufirst=Duncan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tva.com/about-tva/our-history/the-1990s">"The 1990s"</a>. Tennessee Valley Authority. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220517081003/https://www.tva.com/about-tva/our-history/the-1990s">Archived</a> from the original on May 17, 2022. Retrieved May 30, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tennessee+Valley+Authority&rft.atitle=The+1990s&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tva.com%2Fabout-tva%2Four-history%2Fthe-1990s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGang2014" class="citation news cs1">Gang, Duane W. (August 29, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tennessean.com/story/news/2014/08/29/tennessee-valley-authority-nuclear-power-watts-bar/14807185/">"5 things to know about TVA and nuclear power"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Tennessean" title="The Tennessean">The Tennessean</a>. Nashville. Retrieved January 7, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Tennessean&rft.atitle=5+things+to+know+about+TVA+and+nuclear+power&rft.date=2014-08-29&rft.aulast=Gang&rft.aufirst=Duane+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tennessean.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2F2014%2F08%2F29%2Ftennessee-valley-authority-nuclear-power-watts-bar%2F14807185%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iaea.org/PRIS/CountryStatistics/ReactorDetails.aspx?current=699">"WATTS BAR-1: Reactor Details"</a>. Power Reactor Information System. International Atomic Energy Agency. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170313162543/https://www.iaea.org/PRIS/CountryStatistics/ReactorDetails.aspx?current=699">Archived</a> from the original on March 13, 2017. Retrieved July 14, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Power+Reactor+Information+System&rft.atitle=WATTS+BAR-1%3A+Reactor+Details&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iaea.org%2FPRIS%2FCountryStatistics%2FReactorDetails.aspx%3Fcurrent%3D699&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaferBarczak2015" class="citation web cs1">Safer, Don; Barczak, Sara (October 8, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thebulletin.org/2015/10/watts-bar-unit-2-last-old-reactor-of-the-20th-century-a-cautionary-tale/">"Watts Bar Unit 2, last old reactor of the 20th century: a cautionary tale"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bulletin_of_the_Atomic_Scientists" title="Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists">Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230318063951/https://thebulletin.org/2015/10/watts-bar-unit-2-last-old-reactor-of-the-20th-century-a-cautionary-tale/">Archived</a> from the original on March 18, 2023. Retrieved March 18, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Watts+Bar+Unit+2%2C+last+old+reactor+of+the+20th+century%3A+a+cautionary+tale&rft.pub=Bulletin+of+the+Atomic+Scientists&rft.date=2015-10-08&rft.aulast=Safer&rft.aufirst=Don&rft.au=Barczak%2C+Sara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthebulletin.org%2F2015%2F10%2Fwatts-bar-unit-2-last-old-reactor-of-the-20th-century-a-cautionary-tale%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDerek_Hawkins2016" class="citation news cs1">Derek Hawkins (September 12, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2016/09/12/for-sale-5-billion-non-working-nuclear-power-plant-as-is/">"For sale: Multibillion-dollar, non-working nuclear power plant, as is"</a>. Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201108145923/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2016/09/12/for-sale-5-billion-non-working-nuclear-power-plant-as-is/">Archived</a> from the original on November 8, 2020. Retrieved September 12, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=For+sale%3A+Multibillion-dollar%2C+non-working+nuclear+power+plant%2C+as+is&rft.date=2016-09-12&rft.au=Derek+Hawkins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fmorning-mix%2Fwp%2F2016%2F09%2F12%2Ffor-sale-5-billion-non-working-nuclear-power-plant-as-is%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iaea.org/PRIS/CountryStatistics/ReactorDetails.aspx?current=700">"WATTS BAR-2"</a>. PRIS. <a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency" title="International Atomic Energy Agency">International Atomic Energy Agency</a>. June 29, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131004230514/http://www.iaea.org/PRIS/CountryStatistics/ReactorDetails.aspx?current=700">Archived</a> from the original on October 4, 2013. Retrieved June 29, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PRIS&rft.atitle=WATTS+BAR-2&rft.date=2013-06-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iaea.org%2FPRIS%2FCountryStatistics%2FReactorDetails.aspx%3Fcurrent%3D700&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlau2016" class="citation news cs1">Blau, Max (October 20, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2016/10/20/us/tennessee-nuclear-power-plant/index.html">"First new US nuclear reactor in 20 years goes live"</a>. CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161020193631/http://www.cnn.com/2016/10/20/us/tennessee-nuclear-power-plant/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 20, 2016. Retrieved October 20, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=First+new+US+nuclear+reactor+in+20+years+goes+live&rft.date=2016-10-20&rft.aulast=Blau&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2016%2F10%2F20%2Fus%2Ftennessee-nuclear-power-plant%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sullivan-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sullivan_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sullivan_84-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSullivan2019" class="citation news cs1">Sullivan, J.R . (September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mensjournal.com/features/coal-disaster-killing-scores-rural-americans/">"A Lawyer, 40 Dead Americans, and a Billion Gallons of Coal Sludge"</a>. Men's Journal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191102150952/https://www.mensjournal.com/features/coal-disaster-killing-scores-rural-americans/">Archived</a> from the original on November 2, 2019. Retrieved November 2, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Men%27s+Journal&rft.atitle=A+Lawyer%2C+40+Dead+Americans%2C+and+a+Billion+Gallons+of+Coal+Sludge&rft.date=2019-09&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=J.R+.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mensjournal.com%2Ffeatures%2Fcoal-disaster-killing-scores-rural-americans%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBourne2019" class="citation news cs1">Bourne, Joel K. (February 19, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190219140212/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/2019/02/coal-other-dark-side-toxic-ash/">"Coal's other dark side: Toxic ash that can poison water, destroy life and toxify people"</a>. National Geographic. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/2019/02/coal-other-dark-side-toxic-ash">the original</a> on February 19, 2019. Retrieved May 22, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Coal%27s+other+dark+side%3A+Toxic+ash+that+can+poison+water%2C+destroy+life+and+toxify+people&rft.date=2019-02-19&rft.aulast=Bourne&rft.aufirst=Joel+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fenvironment%2F2019%2F02%2Fcoal-other-dark-side-toxic-ash&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarker2009" class="citation news cs1">Barker, Scott (June 26, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090627180236/http://www.knoxnews.com/news/2009/jun/26/report-four-factors-led-to-fly-ash-spill/">"Report: Four factors led to fly ash spill"</a>. Knoxville News-Sentinel. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.knoxnews.com/news/2009/jun/26/report-four-factors-led-to-fly-ash-spill/">the original</a> on June 27, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Knoxville+News-Sentinel&rft.atitle=Report%3A+Four+factors+led+to+fly+ash+spill&rft.date=2009-06-26&rft.aulast=Barker&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.knoxnews.com%2Fnews%2F2009%2Fjun%2F26%2Freport-four-factors-led-to-fly-ash-spill%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPurdomRemmel2013" class="citation journal cs1">Purdom, Rebecca; Remmel, Emily (May 24, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803000359/http://vjel.vermontlaw.edu/topten/tva-found-liable-for-massive-coal-ash-spill-but-proof-of-damages-remains-an-obstacle/">"TVA Found Liable for Massive Coal Ash Spill But Proof of Damages Remains an Obstacle"</a>. Vermont Journal of Environmental Law. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vjel.vermontlaw.edu/topten/tva-found-liable-for-massive-coal-ash-spill-but-proof-of-damages-remains-an-obstacle/">the original</a> on August 3, 2020. Retrieved May 27, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vermont+Journal+of+Environmental+Law&rft.atitle=TVA+Found+Liable+for+Massive+Coal+Ash+Spill+But+Proof+of+Damages+Remains+an+Obstacle&rft.date=2013-05-24&rft.aulast=Purdom&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft.au=Remmel%2C+Emily&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvjel.vermontlaw.edu%2Ftopten%2Ftva-found-liable-for-massive-coal-ash-spill-but-proof-of-damages-remains-an-obstacle%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSatterfield2018" class="citation news cs1">Satterfield, Jamie (December 22, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.knoxnews.com/story/news/crime/2018/12/22/kingston-coal-ash-spill-workers-10th-anniversary/2333826002/">"On 10th anniversary of Kingston coal ash spill, workers who went 'through hell and back' honored"</a>. Knoxville News-Sentinel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181223183347/https://www.knoxnews.com/story/news/crime/2018/12/22/kingston-coal-ash-spill-workers-10th-anniversary/2333826002/">Archived</a> from the original on December 23, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Knoxville+News-Sentinel&rft.atitle=On+10th+anniversary+of+Kingston+coal+ash+spill%2C+workers+who+went+%27through+hell+and+back%27+honored&rft.date=2018-12-22&rft.aulast=Satterfield&rft.aufirst=Jamie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.knoxnews.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fcrime%2F2018%2F12%2F22%2Fkingston-coal-ash-spill-workers-10th-anniversary%2F2333826002%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180321130339/http://www.timesfreepress.com/news/green/story/2009/oct/23/dakota-wind-sites-help-tva-go-green/239724/">"Dakota wind sites help TVA go green"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_Times_Free_Press" title="Chattanooga Times Free Press">Chattanooga Times Free Press</a>. October 23, 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesfreepress.com/news/green/story/2009/oct/23/dakota-wind-sites-help-tva-go-green/239724/">the original</a> on March 21, 2018. Retrieved March 19, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chattanooga+Times+Free+Press&rft.atitle=Dakota+wind+sites+help+TVA+go+green&rft.date=2009-10-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesfreepress.com%2Fnews%2Fgreen%2Fstory%2F2009%2Foct%2F23%2Fdakota-wind-sites-help-tva-go-green%2F239724%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-npca-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-npca_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-npca_90-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npca.org/articles/503-blockbuster-agreement-takes-18-dirty-tva-coal-fired-power-plant-units">"Blockbuster Agreement Takes 18 Dirty TVA Coal-Fired Power Plant Units Offline"</a>. National Parks Conservation Association. April 14, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190107232835/https://www.npca.org/articles/503-blockbuster-agreement-takes-18-dirty-tva-coal-fired-power-plant-units">Archived</a> from the original on January 7, 2019. Retrieved January 7, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Parks+Conservation+Association&rft.atitle=Blockbuster+Agreement+Takes+18+Dirty+TVA+Coal-Fired+Power+Plant+Units+Offline&rft.date=2011-04-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npca.org%2Farticles%2F503-blockbuster-agreement-takes-18-dirty-tva-coal-fired-power-plant-units&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlessner2018" class="citation news cs1">Flessner, Dave (January 8, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesfreepress.com/news/business/aroundregion/story/2018/jan/06/tvcuts-coal-usejohnsville-plant-shuts-down-af/460700/">"TVA cuts coal use"</a>. Chattanooga Times Free Press. Chattanooga, Tennessee. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190404154330/https://www.timesfreepress.com/news/business/aroundregion/story/2018/jan/06/tvcuts-coal-usejohnsville-plant-shuts-down-af/460700/">Archived</a> from the original on April 4, 2019. Retrieved January 7, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chattanooga+Times+Free+Press&rft.atitle=TVA+cuts+coal+use&rft.date=2018-01-08&rft.aulast=Flessner&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesfreepress.com%2Fnews%2Fbusiness%2Faroundregion%2Fstory%2F2018%2Fjan%2F06%2Ftvcuts-coal-usejohnsville-plant-shuts-down-af%2F460700%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NNP-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NNP_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NNP_92-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tva.com/newsroom/press-releases/tva-board-authorizes-new-nuclear-program-to-explore-innovative-technology">"TVA Board Authorizes New Nuclear Program to Explore Innovative Technology"</a>. Tennessee Valley Authority. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220220204744/https://www.tva.com/newsroom/press-releases/tva-board-authorizes-new-nuclear-program-to-explore-innovative-technology">Archived</a> from the original on February 20, 2022. Retrieved February 20, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tennessee+Valley+Authority&rft.atitle=TVA+Board+Authorizes+New+Nuclear+Program+to+Explore+Innovative+Technology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tva.com%2Fnewsroom%2Fpress-releases%2Ftva-board-authorizes-new-nuclear-program-to-explore-innovative-technology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlessner2018" class="citation news cs1">Flessner, Dave (August 12, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesfreepress.com/news/business/aroundregion/story/2018/aug/12/protecting-power-gridgovernment-warns-russiat/476652/">"Protecting the power grid: TVA beefs up security as cyber threats grow"</a>. Chattanooga Times Free Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181229220523/https://www.timesfreepress.com/news/business/aroundregion/story/2018/aug/12/protecting-power-gridgovernment-warns-russiat/476652/">Archived</a> from the original on December 29, 2018. Retrieved December 29, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chattanooga+Times+Free+Press&rft.atitle=Protecting+the+power+grid%3A+TVA+beefs+up+security+as+cyber+threats+grow&rft.date=2018-08-12&rft.aulast=Flessner&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesfreepress.com%2Fnews%2Fbusiness%2Faroundregion%2Fstory%2F2018%2Faug%2F12%2Fprotecting-power-gridgovernment-warns-russiat%2F476652%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMufson2019" class="citation news cs1">Mufson, Steven (February 14, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/tva-defies-trump-votes-to-shut-down-two-aging-coal-fired-power-plants/2019/02/14/6cc0c9f8-3077-11e9-86ab-5d02109aeb01_story.html">"TVA defies Trump, votes to shut down two aging coal-fired power plants"</a>. The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190311220523/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/tva-defies-trump-votes-to-shut-down-two-aging-coal-fired-power-plants/2019/02/14/6cc0c9f8-3077-11e9-86ab-5d02109aeb01_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 11, 2019. Retrieved March 15, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=TVA+defies+Trump%2C+votes+to+shut+down+two+aging+coal-fired+power+plants&rft.date=2019-02-14&rft.aulast=Mufson&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnational%2Fhealth-science%2Ftva-defies-trump-votes-to-shut-down-two-aging-coal-fired-power-plants%2F2019%2F02%2F14%2F6cc0c9f8-3077-11e9-86ab-5d02109aeb01_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlessner2021" class="citation news cs1">Flessner, Dave (April 28, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesfreepress.com/news/business/aroundregion/story/2021/apr/28/tvplans-phase-out-coal-power-2035/545960/">"TVA plans to phase out coal power by 2035 as utility turns to more gas, nuclear and renewable energy"</a>. Chattanooga Times Free Press. Retrieved May 3, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chattanooga+Times+Free+Press&rft.atitle=TVA+plans+to+phase+out+coal+power+by+2035+as+utility+turns+to+more+gas%2C+nuclear+and+renewable+energy&rft.date=2021-04-28&rft.aulast=Flessner&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesfreepress.com%2Fnews%2Fbusiness%2Faroundregion%2Fstory%2F2021%2Fapr%2F28%2Ftvplans-phase-out-coal-power-2035%2F545960%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-flessner-96"><a href="#cite_ref-flessner_96-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlessner" class="citation web cs1">Flessner, Dave. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://energycentral.com/news/tva-begins-steps-shut-down-its-biggest-coal-plant.l">"TVA begins steps to shut down its biggest coal plant"</a>. EnergyCentral. <a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_Times_Free_Press" title="Chattanooga Times Free Press">Chattanooga Times Free Press</a>. Retrieved July 4, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EnergyCentral&rft.atitle=TVA+begins+steps+to+shut+down+its+biggest+coal+plant&rft.aulast=Flessner&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenergycentral.com%2Fnews%2Ftva-begins-steps-shut-down-its-biggest-coal-plant.l&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-framatome-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-framatome_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-framatome_97-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.framatome.com/EN/businessnews-1860/framatome-signs-multimilliondollar-contracts-with-tennessee-valley-authority.html">"Framatome signs multimillion-dollar contracts with Tennessee Valley Authority"</a>. Framatone. February 3, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200609040446/https://www.framatome.com/EN/businessnews-1860/framatome-signs-multimilliondollar-contracts-with-tennessee-valley-authority.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 9, 2020. Retrieved April 15, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Framatone&rft.atitle=Framatome+signs+multimillion-dollar+contracts+with+Tennessee+Valley+Authority&rft.date=2020-02-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.framatome.com%2FEN%2Fbusinessnews-1860%2Fframatome-signs-multimilliondollar-contracts-with-tennessee-valley-authority.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/white-house/trump-takes-disciplinary-action-against-tva-leadership-n1235653?cid=sm_npd_ms_fb_lw">"Trump fires Tennessee Valley Authority chair over compensation, outsourcing"</a>. NBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211016204930/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/white-house/trump-takes-disciplinary-action-against-tva-leadership-n1235653?cid=sm_npd_ms_fb_lw">Archived</a> from the original on October 16, 2021. Retrieved August 4, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Trump+fires+Tennessee+Valley+Authority+chair+over+compensation%2C+outsourcing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fpolitics%2Fwhite-house%2Ftrump-takes-disciplinary-action-against-tva-leadership-n1235653%3Fcid%3Dsm_npd_ms_fb_lw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-derr-99"><a href="#cite_ref-derr_99-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDerr2022" class="citation web cs1">Derr, Emma (February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nei.org/news/2022/tva-establishes-new-nuclear-program">"TVA Establishes New Nuclear Program"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Energy_Institute" title="Nuclear Energy Institute">Nuclear Energy Institute</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220220204752/https://www.nei.org/news/2022/tva-establishes-new-nuclear-program">Archived</a> from the original on February 20, 2022. Retrieved February 20, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nuclear+Energy+Institute&rft.atitle=TVA+Establishes+New+Nuclear+Program&rft.date=2022-02&rft.aulast=Derr&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nei.org%2Fnews%2F2022%2Ftva-establishes-new-nuclear-program&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wreg.com/news/local/rolling-blackouts-coming-due-to-cold-temperature/">"MLGW: No rolling blackouts after TVA rescinds order"</a>. <a href="/wiki/WREG-TV" title="WREG-TV">WREG-TV</a>. December 23, 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221223202406/https://wreg.com/news/local/rolling-blackouts-coming-due-to-cold-temperature/">Archived</a> from the original on December 23, 2022. Retrieved December 23, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WREG-TV&rft.atitle=MLGW%3A+No+rolling+blackouts+after+TVA+rescinds+order&rft.date=2022-12-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwreg.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Frolling-blackouts-coming-due-to-cold-temperature%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wjhl.com/news/regional/tennessee/tva-announces-rolling-blackouts-amid-unprecedented-demands/">"TVA ends rolling blackouts across East Tennessee"</a>. WJHL-TV. Johnson City, Tennessee. December 23, 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230213095951/https://www.wjhl.com/news/regional/tennessee/tva-announces-rolling-blackouts-amid-unprecedented-demands/">Archived</a> from the original on February 13, 2023. Retrieved December 23, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WJHL-TV&rft.atitle=TVA+ends+rolling+blackouts+across+East+Tennessee&rft.date=2022-12-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wjhl.com%2Fnews%2Fregional%2Ftennessee%2Ftva-announces-rolling-blackouts-amid-unprecedented-demands%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newschannel5.com/news/outages-present-desperate-situation-during-dangerous-cold">"Outages grow in Middle Tennessee, with some without power for hours"</a>. WTVF-TV. Nashville. December 23, 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230213095954/https://www.newschannel5.com/news/outages-present-desperate-situation-during-dangerous-cold">Archived</a> from the original on February 13, 2023. Retrieved December 23, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WTVF-TV&rft.atitle=Outages+grow+in+Middle+Tennessee%2C+with+some+without+power+for+hours&rft.date=2022-12-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newschannel5.com%2Fnews%2Foutages-present-desperate-situation-during-dangerous-cold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell194910–11-103"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell194910–11_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRussell1949">Russell 1949</a>, pp. 10–11. </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerlstein2001" class="citation book cs1">Perlstein, Rick (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/beforestormbarry0000perl/page/226">Before the storm: Barry Goldwater and the unmaking of the American consensus</a>. New York: Hill and Wang. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/beforestormbarry0000perl/page/226">226</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8090-2859-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8090-2859-7"><bdi>978-0-8090-2859-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/801179619">801179619</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Before+the+storm%3A+Barry+Goldwater+and+the+unmaking+of+the+American+consensus&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=226&rft.pub=Hill+and+Wang&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F801179619&rft.isbn=978-0-8090-2859-7&rft.aulast=Perlstein&rft.aufirst=Rick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbeforestormbarry0000perl%2Fpage%2F226&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCraw1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_K._McCraw" title="Thomas K. McCraw">McCraw, Thomas K</a> (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tvapowerfight00thom">TVA and the power fight, 1933–1939</a>. Critical periods of history. Philadelphia: Lippincott. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tvapowerfight00thom/page/157">157</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/162313">162313</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=TVA+and+the+power+fight%2C+1933%E2%80%931939&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.series=Critical+periods+of+history&rft.pages=157&rft.pub=Lippincott&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F162313&rft.aulast=McCraw&rft.aufirst=Thomas+K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftvapowerfight00thom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rural_Sociology-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rural_Sociology_106-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rural_Sociology_106-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Neill2002" class="citation journal cs1">O'Neill, Karen M. (June 2002). "Why the TVA Remains Unique: Interest Groups and the Defeat of New Deal River Planning". <a href="/wiki/Rural_Sociology_(journal)" title="Rural Sociology (journal)">Rural Sociology</a>. 67 (2): 163–182. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1549-0831.2002.tb00099.x">10.1111/j.1549-0831.2002.tb00099.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-0112">0036-0112</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rural+Sociology&rft.atitle=Why+the+TVA+Remains+Unique%3A+Interest+Groups+and+the+Defeat+of+New+Deal+River+Planning&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=163-182&rft.date=2002-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1549-0831.2002.tb00099.x&rft.issn=0036-0112&rft.aulast=O%27Neill&rft.aufirst=Karen+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1953/06/18/archives/eisenhower-points-to-the-t-v-a-as-creeping-socialism-example.html">"Eisenhower Points to the T. V. A. As 'Creeping Socialism' Example"</a>. The New York Times. June 18, 1953. p. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230601163122/https://www.nytimes.com/1953/06/18/archives/eisenhower-points-to-the-t-v-a-as-creeping-socialism-example.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 1, 2023. Retrieved June 1, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Eisenhower+Points+to+the+T.+V.+A.+As+%27Creeping+Socialism%27+Example&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1953-06-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1953%2F06%2F18%2Farchives%2Feisenhower-points-to-the-t-v-a-as-creeping-socialism-example.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-facingsouth-108"><a href="#cite_ref-facingsouth_108-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSturgis2013" class="citation news cs1">Sturgis, Sue (April 16, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facingsouth.org/2013/04/the-strange-politics-of-tva-privatization.html">"The strange politics of TVA privatization"</a>. Facing South. Durham, North Carolina: Institute for Southern Studies. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230601163122/https://www.facingsouth.org/2013/04/the-strange-politics-of-tva-privatization.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 1, 2023. Retrieved June 1, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Facing+South&rft.atitle=The+strange+politics+of+TVA+privatization&rft.date=2013-04-16&rft.aulast=Sturgis&rft.aufirst=Sue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facingsouth.org%2F2013%2F04%2Fthe-strange-politics-of-tva-privatization.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Liz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120227074626/https://www.pbs.org/newshour/biography_pages/reagan/biography.html">"Ronald Reagan – In Memoriam: Biography"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NewsHour_with_Jim_Lehrer" class="mw-redirect" title="NewsHour with Jim Lehrer">NewsHour with Jim Lehrer</a> online. <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/newshour/biography_pages/reagan/biography.html">the original</a> on February 27, 2012. <q>In 1962, GE, concerned that Reagan's conservative politics made him a liability, fired him for criticizing the Tennessee Valley Authority as an example of 'big government.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NewsHour+with+Jim+Lehrer+online&rft.atitle=Ronald+Reagan+%E2%80%93+In+Memoriam%3A+Biography&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Liz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fnewshour%2Fbiography_pages%2Freagan%2Fbiography.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeisberg2016" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Weisberg" title="Jacob Weisberg">Weisberg, Jacob</a> (January 8, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170718063739/http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/politics/2016/01/ronald_reagan_s_conservative_conversion_as_spokesman_for_general_electric.2.html">"The Road to Reagandom: How Reagan's eight-year gig as the host of General Electric Theater sparked his conservative conversion and became the genesis of his political career"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Slate_(magazine)" title="Slate (magazine)">Slate</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/politics/2016/01/ronald_reagan_s_conservative_conversion_as_spokesman_for_general_electric.2.html">the original</a> on July 18, 2017. Retrieved March 19, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=The+Road+to+Reagandom%3A+How+Reagan%27s+eight-year+gig+as+the+host+of+General+Electric+Theater+sparked+his+conservative+conversion+and+became+the+genesis+of+his+political+career.&rft.date=2016-01-08&rft.aulast=Weisberg&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Farticles%2Fnews_and_politics%2Fpolitics%2F2016%2F01%2Fronald_reagan_s_conservative_conversion_as_spokesman_for_general_electric.2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoldea1987" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dan_E._Moldea" class="mw-redirect" title="Dan E. Moldea">Moldea, Dan E.</a> (March 15, 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moldea.com/ReaganGJ.html">"Ronald Reagan and his 1962 grand jury testimony"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180208010416/http://www.moldea.com/ReaganGJ.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 8, 2018. Retrieved March 19, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Ronald+Reagan+and+his+1962+grand+jury+testimony&rft.date=1987-03-15&rft.aulast=Moldea&rft.aufirst=Dan+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.moldea.com%2FReaganGJ.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-09-21-mn-9247-story.html">"Inquiry Dealt With Suspected Payoffs by Conglomerate: Book Says Reagan Was Cleared in '60s Probe of MCA"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>. Associated Press. September 21, 1986. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160630050527/http://articles.latimes.com/1986-09-21/news/mn-9247_1_ronald-reagan">Archived</a> from the original on June 30, 2016. Retrieved March 19, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Inquiry+Dealt+With+Suspected+Payoffs+by+Conglomerate%3A+Book+Says+Reagan+Was+Cleared+in+%2760s+Probe+of+MCA&rft.date=1986-09-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1986-09-21-mn-9247-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lee_Edwards" title="Lee Edwards">Edwards, Lee</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/goldwater00leee">Goldwater: The man who made a revolution</a>. Washington, D.C.: Regnery. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89526-471-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89526-471-8"><bdi>978-0-89526-471-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/624456231">624456231</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Goldwater%3A+The+man+who+made+a+revolution&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Regnery&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F624456231&rft.isbn=978-0-89526-471-8&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgoldwater00leee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Mark_(journalist)" title="David Mark (journalist)">Mark, David</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/goingdirtyartneg00mark">Going dirty: The art of negative campaigning</a>. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/goingdirtyartneg00mark/page/n56">46</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-9982-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-9982-6"><bdi>978-0-7425-9982-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/396994651">396994651</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Going+dirty%3A+The+art+of+negative+campaigning&rft.place=Lanham%2C+MD&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F396994651&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-9982-6&rft.aulast=Mark&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgoingdirtyartneg00mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <cite><a href="/wiki/Ashwander_v._Tennessee_Valley_Authority" title="Ashwander v. Tennessee Valley Authority">Ashwander v. Tennessee Valley Authority</a></cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-supreme-court/297/288.html">297 U.S. 288</a> (1936), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211007131042/https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-supreme-court/297/288.html">archived</a> from the original. </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodgers2011" class="citation book cs1">Rodgers, Paul (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xZ-61GFZE1kC&pg=PA48">United States Constitutional Law: An Introduction</a>. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-6017-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-6017-5"><bdi>978-0-7864-6017-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/707092889">707092889</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=United+States+Constitutional+Law%3A+An+Introduction&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+NC&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Co.&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F707092889&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-6017-5&rft.aulast=Rodgers&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxZ-61GFZE1kC%26pg%3DPA48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEzzell2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ezzell, Timothy (2009). "Jo Conn Guild". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/entries/jo-conn-guild/">Guild, Jo Conn</a>. Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308103414/https://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/entries/jo-conn-guild/">Archived</a> from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved February 11, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Guild%2C+Jo+Conn&rft.btitle=Tennessee+Encyclopedia+of+History+and+Culture&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Ezzell&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftennesseeencyclopedia.net%2Fentries%2Fjo-conn-guild%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-knoxville-news-sentinel-sex-discrimi/124839732/">"Sex-Discrimination Action Moved Here"</a>. The Knoxville News-Sentinel. February 29, 1984. p. B7. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230517044930/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-knoxville-news-sentinel-sex-discrimi/124839732/">Archived</a> from the original on May 17, 2023. Retrieved May 17, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Knoxville+News-Sentinel&rft.atitle=Sex-Discrimination+Action+Moved+Here&rft.pages=B7&rft.date=1984-02-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-knoxville-news-sentinel-sex-discrimi%2F124839732%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/kingsport-times-news-tva-discrimination/124839639/">"TVA discrimination suit settled"</a>. Kingsport Times-News. United Press International. March 14, 1987. p. 3A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230517044929/https://www.newspapers.com/article/kingsport-times-news-tva-discrimination/124839639/">Archived</a> from the original on May 17, 2023. Retrieved May 17, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kingsport+Times-News&rft.atitle=TVA+discrimination+suit+settled&rft.pages=3A&rft.date=1987-03-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Fkingsport-times-news-tva-discrimination%2F124839639%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-robinson-120"><a href="#cite_ref-robinson_120-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson1942" class="citation news cs1">Robinson, Bonnie (April 26, 1942). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/?clipping_id=38876634">"Historic Bean Station, Oldest House in This Section, Fine Homes, and Other Landmarks Will Disappear in Cherokee Dam Lake"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Knoxville_News_Sentinel" title="Knoxville News Sentinel">Knoxville News Sentinel</a>. p. 26. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211215175949/https://www.newspapers.com/image/?clipping_id=38876634">Archived</a> from the original on December 15, 2021. Retrieved November 7, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Knoxville+News+Sentinel&rft.atitle=Historic+Bean+Station%2C+Oldest+House+in+This+Section%2C+Fine+Homes%2C+and+Other+Landmarks+Will+Disappear+in+Cherokee+Dam+Lake&rft.pages=26&rft.date=1942-04-26&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Bonnie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F%3Fclipping_id%3D38876634&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-slatee-121">^ <a href="#cite_ref-slatee_121-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-slatee_121-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOnion2013" class="citation news cs1">Onion, Rebecca (September 5, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://slate.com/human-interest/2013/09/tennessee-valley-authority-the-agency-s-fight-against-one-family-that-wouldn-t-sell-their-farm.html">"The Tennessee Valley Authority vs. the Family That Just Wouldn't Leave"</a>. Slate Magazine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043116/https://slate.com/human-interest/2013/09/tennessee-valley-authority-the-agency-s-fight-against-one-family-that-wouldn-t-sell-their-farm.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 6, 2019. Retrieved March 4, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slate+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Tennessee+Valley+Authority+vs.+the+Family+That+Just+Wouldn%27t+Leave&rft.date=2013-09-05&rft.aulast=Onion&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fslate.com%2Fhuman-interest%2F2013%2F09%2Ftennessee-valley-authority-the-agency-s-fight-against-one-family-that-wouldn-t-sell-their-farm.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tennesseehistory.org/tva/">"TVA"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Historical_Society" title="Tennessee Historical Society">Tennessee Historical Society</a>. March 13, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185348/https://tennesseehistory.org/tva/">Archived</a> from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved July 5, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tennessee+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=TVA&rft.date=2017-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftennesseehistory.org%2Ftva%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mtnpress-123"><a href="#cite_ref-mtnpress_123-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcMahan2020" class="citation news cs1">McMahan, Carroll (November 23, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.themountainpress.com/news/douglas-dam-construction-created-controversy-displaced-families/article_ae65835b-2a78-571d-81d9-83810190ff82.html">"Douglas Dam construction created controversy, displaced families"</a>. The Mountain Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230102161624/https://www.themountainpress.com/news/douglas-dam-construction-created-controversy-displaced-families/article_ae65835b-2a78-571d-81d9-83810190ff82.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 2, 2023. Retrieved August 5, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Mountain+Press&rft.atitle=Douglas+Dam+construction+created+controversy%2C+displaced+families&rft.date=2020-11-23&rft.aulast=McMahan&rft.aufirst=Carroll&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.themountainpress.com%2Fnews%2Fdouglas-dam-construction-created-controversy-displaced-families%2Farticle_ae65835b-2a78-571d-81d9-83810190ff82.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Chapman" title="Jefferson Chapman">Jefferson Chapman</a>, Tellico Archaeology: 12,000 Years of Native American History (Tennessee Valley Authority, 1985). </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> Vicki Rozema, Footsteps of the Cherokees: A Guide to the Eastern Homelands of the Cherokee Nation (Winston-Salem: John F. Blair), 135. </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMedinaRubin2023" class="citation news cs1">Medina, Eduardo; Rubin, April (April 4, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/04/us/repatriation-native-american-remains-artifacts-tennessee.html">"Remains of Nearly 5,000 Native Americans Will Be Returned, U.S. Says"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230924215616/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/04/us/repatriation-native-american-remains-artifacts-tennessee.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 24, 2023. Retrieved April 5, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Remains+of+Nearly+5%2C000+Native+Americans+Will+Be+Returned%2C+U.S.+Says&rft.date=2023-04-04&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Medina&rft.aufirst=Eduardo&rft.au=Rubin%2C+April&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2023%2F04%2F04%2Fus%2Frepatriation-native-american-remains-artifacts-tennessee.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadden1981" class="citation news cs1">Madden, Tom (July 2, 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.upi.com/Archives/1981/07/02/Private-land-TVA-claimed-for-lake-to-be-given-away-to-developers/4201362894400/">"Private land TVA claimed for lake to be given away to developers"</a>. <a href="/wiki/UPI" class="mw-redirect" title="UPI">UPI</a>. Boca Raton, Florida. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211025165742/https://www.upi.com/Archives/1981/07/02/Private-land-TVA-claimed-for-lake-to-be-given-away-to-developers/4201362894400/">Archived</a> from the original on October 25, 2021. Retrieved March 4, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=UPI&rft.atitle=Private+land+TVA+claimed+for+lake+to+be+given+away+to+developers&rft.date=1981-07-02&rft.aulast=Madden&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FArchives%2F1981%2F07%2F02%2FPrivate-land-TVA-claimed-for-lake-to-be-given-away-to-developers%2F4201362894400%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chattanoogan.com/2010/4/29/174555/Wild-River-50th-Anniversary-Celebration.aspx">"Wild River 50th Anniversary Celebration Plans"</a>. The Chattanoogan. April 29, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190203202234/https://www.chattanoogan.com/2010/4/29/174555/Wild-River-50th-Anniversary-Celebration.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on February 3, 2019. Retrieved February 3, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Chattanoogan&rft.atitle=Wild+River+50th+Anniversary+Celebration+Plans&rft.date=2010-04-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chattanoogan.com%2F2010%2F4%2F29%2F174555%2FWild-River-50th-Anniversary-Celebration.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nelson-129"><a href="#cite_ref-nelson_129-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson" class="citation web cs1">Nelson, S. Tremaine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.vanderbilt.edu/2020/10/29/deliverance-revisited-its-relevance-to-modern-american-culture-is-enough-to-give-alumnus-james-dickeys-acclaimed-novel-another-look/">"Deliverance Revisited: Its relevance to modern American culture is enough to give alumnus James Dickey's acclaimed novel another look"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vanderbilt_University" title="Vanderbilt University">Vanderbilt Magazine</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211215182423/https://news.vanderbilt.edu/2020/10/29/deliverance-revisited-its-relevance-to-modern-american-culture-is-enough-to-give-alumnus-james-dickeys-acclaimed-novel-another-look/">Archived</a> from the original on December 15, 2021. Retrieved December 15, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vanderbilt+Magazine&rft.atitle=Deliverance+Revisited%3A+Its+relevance+to+modern+American+culture+is+enough+to+give+alumnus+James+Dickey%27s+acclaimed+novel+another+look&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=S.+Tremaine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.vanderbilt.edu%2F2020%2F10%2F29%2Fdeliverance-revisited-its-relevance-to-modern-american-culture-is-enough-to-give-alumnus-james-dickeys-acclaimed-novel-another-look%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-canby-130"><a href="#cite_ref-canby_130-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanby1984" class="citation news cs1">Canby, Vincent (December 19, 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1984/12/19/movies/film-farmers-plight-in-the-river.html">"FILM: Farmers' Plight in The River"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524154427/http://www.nytimes.com/1984/12/19/movies/film-farmers-plight-in-the-river.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 24, 2015. Retrieved April 3, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=FILM%3A+Farmers%27+Plight+in+The+River&rft.date=1984-12-19&rft.aulast=Canby&rft.aufirst=Vincent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1984%2F12%2F19%2Fmovies%2Ffilm-farmers-plight-in-the-river.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCavanaugh2001" class="citation magazine cs1">Cavanaugh, Tim (March 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reason.com/2001/03/01/o-big-brother-where-art-thou/">"O Big Brother, Where Art Thou?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reason_(magazine)" title="Reason (magazine)">Reason</a>. Los Angeles: <a href="/wiki/Reason_Foundation" title="Reason Foundation">Reason Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183314/https://reason.com/2001/03/01/o-big-brother-where-art-thou/">Archived</a> from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved July 4, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reason&rft.atitle=O+Big+Brother%2C+Where+Art+Thou%3F&rft.date=2001-03&rft.aulast=Cavanaugh&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freason.com%2F2001%2F03%2F01%2Fo-big-brother-where-art-thou%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wideopencountry.com/remembering-alabamas-smash-hit-song-of-the-south-watch/">"'Song of The South': The Story Behind Alabama's Smash Hit"</a>. Wide Open Country. Publishers Clearing House. July 24, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230517051117/https://www.wideopencountry.com/remembering-alabamas-smash-hit-song-of-the-south-watch/">Archived</a> from the original on May 17, 2023. Retrieved May 17, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wide+Open+Country&rft.atitle=%27Song+of+The+South%27%3A+The+Story+Behind+Alabama%27s+Smash+Hit&rft.date=2020-07-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wideopencountry.com%2Fremembering-alabamas-smash-hit-song-of-the-south-watch%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOpperman2021" class="citation news cs1">Opperman, Jeff (December 6, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/jeffopperman/2021/12/06/dams-rivers-and-drive-by-truckers-songs-that-explain-the-challenge-of-sustainable-energy/?sh=390ff61150b7">"Dams, Rivers And Drive-By Truckers: Songs That Explain The Challenge Of Sustainable Energy"</a>. Forbes. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230517051533/https://www.forbes.com/sites/jeffopperman/2021/12/06/dams-rivers-and-drive-by-truckers-songs-that-explain-the-challenge-of-sustainable-energy/?sh=390ff61150b7">Archived</a> from the original on May 17, 2023. Retrieved May 17, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Dams%2C+Rivers+And+Drive-By+Truckers%3A+Songs+That+Explain+The+Challenge+Of+Sustainable+Energy&rft.date=2021-12-06&rft.aulast=Opperman&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fjeffopperman%2F2021%2F12%2F06%2Fdams-rivers-and-drive-by-truckers-songs-that-explain-the-challenge-of-sustainable-energy%2F%3Fsh%3D390ff61150b7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennessee_Valley_Authority&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Barde, Robert E. "Arthur E. Morgan, First Chairman of TVA" Tennessee Historical Quarterly 30#3 (1971), pp. 299-314 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/42623246">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240316174017/https://www.jstor.org/stable/42623246">Archived</a> March 16, 2024, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColignon1997" class="citation book cs1">Colignon, Richard A. (1997). Power Plays: Critical Events in the Institutionalism of the Tennessee Valley Authority. SUNY series in the sociology of work. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-585-07708-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-585-07708-6"><bdi>978-0-585-07708-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/42855981">42855981</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Power+Plays%3A+Critical+Events+in+the+Institutionalism+of+the+Tennessee+Valley+Authority&rft.place=Albany%2C+NY&rft.series=SUNY+series+in+the+sociology+of+work.&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F42855981&rft.isbn=978-0-585-07708-6&rft.aulast=Colignon&rft.aufirst=Richard+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCreese1990" class="citation book cs1">Creese, Walter L. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tvaspublicplanni00cree">TVA's public planning: The vision, the reality</a>. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87049-638-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87049-638-7"><bdi>978-0-87049-638-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/476873440">476873440</a> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=TVA%27s+public+planning%3A+The+vision%2C+the+reality&rft.place=Knoxville&rft.pub=University+of+Tennessee+Press&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F476873440&rft.isbn=978-0-87049-638-7&rft.aulast=Creese&rft.aufirst=Walter+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftvaspublicplanni00cree&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCulvahouse2007" class="citation book cs1">Culvahouse, Tim, ed. (2007). The Tennessee Valley Authority: Design and persuasion. New York: Princeton Architectural Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/929309559">929309559</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tennessee+Valley+Authority%3A+Design+and+persuasion&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Princeton+Architectural+Press&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F929309559&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHargroveConkin1983" class="citation book cs1">Hargrove, Erwin C.; Conkin, Paul K., eds. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tvafiftyyearsofg00harg">TVA: Fifty years of grass-roots bureaucracy</a>. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-01086-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-01086-6"><bdi>978-0-252-01086-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/474377514">474377514</a> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=TVA%3A+Fifty+years+of+grass-roots+bureaucracy&rft.place=Urbana%2C+IL&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F474377514&rft.isbn=978-0-252-01086-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftvafiftyyearsofg00harg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHargrove1994" class="citation book cs1">Hargrove, Erwin C. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/prisonersofmythl00harg">Prisoners of myth: the leadership of the Tennessee Valley Authority, 1933–1990</a>. Princeton Studies in American Politics: Historical, International, and Comparative Perspectives. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-03467-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-03467-6"><bdi>978-0-691-03467-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt7rvbh">j.ctt7rvbh</a> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prisoners+of+myth%3A+the+leadership+of+the+Tennessee+Valley+Authority%2C+1933%E2%80%931990&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.series=Princeton+Studies+in+American+Politics%3A+Historical%2C+International%2C+and+Comparative+Perspectives&rft.pub=Princeton+Univ.+Press&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt7rvbh%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-0-691-03467-6&rft.aulast=Hargrove&rft.aufirst=Erwin+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprisonersofmythl00harg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKull1949" class="citation journal cs1">Kull, Donald C. (Winter 1949). "Decentralized Budget Administration in the Tennessee Valley Authority". <a href="/wiki/Public_Administration_Review" title="Public Administration Review">Public Administration Review</a>. 9 (1): 30–35. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F972660">10.2307/972660</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0033-3352">0033-3352</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/972660">972660</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5544417850">5544417850</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Public+Administration+Review&rft.atitle=Decentralized+Budget+Administration+in+the+Tennessee+Valley+Authority&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=30-35&rft.date=1949&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F5544417850&rft.issn=0033-3352&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F972660%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F972660&rft.aulast=Kull&rft.aufirst=Donald+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLilienthal1953" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_E._Lilienthal" title="David E. Lilienthal">Lilienthal, David E.</a> (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tvademocracyonma0000lili">TVA: Democracy on the march</a>. New York: Harper & Row – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=TVA%3A+Democracy+on+the+march&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Lilienthal&rft.aufirst=David+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftvademocracyonma0000lili&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ernest_Morgan" title="Arthur Ernest Morgan">Morgan, Arthur E.</a> (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/makingoftva0000morg">The making of the TVA</a>. Buffalo, New York: Prometheus Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87975-034-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87975-034-3"><bdi>978-0-87975-034-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/607606121">607606121</a> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+making+of+the+TVA&rft.place=Buffalo%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F607606121&rft.isbn=978-0-87975-034-3&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Arthur+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmakingoftva0000morg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeuse1996" class="citation book cs1">Neuse, Steven M. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6I-pDwAAQBAJ">David E. Lilienthal: The Journey of an American Liberal</a>. Knoxville, Tennessee: The University of Tennessee Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87049-940-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-87049-940-8"><bdi>0-87049-940-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230624061324/https://books.google.com/books?id=6I-pDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on June 24, 2023. Retrieved March 22, 2023 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=David+E.+Lilienthal%3A+The+Journey+of+an+American+Liberal&rft.place=Knoxville%2C+Tennessee&rft.pub=The+University+of+Tennessee+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-87049-940-8&rft.aulast=Neuse&rft.aufirst=Steven+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6I-pDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeuse2004" class="citation book cs1">Neuse, Steven M. (2004). "Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)". In McElvaine, Robert S. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Great Depression. Farmington Hills, Michigan: Macmillan Reference USA.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tennessee+Valley+Authority+%28TVA%29&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Great+Depression&rft.place=Farmington+Hills%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference+USA&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Neuse&rft.aufirst=Steven+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeuse1983" class="citation journal cs1">Neuse, Steven M. (November–December 1983). "TVA at Age Fifty—Reflections and Retrospect". <a href="/wiki/Public_Administration_Review" title="Public Administration Review">Public Administration Review</a>. 43 (6): 491–499. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F975916">10.2307/975916</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0033-3352">0033-3352</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/975916">975916</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5550047671">5550047671</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Public+Administration+Review&rft.atitle=TVA+at+Age+Fifty%E2%80%94Reflections+and+Retrospect&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=491-499&rft.date=1983-11%2F1983-12&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F5550047671&rft.issn=0033-3352&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F975916%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F975916&rft.aulast=Neuse&rft.aufirst=Steven+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeuse1996" class="citation book cs1">Neuse, Steven M. (1996). David E. Lilienthal: the journey of an American liberal. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87049-940-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87049-940-1"><bdi>978-0-87049-940-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/243857932">243857932</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=David+E.+Lilienthal%3A+the+journey+of+an+American+liberal&rft.place=Knoxville&rft.pub=University+of+Tennessee+Press&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F243857932&rft.isbn=978-0-87049-940-1&rft.aulast=Neuse&rft.aufirst=Steven+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell1949" class="citation book cs1">Russell, Dean (1949). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eH5BAAAAIAAJ">The TVA idea</a>. Irvington-on-Hudson, New York: <a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Economic_Education" title="Foundation for Economic Education">Foundation for Economic Education</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/564022">564022</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230624061324/https://books.google.com/books?id=eH5BAAAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on June 24, 2023. Retrieved March 19, 2023 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+TVA+idea&rft.place=Irvington-on-Hudson%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Foundation+for+Economic+Education&rft.date=1949&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F564022&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Dean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeH5BAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalbert1987" class="citation book cs1">Talbert, Roy Jr. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6I-pDwAAQBAJ">FDR's Utopian: Arthur Morgan of the TVA</a>. Jackson, Mississippi: <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Mississippi" title="University Press of Mississippi">University Press of Mississippi</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87805-301-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-87805-301-8"><bdi>0-87805-301-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230624061324/https://books.google.com/books?id=6I-pDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on June 24, 2023. Retrieved March 22, 2023 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=FDR%27s+Utopian%3A+Arthur+Morgan+of+the+TVA&rft.place=Jackson%2C+Mississippi&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Mississippi&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-87805-301-8&rft.aulast=Talbert&rft.aufirst=Roy+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6I-pDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1982" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Marshall A. (1982). Tales From the Grass Roots of TVA, 1933-1952. Knoxville, Tennessee: Wilson Publishing. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1011650240">1011650240</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tales+From+the+Grass+Roots+of+TVA%2C+1933-1952&rft.place=Knoxville%2C+Tennessee&rft.pub=Wilson+Publishing&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1011650240&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Marshall+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennessee_Valley_Authority&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> has media related to: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Authority" class="extiw" title="commons:Tennessee Valley Authority">Tennessee Valley Authority</a> (<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tennessee_Valley_Authority" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Tennessee Valley Authority">category</a>)</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tva.com">Official website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.federalregister.gov/agencies/tennessee-valley-authority">Tennessee Valley Authority</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Register" title="Federal Register">Federal Register</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTennessee_Valley_Authority1950" class="citation cs1">Tennessee Valley Authority (March 1950). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Procedure_for_Making,_Indexing_and_Filing_Computations">Procedure for Making, Indexing and Filing Computations </a> – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Procedure+for+Making%2C+Indexing+and+Filing+Computations&rft.date=1950-03&rft.au=Tennessee+Valley+Authority&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Valley+Authority" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.lib.utk.edu/collections/wpa-tva">WPA Photographs of TVA Archaeological Projects</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eoge1KmeMy8">The New Deal and TVA</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eisenhower.archives.gov/Research/Finding_Aids/J.html">Papers of Arnold R. Jones (Member of the Board of Directors, Tennessee Valley Authority), Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tva.com/about-tva/our-history">TVA history</a></li> <li>The short film <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gov.fdr.353.3.3">Valley of the Tennessee <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049405">.mw-parser-output .noitalic{font-style:normal}</style>(1944)</a> is available for free viewing and download at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Facilities_operated_by_the_Tennessee_Valley_Authority" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tennessee_Valley_Authority_Facilities" title="Template:Tennessee Valley Authority Facilities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tennessee_Valley_Authority_Facilities" title="Template talk:Tennessee Valley Authority Facilities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tennessee_Valley_Authority_Facilities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tennessee Valley Authority Facilities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Facilities_operated_by_the_Tennessee_Valley_Authority" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_operated_by_the_Tennessee_Valley_Authority" title="List of power stations operated by the Tennessee Valley Authority">Facilities</a> operated by the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tennessee Valley Authority</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dam" title="Dam">Dams</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydroelectric generating stations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apalachia_Dam" title="Apalachia Dam">Apalachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_Creek_Reservoir" title="Bear Creek Reservoir">Bear Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beaver_Creek_Dam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beaver Creek Dam (page does not exist)">Beaver Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beech_Dam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beech Dam (page does not exist)">Beech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Ridge_Dam" title="Blue Ridge Dam">Blue Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boone_Dam" title="Boone Dam">Boone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cedar_Dam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cedar Dam (page does not exist)">Cedar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedar_Creek_Reservoir_(Alabama)" title="Cedar Creek Reservoir (Alabama)">Cedar Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatuge_Dam" title="Chatuge Dam">Chatuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Dam" title="Cherokee Dam">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chickamauga_Dam" title="Chickamauga Dam">Chickamauga</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clear_Creek_Dam_(Virginia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clear Creek Dam (Virginia) (page does not exist)">Clear Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dogwood_Dam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dogwood Dam (page does not exist)">Dogwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Dam" title="Douglas Dam">Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_Dam" title="Fontana Dam">Fontana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Loudoun_Dam" title="Fort Loudoun Dam">Fort Loudoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Patrick_Henry_Dam" title="Fort Patrick Henry Dam">Fort Patrick Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Falls_Dam_(Tennessee)" title="Great Falls Dam (Tennessee)">Great Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guntersville_Dam" title="Guntersville Dam">Guntersville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiwassee_Dam" title="Hiwassee Dam">Hiwassee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_Dam" title="Kentucky Dam">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Little_Bear_Creek_Dam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Little Bear Creek Dam (page does not exist)">Little Bear Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lost_Creek_Dam_(Tennessee)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lost Creek Dam (Tennessee) (page does not exist)">Lost Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melton_Hill_Dam" title="Melton Hill Dam">Melton Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickajack_Dam" title="Nickajack Dam">Nickajack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nolichucky_Dam" title="Nolichucky Dam">Nolichucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normandy_Dam" title="Normandy Dam">Normandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norris_Dam" title="Norris Dam">Norris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nottely_Dam" title="Nottely Dam">Nottely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocoee_Dam_No._1" title="Ocoee Dam No. 1">Ocoee 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocoee_Dam_No._2" title="Ocoee Dam No. 2">Ocoee 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocoee_Dam_No._3" title="Ocoee Dam No. 3">Ocoee 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickwick_Landing_Dam" title="Pickwick Landing Dam">Pickwick Landing</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pin_Oak_Dam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pin Oak Dam (page does not exist)">Pin Oak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pine_Dam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pine Dam (page does not exist)">Pine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raccoon_Mountain_Pumped-Storage_Plant" title="Raccoon Mountain Pumped-Storage Plant">Raccoon Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Redbud_Dam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Redbud Dam (page does not exist)">Redbud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Holston_Dam" title="South Holston Dam">South Holston</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sycamore_Dam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sycamore Dam (page does not exist)">Sycamore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tellico_Dam" title="Tellico Dam">Tellico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tims_Ford_Lake" title="Tims Ford Lake">Tims Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upper_Bear_Creek_Dam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Upper Bear Creek Dam (page does not exist)">Upper Bear Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watauga_Dam" title="Watauga Dam">Watauga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watts_Bar_Dam" title="Watts Bar Dam">Watts Bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheeler_Dam" title="Wheeler Dam">Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilbur_Dam" title="Wilbur Dam">Wilbur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson_Dam" title="Wilson Dam">Wilson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coal-fired_power_station" title="Coal-fired power station">Coal-fired power plants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Fossil_Plant" title="Allen Fossil Plant">Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bull_Run_Fossil_Plant" title="Bull Run Fossil Plant">Bull Run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colbert_Combustion_Turbine_Plant" title="Colbert Combustion Turbine Plant">Colbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Fossil_Plant" title="Cumberland Fossil Plant">Cumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallatin_Fossil_Plant" title="Gallatin Fossil Plant">Gallatin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Sevier_Steam_Plant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Sevier Steam Plant (page does not exist)">John Sevier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnsonville_Fossil_Plant" title="Johnsonville Fossil Plant">Johnsonville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingston_Fossil_Plant" title="Kingston Fossil Plant">Kingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradise_Combined_Cycle_Plant" title="Paradise Combined Cycle Plant">Paradise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawnee_Fossil_Plant" title="Shawnee Fossil Plant">Shawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watts_Bar_Steam_Plant" title="Watts Bar Steam Plant">Watts Bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Widows_Creek_Fossil_Plant" title="Widows Creek Fossil Plant">Widows Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilson_Steam_Plant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilson Steam Plant (page does not exist)">Wilson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gas-fired_power_plant" title="Gas-fired power plant">Gas turbine plants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Combined_Cycle_Plant" title="Allen Combined Cycle Plant">Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brownsville_Combustion_Turbine_Plant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brownsville Combustion Turbine Plant (page does not exist)">Brownsville</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caledonia_Combined_Cycle_Plant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caledonia Combined Cycle Plant (page does not exist)">Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colbert_Combustion_Turbine_Plant" title="Colbert Combustion Turbine Plant">Colbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallatin_Fossil_Plant" title="Gallatin Fossil Plant">Gallatin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gleason_Combustion_Turbine_Plant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gleason Combustion Turbine Plant (page does not exist)">Gleason</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Sevier_Combined_Cycle_Plant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Sevier Combined Cycle Plant (page does not exist)">John Sevier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnsonville_Combustion_Turbine_Plant" title="Johnsonville Combustion Turbine Plant">Johnsonville</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemper_Combustion_Turbine_Plant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kemper Combustion Turbine Plant (page does not exist)">Kemper</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lagoon_Creek_Combustion_Turbine_Plant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lagoon Creek Combustion Turbine Plant (page does not exist)">Lagoon Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnolia_Combined_Cycle_Gas_Plant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magnolia Combined Cycle Gas Plant (page does not exist)">Magnolia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marshall_Combustion_Turbine_Plant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marshall Combustion Turbine Plant (page does not exist)">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradise_Combined_Cycle_Plant" title="Paradise Combined Cycle Plant">Paradise</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southaven_Combined_Cycle_Plant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Southaven Combined Cycle Plant (page does not exist)">Southaven</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_plant" title="Nuclear power plant">Nuclear power plants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Browns_Ferry_Nuclear_Plant" title="Browns Ferry Nuclear Plant">Browns Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sequoyah_Nuclear_Plant" title="Sequoyah Nuclear Plant">Sequoyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watts_Bar_Nuclear_Plant" title="Watts Bar Nuclear Plant">Watts Bar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="New_Deal" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:New_Deal" title="Template:New Deal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:New_Deal" title="Template talk:New Deal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:New_Deal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:New Deal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="New_Deal" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Causes and legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Deal_coalition" title="New Deal coalition">New Deal Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain Trust">Brain Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_critics_of_the_New_Deal" title="List of critics of the New Deal">Criticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New Deal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_Banking_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency Banking Act">Emergency Banking Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy Act">Economy Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Adjustment_Act" title="Agricultural Adjustment Act">Agricultural Adjustment Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civilian_Conservation_Corps" title="Civilian Conservation Corps">Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Works_Administration" title="Civil Works Administration">Civil Works Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_Act_of_1934" title="Communications Act of 1934">Communications Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_6102" title="Executive Order 6102">Executive Order 6102</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeowners_Refinancing_Act" title="Homeowners Refinancing Act">Homeowners Refinancing Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farm_Credit_Administration" title="Farm Credit Administration">Farm Credit Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Deposit_Insurance_Corporation" title="Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation">Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Emergency_Relief_Administration" title="Federal Emergency Relief Administration">Federal Emergency Relief Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frazier%E2%80%93Lemke_Farm_Bankruptcy_Act" title="Frazier–Lemke Farm Bankruptcy Act">Frazier–Lemke Farm Bankruptcy Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass%E2%80%93Steagall_legislation" title="Glass–Steagall legislation">Glass–Steagall Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Industrial_Recovery_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="National Industrial Recovery Act">National Industrial Recovery Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Housing_Act_of_1934" title="National Housing Act of 1934">National Housing Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Recovery_Administration" title="National Recovery Administration">National Recovery Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Youth_Administration" title="National Youth Administration">National Youth Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Works_Administration" title="Public Works Administration">Public Works Administration (PWA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Works_of_Art_Project" title="Public Works of Art Project">Public Works of Art Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocal_Tariff_Act" title="Reciprocal Tariff Act">Reciprocal Tariff Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railroad_Retirement_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Railroad Retirement Act">Railroad Retirement Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Securities_Act_of_1933" title="Securities Act of 1933">Securities Act</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Second New Deal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration" title="Works Progress Administration">Works Progress Administration (WPA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Project_Number_One" title="Federal Project Number One">Federal Project Number One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Energy_Regulatory_Commission" title="Federal Energy Regulatory Commission">Federal Energy Regulatory Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farm_Security_Administration" title="Farm Security Administration">Farm Security Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_Procedures_Reform_Bill_of_1937" title="Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937">Judicial Procedures Reform Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guffey_Coal_Act" title="Guffey Coal Act">National Bituminous Coal Conservation Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Labor_Relations_Board" title="National Labor Relations Board">National Labor Relations Board</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_Labor_Relations_Act_of_1935" title="National Labor Relations Act of 1935">Act</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_Electrification_Act" title="Rural Electrification Act">Rural Electrification Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_Utilities_Service" title="Rural Utilities Service">Rural Electrification Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Security_(United_States)" title="Social Security (United States)">Social Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Housing_Authority" title="United States Housing Authority">United States Housing Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_Labor_Standards_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Fair Labor Standards Act">Fair Labor Standards Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Eleanor Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Hopkins" title="Harry Hopkins">Harry Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_L._Ickes" title="Harold L. Ickes">Harold L. Ickes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Morgenthau_Jr." title="Henry Morgenthau Jr.">Henry Morgenthau Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Perkins" title="Frances Perkins">Frances Perkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Wagner" title="Robert F. Wagner">Robert F. Wagner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:New_Deal" title="Category:New Deal">Category</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:New_Deal" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:New Deal">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1367577#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1367577#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1367577#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000106579058">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/126415698">VIAF</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/6299-6">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80126249">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12186953s">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12186953s">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko20231184062&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007268812005171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moma.org/artists/65851">Museum of Modern Art</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/031822207">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6bw18q0">SNAC</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tennessee_Valley_Authority&oldid=1248657236">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tennessee_Valley_Authority&oldid=1248657236</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tennessee_Valley_Authority" title="Category:Tennessee Valley Authority">Tennessee Valley Authority</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1933_establishments_in_Tennessee" title="Category:1933 establishments in Tennessee">1933 establishments in Tennessee</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1933_establishments_in_the_United_States" title="Category:1933 establishments in the United States">1933 establishments in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:73rd_United_States_Congress" title="Category:73rd United States Congress">73rd United States Congress</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_companies_established_in_1933" title="Category:American companies established in 1933">American companies established in 1933</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Appalachia" title="Category:Appalachia">Appalachia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Appalachian_culture" title="Category:Appalachian culture">Appalachian culture</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Appalachian_Mountains" title="Category:Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian Mountains</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Companies_based_in_Knoxville,_Tennessee" title="Category:Companies based in Knoxville, Tennessee">Companies based in Knoxville, Tennessee</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Corporations_chartered_by_the_United_States_Congress" title="Category:Corporations chartered by the United States Congress">Corporations chartered by the United States Congress</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Economic_development_organizations_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Economic development organizations in the United States">Economic development organizations in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Electric_power_companies_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Electric power companies of the United States">Electric power companies of the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Energy_companies_established_in_1933" title="Category:Energy companies established in 1933">Energy companies established in 1933</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Energy_companies_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Energy companies of the United States">Energy companies of the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Energy_infrastructure_in_Tennessee" title="Category:Energy infrastructure in Tennessee">Energy infrastructure in Tennessee</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Government_agencies_established_in_1933" title="Category:Government agencies established in 1933">Government agencies established in 1933</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hydroelectric_power_companies_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Hydroelectric power companies of the United States">Hydroelectric power companies of the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Independent_agencies_of_the_United_States_government" title="Category:Independent agencies of the United States government">Independent agencies of the United States government</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:New_Deal_agencies" title="Category:New Deal agencies">New Deal agencies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:New_Deal_in_Tennessee" title="Category:New Deal in Tennessee">New Deal in Tennessee</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nuclear_power_companies_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Nuclear power companies of the United States">Nuclear power companies of the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Public_utilities_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Public utilities of the United States">Public utilities of the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tennessee_River" title="Category:Tennessee River">Tennessee River</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="Category:United States Department of Energy">United States Department of Energy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Water_management_authorities_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Water management authorities in the United States">Water management authorities in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Government-owned_energy_companies" title="Category:Government-owned energy companies">Government-owned energy companies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rural_electrification_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Rural electrification in the United States">Rural electrification in the United States</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_April_2024" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from April 2024">Articles with dead external links from April 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_November_2020" title="Category:Use mdy dates from November 2020">Use mdy dates from November 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards" title="Category:Articles with hCards">Articles with hCards</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Official_website_different_in_Wikidata_and_Wikipedia" title="Category:Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia">Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 30 September 2024, at 19:05 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tennessee_Valley_Authority&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-694cf4987f-b5k9f","wgBackendResponseTime":164,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.703","walltime":"2.309","ppvisitednodes":{"value":16591,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":367100,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":13930,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":25,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":10,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":533104,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2056.651 1 -total"," 34.76% 714.994 2 Template:Reflist"," 11.73% 241.176 40 Template:Cite_web"," 11.31% 232.707 57 Template:Cite_news"," 9.42% 193.747 1 Template:Refbegin"," 6.93% 142.436 11 Template:Sfn"," 6.86% 141.040 1 Template:Webarchive"," 5.66% 116.368 26 Template:Cite_book"," 5.14% 105.787 5 Template:Inflation-fn"," 4.83% 99.328 1 Template:Infobox_company"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.014","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":12302670,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFBarker2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlau2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBourne2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCanby1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCathey2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCavanaugh2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClemNelson2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFColignon1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCreese1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCulvahouse2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavis2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDerek_Hawkins2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDerr2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdwards1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEkbladh2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEzzell2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFineRemington1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlessner\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlessner2018\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFFlessner2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGaines2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGang2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGross2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHargrove1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHargroveConkin1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarper\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHawes1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHayes2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHubbard1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_Gaventa1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKull1949\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLabaton1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLilienthal1953\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLippman1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLippman1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLong1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMadden1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMansfield1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMark2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMattson-Teig2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCraw1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcDermott2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcMahan2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMedinaRubin2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoldea1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorgan1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorrissey2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMufson2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuldownyMcDonald1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNelson\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeuse1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeuse1996\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFNeuse2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Neill2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOnion2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOpperman2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerlstein2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPurdomRemmel2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRawls1979\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRobinson1942\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRodgers2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRussell1949\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaferBarczak2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSainz2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSatterfield2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchulman1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSelznick1953\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShapiro1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmothers1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStephens2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSturgis2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSullivan2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTalbert1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTennessee_Valley_Authority1950\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTennessee_Valley_Authority1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTobey1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_West2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWald2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeisberg2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWengert1952\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson2008\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"CURRENTYEAR\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 26,\n [\"Cite court\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 10,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite map\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 57,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 35,\n [\"Cite wikisource\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons and category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 8,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Decrease\"] = 2,\n [\"Dts\"] = 18,\n [\"Efn\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatprice\"] = 5,\n [\"Inflation\"] = 5,\n [\"Inflation-fn\"] = 5,\n [\"Inflation-year\"] = 4,\n [\"Infobox company\"] = 1,\n [\"Internet Archive short film\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"New Deal\"] = 1,\n [\"Noitalic\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Official website\"] = 1,\n [\"Photomontage\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 11,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sortname\"] = 10,\n [\"Start date\"] = 1,\n [\"Tennessee Valley Authority Facilities\"] = 1,\n [\"URL\"] = 1,\n [\"USC\"] = 1,\n [\"USStatute\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n [\"YouTube\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","260","23.6"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","180","16.4"],["?","140","12.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntityStatements","40","3.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","40","3.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","40","3.6"],["select_one \u003CModule:Citation/CS1/Utilities:426\u003E","40","3.6"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","40","3.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpensiveData","40","3.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","40","3.6"],["[others]","240","21.8"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b7f745dd4-n97cr","timestamp":"20241125134218","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Tennessee Valley Authority","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tennessee_Valley_Authority","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1367577","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1367577","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-06-09T17:45:09Z","dateModified":"2024-09-30T19:05:24Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/f\/f4\/US-TennesseeValleyAuthority-Logo.svg","headline":"federally-owned electric utility corporation in the United States"}</script> </body> </html>