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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Foundling_Hospitals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foundling_Hospitals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Foundling Hospitals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foundling_Hospitals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deinstitutionalization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deinstitutionalization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Deinstitutionalization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deinstitutionalization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_to_alternatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_to_alternatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Comparison to alternatives</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Comparison_to_alternatives-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Comparison to alternatives subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Comparison_to_alternatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Foster_care" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foster_care"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Foster care</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foster_care-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Group_homes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Group_homes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Group homes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Group_homes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kinship_care" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kinship_care"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Kinship care</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kinship_care-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commercial_orphanages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commercial_orphanages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Commercial orphanages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commercial_orphanages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Worldwide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Worldwide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Worldwide</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Worldwide-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Worldwide subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Worldwide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Albania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Albania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Albania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Albania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Bosnia and Herzegovina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bosnia_and_Herzegovina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bulgaria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bulgaria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Bulgaria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bulgaria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Estonia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Estonia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.4</span> <span>Estonia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Estonia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hungary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hungary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.5</span> <span>Hungary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hungary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lithuania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lithuania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.6</span> <span>Lithuania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lithuania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.7</span> <span>Poland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Moldova" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moldova"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.8</span> <span>Moldova</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moldova-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.9</span> <span>Romania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Serbia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serbia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.10</span> <span>Serbia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Serbia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slovakia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slovakia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.11</span> <span>Slovakia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slovakia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sweden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sweden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.12</span> <span>Sweden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sweden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.13</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sub-Saharan_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sub-Saharan_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Sub-Saharan Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sub-Saharan_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethiopia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethiopia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Ethiopia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethiopia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ghana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ghana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Ghana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ghana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kenya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kenya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3</span> <span>Kenya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kenya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malawi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malawi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.4</span> <span>Malawi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malawi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rwanda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rwanda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.5</span> <span>Rwanda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rwanda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tanzania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tanzania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.6</span> <span>Tanzania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tanzania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nigeria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nigeria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.7</span> <span>Nigeria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nigeria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.8</span> <span>South Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zambia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zambia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.9</span> <span>Zambia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zambia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zimbabwe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zimbabwe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.10</span> <span>Zimbabwe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zimbabwe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Togo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Togo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.11</span> <span>Togo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Togo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sierra_Leone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sierra_Leone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.12</span> <span>Sierra Leone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sierra_Leone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Senegal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Senegal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.13</span> <span>Senegal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Senegal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>South Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nepal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nepal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Nepal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nepal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Afghanistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Afghanistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Afghanistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Afghanistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bangladesh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bangladesh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.3</span> <span>Bangladesh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bangladesh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maldives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maldives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.4</span> <span>Maldives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maldives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.5</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pakistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pakistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.6</span> <span>Pakistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pakistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_and_Southeast_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_and_Southeast_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>East and Southeast Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_and_Southeast_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Taiwan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taiwan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span>Taiwan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taiwan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thailand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thailand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.2</span> <span>Thailand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thailand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vietnam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.3</span> <span>Vietnam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.4</span> <span>South Korea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.5</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cambodia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cambodia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.6</span> <span>Cambodia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cambodia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.7</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Laos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.8</span> <span>Laos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_East_and_North_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_East_and_North_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Middle East and North Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_East_and_North_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.1</span> <span>Egypt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sudan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sudan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.2</span> <span>Sudan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sudan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Sudan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Sudan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.3</span> <span>South Sudan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Sudan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bahrain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bahrain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.4</span> <span>Bahrain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bahrain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iraq" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iraq"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.5</span> <span>Iraq</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iraq-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Palestinian_Territory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palestinian_Territory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.6</span> <span>Palestinian Territory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palestinian_Territory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Former_Soviet_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Former_Soviet_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Former Soviet Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Former_Soviet_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6.1</span> <span>Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Azerbaijan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Azerbaijan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6.2</span> <span>Azerbaijan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Azerbaijan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Belarus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belarus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6.3</span> <span>Belarus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belarus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kyrgyzstan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kyrgyzstan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6.4</span> <span>Kyrgyzstan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kyrgyzstan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tajikistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tajikistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6.5</span> <span>Tajikistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tajikistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ukraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ukraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6.6</span> <span>Ukraine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ukraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oceania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Oceania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oceania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7.1</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indonesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indonesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7.2</span> <span>Indonesia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indonesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fiji" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fiji"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7.3</span> <span>Fiji</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fiji-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America_and_Caribbean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America_and_Caribbean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>North America and Caribbean</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America_and_Caribbean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Haiti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Haiti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8.1</span> <span>Haiti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Haiti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jamaica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jamaica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8.2</span> <span>Jamaica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jamaica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8.3</span> <span>Mexico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8.4</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_and_South_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_and_South_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Central and South America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_and_South_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Guatemala" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guatemala"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9.1</span> <span>Guatemala</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guatemala-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peru" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peru"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9.2</span> <span>Peru</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peru-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Significant_charities_that_help_orphans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Significant_charities_that_help_orphans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Significant charities that help orphans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Significant_charities_that_help_orphans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Orphanage</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 47 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">47 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A3%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85" title="دار أيتام – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دار أيتام" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orfanatu" title="Orfanatu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Orfanatu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%C5%9Faq_evi" title="Uşaq evi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Uşaq evi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orfenat" title="Orfenat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Orfenat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirot%C4%8Dinec" title="Sirotčinec – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sirotčinec" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vajsenhus" title="Vajsenhus – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vajsenhus" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waisenhaus" title="Waisenhaus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Waisenhaus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asenduskodu" title="Asenduskodu – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Asenduskodu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%81%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%86%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF" title="Ορφανοτροφείο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ορφανοτροφείο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orfanato" title="Orfanato – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Orfanato" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orfejo" title="Orfejo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Orfejo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umezurztegi" title="Umezurztegi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Umezurztegi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B4%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87" title="پرورشگاه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پرورشگاه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orphelinat" title="Orphelinat – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Orphelinat" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%ADlleachtlann" title="Dílleachtlann – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Dílleachtlann" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orfanato" title="Orfanato – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Orfanato" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B3%B4%EC%9C%A1%EC%9B%90" title="보육원 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="보육원" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Մանկատուն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մանկատուն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siroti%C5%A1te" title="Sirotište – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sirotište" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panti_asuhan" title="Panti asuhan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Panti asuhan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orfanotrofio" title="Orfanotrofio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Orfanotrofio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9D" title="בית יתומים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בית יתומים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92felina" title="Òfelina – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Òfelina" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%AAw%C3%AExane" title="Sêwîxane – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Sêwîxane" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orphanotrophium" title="Orphanotrophium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Orphanotrophium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81rvah%C3%A1z_(int%C3%A9zm%C3%A9ny)" title="Árvaház (intézmény) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Árvaház (intézmény)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="അനാഥമന്ദിരം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അനാഥമന്ദിരം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weeshuis" title="Weeshuis – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Weeshuis" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%A4%E5%85%90%E9%99%A2" title="孤児院 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="孤児院" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waisenhus" title="Waisenhus – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Waisenhus" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BF%D3%A7%D1%80%D1%82" title="Йочапӧрт – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Йочапӧрт" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AF%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE" title="ਯਤੀਮਖ਼ਾਨਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਯਤੀਮਖ਼ਾਨਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dom_dziecka" title="Dom dziecka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dom dziecka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orfanato" title="Orfanato – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Orfanato" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orfelinat" title="Orfelinat – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Orfelinat" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8E%D1%82" title="Сиротский приют – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сиротский приют" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jetimorja" title="Jetimorja – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Jetimorja" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orphanage" title="Orphanage – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Orphanage" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siroti%C5%A1te" title="Sirotište – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Sirotište" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siroti%C5%A1te" title="Sirotište – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sirotište" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BD%D3%99%D1%80_%D0%B9%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Ятимнәр йорты – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ятимнәр йорты" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yetimhane" title="Yetimhane – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yetimhane" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0-%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Спеціальна загальноосвітня школа-інтернат – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Спеціальна загальноосвітня школа-інтернат" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%85_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%81" title="یتیم خانہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="یتیم خانہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A1i_tr%E1%BA%BB_m%E1%BB%93_c%C3%B4i" title="Trại trẻ mồ côi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trại trẻ mồ côi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%A4%E5%85%92%E9%99%A2" title="孤兒院 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="孤兒院" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%A4%E5%85%92%E9%99%A2" title="孤兒院 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="孤兒院" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Residential institution devoted to the care of orphans</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the institution. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Orphanage_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Orphanage (disambiguation)">Orphanage (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Lead_rewrite plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-lead_rewrite" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The article's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">lead section</a> <b>may need to be rewritten</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orphanage&action=edit">improve the lead</a> and read the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">lead layout guide</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:9403_-_Venezia_-_Calle_della_Piet%C3%A0_-_Lapide_della_ex_ruota_degli_esposti_-1548-_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_12-Aug-2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/9403_-_Venezia_-_Calle_della_Piet%C3%A0_-_Lapide_della_ex_ruota_degli_esposti_-1548-_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_12-Aug-2007.jpg/220px-9403_-_Venezia_-_Calle_della_Piet%C3%A0_-_Lapide_della_ex_ruota_degli_esposti_-1548-_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_12-Aug-2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/9403_-_Venezia_-_Calle_della_Piet%C3%A0_-_Lapide_della_ex_ruota_degli_esposti_-1548-_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_12-Aug-2007.jpg/330px-9403_-_Venezia_-_Calle_della_Piet%C3%A0_-_Lapide_della_ex_ruota_degli_esposti_-1548-_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_12-Aug-2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/9403_-_Venezia_-_Calle_della_Piet%C3%A0_-_Lapide_della_ex_ruota_degli_esposti_-1548-_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_12-Aug-2007.jpg/440px-9403_-_Venezia_-_Calle_della_Piet%C3%A0_-_Lapide_della_ex_ruota_degli_esposti_-1548-_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_12-Aug-2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1360" /></a><figcaption>Plaque where once stood the <i><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">ruota</i></span></i> ("<a href="/wiki/Foundling_wheel" class="mw-redirect" title="Foundling wheel">the wheel</a>"), the place to abandon children at the side of the <a href="/wiki/Chiesa_della_Piet%C3%A0,_Venice" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiesa della Pietà, Venice">Chiesa della Pietà</a>, the church of an orphanage in Venice. The plaque cites on a Papal bull by <a href="/wiki/Paul_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul III">Paul III</a> dated 12 November 1548, threatens "<a href="/wiki/Excommunication" title="Excommunication">excommunication</a> and <a href="/wiki/Curse" title="Curse">maledictions</a>" for all those who – having the means to rear a child – choose to abandon him/her instead. Such ex-communication may not be canceled until the culprit refunds all freights incurred to raise the baby.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Berlin_Pankow_orphanage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Berlin_Pankow_orphanage.jpg/220px-Berlin_Pankow_orphanage.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Berlin_Pankow_orphanage.jpg/330px-Berlin_Pankow_orphanage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Berlin_Pankow_orphanage.jpg/440px-Berlin_Pankow_orphanage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1770" data-file-height="1380" /></a><figcaption>Former Jewish orphanage in <a href="/wiki/Berlin-Pankow" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin-Pankow">Berlin-Pankow</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sofianlehdon_lastenkoti,_valmistunut_1930._-_G45701_(hkm.HKMS000005-km0000onk1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Sofianlehdon_lastenkoti%2C_valmistunut_1930._-_G45701_%28hkm.HKMS000005-km0000onk1%29.jpg/220px-Sofianlehdon_lastenkoti%2C_valmistunut_1930._-_G45701_%28hkm.HKMS000005-km0000onk1%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Sofianlehdon_lastenkoti%2C_valmistunut_1930._-_G45701_%28hkm.HKMS000005-km0000onk1%29.jpg/330px-Sofianlehdon_lastenkoti%2C_valmistunut_1930._-_G45701_%28hkm.HKMS000005-km0000onk1%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Sofianlehdon_lastenkoti%2C_valmistunut_1930._-_G45701_%28hkm.HKMS000005-km0000onk1%29.jpg/440px-Sofianlehdon_lastenkoti%2C_valmistunut_1930._-_G45701_%28hkm.HKMS000005-km0000onk1%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="557" /></a><figcaption>Sofianlehto Orphanage from 1930 in <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>, Finland</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St._Nicholas_Orphanage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/St._Nicholas_Orphanage.jpg/220px-St._Nicholas_Orphanage.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/St._Nicholas_Orphanage.jpg/330px-St._Nicholas_Orphanage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/St._Nicholas_Orphanage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="288" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/St._Nicholas_Orphanage" title="St. Nicholas Orphanage">St. Nicholas Orphanage</a> in <a href="/wiki/Novosibirsk" title="Novosibirsk">Novosibirsk</a>, Russia</figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>orphanage</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Residential_education" title="Residential education">residential institution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Total_institution" title="Total institution">total institution</a> or <a href="/wiki/Group_home" title="Group home">group home</a>, devoted to the <a href="/wiki/Childcare" class="mw-redirect" title="Childcare">care</a> of <a href="/wiki/Orphan" title="Orphan">orphans</a> and children who, for various reasons, cannot be cared for by their biological families. The parents may be deceased, absent, or abusive. There may be substance abuse or mental illness in the biological home, or the parent may simply be unwilling to care for the child. The legal responsibility for the support of abandoned children differs from country to country, and within countries. Government-run orphanages have been phased out in most developed countries during the latter half of the 20th century but continue to operate in many other regions internationally. It is now generally accepted that orphanages are detrimental to the emotional wellbeing of children, and government support goes instead towards supporting the family unit. </p><p>A few large international charities continue to fund orphanages, but most are still commonly founded by smaller charities and religious groups.<sup id="cite_ref-spectator1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spectator1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Especially in <a href="/wiki/Developing_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing countries">developing countries</a>, orphanages may prey on vulnerable families at risk of breakdown and actively recruit children to ensure continued funding. Orphanages in developing countries are rarely run by the state.<sup id="cite_ref-spectator1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spectator1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, not all orphanages that are state-run are less corrupted; the Romanian orphanages, like those in Bucharest, were founded due to the soaring population numbers catalyzed by <a href="/wiki/Dictator" title="Dictator">dictator</a> <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Nicolae Ceaușescu</a>, who banned <a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">abortion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">birth control</a> and incentivized procreation in order to increase the Romanian workforce.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today's residential institutions for children, also described as <a href="/wiki/Residential_child_care_community" title="Residential child care community">congregate care</a>, include <a href="/wiki/Group_home" title="Group home">group homes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Residential_Child_Care_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="Residential Child Care Community">residential child care communities</a>, children's homes, refuges, <a href="/wiki/Residential_treatment_center" title="Residential treatment center">rehabilitation centers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Night_shelter" class="mw-redirect" title="Night shelter">night shelters</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Treatment_centres" class="mw-redirect" title="Treatment centres">youth treatment centers</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orphanage&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jan_de_Bray_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Jan_de_Bray_001.jpg/220px-Jan_de_Bray_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Jan_de_Bray_001.jpg/330px-Jan_de_Bray_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Jan_de_Bray_001.jpg/440px-Jan_de_Bray_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2758" data-file-height="2367" /></a><figcaption>Caring for orphans, by Dutch artist <a href="/wiki/Jan_de_Bray" title="Jan de Bray">Jan de Bray</a>, 1663</figcaption></figure> <p>The Romans formed their first orphanages around 400 AD. <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Jewish law</a> prescribed care for the widow and the orphan, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Athens" title="History of Athens">Athenian law</a> supported all orphans of those killed in <a href="/wiki/Military_service" title="Military service">military service</a> until the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_majority" title="Age of majority">age of eighteen</a>. Plato (<i><a href="/wiki/Laws_(dialogue)" title="Laws (dialogue)">Laws</a></i>, 927) says: "Orphans should be placed under the care of public guardians. Men should have a fear of the loneliness of orphans and of the souls of their departed parents. A man should love the unfortunate orphan of whom he is guardian as if he were his own child. He should be as careful and as diligent in the management of the orphan's property as of his own or even more careful still."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The care of orphans was referred to bishops and, during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">monasteries</a>. As soon as they were old enough, children were often given as <a href="/wiki/Apprenticeship" title="Apprenticeship">apprentices</a> to households to ensure their support and to learn an occupation. </p><p>In medieval Europe, care for orphans tended to reside with the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Church</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Poor_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabethan Poor Law">Elizabethan Poor Laws</a> were enacted at the time of the <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a> and placed public responsibility on individual parishes to care for the indigent poor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foundling_Hospitals">Foundling Hospitals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orphanage&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Foundling Hospitals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Foundling_Hospital.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Foundling_Hospital.jpg/220px-Foundling_Hospital.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Foundling_Hospital.jpg/330px-Foundling_Hospital.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Foundling_Hospital.jpg/440px-Foundling_Hospital.jpg 2x" data-file-width="582" data-file-height="396" /></a><figcaption>The Foundling Hospital. The building has been demolished.</figcaption></figure> <p>The growth of sentimental <a href="/wiki/Philanthropy" title="Philanthropy">philanthropy</a> in the 18th century led to the establishment of the first charitable institutions that would cater to orphans. The <a href="/wiki/Foundling_Hospital" title="Foundling Hospital">Foundling Hospital</a> was founded in 1741 by the <a href="/wiki/Philanthropy" title="Philanthropy">philanthropic</a> <a href="/wiki/Captain_(nautical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain (nautical)">sea captain</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Coram" title="Thomas Coram">Thomas Coram</a> in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, as a children's home for the "education and maintenance of exposed and deserted young children." The first children were admitted into a temporary house located in <a href="/wiki/Hatton_Garden" title="Hatton Garden">Hatton Garden</a>. At first, no questions were asked about child or parent, but a distinguishing token was put on each child by the parent.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On reception, children were sent to <a href="/wiki/Wet_nurse" title="Wet nurse">wet nurses</a> in the countryside, where they stayed until they were about four or five years old. At sixteen, girls were generally <a href="/wiki/Apprenticeship" title="Apprenticeship">apprenticed</a> as <a href="/wiki/Maid" title="Maid">servants</a> for four years; at fourteen, boys were apprenticed into a variety of occupations, typically for seven years. There was a small benevolent fund for adults. </p><p>In 1756, the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Great_Britain" title="House of Commons of Great Britain">House of Commons</a> resolved that all children offered should be received, that local receiving places should be appointed all over the country, and that the funds should be publicly guaranteed. A basket was accordingly hung outside the hospital; the maximum age for admission was raised from two months to twelve, and a flood of children poured in from <a href="/wiki/Poor_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Poor Law">country workhouses</a>. Parliament soon came to the conclusion that the indiscriminate admission should be discontinued. The hospital adopted a system of receiving children only with considerable sums. This practice was finally stopped in 1801, and it henceforth became a fundamental rule that no money was to be received.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orphanage&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Children_at_crumpsall_workhouse_circa_1895.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Children_at_crumpsall_workhouse_circa_1895.jpg/220px-Children_at_crumpsall_workhouse_circa_1895.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Children_at_crumpsall_workhouse_circa_1895.jpg/330px-Children_at_crumpsall_workhouse_circa_1895.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Children_at_crumpsall_workhouse_circa_1895.jpg/440px-Children_at_crumpsall_workhouse_circa_1895.jpg 2x" data-file-width="871" data-file-height="602" /></a><figcaption>A group of orphans at Crumpsall Workhouse in the 19th century</figcaption></figure> <p>By the early nineteenth century, the problem of abandoned children in urban areas, especially <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, began to reach alarming proportions. The <a href="/wiki/Workhouse" title="Workhouse">workhouse</a> system, instituted in <a href="/wiki/Poor_Law_Amendment_Act_1834" title="Poor Law Amendment Act 1834">1834</a>, although often brutal, was an attempt at the time to house orphans as well as other vulnerable people in society who could not support themselves in exchange for work. Conditions, especially for the women and children, were so bad as to cause an outcry among the <a href="/wiki/Social_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Social reform">social reform</a>–minded <a href="/wiki/Middle-class" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle-class">middle-class</a>; some of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a>' most famous novels, including <i><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Twist" title="Oliver Twist">Oliver Twist</a></i>, highlighted the plight of the vulnerable and the often abusive conditions that were prevalent in the London orphanages. </p><p>Clamour for change led to the birth of the orphanage movement. In England, the movement really took off in the mid-19th century although orphanages such as the Orphan Working Home in 1758 and the Bristol Asylum for Poor Orphan Girls in 1795, had been set up earlier. Private orphanages were founded by private benefactors; these often received <a href="/wiki/Patronage" title="Patronage">royal patronage</a> and government oversight.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ragged_school" title="Ragged school">Ragged schools</a>, founded by <a href="/wiki/John_Pounds" title="John Pounds">John Pounds</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Ashley-Cooper,_7th_Earl_of_Shaftesbury" title="Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury">Lord Shaftesbury</a> were also set up to provide pauper children with basic education. </p><p>Orphanages were also set up in the United States from the early 19th century; for example, in 1806, the first private orphanage in New York (the Orphan Asylum Society, now <a href="/wiki/Graham_Windham" title="Graham Windham">Graham Windham</a>) was co-founded by <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Schuyler_Hamilton" title="Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton">Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton</a>, widow of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers of the United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-segedin_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-segedin-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the influence of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Loring_Brace" title="Charles Loring Brace">Charles Loring Brace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Foster_care" title="Foster care">foster care</a> became a popular alternative from the mid-19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, the <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_Act_of_1935#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Security Act of 1935">Social Security Act of 1935</a> improved conditions by authorizing <a href="/wiki/Aid_to_Families_with_Dependent_Children" title="Aid to Families with Dependent Children">Aid to Families with Dependent Children</a> as a form of <a href="/wiki/Social_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Social security">social security</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Drbarnardo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Drbarnardo.jpg/170px-Drbarnardo.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Drbarnardo.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="298" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thomas_John_Barnardo" title="Thomas John Barnardo">Thomas John Barnardo</a>, the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Barnardos" class="mw-redirect" title="Barnardos">Barnardos Home</a> for orphaned children.</figcaption></figure> <p>A very influential philanthropist of the era was <a href="/wiki/Thomas_John_Barnardo" title="Thomas John Barnardo">Thomas John Barnardo</a>, the founder of the charity <a href="/wiki/Barnardos" class="mw-redirect" title="Barnardos">Barnardos</a>. Becoming aware of the great numbers of <a href="/wiki/Homeless" class="mw-redirect" title="Homeless">homeless</a> and <a href="/wiki/Destitute" class="mw-redirect" title="Destitute">destitute</a> children adrift in the cities of England and encouraged by the <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Ashley-Cooper,_7th_Earl_of_Shaftesbury" title="Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury">7th Earl of Shaftesbury</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Cairns,_1st_Earl_Cairns" title="Hugh Cairns, 1st Earl Cairns">1st Earl Cairns</a>, he opened the first of the "Dr. Barnardo’s Homes" in 1870. By his death in 1905, he had established 112 district homes, which searched for and received waifs and strays, to feed, clothe and educate them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The system under which the institution was carried on is broad as follows: the infants and younger girls and boys were chiefly "boarded out" in rural districts; girls above fourteen years of age were sent to the industrial training homes, to be taught useful domestic occupations; boys above seventeen years of age were first tested in labor homes and then placed in employment at home, sent to sea, or emigrated; boys of between thirteen and seventeen years of age were trained for the various trades for which they might be mentally or physically fitted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Armand_Palli%C3%A8re_Dom_Pedro_e_Dona_Leopoldina_1826.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Armand_Palli%C3%A8re_Dom_Pedro_e_Dona_Leopoldina_1826.jpg/170px-Armand_Palli%C3%A8re_Dom_Pedro_e_Dona_Leopoldina_1826.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Armand_Palli%C3%A8re_Dom_Pedro_e_Dona_Leopoldina_1826.jpg/255px-Armand_Palli%C3%A8re_Dom_Pedro_e_Dona_Leopoldina_1826.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Armand_Palli%C3%A8re_Dom_Pedro_e_Dona_Leopoldina_1826.jpg/340px-Armand_Palli%C3%A8re_Dom_Pedro_e_Dona_Leopoldina_1826.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2289" data-file-height="2681" /></a><figcaption>Emperor <a href="/wiki/Pedro_I_of_Brazil" title="Pedro I of Brazil">Pedro I of Brazil</a> and his wife <a href="/wiki/Maria_Leopoldina_of_Austria" title="Maria Leopoldina of Austria">Maria Leopoldina</a> visiting the <i>Casa dos Expostos</i> orphanage in <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>, 1826.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deinstitutionalization">Deinstitutionalization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orphanage&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Deinstitutionalization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Evidence from a variety of studies supports the vital importance of attachment security and later development of children. Deinstitutionalization of orphanages and children's homes program in the United States began in the 1950s, after a series of scandals involving the coercion of birth parents and abuse of orphans (notably at <a href="/wiki/Georgia_Tann" title="Georgia Tann">Georgia Tann</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Children%27s_Home_Society" title="Tennessee Children's Home Society">Tennessee Children's Home Society</a>). In Romania, a <a href="/wiki/Decree_770" title="Decree 770">decree</a> was established that aggressively promoted population growth, banning contraception and abortions for women with fewer than four children, despite the wretched poverty of most families. After Ceausescu was overthrown, he left a society unable and unwilling to take care of its children. Researchers conducted a study to see what the implications of this early childhood neglect were on development. Typically reared Romanian children showed high rates of secure attachment. Whereas the institutionally raised children showed huge rates of disorganized attachment.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many countries accepted the need to de-institutionalize the care of vulnerable children—that is, close down orphanages in favor of foster care and accelerated adoption. </p><p>Foster care operates by taking in children from their homes due to the lack of care or abuse of their parents, where orphanages take in children with no parents or children whose parents have dropped them off for a better life, typically due to income. Major charities are increasingly focusing their efforts on the re-integration of orphans in order to keep them with their parents or extended family and communities. Orphanages are no longer common in the European Community, and Romania, in particular, has struggled greatly to reduce the visibility of its <a href="/wiki/Romanian_orphans" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian orphans">children's institutions</a> to meet conditions of its entry into the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>. </p><p>Some have stated it is important to understand the reasons for child abandonment, <i>then</i> set up targeted alternative services to support vulnerable families at risk of separation<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as mother and baby units and day care centres.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_to_alternatives">Comparison to alternatives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orphanage&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Comparison to alternatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Research from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project (BEIP) is often cited as demonstrating that residential institutions negatively impact the wellbeing of children. The BEIP selected orphanages in Bucharest, Romania that raised abandoned children in socially and emotionally deprived environments in order to study the changes in development of infants and children after they had been placed with specially trained foster families in the local community.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This study demonstrated how the loving attention typically provided to children by their parents or caregivers is pivotal for optimal human development, specifically of the brain; adequate nutrition is not enough.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further research of children who were adopted from institutions in Eastern European countries to the US demonstrated that for every 3.5 months that an infant spent in the institution, they lagged behind their peers in growth by 1 month.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further, a meta-analysis of research on the <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_quotient" title="Intelligence quotient">IQs</a> of children in orphanages found lower IQs among the children in many institutions, but this result was not found in the low-income country setting.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Worldwide, residential institutions like orphanages can often be detrimental to the psychological development of affected children. In countries where orphanages are no longer in use, the long-term care of unwarded children by the state has been transitioned to a domestic environment, with an emphasis on replicating a family home. Many of these countries, such as the United States, utilize a system of monetary stipends paid to foster parents to incentivize and subsidize the care of state wards in private homes. A distinction must be made between foster care and adoption, as adoption would remove the child from the care of the state and transfer the legal responsibility for that child's care to the adoptive parent completely and irrevocably, whereas, in the case of foster care, the child would remain a ward of the state with the foster parent acting only as a caregiver. Orphanages, especially larger ones, have had some well publicised examples of poor care.<sup id="cite_ref-Savethechildren.org.uk_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Savethechildren.org.uk-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In large institutions children, but particularly babies, may not receive enough eye contact, physical contact, and stimulation to promote proper physical, social or cognitive development.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-unicef1_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unicef1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the worst cases, orphanages can be dangerous and unregulated places where children are subject to abuse and neglect.<sup id="cite_ref-Savethechildren.org.uk_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Savethechildren.org.uk-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Children living in orphanages for prolonged periods get behind in development goals, and have worse mental health. Orphanage children are not included in statistics making it easy to traffic them or abuse them in other ways.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> There are campaigns to include orphanage children and <a href="/wiki/Street_children" title="Street children">street children</a> in progress statistics.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foster_care">Foster care</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orphanage&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Foster care"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The benefit of foster care over orphanages is disputed. One significant study carried out by <a href="/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke University</a> concluded that institutional care in America in the 20th century produced the same health, emotional, intellectual, mental, and physical outcomes as care by relatives, and better than care in the homes of strangers.<sup id="cite_ref-McKenzie_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKenzie-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One explanation for this is the prevalence of <i>permanent temporary foster care</i>. This is the name for a long string of short stays with different foster care families.<sup id="cite_ref-McKenzie_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKenzie-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Permanent temporary foster care is highly disruptive to the child and prevents the child from developing a sense of security or belonging. Placement in the home of a relative maintains and usually improves the child's connection to family members.<sup id="cite_ref-McKenzie_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKenzie-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Experts and child advocates maintain that orphanages are expensive and often harm children's <a href="/wiki/Child_development" title="Child development">development</a> by separating them from their families and that it would be more effective and cheaper to aid close relatives who want to take in the orphans.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Group_homes">Group homes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orphanage&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Group homes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another alternative is group homes which are used for short-term placements. They may be <a href="/wiki/Residential_treatment_center" title="Residential treatment center">residential treatment centers</a>, and they frequently specialize in a particular population with psychiatric or behavioral problems, e.g., a group home for children and teens with <a href="/wiki/Autism" title="Autism">autism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eating_disorder" title="Eating disorder">eating disorders</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse" title="Substance abuse">substance abuse</a> problems or <a href="/wiki/Child_soldiers" class="mw-redirect" title="Child soldiers">child soldiers</a> undergoing decommissioning. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kinship_care">Kinship care</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orphanage&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Kinship care"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most children who live in orphanages are not <a href="/wiki/Orphan" title="Orphan">orphans</a>; four out of five children in orphanages have at least one living parent and most having some extended family.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Developing countries and their governments rely on kinship care to aid in the orphan crisis because it is cheaper to financially help extended families in taking in an orphaned child than it is to institutionalize them.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commercial_orphanages">Commercial orphanages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orphanage&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Commercial orphanages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Voluntourism" class="mw-redirect" title="Voluntourism">Voluntourism</a></div> <p>While many orphanages are run as not for profit institutions, some orphanages are run as for profit ventures. This has been criticized as incentivizing against the welfare of the orphans. </p><p>Most of the children living in institutions around the world have a surviving parent or close relative, and they most commonly entered orphanages because of poverty.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is speculated that flush with money, orphanages are increasing and push for children to join even though demographic data show that even the poorest extended families usually take in children whose parents have died.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Visitors to developing countries can be taken in by orphanage scams, which can include orphanages set up as a front to get foreigners to pay school fees of orphanage directors' extended families.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternatively the children whose upkeep is being funded by foreigners may be sent to work, not to school, the exact opposite of what the donor is expecting.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The worst even sell children.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Myrepublica.Com_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Myrepublica.Com-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Cambodia, from 2005 to 2017, the number of orphanages increased by 75%, with many of these orphanages renting children from poor families for $25/month. Families are promised that their children can get free education and food here, but what really happens is that they are used as props to garner donations.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some are also bought from their parents for very little and passed on to westerners who pay a large fee to adopt them.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This also happens in China.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Nepal, orphanages can be used as a way to remove a child from their parents before placing them for adoption overseas, which is equally lucrative to the owners who receive a number of official and unofficial payments and "donations".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other countries, such as <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, orphanages are run as businesses, which will attract donations and make the owners rich; often the conditions orphans are kept in will deliberately be poor to attract more donations.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Worldwide">Worldwide</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orphanage&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Worldwide"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Developing nations are lacking in child welfare and their well-being because of a lack of resources. Research that is being collected in the developing world shows that these countries focus purely on survival indicators instead of a combination of their survival and other positive indicators like a developed nation would do.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orphanage&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The orphanages and institutions remaining in Europe tend to be in Eastern Europe and are generally state-funded. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Albania">Albania</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orphanage&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Albania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are estimated to be about 31,000 orphans (0–14 years old) in Albanian orphanages. (2012 statistics) In most cases they were abandoned by their parents. At 14 they are required, by law, to leave their orphanage and live on their own.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are approximately 10 small orphanages in Albania; each one having only 12-40 children residing there.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The larger ones would be state-run. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bosnia_and_Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orphanage&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bosnia and Herzegovina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/SOS_Children%27s_Villages" title="SOS Children's Villages">SOS Children's Villages</a> giving support to 240 orphaned children.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orphanage&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bulgaria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Bulgarian government has shown interest in strengthening children's rights. </p><p>In 2010, Bulgaria adopted a national strategic plan for the period 2010–2025 to improve the living standards of the country's children. Bulgaria is working hard to get all institutions closed within the next few years and find alternative ways to take care of the children. </p><p>"Support is sporadically given to poor families and work during daytime; correspondingly, different kinds of day centers have started up, though the quality of care in these centers is poorly measured and difficult to monitor. A smaller number of children have also been able to be relocated into foster families".<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-humanrights.gov.se_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-humanrights.gov.se-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are 7000<sup id="cite_ref-humanrights.gov.se_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-humanrights.gov.se-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> children living in Bulgarian orphanages wrongly classified as orphaned. Only 10 percent of these are orphans, with the rest of the children placed in orphanages for temporary periods when the family is in crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Estonia">Estonia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orphanage&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Estonia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 2009, there are 35 different orphanages.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hungary">Hungary</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orphanage&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Hungary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A comprehensive national strategy for strengthening the rights of children was adopted by Parliament in 2007 and will run until 2032. </p><p>Child flow to orphanages has been stopped and children are now protected by social services. Violation of children's rights leads to litigation.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lithuania">Lithuania</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orphanage&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Lithuania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> there are 105 institutions. 41 percent of the institutions each have more than 60 children. Lithuania has the highest number of orphaned children in Northern Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Poland">Poland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orphanage&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Poland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Children's rights enjoy relatively strong protection in <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>. Orphaned children are now protected by social services. </p><p>Social Workers' opportunities have increased by establishing more foster homes and aggressive family members can now be forced away from home, instead of replacing the child/children.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Moldova">Moldova</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orphanage&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Moldova"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>More than 8800 children are being raised in state institutions, but only three percent of them are orphans.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Romania">Romania</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orphanage&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Romania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Romanian_orphans" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian orphans">Romanian orphans</a></div> <p>The Romanian child welfare system is in the process of being revised and has reduced the flow of infants into <a href="/wiki/Orphanages" class="mw-redirect" title="Orphanages">orphanages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Baroness Emma Nicholson, in some counties <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> now has "a completely new, world class, state of the art, child health development policy." Dickensian orphanages remain in Romania,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but Romania seeks to replace institutions by family care services, as children in need will be protected by social services.<sup id="cite_ref-hopeandhomes.org_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hopeandhomes.org-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2018, there were 17,718 children in old-style residential centers,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a significant decrease from about 100,000 in 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Serbia">Serbia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orphanage&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Serbia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are many state orphanages "where several thousand children are kept and which are still part of an outdated child care system". The conditions for them are bad because the government does not pay enough attention in improving the living standards for disabled children in Serbia's orphanages and medical institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Slovakia">Slovakia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orphanage&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Slovakia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The committee made recommendations, such as proposals for the adoption of a new "national 14" action plan for children for at least the next five years, and the creation of an independent institution for the protection of child rights.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sweden">Sweden</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orphanage&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Sweden"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the first orphanages in Sweden was the <i><a href="/wiki/Stora_Barnhuset" title="Stora Barnhuset">Stora Barnhuset</a></i> (1633-1922) in Stockholm,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which remained the biggest orphanage in Sweden for centuries. In 1785, however, a reform by <a href="/wiki/Gustav_III_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustav III of Sweden">Gustav III of Sweden</a> stipulated that orphans should first and foremost always be placed in foster homes when that was possible. </p><p>In Sweden, there are 5,000 children in the care of the state. None of them are currently living in an orphanage, because there is a social service law which requires that the children reside in a family home.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orphanage&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a>, child abandonment was rampant, and orphanages were set up to reduce infant mortality. Such places were often so full of children that nurses often administered <a href="/wiki/Godfrey%27s_Cordial" title="Godfrey's Cordial">Godfrey's Cordial</a>, a special concoction of <a href="/wiki/Opium" title="Opium">opium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Treacle" title="Treacle">treacle</a>, to soothe <a href="/wiki/Baby_colic" title="Baby colic">baby colic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Orphaned children were placed in either prisons or the <a href="/wiki/Poorhouse" title="Poorhouse">poorhouse</a>/<a href="/wiki/Workhouse" title="Workhouse">workhouse</a>, as there were so few places in orphanages, or else they were left to fend for themselves on the street. Such openings in orphanages as were available could only be obtained by collecting votes for admission, placing them out of reach of poor families. </p><p>Known orphanages are: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:70px;">Founded in </th> <th scope="col" style="width:300px;">Name </th> <th scope="col" style="width:250px;">Location </th> <th scope="col" style="width:200px;">Founder </th></tr> <tr> <td>1741 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Foundling_Hospital" title="Foundling Hospital">Foundling Hospital</a> </td> <td>London </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Coram" title="Thomas Coram">Thomas Coram</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1795 </td> <td>Bristol Asylum for Poor Orphan Girls (Blue Maids' Orphanage) </td> <td>nr Stokes Croft turnpike, <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1800 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Elizabeth%27s_Orphanage_of_Mercy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="St Elizabeth's Orphanage of Mercy (page does not exist)">St Elizabeth's Orphanage of Mercy</a> </td> <td>Eastcombe, <a href="/wiki/Glos" title="Glos">Glos</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1813 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Reed%27s_School" title="Reed's School">London Asylum for Orphans</a> <dl><dd>London Orphan Asylum</dd></dl> </td> <td>Hackney, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Watford" title="Watford">Watford</a> 1871</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cobham,_Surrey" title="Cobham, Surrey">Cobham</a> 1945</dd></dl> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Reed_(minister)" title="Andrew Reed (minister)">Rev Andrew Reed</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1822 </td> <td>Female Orphan Asylum </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brighton" title="Brighton">Brighton</a> </td> <td>Francois de Rosaz </td></tr> <tr> <td>1827 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Royal_National_Children%27s_Foundation" title="Royal National Children's Foundation">Infant Orphan Asylum</a> <dl><dd>Royal Infant Orphanage</dd> <dd>Royal Wanstead School</dd> <dd>Royal Wanstead Children's Foundation</dd></dl> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wanstead" title="Wanstead">Wanstead</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Reed_(minister)" title="Andrew Reed (minister)">Rev Andrew Reed</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1829 </td> <td>Sailor Orphan Girls School </td> <td>London </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1831 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Norwood_(charity)" title="Norwood (charity)">Jews' Orphan Asylum</a> <dl><dd>Norwood Jewish Orphanage 1928</dd> <dd>Norwood Home for Jewish Children 1956</dd></dl> </td> <td>Goodman's Fields, <a href="/wiki/Whitechapel" title="Whitechapel">Whitechapel</a>, London 1831 <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/West_Norwood" title="West Norwood">West Norwood</a> 1866</dd></dl> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1836 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Orphan_Houses,_Ashley_Down,_Bristol" class="mw-redirect" title="New Orphan Houses, Ashley Down, Bristol">Ashley Down orphanage</a> </td> <td>Bristol </td> <td><a href="/wiki/George_M%C3%BCller" title="George Müller">George Müller</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1844 </td> <td>Asylum for Fatherless Children <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Reedham_Orphanage" title="Reedham Orphanage">Reedham Orphanage</a></dd></dl> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Richmond,_London" title="Richmond, London">Richmond</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Stoke_Newington" title="Stoke Newington">Stoke Newington</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stamford_Hill" title="Stamford Hill">Stamford Hill</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Purley,_London" title="Purley, London">Purley</a> 1846</dd></dl> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Reed_(minister)" title="Andrew Reed (minister)">Rev Andrew Reed</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1854 </td> <td>Wolverhampton Orphan Asylum </td> <td>Goldthorn Hill, <a href="/wiki/Wolverhampton" title="Wolverhampton">Wolverhampton</a> </td> <td>John Lees </td></tr> <tr> <td>1856 </td> <td>Wiltshire Reformatory<sup id="cite_ref-vch-wilts_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vch-wilts-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Warminster" title="Warminster">Warminster</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1857 </td> <td>St. Mary's Orphanage for Boys </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Blackheath,_London" title="Blackheath, London">Blackheath, London</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/William_Gowan_Todd" title="William Gowan Todd">Rev. William Gowan Todd, D.D.</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1860 </td> <td>Major Street Ragged Schools </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a> </td> <td>Canon Thomas Major Lester </td></tr> <tr> <td>1861 </td> <td>St. Philip Neri's orphanage for boys </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oratory_of_Saint_Philip_Neri#United_Kingdom" title="Oratory of Saint Philip Neri">Oratorians</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1861 </td> <td>Adult Orphan Institution </td> <td>St Andrew's Place, Regent's Park, London </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1861 </td> <td>British Orphan Asylum </td> <td>Clapham, London </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1861 </td> <td>Female Orphan Asylum </td> <td>Westminster Road, London </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1861 </td> <td>Female Orphan Home </td> <td>Charlotte Row, St Peter Walworth, London </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1861 </td> <td>Merchant Seamen's Orphan Asylum </td> <td>Bromley St Leonard, Bow, London </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1861 </td> <td>Orphan Working School </td> <td>Haverstock Hill, Kentish Town, London </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1861 </td> <td>Orphanage </td> <td>Eagle House, Hammersmith, London </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1861 </td> <td>The Orphanage Asylum </td> <td>Christchurch, Marylebone, London's </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1861 </td> <td>The Sailors' Orphan Girls' School & Home </td> <td>Hampstead, London </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1861 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sunderland_Orphan_Asylum" title="Sunderland Orphan Asylum">Sunderland Orphan Asylum</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunderland,_Tyne,_and_Wear&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sunderland, Tyne, and Wear (page does not exist)">Sunderland</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1862 </td> <td>Swansea Orphan Home for Girls </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Swansea" title="Swansea">Swansea</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1863 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/British_Seaman%27s_Boys%27_Home" title="British Seaman's Boys' Home">British Seaman's Orphan Boys' Home</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brixham" title="Brixham">Brixham</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/William_Gibbs_(businessman)" title="William Gibbs (businessman)">William Gibbs</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1865 </td> <td>The Boys' Home Regent's Park </td> <td>London </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1866 </td> <td>Dr. Barnardo's </td> <td>various </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thomas_John_Barnardo" title="Thomas John Barnardo">Dr. Barnardo</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1866 </td> <td>National Industrial Home for Crippled Boys </td> <td>London </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1867 </td> <td>Peckham Home for Little Girls </td> <td>London </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maria_Rye" title="Maria Rye">Maria Rye</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1868 </td> <td>The Boys' Refuge </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bisley,_Surrey" title="Bisley, Surrey">Bisley</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1868 </td> <td>Royal Albert Orphanage </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Worcester,_England" title="Worcester, England">Worcester</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1868 </td> <td>Worcester Orphan Asylum </td> <td>Worcester </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1868 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/St_Francis%27_Boy%27s_Home" class="mw-redirect" title="St Francis' Boy's Home">St Francis' Boy's Home</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shefford,_Bedfordshire" title="Shefford, Bedfordshire">Shefford, Bedfordshire</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1869 </td> <td>Ely Deaconesses Orphanage </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bedford" title="Bedford">Bedford</a> </td> <td>Rev <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bowman_Stephenson" title="Thomas Bowman Stephenson">Thomas Bowman Stephenson</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1869 </td> <td>Orphanage and Almshouses </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Erdington" title="Erdington">Erdington</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Mason" title="Josiah Mason">Josiah Mason</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1869 </td> <td>The Neglected Children of Exeter </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Exeter" title="Exeter">Exeter</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1869 </td> <td>Alexandra Orphanage for Infants </td> <td>Hornsey Rise, London </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1869 </td> <td>Stockwell Orphanage </td> <td>London </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles_Spurgeon" title="Charles Spurgeon">Charles Spurgeon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1869 </td> <td>New Orphan Asylum </td> <td>Upper Henwick, <a href="/wiki/Worcs" class="mw-redirect" title="Worcs">Worcs</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1869 </td> <td>Wesleyan Methodist National Children's Homes <dl><dd>National Children's Homes</dd> <dd>NCH Action for Children</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Action_for_Children" title="Action for Children">Action for Children</a></dd></dl> </td> <td>various </td> <td>Rev <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bowman_Stephenson" title="Thomas Bowman Stephenson">Thomas Bowman Stephenson</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1870 </td> <td>Fegans Homes </td> <td>London </td> <td>James William Condell Fegan </td></tr> <tr> <td>1870 </td> <td>Manchester and Salford Boys' and Girls' Refuge </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1870 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/18_Stepney_Causeway" class="mw-redirect" title="18 Stepney Causeway">18 Stepney Causeway</a> <dl><dd>The William Baker Memorial Technical School for Boys 1922</dd></dl> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Goldings_estate" title="Goldings estate">Goldings estate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hertford" title="Hertford">Hertford</a> 1922</dd></dl> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thomas_John_Barnardo" title="Thomas John Barnardo">Dr. Barnardo</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1871 </td> <td>Wigmore </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Bromwich_and_Walsall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="West Bromwich and Walsall (page does not exist)">West Bromwich and Walsall</a> </td> <td>WJ Gilpin </td></tr> <tr> <td>1872 </td> <td>Middlemore Home </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Edgbaston" title="Edgbaston">Edgbaston</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Middlemore,_1st_Baronet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir John Middlemore, 1st Baronet">Dr. John T. Middlemore</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1872 </td> <td>St Theresa Roman Catholic Orphanage for Girls </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth">Plymouth</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_Charity" title="Sisters of Charity">Sisters of Charity</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1873 </td> <td>The Orphan Homes </td> <td>Ryelands Road, <a href="/wiki/Leominster" title="Leominster">Leominster</a> </td> <td>Henry S. Newman<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1874 </td> <td>Cottage Homes for Children </td> <td><a href="/wiki/West_Derby" title="West Derby">West Derby</a> </td> <td>Mrs. Nassau Senior </td></tr> <tr> <td>1875 </td> <td>Aberlour Orphanage </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aberlour" title="Aberlour">Aberlour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> </td> <td>Rev Charles Jupp </td></tr> <tr> <td>1877 </td> <td>All Saints Boys' Orphanage </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lewisham,_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewisham, London">Lewisham, London</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1880 </td> <td>Birmingham Working Boy's Home (for boys over the age of 13) </td> <td>Birmingham </td> <td>Major Alfred V. Fordyce </td></tr> <tr> <td>1881 </td> <td>The Waifs and Strays' Society<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <dl><dd>Church of England Incorporated Society for Providing Homes for Waifs and Strays 1893</dd> <dd>Church of England Children's Society 1946</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Children%27s_Society" title="The Children's Society">The Children's Society</a> 1982</dd></dl> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/East_Dulwich" title="East Dulwich">East Dulwich</a>, London </td> <td>Edward de Montjoie Rudolf </td></tr> <tr> <td>1881 </td> <td>Catholic Children's Protection Society </td> <td>Liverpool </td> <td><a href="/wiki/James_Nugent_(priest)" title="James Nugent (priest)">James Nugent</a> & <a href="/wiki/Bernard_O%27Reilly_(bishop_of_Liverpool)" title="Bernard O'Reilly (bishop of Liverpool)">Bishop Bernard O'Reilly</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1881 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dorset" title="Dorset">Dorset</a> County Boys Home </td> <td>Milborne St Andrew </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1881 </td> <td>Brixton Orphanage </td> <td>Brixton Road, Lambeth, London </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1881 </td> <td>Orphanage Infirmary </td> <td>West Square, London Road, Southwark, London </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1881 </td> <td>Orphans' Home </td> <td>South Street. London Road, Southwark, London </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1882 </td> <td>St Michael's Home for Friendless Girls </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Salisbury" title="Salisbury">Salisbury</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1890 </td> <td>St Saviour's Home </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shrewsbury" title="Shrewsbury">Shrewsbury</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1890 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Community_of_St._Denys" title="Community of St. Denys">Orphanage of Pity</a><sup id="cite_ref-vch-wilts_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vch-wilts-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Warminster" title="Warminster">Warminster</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1890 </td> <td>Wolverhampton Union Cottage homes </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wolverhampton" title="Wolverhampton">Wolverhampton</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1892 </td> <td>Calthorpe Home For Girls </td> <td>Handsworth, Birmingham </td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Children%27s_Society" title="The Children's Society">The Waifs and Strays' Society</a><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1899 </td> <td>Northern Police Orphanage <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/St_George%27s_House,_Harrogate" title="St George's House, Harrogate">St George's House, Harrogate</a></dd></dl> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Harrogate" title="Harrogate">Harrogate</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Gurney" title="Catherine Gurney">Catherine Gurney</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1899 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Inglewood_Children%27s_Home" title="Inglewood Children's Home">Inglewood Children's Home</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Otley" title="Otley">Otley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leeds" title="Leeds">Leeds</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1918 </td> <td>Painswick Orphanage </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Painswick" title="Painswick">Painswick</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>unknown </td> <td>Clio Boys' Home </td> <td>Liverpool </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>unknown </td> <td>St Philip's Orphanage, (RC Institution for Poor Orphan Children) </td> <td>Brompton, <a href="/wiki/Kensington" title="Kensington">Kensington</a> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sub-Saharan_Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orphanage&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Sub-Saharan Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malawi_AIDS_Orphans.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Malawi_AIDS_Orphans.jpeg/170px-Malawi_AIDS_Orphans.jpeg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Malawi_AIDS_Orphans.jpeg/255px-Malawi_AIDS_Orphans.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Malawi_AIDS_Orphans.jpeg/340px-Malawi_AIDS_Orphans.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>AIDS orphans in Malawi</figcaption></figure> <p>The majority of African orphanages (especially in <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a>) appear to be funded by donors, often from Western nations, rather than by domestic governments. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orphanage&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Ethiopia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"For example, in the Jerusalem Association Children's Home (JACH), only 160 children remain of the 785 who were in JACH's three orphanages." / "Attitudes regarding the institutional care of children have shifted dramatically in recent years in Ethiopia. There appears to be a general recognition by MOLSA and the NGOs with which Pact is working that such care is, at best, a last resort and that serious problems arise with the social reintegration of children who grow up in institutions, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Deinstitutionalisation_of_orphanages_and_children%27s_homes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deinstitutionalisation of orphanages and children's homes (page does not exist)">deinstitutionalization</a> through family reunification and independent living are being emphasized."<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ghana">Ghana</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orphanage&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Ghana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A 2007 survey sponsored by Africa (previously Orphan Aid Africa) and carried out by the Department of Social Welfare came up with the figure of 4,800 children in institutional care in 148 orphanages.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government is currently attempting to phase out the use of orphanages in favor of foster care placements and adoption. At least eighty-eight<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> homes have been closed since the passage of the National Plan of Action for Orphans and Vulnerable Children. The website www.ovcghana.org details these reforms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kenya">Kenya</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orphanage&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Kenya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A 1999 survey of 36,000 orphans found the following number in institutional care: 64 in registered institutions and 164 in unregistered institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Malawi">Malawi</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orphanage&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Malawi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are about 101 orphanages in Malawi. There is a UNICEF/Government driven program on de-institutionalization, but few orphanages are yet involved in the program.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rwanda">Rwanda</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orphanage&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Rwanda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Out of 400,000 orphans, 5,000 are living in orphanages.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Government of Rwanda are working with Hope and Homes for Children to close the first institution and develop a model for community-based childcare which can be used across the country and ultimately Africa<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tanzania">Tanzania</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orphanage&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Tanzania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Currently, there are 52 orphanages in Tanzania caring for about 3,000 orphans and vulnerable children."<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A world bank document on Tanzania showed it was six times more expensive to institutionalize a child there than to help the family become functional and support the child themselves. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nigeria">Nigeria</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orphanage&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Nigeria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kwashiorkor_6903.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Kwashiorkor_6903.jpg/220px-Kwashiorkor_6903.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Kwashiorkor_6903.jpg/330px-Kwashiorkor_6903.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Kwashiorkor_6903.jpg/440px-Kwashiorkor_6903.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1642" data-file-height="1226" /></a><figcaption>Nigerian orphanage in the late 1960s</figcaption></figure> <p>In Nigeria, a rapid assessment of orphans and vulnerable children conducted in 2004 with UNICEF support revealed that there were about seven million orphans in 2003 and that 800,000 more orphans were added during that same year. Out of this total number, about 1.8  million are <a href="/wiki/AIDS_orphan" title="AIDS orphan">orphaned by HIV/AIDS</a>. With the spread of HIV/AIDS, the number of orphans is expected to increase rapidly in the coming years to 8.2  million by 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orphanage&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: South Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since 2000, South Africa does not license orphanages any more but they continue to be set up unregulated and potentially more harmful. Theoretically, the policy supports community-based family homes but this is not always the case. One example is the homes operated by Thokomala.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Zambia">Zambia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orphanage&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Zambia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orphanage&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Zimbabwe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MOPC_06.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/MOPC_06.jpg/320px-MOPC_06.jpg" decoding="async" width="320" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/MOPC_06.jpg/480px-MOPC_06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/MOPC_06.jpg/640px-MOPC_06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Mother of Peace AIDS orphanage, Zimbabwe, 2005</figcaption></figure> <p>There are 39 privately run children's charity homes, or orphanages, in the country, and the government operates eight of its own. Privately run Orphanages can accommodate an average of 2000 children, though some are very small and located in very remote areas, hence can take in less than 150 children. Statistics on the total number of children in orphanages nationwide are unavailable, but caregivers say their facilities were becoming unmanageably overwhelmed almost on a daily basis. Between 1994 and 1998, the number of orphans in Zimbabwe more than doubled from 200,000 to 543,000, and in five years, the number is expected to reach 900,000. (Unfortunately, there is no room for these children.)<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Togo">Togo</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orphanage&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Togo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Togo, there were an estimated 280,000 orphans under 18 years of age in 2005, 88,000 of them orphaned by AIDS.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated4_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ninety-six thousand orphans in Togo attend school.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated4_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sierra_Leone">Sierra Leone</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orphanage&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Sierra Leone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Children (0–17 years) orphaned by AIDS, 2005, estimate 31,000<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Children (0–17 years) orphaned due to all causes, 2005, estimate 340,000<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Orphan school attendance ratio, 1999–2005 71,000<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_80-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Senegal">Senegal</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orphanage&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Senegal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Children (0–17 years) orphaned by AIDS, 2005, estimate 25,000<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Children (0–17 years) orphaned due to all causes, 2005, estimate 560,000<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Orphan school attendance ratio, 1999–2005 74,000<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_81-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Asia">South Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orphanage&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: South Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nepal">Nepal</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orphanage&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Nepal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are at least 602 child care homes housing 15,095 children in Nepal<sup id="cite_ref-irinnews.org_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-irinnews.org-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Orphanages have turned into a Nepalese industry there is rampant abuse and a great need for intervention."<sup id="cite_ref-Myrepublica.Com_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Myrepublica.Com-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many do not require adequate checks of their volunteers, leaving children open to abuse.<sup id="cite_ref-irinnews.org_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-irinnews.org-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orphanage&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Afghanistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_DVIDSHUB_-_PRT_donates_clothing,_blankets_to_Khowst_orphanage_(Image_2_of_5).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Flickr_-_DVIDSHUB_-_PRT_donates_clothing%2C_blankets_to_Khowst_orphanage_%28Image_2_of_5%29.jpg/170px-Flickr_-_DVIDSHUB_-_PRT_donates_clothing%2C_blankets_to_Khowst_orphanage_%28Image_2_of_5%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Flickr_-_DVIDSHUB_-_PRT_donates_clothing%2C_blankets_to_Khowst_orphanage_%28Image_2_of_5%29.jpg/255px-Flickr_-_DVIDSHUB_-_PRT_donates_clothing%2C_blankets_to_Khowst_orphanage_%28Image_2_of_5%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Flickr_-_DVIDSHUB_-_PRT_donates_clothing%2C_blankets_to_Khowst_orphanage_%28Image_2_of_5%29.jpg/340px-Flickr_-_DVIDSHUB_-_PRT_donates_clothing%2C_blankets_to_Khowst_orphanage_%28Image_2_of_5%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1198" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Provincial_Reconstruction_Team" title="Provincial Reconstruction Team">PRT</a> donates clothing, blankets to Khowst orphanage in Afghanistan</figcaption></figure> <p>"At Kabul's two main orphanages, Alauddin and Tahia Maskan, the number of children enrolled has increased almost 80 percent since last January<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (March 2013)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup>, from 700 to over 1,200 children. Almost half of these come from families who have at least one parent, but who can't support their children."<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The non-governmental organisation <a href="/wiki/Mahboba%27s_promise" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahboba's promise">Mahboba's promise</a> assists orphans in contemporary Afghanistan.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nowadays the number of orphanages had changed. There are approximately 19 orphanages only in Kabul.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orphanage&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Bangladesh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"There are no statistics regarding the actual number of children in welfare institutions in Bangladesh. The Department of Social Services, under the Ministry of Social Welfare, has a major program named Child Welfare and Child Development in order to provide access to food, shelter, basic education, health services and other basic opportunities for hapless children." (The following numbers mention capacity only, not actual numbers of orphans at present.) </p><p>9,500 – State institutions 250 – babies in three available "baby homes" 400 – Destitute Children's Rehabilitation Centre 100 – Vocational Training Centre for Orphans and Destitute Children 1,400 -Sixty-five Welfare and Rehabilitation Programmes for Children with Disability </p><p>The private welfare institutions are mostly known as orphanages and madrassahs. The authorities of most of these orphanages put more emphasis on religion and religious studies. One example follows: 400 – Approximately – Nawab Sir Salimullah Muslim Orphanage.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Maldives">Maldives</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orphanage&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Maldives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Orphans, Children (0–17 years) orphaned due to all causes, 2010, estimate 51.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="India">India</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orphanage&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tirurangadi_Orphanage_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Tirurangadi_Orphanage_%281%29.jpg/220px-Tirurangadi_Orphanage_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Tirurangadi_Orphanage_%281%29.jpg/330px-Tirurangadi_Orphanage_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Tirurangadi_Orphanage_%281%29.jpg/440px-Tirurangadi_Orphanage_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tirurangadi" title="Tirurangadi">Tirurangadi</a> Orphanage, India.</figcaption></figure> <p>India is in the top 10 and also has a very large number of orphans as well as a destitute child population. Orphanages operated by the state are generally known as juvenile homes. In addition, there is a vast number of privately run orphanages running into thousands spread across the country. These are run by various trusts, religious groups, individual citizens, citizens groups, NGO's, etc. </p><p>While some of these places endeavor to place the children for adoption a vast majority just care and educate them till they are of legal majority age and help place them back on their feet. Prominent organizations in this field include BOYS TOWN, <a href="/w/index.php?title=SOS_children%27s_villages&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SOS children's villages (page does not exist)">SOS children's villages</a>, etc. </p><p>There have been scandals especially with regard to adoption. Since government rules restrict funds unless there are a certain number of residents, some orphanages make sure the resident numbers remain high at the cost of adoption. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pakistan">Pakistan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orphanage&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Pakistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to a UNICEF report in 2016, there are around 4.2 million orphaned children in Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pakistan has had sizable economic growth from 1950 to 1999 yet they aren't performing well in multiple social indicators like education and health, and this is mainly due to the corrupt and unstable government.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pakistan heavily relies on the nonprofit sector and zakat to finance social issues such as aid for orphans. Zakat is a financial obligation on Muslims which requires one to donate 2.5% of the family's income to charity, and it is specifically mentioned in the Quran to take care of orphans.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the new use of zakat money from donations to investments it has a lot of potential in benefiting the development as well as the ultimate goal of poverty alleviation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Pakistan government relies on this public sector on taking care of local issues so that they do not have the burden. Furthermore, only 6 percent of cash revenues are contributed to non-profits in Pakistan, and they are heavily favored by the government because it saves them money as non-profits are taking care of issues such as orphan care.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="East_and_Southeast_Asia">East and Southeast Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orphanage&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: East and Southeast Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Taiwan">Taiwan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orphanage&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Taiwan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The number of orphanages and orphans drastically dropped from 15 institutions and 2,216 persons in 1971 to 9 institutions and 638 persons by the end of 2001.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Thailand">Thailand</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orphanage&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Thailand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are still a substantial number of NGOs and informal Orphanages in Thailand, particularly in Northern Thailand near the borders of Laos and Myanmar, e.g. around Chiang Rai. Very few of the children in these establishments are orphans, most have living parents. They attract funding from well-meaning tourists. Often protecting the children from trafficking/abuse is cited but the names and photographs of the children are published in marketing material to attract more funding.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reality is that the safest environment for these children is almost always with their parents or in their villages with familial connections where strangers are rarely seen and immediately recognized. A very few of these orphanages, go so far as to abduct or forcibly remove children from their homes, often across the border in Myanmar. The parents in local hill tribes may be encouraged to "buy a place" in the orphanage for vast sums, being told their child will have a better future.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Some children's homes claim to always try to repatriate children with their families, but the local managers & director of the homes know of no such procedures or processes.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vietnam">Vietnam</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orphanage&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Vietnam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are approximately 2 million highly vulnerable children in Vietnam with an estimated 500,000 orphaned or abandoned children.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are a number of orphanages present in the country including the Vinh Son Montagnard Orphanage, however these are generally privately funded. There are very few government run institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_Korea">South Korea</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orphanage&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: South Korea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the <i>Los Angeles Times</i>, "There are now 17,000 children in public orphanages throughout the country and untold numbers at private institutions."<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Japan">Japan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orphanage&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Approximately 39,000 children live in orphanages in Japan out of the 45,000 (2018 statistics) who are not able to live with their birth parents.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, as of 2016, Japanese orphanages are severely underfunded, relying heavily on volunteer work. There are 602 foster homes across Japan, each with 30 to 100 children. A large portion of children in these orphanages are not actually orphans but victims of domestic abuse or neglect.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cambodia">Cambodia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orphanage&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Cambodia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 2010, 11,945 children lived in 269 residential care facilities in Cambodia. About 44% were placed there by a parent. However it is estimated that there are 553,000 orphans in the country. Most of these children are cared for by their extended family or community.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="China">China</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orphanage&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are currently over 600,000 abandoned orphans living in China (some would put the figure as high as 1 million<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). Of these, 98% have special needs.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Laos">Laos</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orphanage&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Laos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"It is stated that there are 20,000 orphaned children in Laos."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> However the figure generally remains unknown as about 30% of children are never registered with the government and remain invisible. In Laos nearly 50 per cent of the population lives below the poverty line and many children are involved in child labor. There are six orphanages that are run by <a href="/wiki/SOS_Children%27s_Village" class="mw-redirect" title="SOS Children's Village">SOS Children's Village</a> that help with this problem.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_East_and_North_Africa">Middle East and North Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orphanage&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Middle East and North Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aleppo_Armenian_orphanage_1923.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Aleppo_Armenian_orphanage_1923.jpg/220px-Aleppo_Armenian_orphanage_1923.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Aleppo_Armenian_orphanage_1923.jpg/330px-Aleppo_Armenian_orphanage_1923.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Aleppo_Armenian_orphanage_1923.jpg/440px-Aleppo_Armenian_orphanage_1923.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="396" /></a><figcaption>Orphan girls at the Aleppo Armenian orphanage, 1923</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Egypt">Egypt</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orphanage&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Egypt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Cleanup plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Cleanup" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section may <b>require <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">cleanup</a></b> to meet Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">quality standards</a>. The specific problem is: <b>no links to the listed newspapers.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Orphanage" title="Special:EditPage/Orphanage">improve this section</a> if you can.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>"The [Mosques of Charity] orphanage houses about 120 children in Giza, Menoufiya and Qalyubiya." "We [Dar Al-Iwaa] provide free education and accommodation for over 200 girls and boys." "Dar Al-Mu'assassa Al-Iwaa'iya (Shelter Association), a government association affiliated with the Ministry of Social Affairs, was established in 1992. It houses about 44 children." There are also 192 children at The Awlady, 30 at Sayeda Zeinab orphanage, and 300 at My Children Orphanage. </p><p>Note: There are about 185 orphanages in Egypt. The above information was taken from the following articles: "Other families" by Amany Abdel-Moneim. <i>Al-Ahram Weekly</i> (5/1999). "Ramadan brings a charity to Egypt's orphans". <i>Shanghai Star</i> (13 December 2001). "A Child by Any Other Name" by Réhab El-Bakry. <i>Egypt Today</i> (11/2001). </p><p>Orphanage Project in Egypt—www.littlestlamb.org </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sudan">Sudan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orphanage&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Sudan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is still at least one orphanage in Sudan although the conditions there have been reported as very poor.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_Sudan">South Sudan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orphanage&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: South Sudan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The number of orphans is expected to be 5,000 in 2023 in South Sudan. And in 2018, the UN Children Fund (UNICEF) reported that about 15,000 children in South Sudan had become separated from their families or were missing due to conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bahrain">Bahrain</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orphanage&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Bahrain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The "Royal Charity Organization"<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a Bahraini governmental charity organization founded in 2001 by King <a href="/wiki/Hamad_ibn_Isa_Al_Khalifah" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamad ibn Isa Al Khalifah">Hamad ibn Isa Al Khalifah</a> to sponsor all helpless Bahraini orphans and widows. Since then almost 7,000 Bahraini families are granted monthly payments, annual school bags, and a number of university scholarships. Graduation ceremonies, various social and educational activities, and occasional contests are held each year by the organization for the benefit of orphans and widows sponsored by the organization. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Iraq">Iraq</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orphanage&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Iraq"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>UNICEF maintains the same number at present. "While the number of state homes for orphans in the whole of Iraq was 25 in 1990 (serving 1,190 children); both the number of homes and the number of beneficiaries has declined. The quality of services has also declined." </p><p>A 1999 study by UNICEF "recommended the rebuilding of national capacity for the rehabilitation of orphans." The new project "will benefit all the 1,190 children placed in orphanages." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Palestinian_Territory">Palestinian Territory</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orphanage&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Palestinian Territory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"In 1999, the number of children living in orphanages witnessed a considerable drop as compared to 1998. The number dropped from 1,980 to 1,714 orphans. This is due to the policy of child re-integration in their household adopted by the Ministry of Social Affairs." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Former_Soviet_Union">Former Soviet Union</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orphanage&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Former Soviet Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moscow_Orphanage_asv2018-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Moscow_Orphanage_asv2018-01.jpg/220px-Moscow_Orphanage_asv2018-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Moscow_Orphanage_asv2018-01.jpg/330px-Moscow_Orphanage_asv2018-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Moscow_Orphanage_asv2018-01.jpg/440px-Moscow_Orphanage_asv2018-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5520" data-file-height="3105" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Orphanage" title="Moscow Orphanage">Moscow Orphanage</a> (founded in 1763, constructed in the 1770s)</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Soviet">post-Soviet</a> countries, orphanages are better known as "children's homes" (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Детскиe домa</span></span>). After reaching school age, all children enroll at <a href="/wiki/Internat" class="mw-redirect" title="Internat">internats</a> (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Школа-интернат</span></span>) (boarding schools). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Russia">Russia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orphanage&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Orphans_in_Russia" title="Orphans in Russia">Orphans in Russia</a></div> <p>In 2021 it was recorded that there were 406,138 orphans living in orphan homes and families in Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> UNICEF estimates that 95% of these children are "<a href="/wiki/Social_orphan" title="Social orphan">social orphans</a>", meaning that they have at least one living parent who has given them up to the state.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2011 Russian authorities registered 88,522 children who became orphans that year (down from 114,715 in 2009).<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are few webpages for Russian orphanages in English. "Of a total of more than 600,000 children classified as being 'without parental care' (most of them live with other relatives and fosters), as many as one-third reside in institutions."<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2011, there were 1344 institutions for orphans in Russia,<sup id="cite_ref-fedstat1_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fedstat1-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including 1094 orphanages ("children's homes")<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 207 special ("corrective") orphanages for children with serious health issues.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orphanage&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: Azerbaijan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is estimated that more than 10,000 children are living in 44 orphanages.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In general, "many children are abandoned due to extreme poverty and harsh living conditions. Some may be raised by family members or neighbors but the majority live in crowded orphanages until the age of fifteen when they are sent into the community to make a living for themselves."<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Belarus">Belarus</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orphanage&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: Belarus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Approximate total – 1,773 (1993 statistics for "all types of orphanages") </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orphanage&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: Kyrgyzstan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Children_at_the_Belovodski_Preschool_Orphanage_in_Karabalta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Children_at_the_Belovodski_Preschool_Orphanage_in_Karabalta.jpg/220px-Children_at_the_Belovodski_Preschool_Orphanage_in_Karabalta.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Children_at_the_Belovodski_Preschool_Orphanage_in_Karabalta.jpg/330px-Children_at_the_Belovodski_Preschool_Orphanage_in_Karabalta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Children_at_the_Belovodski_Preschool_Orphanage_in_Karabalta.jpg/440px-Children_at_the_Belovodski_Preschool_Orphanage_in_Karabalta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3291" data-file-height="2351" /></a><figcaption>Belovodski Preschool Orphanage in Karabalta, Kyrgyzstan</figcaption></figure> <p>Partial information: 85 – Ivanovka Orphanage<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orphanage&action=edit&section=67" title="Edit section: Tajikistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are 4 orphanages in the major cities and 64 boarding schools in Tajikistan, where 8275 children are being educated. Those four orphanages raise 185 children up to 3 years old. In total there are 160 orphans. This small number is likely due to the popularity of adopting. <sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ukraine">Ukraine</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orphanage&action=edit&section=68" title="Edit section: Ukraine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:01-Levantarse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/01-Levantarse.jpg/220px-01-Levantarse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/01-Levantarse.jpg/330px-01-Levantarse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/01-Levantarse.jpg/440px-01-Levantarse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1757" data-file-height="1185" /></a><figcaption>Orphanage in Ukraine</figcaption></figure> <p>Before the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of 2022</a>, there were an estimated 100,000 orphans in Ukraine's state-run facilities.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of this number about 80 percent are described as "<a href="/wiki/Social_orphan" title="Social orphan">social orphans</a>", because the parents are either financially destitute, abusive, or addicted to drugs or alcohol and thus are unable to raise them.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to a lack of funding and overcrowding the conditions at these orphanages are often poor, especially for disabled children.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 2012 the number of children adopted by foreigners has gradually been reducing. By 2016, the number of children adopted by foreigners had been reduced to around 200 from about 2,000 in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-UNIAN1591551_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNIAN1591551-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A bit more than a thousand children were adopted by Ukrainians in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-UNIAN1591551_127-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNIAN1591551-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During 2019 1,419 children were adopted.<sup id="cite_ref-7283812Thenumber_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7283812Thenumber-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020 2,047 children were adopted, in 1,890 cases the adoption was carried out by <a href="/wiki/Citizen_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizen of Ukraine">citizens of Ukraine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7283812Thenumber_128-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7283812Thenumber-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other information: </p> <ul><li>thousands – <a href="/wiki/Zaporizhzhia_Oblast" title="Zaporizhzhia Oblast">Zaporizhzhia Oblast</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>150 – <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a> State Baby Orphanage<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>30 – Beregena Orphanage</li> <li>120 – Dom Invalid Orphanage<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oceania">Oceania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orphanage&action=edit&section=69" title="Edit section: Oceania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Australia">Australia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orphanage&action=edit&section=70" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Orphanages in Australia mostly closed after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and up to the 1970s. Instead, children are mainly put in either <a href="/wiki/Kinship_care" title="Kinship care">Kinship</a>, <a href="/wiki/Residential_care" title="Residential care">Residential</a> or <a href="/wiki/Foster_care" title="Foster care">Foster</a> care. Notable former orphanages include the Melbourne Orphanage and the <a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_Orphanage" title="St. John's Orphanage">St. John's Orphanage</a> in <a href="/wiki/Goulburn,_New_South_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Goulburn, New South Wales">Goulburn, New South Wales</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indonesia">Indonesia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orphanage&action=edit&section=71" title="Edit section: Indonesia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>No verifiable information for the number of children actually in orphanages. The number of orphaned and abandoned children is approximately 500,000.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fiji">Fiji</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orphanage&action=edit&section=72" title="Edit section: Fiji"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Orphans, children (0–17 years) orphaned due to all causes, 2005, estimate 25,000<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America_and_Caribbean">North America and Caribbean</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orphanage&action=edit&section=73" title="Edit section: North America and Caribbean"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Haiti">Haiti</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orphanage&action=edit&section=74" title="Edit section: Haiti"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Haitians and expatriate childcare professionals are careful to make it clear that Haitian orphanages and children's homes are not orphanages in the North American sense, but instead shelters for vulnerable children, often housing children whose parent(s) are poor as well as those who are abandoned, neglected or abused by family guardians. Neither the number of children or the number of institutions is officially known, but Chambre de L'Enfance Necessiteusse Haitienne (CENH) indicated that it has received requests for assistance from nearly 200 orphanages from around the country for more than 200,000 children. Although not all are orphans, many are vulnerable or originate in vulnerable families that "hoped to increase their children's opportunities by sending them to orphanages. <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Relief_Services" title="Catholic Relief Services">Catholic Relief Services</a> provides assistance to 120 orphanages with 9,000 children in the <a href="/wiki/Ouest_(department)" title="Ouest (department)">Ouest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sud_(department)" title="Sud (department)">Sud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sud-Est_(department)" title="Sud-Est (department)">Sud-Est</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grand%27Anse_(department)" title="Grand'Anse (department)">Grand'Anse</a>, but these include only orphanages that meet their criteria. They estimate receiving ten requests per week for assistance from additional orphanages and children's homes, but some of these are repeat requests."<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2007, <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a> estimated there were 380,000 orphans in Haiti, which has a population of just over 9 million, according to the <i><a href="/wiki/CIA_World_Factbook" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA World Factbook">CIA World Factbook</a></i>. However, since the <a href="/wiki/2010_Haiti_earthquake" title="2010 Haiti earthquake">January 2010 earthquake</a>, the number of orphans has skyrocketed, and the living conditions for orphans have seriously deteriorated. Official numbers are hard to find due to the general state of chaos in the country.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jamaica">Jamaica</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orphanage&action=edit&section=75" title="Edit section: Jamaica"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A large amount of children on the island of Jamaica grow up without a parental relationship as a result of their parents' death.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example of places for these lone children to go to are <a href="/wiki/SOS_Children%27s_Villages_UK" title="SOS Children's Villages UK">SOS children's villages</a>, The Maxfield Park Children's Home<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Missionaries_of_the_Poor" title="Missionaries of the Poor">Missionaries of the Poor</a> facilities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mexico">Mexico</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orphanage&action=edit&section=76" title="Edit section: Mexico"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are over 700 public and privates orphanages in Mexico which house over 30,000 children. In 2018 it was estimated that 400,000 children lacked parents. Of these 100,000 are thought to be homeless.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some notable orphanages include: </p> <ul><li>Casa Hogar Jeruel Orphanage in Chihuahua City, Mexico<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Casa Hogar Alegría<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orphanage&action=edit&section=77" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Music_Class_at_St_Elizabeths_Orphanage_New_Orleans_1940.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Music_Class_at_St_Elizabeths_Orphanage_New_Orleans_1940.jpg/220px-Music_Class_at_St_Elizabeths_Orphanage_New_Orleans_1940.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Music_Class_at_St_Elizabeths_Orphanage_New_Orleans_1940.jpg/330px-Music_Class_at_St_Elizabeths_Orphanage_New_Orleans_1940.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Music_Class_at_St_Elizabeths_Orphanage_New_Orleans_1940.jpg/440px-Music_Class_at_St_Elizabeths_Orphanage_New_Orleans_1940.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="470" /></a><figcaption>St. Elizabeth's orphanage in New Orleans, 1940</figcaption></figure> <p>While the term "orphanage" is no longer typically used in the United States, nearly every US state continues to operate residential group homes for children in need of a safe place to live and in which to be supported in their educational and life-skills pursuits. Homes like the <a href="/wiki/Milton_Hershey_School" title="Milton Hershey School">Milton Hershey School</a><sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, Mooseheart<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a> and the Crossnore School and Children's Home<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a> continue to provide care and support for children in need. While a place like the Milton Hershey School houses nearly 2,000 children, each child lives in a small group-home environment with "house parents"<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who often live many years in that home. Children who grow up in these residential homes have higher rates of high school and college graduation than those who spend equivalent numbers of years in the US Foster Care system, wherein only 44 to 66 percent of children graduate from high school.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some private orphanages still exist in the United States apart from governmental <a href="/wiki/Child_protective_services" title="Child protective services">child protective services</a> processes.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, most orphanages in the U.S. began closing or converting to boarding schools or different kinds of <a href="/wiki/Group_home" title="Group home">group homes</a>. Also, the term "children's home" became more common for those still existing. Over the past few decades,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (March 2021)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> orphanages in the U.S. have been replaced with smaller institutions that try to provide a group home or boarding school environment. Most children who would have been in orphanages are in these <a href="/wiki/Residential_treatment_center" title="Residential treatment center">residential treatment centers</a> (RTC), <a href="/wiki/Residential_Child_Care_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="Residential Child Care Community">residential child care communities</a>, or with foster families. Adopting from RTCs, group homes, or foster families does not require working with an adoption agency, and in many areas, fostering to adopt is highly encouraged.<sup id="cite_ref-orphanagestats_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-orphanagestats-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_and_South_America">Central and South America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orphanage&action=edit&section=78" title="Edit section: Central and South America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orphanage_in_Colombia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Orphanage_in_Colombia.jpg/220px-Orphanage_in_Colombia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Orphanage_in_Colombia.jpg/330px-Orphanage_in_Colombia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Orphanage_in_Colombia.jpg/440px-Orphanage_in_Colombia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1066" data-file-height="799" /></a><figcaption>In a Colombian orphanage, a nurse takes care of three children.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Guatemala">Guatemala</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orphanage&action=edit&section=79" title="Edit section: Guatemala"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"...currently there are about 200,000 children in orphanages."<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Peru">Peru</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orphanage&action=edit&section=80" title="Edit section: Peru"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is estimated that 550,000 children grow up without parents in Peru. Many of the children in orphanages are considered “<a href="/wiki/Social_orphan" title="Social orphan">social orphans</a>”. <sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Significant_charities_that_help_orphans">Significant charities that help orphans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orphanage&action=edit&section=81" title="Edit section: Significant charities that help orphans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prior to the establishment of state care for orphans in First World countries, private charities existed to take care of destitute orphans, over time other charities have found other ways to care for children. </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Orphaned_Starfish_Foundation" title="Orphaned Starfish Foundation">Orphaned Starfish Foundation</a><sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Nonprofit_organization" title="Nonprofit organization">non-profit organisation</a> based in New York City that focuses on developing vocational schools for <a href="/wiki/Orphan" title="Orphan">orphans</a>, victims of abuse and at-risk youth. It runs fifty computer centers in twenty-five countries, serving over 10,000 children worldwide</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumos_(charity)" title="Lumos (charity)">Lumos</a> works to replace institutions with community-based services that provide children with access to health, education, and social care tailored to their individual needs.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hope_and_Homes_for_Children" title="Hope and Homes for Children">Hope and Homes for Children</a> are working with governments to deinstitutionalize their child care systems.</li> <li>Stockwell Home and later Birchington, started by Charles H Spurgeon, is now <a href="/wiki/Spurgeons" title="Spurgeons">Spurgeons</a> after the last orphanage closed in 1979. Spurgeons Children's Charity provides support to vulnerable and disadvantaged children and families across England.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOS_Children%27s_Villages" title="SOS Children's Villages">SOS Children's Villages</a> is the world's largest non-governmental, non-denominational child welfare organization that provides loving family homes for orphaned and abandoned children.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr._Barnardo" class="mw-redirect" title="Dr. Barnardo">Dr. Barnardo's Homes</a> are now simply <a href="/wiki/Barnardo%27s" title="Barnardo's">Barnardo's</a> after closing their last orphanage in 1989.</li> <li>OAfrica, previously OrphanAid Africa, has been working in Ghana since 2002, to get children out of orphanages and into families, in partnership with the government and as the only private implementing partner of the National Plan of Action.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Council_on_International_Children%27s_Services" title="Joint Council on International Children's Services">Joint Council on International Children's Services</a> is a nonprofit child advocacy organization based in Alexandria, Virginia. It is the largest association of international <a href="/wiki/Adoption" title="Adoption">adoption</a> agencies in America, and in addition to working in 51 countries, advocates for ethical practices in American adoption agencies</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orphanage&action=edit&section=82" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 27em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoption" title="Adoption">Adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boys_Town_(organization)" title="Boys Town (organization)">Boys Town (organization)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_abandonment" title="Child abandonment">Child abandonment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">Child abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_and_family_services" title="Child and family services">Child and family services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_and_Youth_Care" title="Child and Youth Care">Child and youth care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community-based_care" title="Community-based care">Community-based care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residential_child_care_community" title="Residential child care community">Congregate Care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cottage_Homes" class="mw-redirect" title="Cottage Homes">Cottage Homes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deinstitutionalisation_(orphanages_and_children%27s_institutions)" title="Deinstitutionalisation (orphanages and children's institutions)">Deinstitutionalisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_support" title="Family support">Family support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Sheriffs_Youth_Ranches" title="Florida Sheriffs Youth Ranches">Florida Sheriffs Youth Ranches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foster_care" title="Foster care">Foster Care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foster_care_in_the_United_States" title="Foster care in the United States">Foster Care in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_home" title="Group home">Group home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hope_and_Homes_for_Children" title="Hope and Homes for Children">Hope and Homes for Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janusz_Korczak" title="Janusz Korczak">Janusz Korczak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinship_care" title="Kinship care">Kinship Care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphan_Train" title="Orphan Train">Orphan Train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residential_care" title="Residential care">Residential Care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residential_Child_Care_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="Residential Child Care Community">Residential Child Care Communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residential_education" title="Residential education">Residential education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residential_treatment" class="mw-redirect" title="Residential treatment">Residential treatment center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settlement_movement" title="Settlement movement">Settlement movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teaching-family_model" title="Teaching-family model">Teaching-family model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Steele_home" class="mw-redirect" title="The Steele home">The Steele home</a> Orphanage</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wraparound_(childcare)" title="Wraparound (childcare)">Wraparound (childcare)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whole_Child_International" title="Whole Child International">Whole Child International</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orphanage&action=edit&section=83" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-spectator1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-spectator1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-spectator1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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UK. 8 October 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spectator.co.uk/essays/all/7289558/how-to-fix-orphanages.thtml">the original</a> on 15 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=BBC+News+%E2%80%93+Nepal+comes+to+terms+with+foreign+adoptions+tragedy&rft.date=2011-09-28&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-south-asia-15066220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrphanage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-16067405">"Bali orphanages: How tourist cash funds a racket"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 7 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Bali+orphanages%3A+How+tourist+cash+funds+a+racket&rft.date=2011-12-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-16067405&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrphanage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGabelKamerman2012" class="citation book cs1">Gabel, Shirley Gatenio; Kamerman, Sheila B. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.manskligarattigheter.gov.se/dynamaster/file_archive/080325/51cacb4e4318d3f2d78c62ef72787efe/Bulgarien.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 19 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.manskligarattigheter.gov.se%2Fdynamaster%2Ffile_archive%2F080325%2F51cacb4e4318d3f2d78c62ef72787efe%2FBulgarien.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrphanage" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-humanrights.gov.se-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-humanrights.gov.se_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-humanrights.gov.se_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120425121235/http://www.humanrights.gov.se/php/rapporter/documents/Europa%20och%20Centralasien/Bulgarien,%20MR-rapport%202010.pdf">"Tyvärr hittar vi inte sidan du söker"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Humanrights.gov.se. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.humanrights.gov.se/php/rapporter/documents/Europa%20och%20Centralasien/Bulgarien%2C%20MR-rapport%202010.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 25 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tyv%C3%A4rr+hittar+vi+inte+sidan+du+s%C3%B6ker&rft.pub=Humanrights.gov.se&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.humanrights.gov.se%2Fphp%2Frapporter%2Fdocuments%2FEuropa%2520och%2520Centralasien%2FBulgarien%252C%2520MR-rapport%25202010.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrphanage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oneheart-bg.org/">"One Heart Bulgaria – Non-profit Humanitarian Aid Organization"</a>. Oneheart-bg.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tyv%C3%A4rr+hittar+vi+inte+sidan+du+s%C3%B6ker&rft.pub=Humanrights.gov.se&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.humanrights.gov.se%2Fphp%2Frapporter%2Fdocuments%2FEuropa%2520och%2520Centralasien%2FEstland%252C%2520MR-rapport%25202010.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrphanage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120315224554/http://www.manskligarattigheter.gov.se/dynamaster/file_archive/080314/74c53f5440e23b5fa2b948c7b40eb5ca/Estland.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.manskligarattigheter.gov.se/dynamaster/file_archive/080314/74c53f5440e23b5fa2b948c7b40eb5ca/Estland.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 15 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.manskligarattigheter.gov.se%2Fdynamaster%2Ffile_archive%2F080314%2F74c53f5440e23b5fa2b948c7b40eb5ca%2FEstland.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrphanage" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719085201/http://www.manskligarattigheter.gov.se/dynamaster/file_archive/080325/eec1656e32f2e28fdd08acc8fa800070/Ungern.pdf">"Mänskliga rättigheter i Ungern 2007"</a> [Human Rights in Hungary 2007] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.manskligarattigheter.gov.se</i> (in Hungarian). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.manskligarattigheter.gov.se&rft.atitle=M%C3%A4nskliga+r%C3%A4ttigheter+i+Ungern+2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.manskligarattigheter.gov.se%2Fdynamaster%2Ffile_archive%2F080325%2Feec1656e32f2e28fdd08acc8fa800070%2FUngern.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrphanage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120425121306/http://www.humanrights.gov.se/php/rapporter/documents/Europa%20och%20Centralasien/Litauen,%20MR-rapport%202010.pdf">"Tyvärr hittar vi inte sidan du söker"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Humanrights.gov.se. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.humanrights.gov.se/php/rapporter/documents/Europa%20och%20Centralasien/Litauen%2C%20MR-rapport%202010.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 25 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tyv%C3%A4rr+hittar+vi+inte+sidan+du+s%C3%B6ker&rft.pub=Humanrights.gov.se&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.humanrights.gov.se%2Fphp%2Frapporter%2Fdocuments%2FEuropa%2520och%2520Centralasien%2FLitauen%252C%2520MR-rapport%25202010.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrphanage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120315224713/http://www.manskligarattigheter.gov.se/dynamaster/file_archive/080314/5c08d4415225dfc8695e0f535fbfe168/Litauen.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.manskligarattigheter.gov.se%2Fdynamaster%2Ffile_archive%2F080314%2F5c08d4415225dfc8695e0f535fbfe168%2FLitauen.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrphanage" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120310125356/http://www.humanrights.gov.se/php/rapporter/documents/Europa%20och%20Centralasien/Polen%2C%20MR-rapport%202010.pdf">"Tyvärr hittar vi inte Sidan du söker"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Humanrights.gov.se. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.humanrights.gov.se/php/rapporter/documents/Europa%20och%20Centralasien/Polen%2C%20MR-rapport%202010.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 10 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tyv%C3%A4rr+hittar+vi+inte+Sidan+du+s%C3%B6ker&rft.pub=Humanrights.gov.se&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.humanrights.gov.se%2Fphp%2Frapporter%2Fdocuments%2FEuropa%2520och%2520Centralasien%2FPolen%252C%2520MR-rapport%25202010.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrphanage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120425121334/http://www.humanrights.gov.se/php/rapporter/documents/Europa%20och%20Centralasien/Moldavien,%20MR-rapport%202010.pdf">"Tyvärr hittar vi inte sidan du söker"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russian+Orphans+Facts+and+Statistics&rft.pub=Iorphan.org&rft.date=2008-05-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iorphan.org%2Frussian_orphans%2Findex.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrphanage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110910133948/http://www.bigfamilyministry.org/russia_orphans.html">"Information about Russian orphans"</a>. Bigfamilyministry.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bigfamilyministry.org/russia_orphans.html">the original</a> on 10 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Information+about+Russian+orphans&rft.pub=Bigfamilyministry.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bigfamilyministry.org%2Frussia_orphans.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrphanage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEke2005" class="citation news cs1">Eke, Steven (1 June 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4600785.stm">"Health warning over Russian youth"</a>. <i>BBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Health+warning+over+Russian+youth&rft.date=2005-06-01&rft.aulast=Eke&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F4600785.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrphanage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fedstat.ru/indicator/data.do?id=37458">Численность детей, оставшихся без попечения родителей, выявленных и учтенных на конец отчетного года (значение показателя за год)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150114175640/http://www.fedstat.ru/indicator/data.do?id=37458">Archived</a> 14 January 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Единая межведомственная информационно-статистическая система (Official Russian Statistics Site)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/reports98/russia2/">"Human Rights Watch"</a>. Hrw.org. 9 March 1998<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.pub=Hrw.org&rft.date=1998-03-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Freports98%2Frussia2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrphanage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fedstat1-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fedstat1_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fedstat.ru/indicator/data.do?id=37469">Общее число учреждений для детей-сирот и детей, оставшихся без попечения родителей</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150114175636/http://www.fedstat.ru/indicator/data.do?id=37469">Archived</a> 14 January 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Единая межведомственная информационно-статистическая система (Official Russian Statistics Site)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fedstat.ru/indicator/data.do?id=37468">Число детских домов для детей-сирот и детей, оставшихся без попечения родителей</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150114174036/http://www.fedstat.ru/indicator/data.do?id=37468">Archived</a> 14 January 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Единая межведомственная информационно-статистическая система (Official Russian Statistics Site)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fedstat.ru/indicator/data.do?id=37466">Число специальных (коррекционных) школ-интернатов для детей-сирот и детей, оставшихся без попечения родителей</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150114175643/http://www.fedstat.ru/indicator/data.do?id=37466">Archived</a> 14 January 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Единая межведомственная информационно-статистическая система (Official Russian Statistics Site)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wvi.org/azerbaijan/about-us">"About us"</a>. <i>wvi.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wvi.org&rft.atitle=About+us&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wvi.org%2Fazerbaijan%2Fabout-us&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrphanage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anewarrival.com/Azerbaijan.html">Azerbaijan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090207110001/http://www.anewarrival.com/Azerbaijan.html">Archived</a> 7 February 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.missionpartners.org/orphanages/ivanovka.html">Kyrgyzstan Children's Work</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090123232614/http://www.missionpartners.org/orphanages/ivanovka.html">Archived</a> 23 January 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cabar.asia/en/adoptions-in-tajikistan-everyone-wants-to-adopt-a-newborn-boy">"Adoptions in Tajikistan: Everyone Wants to Adopt a Newborn Boy"</a>. <i>cabar.asia</i>. 18 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cabar.asia&rft.atitle=Adoptions+in+Tajikistan%3A+Everyone+Wants+to+Adopt+a+Newborn+Boy&rft.date=2020-08-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcabar.asia%2Fen%2Fadoptions-in-tajikistan-everyone-wants-to-adopt-a-newborn-boy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrphanage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openingdoors.eu/100000-children-in-ukraine-confined-to-soviet-style-orphanage-system-that-resists-reform/">"100,000 children in Ukraine confined to Soviet-style orphanage system that resists reform"</a>. openingdoors.eu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=100%2C000+children+in+Ukraine+confined+to+Soviet-style+orphanage+system+that+resists+reform&rft.pub=openingdoors.eu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.openingdoors.eu%2F100000-children-in-ukraine-confined-to-soviet-style-orphanage-system-that-resists-reform%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrphanage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/ukraines-jews-walk-narrow-line-between-murderous-past-and-uncertain-future/">"Ukraine's Jews walk narrow line between murderous past and uncertain future"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_Israel" title="The Times of Israel">The Times of Israel</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=Ukraine%27s+Jews+walk+narrow+line+between+murderous+past+and+uncertain+future&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fukraines-jews-walk-narrow-line-between-murderous-past-and-uncertain-future%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrphanage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/disability-62226636">"Ukraine orphanages: Children tied up and men in cots"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 26 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Ukraine+orphanages%3A+Children+tied+up+and+men+in+cots&rft.date=2022-07-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fdisability-62226636&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrphanage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uacua.org/charity/orphans-help/">Orphans and Orphanages in Ukraine need help</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/odr/what-happened-to-ukrainian-children-in-care-who-fled-to-poland/">What happened to Ukrainian children in care who fled to Poland?</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNIAN1591551-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UNIAN1591551_127-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNIAN1591551_127-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unian.info/m/society/1591551-orphans-and-adoption-ukrainian-deadlock.html">Orphans and adoption: Ukrainian deadlock</a>, <a href="/wiki/UNIAN" class="mw-redirect" title="UNIAN">UNIAN</a> (26 October 2016)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7283812Thenumber-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-7283812Thenumber_128-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-7283812Thenumber_128-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Ukrainian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2021/02/17/7283812/">The number of adoptions has sharply increased in Ukraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrayinska_Pravda" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrayinska Pravda">Ukrayinska Pravda</a> (17 February 2021)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbert_Pavlov_(translated_from_Russian_by_Anna_Large)2007" class="citation web cs1">Albert Pavlov (translated from Russian by Anna Large) (21 March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://deti.zp.ua/eng/show_article.php?a_id=5150">"A photoreport: "From Heart to Heart – 2": a trip to the rural orphanages of Zaporozhye region:: Zaporozhzhya orphans. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+photoreport%3A+%22From+Heart+to+Heart+%E2%80%93+2%22%3A+a+trip+to+the+rural+orphanages+of+Zaporozhye+region%3A%3A+Zaporozhzhya+orphans.+Ukraine&rft.pub=Deti.zp.ua&rft.date=2007-03-21&rft.au=Albert+Pavlov+%28translated+from+Russian+by+Anna+Large%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdeti.zp.ua%2Feng%2Fshow_article.php%3Fa_id%3D5150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrphanage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.missionpartners.org/orphanages/orphankiev.html">Kyiv Children's Work</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060118091600/http://www.missionpartners.org/orphanages/orphankiev.html">Archived</a> 18 January 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.missionpartners.org/orphanages/moreukr.html">Dnepropetrovsk Children's Work</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090207170942/http://www.missionpartners.org/orphanages/moreukr.html">Archived</a> 7 February 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Swain, Sherlee. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Convention+on+the+Rights+of+the+Child&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F193.194.138.190%2Fhtml%2Fmenu2%2F6%2Fcrc%2Fdoc%2Freport%2Fsrf-indonesia-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrphanage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071114054623/http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/fiji_statistics.html">"Unicef Fiji Statistics"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/fiji_statistics.html">the original</a> on 14 November 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Unicef+Fiji+Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicef.org%2Finfobycountry%2Ffiji_statistics.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrphanage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061111041119/http://www.synergyaids.com/documents/3549_fhi10.pdf">"Report page 14 and 15 of actual report, not web page counter"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.synergyaids.com/documents/3549_fhi10.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 11 November 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Children+of+Guatemala+%26%23124%3B+BBC+World+Service&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2000-10-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fworldservice%2Fpeople%2Fhighlights%2F001027_adoption.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrphanage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://havenofhopeintl.org/refuge-of-life/">"Refuge of Life Orphanage"</a>. <i>havenofhopeintl.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=havenofhopeintl.org&rft.atitle=Refuge+of+Life+Orphanage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhavenofhopeintl.org%2Frefuge-of-life%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrphanage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orphanedstarfish.org/">"Orphaned Starfish"</a>. <i>Orphaned Starfish</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Orphaned+Starfish&rft.atitle=Orphaned+Starfish&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orphanedstarfish.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrphanage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crin.org/docs/GHANA%20OVC%20NPA.pdf">"CRIN"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 20 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CRIN&rft.date=2023-10-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crin.org%2Fdocs%2FGHANA%2520OVC%2520NPA.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrphanage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orphanage&action=edit&section=84" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Barnardo,_Thomas_John" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Barnardo, Thomas John">Barnardo, Thomas John</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 411.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Barnardo%2C+Thomas+John&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=411&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrphanage" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orphanage&action=edit&section=85" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Orphanages" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Orphanages">Orphanages</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927213242/http://www.savethechildren.org.uk/en/54_9678.htm">Keeping Children Out of Harmful Institutions: Why we should be investing in family-based care</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Orphans and Orphanages"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Orphans_and_Orphanages">"Orphans and Orphanages" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Orphans+and+Orphanages&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrphanage" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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aria-labelledby="Adoption_and_foster_care" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:LightBlue"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Adopt" title="Template:Adopt"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Adopt" title="Template talk:Adopt"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Adopt" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Adopt"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Adoption_and_foster_care" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Adoption" title="Adoption">Adoption</a> and <a href="/wiki/Foster_care" title="Foster care">foster care</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:LightBlue">Adoption by country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_in_Australia" title="Adoption in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_in_France" title="Adoption in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_in_Guatemala" title="Adoption in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_in_Italy" title="Adoption in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_in_the_Philippines" title="Adoption in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_in_the_United_States" title="Adoption in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_in_South_Korea" title="Adoption in South Korea">South Korea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:LightBlue">Foster care by country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foster_care_in_Australia" title="Foster care in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foster_care_in_Canada" title="Foster care in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foster_care_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Foster care in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foster_care_in_the_United_States" title="Foster care in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:LightBlue">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adopted_child_syndrome" title="Adopted child syndrome">Adopted child syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_disclosure" title="Adoption disclosure">Adoption disclosure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_home_study" title="Adoption home study">Adoption home study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_reunion_registry" title="Adoption reunion registry">Adoption reunion registry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoptee_rights" title="Adoptee rights">Adoptee rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_tax_credit" title="Adoption tax credit">Adoption tax credit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aging_out" title="Aging out">Aging out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">Child abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_laundering" title="Child laundering">Child laundering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_abuse_of_psychiatry" title="Political abuse of psychiatry">Political abuse of psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed_adoption" title="Closed adoption">Closed adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_variations_in_adoption" title="Cultural variations in adoption">Cultural variations in adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disruption_(adoption)" title="Disruption (adoption)">Disruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genealogical_bewilderment" title="Genealogical bewilderment">Genealogical bewilderment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_adoption" title="International adoption">International adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interracial_adoption" title="Interracial adoption">Interracial adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_of_adoption" title="Language of adoption">Language of adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_adoption" title="Same-sex adoption">Same-sex adoption</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_adoption_and_parenting_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT adoption and parenting in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_adoption_in_Brazil" title="Same-sex adoption in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_adoption_in_Europe" title="Same-sex adoption in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_adoption_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Same-sex adoption in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_adoption_in_the_United_States" title="Same-sex adoption in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_adoption" title="Open adoption">Open adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sealed_birth_records" title="Sealed birth records">Sealed birth records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_children_in_the_military" title="History of children in the military">History of children in the military</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:LightBlue">Laws</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Access_to_Adoption_Records_Act" title="Access to Adoption Records Act">Access to Adoption Records Act</a> (Ontario)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_Information_Disclosure_Act" title="Adoption Information Disclosure Act">Adoption Information Disclosure Act</a> (Ontario)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_and_Safe_Families_Act" title="Adoption and Safe Families Act">Adoption and Safe Families Act</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_law_of_adoption_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian law of adoption in India">Christian law of adoption</a> (India)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dima_Yakovlev_Law" title="Dima Yakovlev Law">Dima Yakovlev Law</a> (Russia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foster_Care_Independence_Act" title="Foster Care Independence Act">Foster Care Independence Act</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Adoption_Convention" title="Hague Adoption Convention">Hague Adoption Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Adoptions_and_Maintenance_Act,_1956" title="Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act, 1956">Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act</a> (India)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Child_Welfare_Act" title="Indian Child Welfare Act">Indian Child Welfare Act</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_adoptional_jurisprudence" title="Islamic adoptional jurisprudence">Islamic adoptional jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putative_father_registry" title="Putative father registry">Putative father registry</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_Adoption_Act" title="Uniform Adoption Act">Uniform Adoption Act</a> (US)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:LightBlue">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_in_ancient_Rome" title="Adoption in ancient Rome">Adoption in ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fosterage" title="Fosterage">Fosterage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Controversial violations of rights<br />in adoption or child custody</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_adoption_scandals" title="List of international adoption scandals">List of international adoption scandals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_boarding_schools" title="American Indian boarding schools">American Indian boarding schools</a>/<a href="/wiki/American_Indian_outing_programs" title="American Indian outing programs">American Indian outing programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Placement_Program" title="Indian Placement Program">Indian Placement Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Indian_residential_school_system" title="Canadian Indian residential school system">Canadian Indian residential school system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Children%27s_Home_Society" title="Tennessee Children's Home Society">Tennessee Children's Home Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baby_Scoop_Era" title="Baby Scoop Era">Baby Scoop Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixties_Scoop" title="Sixties Scoop">Sixties Scoop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Children" title="Home Children">Home Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_A._Hess" title="Michael A. Hess">Michael A. Hess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_adoption_in_Australia" title="Forced adoption in Australia">Forced adoption in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_adoption_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Forced adoption in the United Kingdom">Forced adoption in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devshirme" title="Devshirme">Devshirme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidnapping_of_children_by_Nazi_Germany" title="Kidnapping of children by Nazi Germany">Kidnapping of children by Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianjin_Massacre" title="Tianjin Massacre">Tianjin Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortara_case" title="Mortara case">Mortara case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_abductions_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Child abductions in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Child abductions in the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Postremo_mense" title="Postremo mense">Postremo mense</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_orphans_controversy" title="Jewish orphans controversy">Jewish orphans controversy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Historical criticism of orphanages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duplessis_Orphans" title="Duplessis Orphans">Duplessis Orphans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Cashel_Orphanage" title="Mount Cashel Orphanage">Mount Cashel Orphanage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Norris" title="Mary Norris">Mary Norris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_Orphanage" title="St. John's Orphanage">St. John's Orphanage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160645#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160645#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160645#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11976462d">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="sirotčince"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph472857&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000221162&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007553357105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10642240">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orphanage&oldid=1257324279">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orphanage&oldid=1257324279</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Orphanages" title="Category:Orphanages">Orphanages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Child_welfare" title="Category:Child welfare">Child welfare</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Total_institutions" 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