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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solid-state"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Solid-state</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solid-state-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hybrid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hybrid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Hybrid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hybrid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modeling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modeling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Modeling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modeling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Acoustic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acoustic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Acoustic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acoustic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stacks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stacks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Stacks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stacks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cabinet_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cabinet_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Cabinet design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cabinet_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distortion,_power,_and_volume" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distortion,_power,_and_volume"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Distortion, power, and volume</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Distortion,_power,_and_volume-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Distortion, power, and volume subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Distortion,_power,_and_volume-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Power_output" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Power_output"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Power output</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Power_output-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distortion_and_volume" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distortion_and_volume"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Distortion and volume</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distortion_and_volume-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Power-tube_distortion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Power-tube_distortion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>Power-tube distortion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Power-tube_distortion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Volume_controls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Volume_controls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Volume controls</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Volume_controls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " 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Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%AE%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="مضخم الغيتار – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مضخم الغيتار" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%9E%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Гітарны ўзмацняльнік – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гітарны ўзмацняльнік" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gitarrnvasteaka" title="Gitarrnvasteaka – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Gitarrnvasteaka" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplificador_de_guitarra" title="Amplificador de guitarra – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Amplificador de guitarra" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kytarov%C3%BD_zesilova%C4%8D" title="Kytarový zesilovač – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kytarový zesilovač" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amp_git%C3%A2r" title="Amp gitâr – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Amp gitâr" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gitarrenverst%C3%A4rker" title="Gitarrenverstärker – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gitarrenverstärker" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitarriv%C3%B5imendi" title="Kitarrivõimendi – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kitarrivõimendi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplificador_de_guitarra" title="Amplificador de guitarra – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Amplificador de guitarra" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplifilo_por_elektra_gitaro" title="Amplifilo por elektra gitaro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Amplifilo por elektra gitaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gitarra-anplifikadore" title="Gitarra-anplifikadore – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gitarra-anplifikadore" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%DA%A9%D9%86%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87_(%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C)" title="تقویت‌کننده (موسیقی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تقویت‌کننده (موسیقی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplificateur_pour_guitare_%C3%A9lectrique" title="Amplificateur pour guitare électrique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Amplificateur pour guitare électrique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gitarska_poja%C4%8Dala" title="Gitarska pojačala – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Gitarska pojačala" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplificatore_(chitarra)" title="Amplificatore (chitarra) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Amplificatore (chitarra)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%91%D7%A8_%D7%92%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%94" title="מגבר גיטרה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מגבר גיטרה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%A2it%C4%81ras_pastiprin%C4%81t%C4%81js" title="Ģitāras pastiprinātājs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ģitāras pastiprinātājs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gitaarversterker" title="Gitaarversterker – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gitaarversterker" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0" title="गिटार एम्पलीफायर – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="गिटार एम्पलीफायर" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gitarforsterkar" title="Gitarforsterkar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Gitarforsterkar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wzmacniacz_gitarowy" title="Wzmacniacz gitarowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wzmacniacz gitarowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Гитарный усилитель – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гитарный усилитель" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gitarsko_poja%C4%8Dalo" title="Gitarsko pojačalo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Gitarsko pojačalo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitaravahvistin" title="Kitaravahvistin – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kitaravahvistin" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gitarrf%C3%B6rst%C3%A4rkare" title="Gitarrförstärkare – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gitarrförstärkare" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%87" title="Гітарний підсилювач – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гітарний підсилювач" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%89%E4%BB%96%E9%9F%B3%E7%AE%B1" title="吉他音箱 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="吉他音箱" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1339359#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> 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searchaux" style="display:none">Electronic amplifier for musical instruments</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For amplifiers for bass guitar, see <a href="/wiki/Bass_amplifier" title="Bass amplifier">Bass amplifier</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MarkIV-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/MarkIV-2.jpg/250px-MarkIV-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/MarkIV-2.jpg/330px-MarkIV-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/MarkIV-2.jpg/500px-MarkIV-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="598" data-file-height="564" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mesa_Boogie_Mark_Series#Mark_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesa Boogie Mark Series">Mesa-Boogie Mark IV</a>, a guitar combo amplifier</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>guitar amplifier</b> (or <b>amp</b>) is an <a href="/wiki/Electronic_amplifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic amplifier">electronic device or system</a> that strengthens the electrical signal from a <a href="/wiki/Pickup_(music_technology)" title="Pickup (music technology)">pickup</a> on an <a href="/wiki/Electric_guitar" title="Electric guitar">electric guitar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bass_guitar" title="Bass guitar">bass guitar</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Acoustic_guitar" title="Acoustic guitar">acoustic guitar</a> so that it can produce sound through one or more <a href="/wiki/Loudspeaker" title="Loudspeaker">loudspeakers</a>, which are typically housed in a wooden <a href="/wiki/Speaker_enclosure" class="mw-redirect" title="Speaker enclosure">cabinet</a>. A guitar amplifier may be a standalone wood or metal cabinet that contains only the <a href="/wiki/Power_amplifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Power amplifier">power amplifier</a> (and <a href="/wiki/Preamplifier" title="Preamplifier">preamplifier</a>) circuits, requiring the use of a separate speaker cabinet–or it may be a <i>combo</i> amplifier, which contains both the amplifier and one or more speakers in a wooden cabinet. There is a wide range of sizes and power ratings for guitar amplifiers, from small, lightweight practice amplifiers with a single 6-inch speaker and a 10-watt amp to heavy combo amps with four 10-inch or four 12-inch speakers and a 100-watt amplifier, which are loud enough to use in a <a href="/wiki/Nightclub" title="Nightclub">nightclub</a> or bar performance. </p><p>Guitar amplifiers can also modify an instrument's tone by emphasizing or de-emphasizing certain frequencies, using <a href="/wiki/Equalization_(audio)" title="Equalization (audio)">equalizer</a> controls, which function the same way as the bass and treble knobs on a home stereo, and by adding <a href="/wiki/Effects_unit" title="Effects unit">electronic effects</a>; <a href="/wiki/Distortion_(music)" title="Distortion (music)">distortion</a> (also called overdrive) and <a href="/wiki/Reverb" class="mw-redirect" title="Reverb">reverb</a> are commonly available as built-in features. The input of modern guitar amplifiers is a <a href="/wiki/Phone_connector_(audio)" title="Phone connector (audio)">1/4" jack</a>, which is fed a signal from an <a href="/wiki/Electro-magnetic_pickup" class="mw-redirect" title="Electro-magnetic pickup">electro-magnetic pickup</a> (from an electric guitar) or a <a href="/wiki/Piezoelectric" class="mw-redirect" title="Piezoelectric">piezoelectric</a> <a href="/wiki/Pick_up_(music_technology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pick up (music technology)">pickup</a> (usually from an acoustic guitar) using a <a href="/wiki/Patch_cord" class="mw-redirect" title="Patch cord">patch cord</a>, or a wireless transmitter. For electric guitar players, their choice of amp and the settings they use on the amplifier are a key part of their signature <a href="/wiki/Timbre" title="Timbre">tone</a> or sound. Some guitar players are longtime users of a specific amp brand or model. Guitarists may also use external <a href="/wiki/Effects_pedals" class="mw-redirect" title="Effects pedals">effects pedals</a> to alter the sound of their tone before the signal reaches the amplifier. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guitar_amplifier&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:McKinney_Valco_guitar_amp_(c.1940s).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/McKinney_Valco_guitar_amp_%28c.1940s%29.jpg/250px-McKinney_Valco_guitar_amp_%28c.1940s%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/McKinney_Valco_guitar_amp_%28c.1940s%29.jpg/330px-McKinney_Valco_guitar_amp_%28c.1940s%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/McKinney_Valco_guitar_amp_%28c.1940s%29.jpg/500px-McKinney_Valco_guitar_amp_%28c.1940s%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="770" /></a><figcaption>A 1940s-era Valco combo amp</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fender1953Deluxe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Fender1953Deluxe.jpg/220px-Fender1953Deluxe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Fender1953Deluxe.jpg/330px-Fender1953Deluxe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Fender1953Deluxe.jpg/440px-Fender1953Deluxe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="628" data-file-height="662" /></a><figcaption>Fender Deluxe 1953</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EdgeAC30.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/EdgeAC30.jpg/250px-EdgeAC30.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/EdgeAC30.jpg/330px-EdgeAC30.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/EdgeAC30.jpg/500px-EdgeAC30.jpg 2x" data-file-width="657" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/U2" title="U2">U2</a> guitarist <a href="/wiki/The_Edge" title="The Edge">The Edge</a>'s 1964 <a href="/wiki/Vox_AC30" title="Vox AC30">Vox AC30</a> combo amp</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1968_Fender_Bandmaster_front.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/1968_Fender_Bandmaster_front.jpg/220px-1968_Fender_Bandmaster_front.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/1968_Fender_Bandmaster_front.jpg/330px-1968_Fender_Bandmaster_front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/1968_Fender_Bandmaster_front.jpg/440px-1968_Fender_Bandmaster_front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Even in the 2020s, the vintage <a href="/wiki/Fender_Bandmaster" title="Fender Bandmaster">Fender Bandmaster</a> remains a sought-after amp by guitarists. Note the four inputs, two for regular sound and two that run through the onboard "vibrato" (<a href="/wiki/Tremolo" title="Tremolo">tremolo</a>) effect unit. The amp pictured is a 1968 model.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 1920s, it was very hard for a musician playing a pickup-equipped guitar to find an amplifier and speaker to make their instrument louder as the only speakers that could be bought were "radio horns of limited frequency range and low acoustic output". The cone speaker, widely used in 2000s-era amp cabinets, was not widely offered for sale until the 1930s and beyond. The first amplifiers and speakers could only be powered with large batteries, which made them heavy and hard to carry around. When engineers developed the first <a href="/wiki/AC_mains" class="mw-redirect" title="AC mains">AC mains</a>-powered amplifiers, they were soon used to make musical instruments louder. </p><p>Engineers invented the first loud, powerful amplifier and speaker systems for <a href="/wiki/Public_address_system" title="Public address system">public address systems</a> and <a href="/wiki/Movie_theater" title="Movie theater">movie theaters</a>. These PA systems and movie theatre sound systems were very large and very expensive, and so they could not be used by most touring musicians. After 1927, smaller, portable AC mains-powered PA systems that could be plugged into a regular wall socket "quickly became popular with musicians"; indeed, "...<a href="/wiki/Leon_McAuliffe" title="Leon McAuliffe">Leon McAuliffe</a> (with <a href="/wiki/Bob_Wills" title="Bob Wills">Bob Wills</a>) still used a carbon mic and a portable PA as late as 1935." During the late 1920s to mid-1930s, small portable PA systems and guitar combo amplifiers were fairly similar. These early amps had a "single volume control and one or two input jacks, field coil speakers" and thin wooden cabinets; remarkably, these early amps did not have tone controls or even an on-off switch.<sup id="cite_ref-vintageguitar.com_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vintageguitar.com-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1928, the Stromberg-Voisinet firm marketed an electric stringed instrument and amplifier package. There are no records as to how many—if any—of the amps were ever built and sold, beyond marketing materials. Stromberg-Voisinet still launched a new idea: a portable electric instrument amp with a speaker, all in a transportable wooden cabinet. In 1929, Vega electrics launched a portable banjo amplifier. In 1932, Electro String Instruments and amplifier (this is not the same company as Stromberg Electro Instruments) introduced a guitar amp with "high output" and a "string driven magnetic pickup". Electro set out the standard template for combo amps: a wooden cabinet with the electronic amplifier mounted inside, and convenient carrying handles to facilitate transporting the cabinet. In 1933, Vivi-Tone amp set-ups were used for live performances and radio shows. In 1934, <a href="/wiki/Rickenbacker" title="Rickenbacker">Rickenbacker</a> launched a similar combo amp that added metal corner protectors to keep the corners in good condition during transportation.<sup id="cite_ref-vintageguitar.com_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vintageguitar.com-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1933, Dobro released an electric guitar and amp package. The combo amp had two 8" Lansing speakers and a five-<a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">tube</a> chassis. Dobro made a two speaker combo amp that was on the market over 12 years before Fender launched its two-speaker <i>Dual Professional/Super</i> combo amp. In 1933, Audio-Vox was founded by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Tutmarc" title="Paul Tutmarc">Paul Tutmarc</a>, the inventor of the first <a href="/wiki/Electric_bass" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric bass">electric bass</a> (Tutmarc's instrument did not achieve market success until <a href="/wiki/Leo_Fender" title="Leo Fender">Leo Fender</a>'s launched the <a href="/wiki/Precision_Bass" class="mw-redirect" title="Precision Bass">Precision Bass</a>). In 1933, Vega sold a pickup and amplifier set for musicians to use with existing guitars. </p><p>In that same year, the Los Angeles-based <a href="/w/index.php?title=Volu-Tone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Volu-Tone (page does not exist)">Volu-Tone</a> company also sold a pickup/amplifier set. Volu-Tone used <i>high voltage current</i> to sense the string vibration, a potentially dangerous approach that did not become popular. In 1934 Dobro released a guitar amp with a <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">vacuum tube</a> rectifier and two power tubes. By 1935, Dobro and National began selling combo amps for Hawaiian guitar. In 1934, Gibson had developed prototype combo amps, but never released them. By 1935, Electro/Rickenbacher had sold more amps and electric guitars than all the amps and electrified or electric guitars that had been made from 1928 through the end of 1934.<sup id="cite_ref-vintageguitar.com_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vintageguitar.com-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first electric <a href="/wiki/Instrument_amplifier" title="Instrument amplifier">instrument amplifiers</a> were not intended for electric guitars, but were portable <a href="/wiki/PA_system" class="mw-redirect" title="PA system">PA systems</a>. These appeared in the early 1930s when the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Electrolytic_capacitor" title="Electrolytic capacitor">electrolytic capacitors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rectifier" title="Rectifier">rectifier</a> <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">tubes</a> enabled economical built-in <a href="/wiki/Power_supplies" class="mw-redirect" title="Power supplies">power supplies</a> that could plug into wall sockets. Previously, amplifiers required heavy multiple <a href="/wiki/Battery_(electricity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battery (electricity)">battery packs</a>. People used these amplifiers to amplify <a href="/wiki/Acoustic_guitar" title="Acoustic guitar">acoustic guitar</a>, but electronic amplification of guitar first became widely popular in the 1930s and 1940s craze for <a href="/wiki/Western_Swing" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Swing">Western Swing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawaiian music">Hawaiian music</a>, which extensively used amplified <a href="/wiki/Lap_steel_guitar" title="Lap steel guitar">lap steel guitars</a>. In fact, the very first recording of an electrically amplified string instrument was the September 1933 recordings of <a href="/wiki/Milton_Brown" title="Milton Brown">Milton Brown</a> and his Musical Brownies, featuring steel guitarist <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dunn_(musician)" title="Bob Dunn (musician)">Bob Dunn</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1920s, the earliest combo amplifiers had no tone controls. The first tone controls were simple, mainly providing treble adjustment. The limited controls, the early <a href="/wiki/Loudspeakers" class="mw-redirect" title="Loudspeakers">loudspeakers</a>, and the low amplifier power (typically 15 watts or less before the mid-1950s) gave poor high treble and bass output. Some models also provided <a href="/wiki/Effects_unit" title="Effects unit">effects</a> such as an electronic <a href="/wiki/Tremolo" title="Tremolo">tremolo</a> unit. In confusion over nomenclature, Fender labeled early amplifier tremolo as <i>vibrato</i> and called the vibrato arm of the <a href="/wiki/Stratocaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Stratocaster">Stratocaster</a> guitar a <i>tremolo bar</i> (see <a href="/wiki/Vibrato_unit" title="Vibrato unit">vibrato unit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electric_guitar" title="Electric guitar">electric guitar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tremolo" title="Tremolo">tremolo</a>). </p><p>Some later amplifier models included an onboard <a href="/wiki/Spring_reverb" class="mw-redirect" title="Spring reverb">spring reverb</a> effect, one of the first being the <a href="/wiki/Ampeg#Innovations_and_characteristics" title="Ampeg">Ampeg Reverberocket</a> amp. </p><p>A bluesy-style guitarist by the name of <a href="/wiki/Junior_Barnard" title="Junior Barnard">Junior Barnard</a> for the popular <a href="/wiki/Western_swing" title="Western swing">western swing</a> band <a href="/wiki/Bob_Wills" title="Bob Wills">Bob Wills</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Texas_Playboys" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas Playboys">Texas Playboys</a>, was the very first to create electric guitar distortion by deliberately overdriving his amplifier on a number of groundbreaking San Francisco recordings in 1946 and 1947, called the Tiffany Transcriptions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Another pioneer of electric guitar distortion who followed Barnard's lead during the late 1940s was <a href="/wiki/Sister_Rosetta_Tharpe" title="Sister Rosetta Tharpe">Sister Rosetta Tharpe</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In the early 1950s, several guitarists experimented further with producing distortion. These included <a href="/wiki/Goree_Carter" title="Goree Carter">Goree Carter</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-palmer19_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer19-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Joe_Hill_Louis" title="Joe Hill Louis">Joe Hill Louis</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-decurtis_phillips_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-decurtis_phillips-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rolling_memphis_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rolling_memphis-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Elmore_James" title="Elmore James">Elmore James</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ike_Turner" title="Ike Turner">Ike Turner</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Willie_Johnson_(guitarist)" title="Willie Johnson (guitarist)">Willie Johnson</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-rubin61_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rubin61-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pat_Hare" title="Pat Hare">Pat Hare</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-palmer_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Guitar_Slim" title="Guitar Slim">Guitar Slim</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Berry" title="Chuck Berry">Chuck Berry</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Burnette" title="Johnny Burnette">Johnny Burnette</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-rubin61_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rubin61-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Link_Wray" title="Link Wray">Link Wray</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early 1960s, <a href="/wiki/Surf_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Surf rock">surf rock</a> guitarist <a href="/wiki/Dick_Dale" title="Dick Dale">Dick Dale</a> worked closely with <a href="/wiki/Fender_Musical_Instruments_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Fender Musical Instruments Corporation">Fender</a> to produce custom made amplifiers,<sup id="cite_ref-amg_dale_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amg_dale-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including the first 100-watt guitar amplifier.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He pushed the limits of electric amplification technology, helping to develop new equipment that was capable of producing "thick, clearly defined tones" at "previously undreamed-of volumes."<sup id="cite_ref-amg_dale_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amg_dale-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Distortion became more popular from the mid-1960s, when <a href="/wiki/The_Kinks" title="The Kinks">The Kinks</a> guitarist <a href="/wiki/Dave_Davies" title="Dave Davies">Dave Davies</a> produced distortion effects by connecting the already distorted output of one amplifier into the input of another. Later, most guitar amps were provided with preamplifier distortion controls, and <i>fuzz boxes</i> and other effects units were engineered to safely and reliably produce these sounds. Overdrive and distortion have become integral parts of many styles of electric guitar playing, ranging from <a href="/wiki/Blues_rock" title="Blues rock">blues rock</a> to <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">heavy metal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hardcore_punk" title="Hardcore punk">hardcore punk</a>. </p><p>Guitar combo amplifiers were at first used with bass guitars and <a href="/wiki/Electric_piano" title="Electric piano">electric pianos</a>, but these instruments produce a wider frequency range and need a full-range speaker system. Much more amplifier power is required to reproduce low-frequency sound, especially at high volume. Reproducing low frequencies also requires a suitable <a href="/wiki/Woofer" title="Woofer">woofer</a> or <a href="/wiki/Subwoofer" title="Subwoofer">subwoofer</a> speaker and <a href="/wiki/Loudspeaker_enclosure" title="Loudspeaker enclosure">enclosure</a>, with bass cabinets often being larger than a cabinet for mid-range or high-range sounds. As well, the open-back cabinets used on many electric guitar amps, while effective for electric guitar, do not have good bass reproduction. </p><p>Woofer enclosures must be larger and more sturdily built than cabinets for <a href="/wiki/Mid-range_speaker" title="Mid-range speaker">mid-range</a> or high-frequency (<a href="/wiki/Tweeter" title="Tweeter">tweeter</a>) speakers. As such, in the 1950s, when <a href="/wiki/Ampeg" title="Ampeg">Ampeg</a> introduced <a href="/wiki/Bass_amplifier" title="Bass amplifier">bass amplifier</a> and speaker systems, bass guitarists began to use them. Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Hammond_organ" title="Hammond organ">Hammond organ</a> players used a specialized keyboard combo amplifier, the <a href="/wiki/Leslie_speaker" title="Leslie speaker">Leslie speaker</a> cabinet, which contains a woofer for the low frequencies and a horn for the high frequencies. The Leslie horns rotate and a baffle around the woofer rotates as well, producing a rich tremolo and <a href="/wiki/Chorus_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Chorus effect">chorus effect</a>. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guitar_amplifier&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Guitar_amplifier" title="Special:EditPage/Guitar amplifier">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bassman15.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Bassman15.JPG/220px-Bassman15.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Bassman15.JPG/330px-Bassman15.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Bassman15.JPG/440px-Bassman15.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>A Fender Bassman amp head with a 15" speaker cabinet</figcaption></figure> <p>Typically, guitar amplifiers have two amplifying circuit stages, and frequently have tone-shaping electric circuits, which usually include at least bass and treble controls, which function similarly to the equivalent controls on a home <a href="/wiki/Hi-fi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hi-fi">hi-fi</a> system. More expensive amplifiers typically have more controls for other frequency ranges, such as one or two midrange controls and a <a href="/wiki/Presence_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Presence control">presence control</a> for high frequencies. Some guitar amplifiers have a <a href="/wiki/Graphic_equalizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphic equalizer">graphic equalizer</a>, which uses vertical <a href="/wiki/Fader_(audio_engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fader (audio engineering)">faders</a> to control multiple frequency bands. Some more expensive bass amps have a <a href="/wiki/Parametric_equalizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Parametric equalizer">parametric equalizer</a>, which enables precise control of tone. </p><p>The first amplifier stage is a <a href="/wiki/Preamplifier" title="Preamplifier">preamplifier</a>. It amplifies the audio signal to a level that can drive the power stage. The preamplifier also changes the tone of the signal; high preamp settings add <a href="/wiki/Distortion_(music)" title="Distortion (music)">overdrive</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Amplifier" title="Amplifier">power amplifier</a> produces a high current signal to drive a <a href="/wiki/Loudspeaker" title="Loudspeaker">loudspeaker</a> and produce sound. </p><p>Various types of tone stages may affect the guitar signal: </p> <ul><li>Settings on the guitar itself (passive tone controls, active equalizer circuits in built-in preamps, pickup selector switch position, etc.)</li> <li>Devices between the guitar and the preamp stage, such as a <a href="/wiki/Wah-wah_pedal" title="Wah-wah pedal">wah-wah pedal</a> or other <a href="/wiki/Effects_unit" title="Effects unit">effects units</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Chorus_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Chorus effect">chorus</a> or <a href="/wiki/Reverb" class="mw-redirect" title="Reverb">reverb</a>.</li> <li>Between the preamp and power stages (an <a href="/wiki/Effects_loop" title="Effects loop">effects loop</a> or some dedicated amplifier tone circuits)</li> <li>Between multiple stacked preamp stages (also called gain stages)</li> <li>In feedback loops from a post-preamp signal to an earlier pre-preamp signal (as in the case of presence modifier circuits)</li></ul> <p>Tone stages may also provide electronic effects—such as <a href="/wiki/Equalization_(audio)" title="Equalization (audio)">equalization</a>, compression, distortion, <a href="/wiki/Chorus_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Chorus effect">chorus</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Reverb" class="mw-redirect" title="Reverb">reverb</a>. Amplifiers may use <a href="/wiki/Tube_amplifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Tube amplifier">vacuum tubes</a> (called valves in Britain), <a href="/wiki/Solid-state_electronics" title="Solid-state electronics">solid-state</a> (transistor) devices, or both. </p><p>The two common guitar amplifier configurations are a combination ("combo") amplifier that includes an amplifier and one or more speakers in a single cabinet, and a standalone amplifier (often called a <i>head</i> or <i>amp head</i>), which passes the amplified signal via a speaker cable to one or more external <a href="/wiki/Guitar_speaker_cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="Guitar speaker cabinet">speaker cabinets</a>. A wide range of speaker configurations are available in guitar cabinets—from cabinets with a single speaker (e.g., 1×10" or 1×12") or multiple speakers (e.g., 2×10", 4×10" or 8x10"). </p><p>Guitar amplifiers vary widely in price and quality. Many music equipment companies import small, low-powered practice amplifiers for students and beginners that sell for less than $50. Other companies produce expensive custom-made amplifiers for professional musicians, which can cost hundreds or even thousands of dollars (USD). Most combo amplifiers have a carrying handle, and many combo amplifiers and cabinets have metal or plastic-reinforced corners to protect the amp during transportation. </p><p>Control knobs and buttons are typically on the front of the cabinet or chassis, though in some cases, the knobs are on a recessed panel at the back of the top of the amplifier. The most basic amps only have a few knobs, which typically control volume, bass, and treble. More expensive amps may have several knobs that control pre-amp volume (or gain), distortion or overdrive, volume, bass, mid and treble, and reverb. Some older amps (and their re-issued versions) have a knob that controls a vibrato or tremolo effect. The 1/4" input jack is typically mounted on the front of the amplifier. In the simplest, least expensive amplifiers, this 1/4" jack is the only jack on the amplifier. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Line_6_Flextone_III_Plus_rear_panel_R.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Line_6_Flextone_III_Plus_rear_panel_R.jpg/220px-Line_6_Flextone_III_Plus_rear_panel_R.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Line_6_Flextone_III_Plus_rear_panel_R.jpg/330px-Line_6_Flextone_III_Plus_rear_panel_R.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Line_6_Flextone_III_Plus_rear_panel_R.jpg/440px-Line_6_Flextone_III_Plus_rear_panel_R.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Patch_bay" class="mw-redirect" title="Patch bay">patch bay</a> at the rear panel of this Line 6 Flextone guitar amp provides several additional inputs and outputs, including stereo XLR <a href="/wiki/DI_unit" title="DI unit">DI unit</a> outputs.</figcaption></figure> <p>More expensive amplifiers may have a <a href="/wiki/Patch_bay" class="mw-redirect" title="Patch bay">patch bay</a> for multiple inputs and outputs, such as a pre-amp out (for sending to another guitar amplifier), a second low gain input, to use with active basses, an in jack to create an effects loop (when used with the pre-amp out jack), an external speaker output (for powering an additional <a href="/wiki/Speaker_cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="Speaker cabinet">speaker cabinet</a>), and stereo RCA jacks or a 1/8" jack, for connecting a CD player or MP3 player so that a player can practice along with recorded music. Some amps have a 1/4" jack for connecting a pedal to turn the amp's onboard overdrive and reverb on and off or to switch between channels. Some amps have an XLR jack for a microphone, either for the guitar amp to be used for singing (in effect as a mini-<a href="/wiki/PA_system" class="mw-redirect" title="PA system">PA system</a>), or, for acoustic guitar, to mix a mic signal with a pickup signal. </p><p>The vast majority of guitar amps can only be powered by <a href="/wiki/AC_mains" class="mw-redirect" title="AC mains">AC mains</a> power (plugging into a wall outlet); however, a small number of practice amps are designed for <a href="/wiki/Busker" class="mw-redirect" title="Busker">buskers</a> also have battery power so they can be used for street performances. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guitar_amplifier&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kustom_200_bass_amplifier_(1971).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Kustom_200_bass_amplifier_%281971%29.jpg/250px-Kustom_200_bass_amplifier_%281971%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Kustom_200_bass_amplifier_%281971%29.jpg/330px-Kustom_200_bass_amplifier_%281971%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Kustom_200_bass_amplifier_%281971%29.jpg/500px-Kustom_200_bass_amplifier_%281971%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1659" data-file-height="2878" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kustom_Amplification" title="Kustom Amplification">Kustom</a> 200 bass amp – amp head and speakers, 100 watts RMS, two channels, two 15" speakers, 1971</figcaption></figure> <p>A <i>combo</i> amp contains the amplifier and one or more speakers in a single cabinet. In a head and speaker cabinet configuration, the amplifier and speaker each have their own cabinet. The amplifier (head) may drive one or more speaker cabinets. </p><p>In the 1920s, guitarists played through <a href="/wiki/Public_address" class="mw-redirect" title="Public address">public address</a> amplifiers, but by the 1940s this was uncommon. </p><p>Besides instrument inputs and speaker outputs (typically via 1/4" jacks), an amp may have other inputs and outputs. These can include an auxiliary input jack (sometimes with its own level control, for a <a href="/wiki/Drum_machine" title="Drum machine">drum machine</a>), <a href="/wiki/Insert_(effects_processing)" title="Insert (effects processing)">send and return jacks</a> to create an effects loop,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag needs further explanation. (March 2019)">further explanation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> a <a href="/wiki/Line_out_(signal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Line out (signal)">line out</a> jack, and an extension speaker jack. Practice amps sometimes have a 1/4" headphone jack, or stereo <a href="/wiki/RCA_connector" title="RCA connector">RCA</a> or mini jacks for connecting a <a href="/wiki/CD_player" title="CD player">CD player</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portable_media_player" title="Portable media player">portable media player</a> or other sound sources. Some guitar amps have an <a href="/wiki/XLR_connector" title="XLR connector">XLR</a> input so that a <a href="/wiki/Microphone" title="Microphone">microphone</a> can be plugged in for singing. Guitar amps that include a mic input are in effect small, portable <a href="/wiki/PA_system" class="mw-redirect" title="PA system">PA systems</a>. Some amps, typically bass amps, have an XLR connector to provide a <a href="/wiki/Balanced_line" title="Balanced line">balanced output</a> from the preamp section to a PA system or recording input. </p><p>Instrument amplifiers are available in a wide range of price, quality, and performance levels. Some are designed for beginners, such as small, low-wattage <i>practice amps</i>, which typically have a single 8" speaker and about 10 watts, or smaller combo amps with relatively low wattage (15 to 20 watts) and a single 10" speaker. Mid- to large-size combo amps with 30 to 50 watts and one 12" speaker or four 10" speakers are best for high-volume situations, such as band rehearsals and onstage performances. For large venues, such as outdoor <a href="/wiki/Music_festival" title="Music festival">music festivals</a>, guitarists may use one or more 100 watts (or several hundred watts) heads with one or more 8x10” cabinets. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vacuum_tube">Vacuum tube</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guitar_amplifier&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Vacuum tube"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kt88_power_tubes_in_traynor_yba200_amplifier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Kt88_power_tubes_in_traynor_yba200_amplifier.jpg/250px-Kt88_power_tubes_in_traynor_yba200_amplifier.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Kt88_power_tubes_in_traynor_yba200_amplifier.jpg/330px-Kt88_power_tubes_in_traynor_yba200_amplifier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Kt88_power_tubes_in_traynor_yba200_amplifier.jpg/500px-Kt88_power_tubes_in_traynor_yba200_amplifier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="651" /></a><figcaption>The glow from four "Electro Harmonix KT88" brand power tubes lights up the inside of a <a href="/wiki/Traynor_Amplifiers" title="Traynor Amplifiers">Traynor</a> YBA-200 bass guitar amplifier</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Valve_amplifier" title="Valve amplifier">Valve amplifier</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">Vacuum tubes</a> (called valves in British English) were by far the dominant active electronic components in most <a href="/wiki/Instrument_amplifier" title="Instrument amplifier">instrument amplifier</a> applications until the 1970s when solid-state semiconductors (<a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">transistors</a>) started taking over. Transistor amplifiers are less expensive to build and maintain, reduce the weight and heat of an amplifier, and tend to be more reliable and more shock-resistant. Tubes are fragile and they must be replaced and maintained periodically. As well, serious problems with the tubes can render an amplifier inoperable until the issue is resolved. </p><p>While tube-based circuitry is technologically outdated, tube amps remain popular since many guitarists prefer their sound.<sup id="cite_ref-Gallagher_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gallagher-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tube enthusiasts believe that tube amps produce a <i>warmer</i> sound and a more natural <a href="/wiki/Distortion_(music)" title="Distortion (music)">"overdrive"</a> sound. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Solid-state">Solid-state</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guitar_amplifier&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Solid-state"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most inexpensive and mid-priced guitar amplifiers are based on transistor or <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductor</a> (solid-state) circuits, which are cheaper to produce and more reliable, and usually much lighter than tube amplifiers.<sup id="cite_ref-Gallagher_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gallagher-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Solid-state amps are less fragile than tube amps. </p><p>High-end solid-state amplifiers are less common, since many professional guitarists favor vacuum tubes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Some<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (October 2018)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> jazz guitarists favor the <i>cleaner</i> sound of solid-state amplifiers. Only a few solid-state amps have enduring attraction, such as the <a href="/wiki/Roland_Jazz_Chorus" title="Roland Jazz Chorus">Roland Jazz Chorus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gallagher_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gallagher-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Solid-state amplifiers vary in output power, functionality, size, price, and sound quality in a wide range, from practice amplifiers to combos suitable for gigging to professional models intended for <a href="/wiki/Session_musician" title="Session musician">session musicians</a> who do <a href="/wiki/Sound_recording" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound recording">studio recording work</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hybrid">Hybrid</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guitar_amplifier&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Hybrid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A hybrid amplifier involves one of two combinations of tube and solid-state amplification. It may have a tube power amp fed by a solid-state pre-amp circuit, as in most of the original <a href="/wiki/Music_Man_(company)" title="Music Man (company)">MusicMan</a> amplifiers. </p><p>Alternatively, a tube preamplifier can feed a solid-state output stage, as in models from <a href="/wiki/Kustom_Amplification" title="Kustom Amplification">Kustom</a>, Hartke, <a href="/wiki/SWR_Sound_Corporation" title="SWR Sound Corporation">SWR</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vox_(musical_equipment)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vox (musical equipment)">Vox</a>. This approach dispenses with the need for an output transformer and easily achieves modern power levels.<sup id="cite_ref-Gallagher_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gallagher-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modeling">Modeling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guitar_amplifier&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Modeling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Line_6_Flextone_III_Plus_control_panel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Line_6_Flextone_III_Plus_control_panel.jpg/250px-Line_6_Flextone_III_Plus_control_panel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Line_6_Flextone_III_Plus_control_panel.jpg/330px-Line_6_Flextone_III_Plus_control_panel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Line_6_Flextone_III_Plus_control_panel.jpg/500px-Line_6_Flextone_III_Plus_control_panel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A modeling amplifier, shown from above. Note the various amplifier and speaker emulations selectable via the rotary knob on the left.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">Microprocessor</a> technology allows the use of digital onboard effects in guitar amps to create numerous different sounds and tones that simulate the sound of a range of tube amplifiers and different sized speaker cabinets, all using the same amplifier and speaker. These are known as <a href="/wiki/Amplifier_modeling" title="Amplifier modeling">modeling amplifiers</a>, and can be programmed with simulated characteristic tones of different existing amplifier models (and speaker cabinets—even microphone type or placement), or dialed in to the user's taste. Many amps of this type are also programmable by way of <a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a> connection to a home computer or laptop.<sup id="cite_ref-Gallagher_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gallagher-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Line_6_(company)" title="Line 6 (company)">Line 6</a> is generally credited with bringing modeling amplification to the market.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modeling amplifiers and <a href="/wiki/Stompbox" class="mw-redirect" title="Stompbox">stompbox</a> pedals, rackmount units, and software that models specific amplifiers, speakers cabinets, and microphones can provide a large number of sounds and tones. Players can get a reasonable facsimile of the sound of tube amplifiers, vintage combo amplifiers, and huge 8x10” speaker stacks without bringing all that heavy equipment to the studio or stage. </p><p>The use of full range, flat response (FRFR) amplification systems by electric guitarists has received an extra impetus from modeling amplifiers. Before widespread availability of modeling, guitarists did not commonly plug electric guitars straight into <a href="/wiki/PA_system" class="mw-redirect" title="PA system">PA systems</a> or <a href="/wiki/Powered_speaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Powered speaker">powered speakers</a> because most genres relied on the tonal coloration of a regular guitar amplifier setup—from the <a href="/wiki/Preamplifier" title="Preamplifier">preamplifier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Equalization_(audio)" title="Equalization (audio)">equalization</a> filters, <a href="/wiki/Power_amp" class="mw-redirect" title="Power amp">power amp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guitar_speaker" title="Guitar speaker">guitar speakers</a>, and cabinet design. The FRFR approach assumes the tone is shaped by sound processors in the signal chain before the amplifier and speaker stage, so it strives to not add further coloration<sup id="cite_ref-anderton_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anderton-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or dedicated combo-style amplifiers with a broad frequency range.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such processors can be traditional guitar effects, a modeling amplifier (without power amplifier), or a computer running tone-shaping software.<sup id="cite_ref-anderton_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anderton-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using a modeling amp or a multi-effects pedal used with line level output, a guitarist can plug in the guitar into a flat response mic input or into a <a href="/wiki/Keyboard_amplifier" title="Keyboard amplifier">keyboard amplifier</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acoustic">Acoustic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guitar_amplifier&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Acoustic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Acoustic amplifiers</i> are intended for acoustic guitars and other acoustic instruments, especially for the way these instruments are used in relatively quiet genres such as <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bluegrass_music" title="Bluegrass music">bluegrass</a>. They are similar to keyboard amplifiers, in that they have a relatively flat frequency response with minimal coloration. To produce this relatively clean sound, these amplifiers often have powerful amplifiers (providing up to 800 watts RMS), to provide additional <a href="/wiki/Headroom_(audio_signal_processing)" title="Headroom (audio signal processing)">headroom</a> and prevent unwanted distortion. Since an 800-watt amplifier built with standard <a href="/wiki/Class_AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Class AB">Class AB</a> technology is heavy, some acoustic amplifier manufacturers use lightweight <a href="/wiki/Class_D_amplifiers" class="mw-redirect" title="Class D amplifiers">Class D amplifiers</a>, which are also called switching amplifiers. </p><p>Acoustic amplifiers produce an uncolored, acoustic sound when used with acoustic instruments with built-in transducers, <a href="/wiki/Pick_up_(music_technology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pick up (music technology)">pickups</a> or microphones. The amplifiers often come with a simple mixer, so that the signals from a pickup and a condenser microphone can be blended. Since the early 2000s, it has become increasingly common for acoustic amplifiers to provide a range of digital effects, such as <a href="/wiki/Reverb" class="mw-redirect" title="Reverb">reverb</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gain_compression" title="Gain compression">compression</a>. As well, these amplifiers often contain <a href="/wiki/Feedback" title="Feedback">feedback</a>-suppressing devices, such as <a href="/wiki/Notch_filter" class="mw-redirect" title="Notch filter">notch filters</a> or <a href="/wiki/Parametric_equalizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Parametric equalizer">parametric equalizers</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stacks">Stacks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guitar_amplifier&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Stacks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MarshallStack_Slayer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/MarshallStack_Slayer.jpg/250px-MarshallStack_Slayer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/MarshallStack_Slayer.jpg/330px-MarshallStack_Slayer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/MarshallStack_Slayer.jpg/500px-MarshallStack_Slayer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="1602" /></a><figcaption>A <span class="nowrap">3 × 6</span> stack of mock <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Amplification" title="Marshall Amplification">Marshall</a> guitar cabinets for <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Hanneman" title="Jeff Hanneman">Jeff Hanneman</a> of <a href="/wiki/Slayer" title="Slayer">Slayer</a></figcaption></figure> <p>An amplifier stack consists of an amplifier head atop a <a href="/wiki/Speaker_cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="Speaker cabinet">speaker cabinet</a>—a head on top of one cabinet is commonly called a <i>half stack</i>, a head atop two cabinets a <i>full-stack</i>. The cabinet that the head sits on often has an angled top in front, while the lower cabinet of a full stack has a straight front. The first version of the <i>Marshall stack</i> was an amp head on an 8×12 cabinet, meaning a single speaker cabinet containing eight 12" guitar speakers. After six of these cabinets were made, the cabinet arrangement was changed to an amp head on two 4×12 (four 12" speakers) cabinets to make the cabinets more transportable. Some touring metal and rock bands have used a large array of guitar speaker cabinets for their impressive appearance. Some of these arrangements include only the fronts of speaker cabinets mounted on a large frame.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are many varieties of speaker combinations used in guitar speaker cabinets, including one 12" speaker, one 15" speaker (this is more common for <a href="/wiki/Bass_amplifier" title="Bass amplifier">bass amplifiers</a> than for electric guitar cabinets), two 10" speakers, four 10" speakers, four 12" speakers, or eight 10" speakers. Less commonly, guitar cabinets may contain different sizes of speakers in the same cabinet. Cabinets with eight 10" speakers are large and heavy, and they are often equipped with wheels and a <i>towel bar</i>-style handle for transport. Some cabinets use mixed speaker types, such as one 15" speaker and two 10" speakers. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cabinet_design">Cabinet design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guitar_amplifier&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Cabinet design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Combo guitar amplifier cabinets and <a href="/wiki/Speaker_enclosure" class="mw-redirect" title="Speaker enclosure">guitar speaker cabinets</a> use several different designs, including the open back cabinet, the closed back cabinet (a sealed box), and, less commonly, <a href="/wiki/Bass_reflex" title="Bass reflex">bass reflex</a> designs, which use a closed back with a vent or port cut into the cabinet.<sup id="cite_ref-guitarplayer.com_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guitarplayer.com-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With guitar amps, most open back amp cabinets are not fully open; part of the back is enclosed with panels. Combo guitar amp cabinets and standalone speaker cabinets are often made of <a href="/wiki/Plywood" title="Plywood">plywood</a>. Some are made of <a href="/wiki/Medium-density_fibreboard" title="Medium-density fibreboard">MDF</a> or <a href="/wiki/Particle_board" title="Particle board">particle board</a>—especially in low-budget models.<sup id="cite_ref-guitarplayer.com_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guitarplayer.com-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cabinet size and depth, material types, assembly methods, type and thickness of the baffle material (the wood panel that holds the speaker), and the way the baffle attaches to the cabinet all affect tone.<sup id="cite_ref-guitarplayer.com_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guitarplayer.com-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When two or more speakers are used in the same cabinet, or when two cabinets are used together, the speakers can be wired in parallel or in series, or in a combination of the two (e.g., two 2x10" cabinets, with the two speakers wired in series, can be connected together in parallel). Whether speakers are wired in parallel or in series affects the <a href="/wiki/Electrical_impedance" title="Electrical impedance">impedance</a> of the system. Two 8 ohm speakers wired in parallel have 4-ohm impedance. Guitarists who connect multiple cabinets to an amplifier must consider the amp's minimum impedance. Parallel vs. series also affects tone and sound. Speakers wired in parallel slightly dampen[s] and restrain[s] them, giving what some describe as <i>tighter response</i> and <i>smoother breakup</i>. Some describe speakers wired in series (usually no more than two) as sounding "...looser, giving a slightly more raw, open and edgy sound."<sup id="cite_ref-guitarplayer.com_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guitarplayer.com-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distortion,_power,_and_volume"><span id="Distortion.2C_power.2C_and_volume"></span>Distortion, power, and volume</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guitar_amplifier&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Distortion, power, and volume"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Power_output">Power output</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guitar_amplifier&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Power output"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The relationship between power output in watts and perceived volume is not immediately obvious. The human ear perceives a 5-watt amplifier as half as loud as a 50-watt amplifier (a tenfold increase in power), and a half-watt amplifier is a quarter as loud as a 50-watt amp. Due to this <a href="/wiki/Logarithmic_scale" title="Logarithmic scale">logarithmic scale</a>, doubling the output power of an amplifier results in a just noticeable increase in volume, so a 100-watt amplifier is only just noticeably louder than a 50-watt amplifier. Such generalizations are also subject to the human ear's tendency to behave as a natural <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_range_compression" title="Dynamic range compression">compressor</a> at high volumes. </p><p>Power attenuation can be used with either low-power or high-power amplifiers, resulting in variable-power amplifiers. A high-power amplifier with power attenuation can produce power-tube distortion through a range of listening volumes but with a decrease in high-power distortion. Other technologies, such as dual rectifiers and the sag circuit<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Technical_language" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style"><span title="The material near this tag may be using jargon that limits the article's accessibility. (November 2017)">jargon</span></a></i>]</sup>—which should not be confused with attenuation—allow high-power amplifiers to produce low power volume while preserving high power distortion.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Speaker efficiency is also a major factor affecting a tube amplifier's maximum volume. </p><p>For bass instruments, higher-power amplifiers are needed to reproduce low-frequency sounds. While an electric guitarist would be able to play at a small club with a 50-watt amplifier, a bass player performing in the same venue would probably need an amplifier with 200 or more watts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Distortion_and_volume">Distortion and volume</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guitar_amplifier&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Distortion and volume"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marshall_MG15DFX_guitar_amplifier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Marshall_MG15DFX_guitar_amplifier.jpg/220px-Marshall_MG15DFX_guitar_amplifier.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Marshall_MG15DFX_guitar_amplifier.jpg/330px-Marshall_MG15DFX_guitar_amplifier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Marshall_MG15DFX_guitar_amplifier.jpg/440px-Marshall_MG15DFX_guitar_amplifier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Marshall is a popular amplifier manufacturer for metal and hard rock. Pictured is the MG15DFX guitar amplifier.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Distortion_(music)" title="Distortion (music)">Distortion</a> is a feature available on many guitar amplifiers that is not typically found on keyboard or bass guitar amplifiers. Tube guitar amplifiers can produce distortion through pre-distortion equalization, preamp tube distortion, post-distortion EQ, power-tube distortion, tube rectifier compression, output transformer distortion, guitar speaker distortion, and guitar speaker and cabinet frequency response. Because many factors beyond preamp distortion contribute to a particular guitarist's sound, recording engineers and PA system techs typically put a <a href="/wiki/Microphone" title="Microphone">microphone</a> in front of the guitar speaker, rather than only use the guitar amp's pre-amp out signal. A <a href="/wiki/Sound_engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound engineer">sound engineer</a> or <a href="/wiki/Music_producer" class="mw-redirect" title="Music producer">music producer</a> may send the <a href="/wiki/DI_unit" title="DI unit">DI out signal</a> from the pickups to a separate track at the same time, so they can <a href="/wiki/Re-amp" title="Re-amp">re-amp</a> the signal later. In contrast, it is fairly common to use a <a href="/wiki/DI_box" class="mw-redirect" title="DI box">DI box</a> with <a href="/wiki/Electric_bass" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric bass">electric bass</a>. </p><p>Distortion sound or "texture" from guitar amplifiers is further shaped or processed through the frequency response and distortion factors in the microphones (their response, placement, and multi-microphone comb filtering effects), microphone preamps, mixer channel equalization, and compression. Additionally, the basic sound produced by the guitar amplifier can be changed and shaped by adding distortion and/or equalization <a href="/wiki/Effect_pedal" class="mw-redirect" title="Effect pedal">effect pedals</a> before the amp's input jack, in the effects loop just before the tube power amp, or after the power tubes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Power-tube_distortion">Power-tube distortion</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guitar_amplifier&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Power-tube distortion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Power-tube distortion is required for amp sounds in some genres. In a standard master-volume guitar amp, as the amp's final or master volume is increased beyond the full power of the amplifier, power-tube distortion is produced. The "power soak" approach places the attenuation between the power tubes and the guitar speaker. In the re-amped or "dummy load" approach, the tube power amp drives a mostly resistive dummy load while an additional low power amp drives the guitar speaker. In the isolation box approach, the guitar amplifier is used with a <a href="/wiki/Guitar_speaker" title="Guitar speaker">guitar speaker</a> in a separate cabinet. A soundproofed <a href="/wiki/Isolation_cabinet_(guitar)" title="Isolation cabinet (guitar)">isolation cabinet</a>, isolation box, isolation booth, or isolation room can be used. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Volume_controls">Volume controls</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guitar_amplifier&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Volume controls"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marshall_JCM_900_Guitar_Amp_Setting_-_Simokitazawa_MOSAIC,_2013-11-23_14.55.25_(by_Junya_Ogura).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Marshall_JCM_900_Guitar_Amp_Setting_-_Simokitazawa_MOSAIC%2C_2013-11-23_14.55.25_%28by_Junya_Ogura%29.jpg/220px-Marshall_JCM_900_Guitar_Amp_Setting_-_Simokitazawa_MOSAIC%2C_2013-11-23_14.55.25_%28by_Junya_Ogura%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Marshall_JCM_900_Guitar_Amp_Setting_-_Simokitazawa_MOSAIC%2C_2013-11-23_14.55.25_%28by_Junya_Ogura%29.jpg/330px-Marshall_JCM_900_Guitar_Amp_Setting_-_Simokitazawa_MOSAIC%2C_2013-11-23_14.55.25_%28by_Junya_Ogura%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Marshall_JCM_900_Guitar_Amp_Setting_-_Simokitazawa_MOSAIC%2C_2013-11-23_14.55.25_%28by_Junya_Ogura%29.jpg/440px-Marshall_JCM_900_Guitar_Amp_Setting_-_Simokitazawa_MOSAIC%2C_2013-11-23_14.55.25_%28by_Junya_Ogura%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>A Marshall JCM 900's knobs for equalization, gain, reverb and volume</figcaption></figure> <p>A variety of labels are used for level attenuation <a href="/wiki/Potentiometer" title="Potentiometer">potentiometers</a> (knobs) in a guitar amplifier and other guitar equipment. Electric guitars and basses have a volume control on the instrument that attenuates the signal from selected pickups. There may be two volume controls on an electric guitar or bass, wired in parallel to mix the signal levels from the neck and bridge pickups. Rolling back the guitar's volume control also changes the pickup's equalization or frequency response, which can provide pre-distortion equalization. </p><p>The simplest guitar amplifiers, such as some vintage amps and modern practice amps, have only a single volume control. Most have two volume controls: a first volume control called "preamplifier" or "gain" and a master volume control. The preamp or gain control works differently on different guitar amp designs. On an amp designed for <a href="/wiki/Acoustic_guitar" title="Acoustic guitar">acoustic guitar</a>, turning up the preamp knob pre-amplifies the signal—but even at its maximum setting, the preamp control is unlikely to produce much <a href="/wiki/Distortion_(music)" title="Distortion (music)">overdrive</a>. However, with amps designed for electric guitarists playing <a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">blues</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hard_rock" title="Hard rock">hard rock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">heavy metal music</a>, turning up the preamp or gain knob usually produces overdrive distortion. Some electric guitar amps have three controls in the volume section: pre-amplifier, distortion, and master control. Turning up the preamp and distortion knobs in varying combinations can create a range of overdrive tones, from a gentle, warm growling overdrive suitable for a traditional blues show or a rockabilly band to the extreme distortion used in <a href="/wiki/Hardcore_punk" title="Hardcore punk">hardcore punk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Death_metal" title="Death metal">death metal</a>. On some electric guitar amps, the "gain" knob is equivalent to the distortion control on a distortion pedal and similarly may have a side-effect of changing the proportion of bass and treble sent to the next stage. </p><p>A simple, inexpensive amplifier may have only two tone controls, a passive bass and treble control. In some better-quality amps, one or more midrange controls are provided. On the most expensive amps, there may be <a href="/wiki/Shelving_equalizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Shelving equalizer">shelving equalizers</a> for bass and treble, several mid-range controls (e.g., low mid, mid, and high mid), and a <a href="/wiki/Graphic_equalizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphic equalizer">graphic equalizer</a> or <a href="/wiki/Parametric_equalizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Parametric equalizer">parametric equalizer</a>. The amplifier's master volume control restricts the amount of signal permitted through to the driver stage and the power amplifier. When using a <a href="/wiki/Power_attenuator_(guitar)" title="Power attenuator (guitar)">power attenuator</a> with a tube amplifier, the master volume no longer acts as the master volume control. Instead, the power attenuator's attenuation control controls the power delivered to the speaker, and the amplifier's master volume control determines the amount of power-tube distortion. Power-supply-based power reduction is controlled by a knob on the tube power amp, variously labeled <i>wattage</i>, <i>power</i>, <i>scale</i>, <i>power scale</i>, or <i>power dampening</i>. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guitar_amplifier&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spinal_Tap_-_Up_to_Eleven.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Spinal_Tap_-_Up_to_Eleven.jpg/330px-Spinal_Tap_-_Up_to_Eleven.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/06/Spinal_Tap_-_Up_to_Eleven.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="430" data-file-height="231" /></a><figcaption>The original "up to eleven" knobs in the 1984 film <i><a href="/wiki/This_Is_Spinal_Tap" title="This Is Spinal Tap">This Is Spinal Tap</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>Volume control gradations are typically numbered from zero to ten. In the 1984 film <i><a href="/wiki/This_Is_Spinal_Tap" title="This Is Spinal Tap">This Is Spinal Tap</a>,</i> guitarist <a href="/wiki/Nigel_Tufnel" title="Nigel Tufnel">Nigel Tufnel</a> demonstrates an amplifier whose volume knobs are marked from zero to eleven, believing that this numbering increases the highest volume of the amp. He explains, "It's one louder, isn't it?" This misunderstanding of the underlying operating principles led to the <a href="/wiki/Idiom" title="Idiom">idiom</a> "<a href="/wiki/Up_to_eleven" title="Up to eleven">Up to eleven</a>", also phrased as "These go to eleven". As a consequence of the film, real bands and musicians started buying <a href="/wiki/Up_to_eleven#Other_instances" title="Up to eleven">equipment</a> whose knobs went up to eleven. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guitar_amplifier&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Guitar_amplifier_manufacturers" title="Category:Guitar amplifier manufacturers">Category:Guitar amplifier manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vintage_musical_equipment" title="Vintage musical equipment">Vintage musical equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tube_sound" title="Tube sound">Tube sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass_amplifier" title="Bass amplifier">Bass amplifier</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guitar_amplifier&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-vintageguitar.com-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vintageguitar.com_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vintageguitar.com_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vintageguitar.com_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTeagle2002" class="citation web cs1">Teagle, John (September 5, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vintageguitar.com/1804/antique-guitar-amps-1928-1934/">"Antique Guitar Amps 1928-1934"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Antique+Guitar+Amps+1928-1934&rft.date=2002-09-05&rft.aulast=Teagle&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vintageguitar.com%2F1804%2Fantique-guitar-amps-1928-1934%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuitar+amplifier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Timothy Miller, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com.ezproxy2.library.arizona.edu/subscriber/article/grove/music/A2241449?q=hawaiian+guitar&search=quick&pos=2&_start=1#firsthit">"Hawaiian Guitar"</a>, The Grove Dictionary of American Music, 2nd edition</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-palmer19-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-palmer19_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Palmer_(American_writer)" title="Robert Palmer (American writer)">Robert Palmer</a>, "Church of the Sonic Guitar", pp. 13-38 in Anthony DeCurtis, <i>Present Tense</i>, <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>, 1992, p. 19. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8223-1265-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8223-1265-4">0-8223-1265-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-decurtis_phillips-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-decurtis_phillips_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDeCurtis1992" class="citation book cs1">DeCurtis, Anthony (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bsT3RQ9e58kC"><i>Present Tense: Rock & Roll and Culture</i></a> (4. print. ed.). Durham, N.C.: <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0822312654" title="Special:BookSources/0822312654"><bdi>0822312654</bdi></a>. <q>His first venture, the Phillips label, issued only one known release, and it was one of the loudest, most overdriven, and distorted guitar stomps ever recorded, "Boogie in the Park" by Memphis one-man-band Joe Hill Louis, who cranked his guitar while sitting and banging at a rudimentary drum kit.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Present+Tense%3A+Rock+%26+Roll+and+Culture&rft.place=Durham%2C+N.C.&rft.edition=4.+print.&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0822312654&rft.aulast=DeCurtis&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbsT3RQ9e58kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuitar+amplifier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rolling_memphis-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rolling_memphis_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMiller1980" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Jim (1980). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rollingstoneillu00mill"><i>The Rolling Stone illustrated history of rock & roll</i></a></span>. New York: Rolling Stone. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0394513223" title="Special:BookSources/0394513223"><bdi>0394513223</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2012</span>. <q>Black country bluesmen made raw, heavily amplified boogie records of their own, especially in Memphis, where guitarists like Joe Hill Louis, Willie Johnson (with the early Howlin' Wolf band) and Pat Hare (with Little Junior Parker) played driving rhythms and scorching, distorted solos that might be counted the distant ancestors of heavy metal.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rolling+Stone+illustrated+history+of+rock+%26+roll&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Rolling+Stone&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0394513223&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frollingstoneillu00mill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuitar+amplifier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Morthland (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wonderingsound.com/spotlight/how-elmore-james-invented-metal/">How Elmore James Invented Metal</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304094851/http://www.wonderingsound.com/spotlight/how-elmore-james-invented-metal/">Archived</a> 2016-03-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Wondering Sound</i>, <a href="/wiki/EMusic" title="EMusic">eMusic</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShepard2003" class="citation book cs1">Shepard, John (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pJvzEzjahkQC&q=rocket+88+distortion&pg=PA286"><i>Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World</i></a>. Performance and Production. Vol. II. Continuum International. p. 286. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780826463227" title="Special:BookSources/9780826463227"><bdi>9780826463227</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Continuum+Encyclopedia+of+Popular+Music+of+the+World&rft.series=Performance+and+Production&rft.pages=286&rft.pub=Continuum+International&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780826463227&rft.aulast=Shepard&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpJvzEzjahkQC%26q%3Drocket%2B88%2Bdistortion%26pg%3DPA286&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuitar+amplifier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rubin61-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rubin61_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rubin61_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDave2007" class="citation book cs1">Dave, Rubin (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0amzAiwBmOcC"><i>Inside the Blues, 1942 to 1982</i></a>. Hal Leonard. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781423416661" title="Special:BookSources/9781423416661"><bdi>9781423416661</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+the+Blues%2C+1942+to+1982&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Hal+Leonard&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781423416661&rft.aulast=Dave&rft.aufirst=Rubin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0amzAiwBmOcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuitar+amplifier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-palmer-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-palmer_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Palmer_(American_writer)" title="Robert Palmer (American writer)">Robert Palmer</a>, "Church of the Sonic Guitar", pp. 13-38 in Anthony DeCurtis, <i>Present Tense</i>, <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>, 1992, pp. 24-27. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8223-1265-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8223-1265-4">0-8223-1265-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAswell2010" class="citation book cs1">Aswell, Tom (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BSHTGsnI8skC&pg=PA61"><i>Louisiana Rocks! The True Genesis of Rock & Roll</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Gretna,_Louisiana" title="Gretna, Louisiana">Gretna, Louisiana</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pelican_Publishing_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelican Publishing Company">Pelican Publishing Company</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">61–</span>5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1589806771" title="Special:BookSources/978-1589806771"><bdi>978-1589806771</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Louisiana+Rocks%21+The+True+Genesis+of+Rock+%26+Roll&rft.place=Gretna%2C+Louisiana&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E61-%3C%2Fspan%3E5&rft.pub=Pelican+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1589806771&rft.aulast=Aswell&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBSHTGsnI8skC%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuitar+amplifier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCollis2002" class="citation book cs1">Collis, John (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0AgUAQAAIAAJ"><i>Chuck Berry: The Biography</i></a>. Aurum. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781854108739" title="Special:BookSources/9781854108739"><bdi>9781854108739</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chuck+Berry%3A+The+Biography&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Aurum&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781854108739&rft.aulast=Collis&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0AgUAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuitar+amplifier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHicks2000" class="citation book cs1">Hicks, Michael (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JviHtOrIlkkC&q=link+wray+pencil+rumble&pg=PA17"><i>Sixties Rock: Garage, Psychedelic, and Other Satisfactions</i></a>. University of Illinois Press. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-06915-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-252-06915-3"><bdi>0-252-06915-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sixties+Rock%3A+Garage%2C+Psychedelic%2C+and+Other+Satisfactions&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-252-06915-3&rft.aulast=Hicks&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJviHtOrIlkkC%26q%3Dlink%2Bwray%2Bpencil%2Brumble%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuitar+amplifier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-amg_dale-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-amg_dale_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-amg_dale_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHuey" class="citation web cs1">Huey, Steve. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/artist/dick-dale-mn0000820232">"Dick Dale"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/AllMusic" title="AllMusic">AllMusic</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=Dick+Dale&rft.aulast=Huey&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Fartist%2Fdick-dale-mn0000820232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuitar+amplifier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dickdale.com/history.html">History</a>, Dick Dale official website</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gallagher-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gallagher_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gallagher_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gallagher_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gallagher_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gallagher_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGallagher2012" class="citation book cs1">Gallagher, Mitch (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6XALAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA85"><i>Guitar Tone: Pursuing the Ultimate Guitar Sound</i></a>. Cengage Learning. pp. <span class="nowrap">85–</span>86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4354-5621-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4354-5621-1"><bdi>978-1-4354-5621-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guitar+Tone%3A+Pursuing+the+Ultimate+Guitar+Sound&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E85-%3C%2Fspan%3E86&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4354-5621-1&rft.aulast=Gallagher&rft.aufirst=Mitch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6XALAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuitar+amplifier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPinksterboer2009" class="citation book cs1">Pinksterboer, Hugo (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gO4zYuv3hzcC&pg=PT270"><i>Tipbook Amplifiers and Effects: The Complete Guide</i></a>. Hal Leonard. p. 270. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4234-6277-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4234-6277-4"><bdi>978-1-4234-6277-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tipbook+Amplifiers+and+Effects%3A+The+Complete+Guide&rft.pages=270&rft.pub=Hal+Leonard&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4234-6277-4&rft.aulast=Pinksterboer&rft.aufirst=Hugo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgO4zYuv3hzcC%26pg%3DPT270&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuitar+amplifier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMadsen2006" class="citation book cs1">Madsen, Pete (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P7mVQezU-7cC&pg=PA81"><i>Funk Guitar and Bass: Know the Players, Play the Music</i></a>. Hal Leonard. p. 81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87930-894-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87930-894-0"><bdi>978-0-87930-894-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Funk+Guitar+and+Bass%3A+Know+the+Players%2C+Play+the+Music&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=Hal+Leonard&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-87930-894-0&rft.aulast=Madsen&rft.aufirst=Pete&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP7mVQezU-7cC%26pg%3DPA81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuitar+amplifier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChappell2011" class="citation book cs1">Chappell, Jon (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3pXjs_pDa0gC&pg=PA282"><i>Blues Guitar For Dummies</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 282. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-05082-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-05082-8"><bdi>978-1-118-05082-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blues+Guitar+For+Dummies&rft.pages=282&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-118-05082-8&rft.aulast=Chappell&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3pXjs_pDa0gC%26pg%3DPA282&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuitar+amplifier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCoelho2003" class="citation book cs1">Coelho, Victor (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UbNnkKMyw7QC&pg=PA145"><i>The Cambridge Companion to the Guitar</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Companions_to_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge Companions to Music">Cambridge Companions to Music</a>. Cambridge UP. p. 145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00040-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00040-6"><bdi>978-0-521-00040-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+the+Guitar&rft.series=Cambridge+Companions+to+Music&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=Cambridge+UP&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-521-00040-6&rft.aulast=Coelho&rft.aufirst=Victor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUbNnkKMyw7QC%26pg%3DPA145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuitar+amplifier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-anderton-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-anderton_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-anderton_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnderton2014" class="citation news cs1">Anderton, Craig (April 2014). "Is Full Range Flat Response Amplification In Your Future?". <i><a href="/wiki/Guitar_Player" title="Guitar Player">Guitar Player</a></i>. p. 148.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Guitar+Player&rft.atitle=Is+Full+Range+Flat+Response+Amplification+In+Your+Future%3F&rft.pages=148&rft.date=2014-04&rft.aulast=Anderton&rft.aufirst=Craig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuitar+amplifier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTurner2014" class="citation news cs1">Turner, Bryan (December 2014). "Mission Engineering Gemini 1". pp. <span class="nowrap">114–</span>17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Mission+Engineering+Gemini+1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E114-%3C%2Fspan%3E17&rft.date=2014-12&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Bryan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuitar+amplifier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGolijan2010" class="citation web cs1">Golijan, Rosa (22 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gizmodo.com/5644585/the-concert-speakers-are-a-lie">"The Concert Speakers Are A Lie"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Gizmodo" title="Gizmodo">Gizmodo</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gizmodo&rft.atitle=The+Concert+Speakers+Are+A+Lie&rft.date=2010-09-22&rft.aulast=Golijan&rft.aufirst=Rosa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgizmodo.com%2F5644585%2Fthe-concert-speakers-are-a-lie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuitar+amplifier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guitarplayer.com-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-guitarplayer.com_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guitarplayer.com_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guitarplayer.com_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guitarplayer.com_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161224095049/http://www.guitarplayer.com/miscellaneous/1139/all-about-speaker-cabinets/14687">"All About Speaker Cabinets | GuitarPlayer"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guitarplayer.com/miscellaneous/1139/all-about-speaker-cabinets/14687">the original</a> on 2016-12-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-12-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=All+About+Speaker+Cabinets+%26%23124%3B+GuitarPlayer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guitarplayer.com%2Fmiscellaneous%2F1139%2Fall-about-speaker-cabinets%2F14687&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuitar+amplifier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guitar Player Magazine, March 2004, page 179</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guitar_amplifier&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Fliegler, Ritchie. <i>The Complete Guide to Guitar and Amp Maintenance</i>. Hal Leonard Corporation, 1994.</li> <li>Fliegler, Ritchie and Eiche, Jon F. <i>Amps!: The Other Half of Rock 'n' Roll</i>. Hal Leonard Corporation, 1993.</li> <li>Hunter, Dave. <i>Amped: The Illustrated History of the World's Greatest Amplifiers.</i> Voyageur Press, 2012.</li> <li>Pittman, Aspen. <i>The Tube Amp Book</i>. Backbeat, 2003.</li> <li>Tarquin, Brian. <i>Guitar Amplifier Encyclopedia</i>. Skyhorse Publishing, Inc., 2016.</li> <li>Weber, Gerald, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fvUVBP3wW1gC&q=A+Desktop+Reference+of+Hip+Vintage+Guitar+Amps">"A Desktop Reference of Hip Vintage Guitar Amps"</a>, Hal Leonard Corporation, 1994. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9641060-0-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-9641060-0-0">0-9641060-0-0</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guitar_amplifier&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Steel-string_acoustic_guitar" title="Steel-string acoustic guitar">steel-string</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dreadnought_(guitar_type)" title="Dreadnought (guitar type)">dreadnought</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archtop_guitar" title="Archtop guitar">Archtop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_guitar" title="Classical guitar">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_guitar" title="Electric guitar">Electric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flamenco_guitar" title="Flamenco guitar">Flamenco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_top_guitar" title="Flat top guitar">Flat top</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fretless_guitar" title="Fretless guitar">Fretless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guitarr%C3%B3n_mexicano" title="Guitarrón mexicano">Guitarrón mexicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lap_steel_guitar" title="Lap steel guitar">Lap steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parlor_guitar" title="Parlor guitar">Parlor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Requinto_guitar" title="Requinto guitar">Requinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resonator_guitar" title="Resonator guitar">Resonator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_guitar" title="Romantic guitar">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-acoustic_guitar" title="Semi-acoustic guitar">Semi-acoustic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_guitar" title="Hybrid guitar">Hybrid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_guitar_with_additional_strings" title="Classical guitar with additional strings">Additional strings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seven-string_guitar" title="Seven-string guitar">7</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arm%C3%B3nico" title="Armónico">Armónico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_guitar" title="Russian guitar">Russian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight-string_guitar" title="Eight-string guitar">8</a> <ul><li><a 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title="Special:EditPage/Template:Music technology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Music_technology445" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Music_technology" title="Music technology">Music technology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Music_technology" title="Music technology">Music technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_technology_(mechanical)" title="Music technology (mechanical)">Mechanical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_technology_(electric)" title="Music technology (electric)">Electrical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_technology_(electronic_and_digital)" title="Music technology (electronic and digital)">Electronic and digital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproduction" title="Sound recording and reproduction">Sound recording</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio channel">Audio channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixing_console" title="Mixing console">Mixing console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binaural_recording" title="Binaural recording">Binaural recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_workstation" title="Digital audio workstation">Digital audio workstation</a> (DAW)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_unit" title="Effects unit">Effects unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equalization_(audio)" title="Equalization (audio)">Equalizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headphones" title="Headphones">Headphones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microphone" title="Microphone">Microphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microphone_preamplifier" title="Microphone preamplifier">Microphone preamplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foldback_(sound_engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foldback (sound engineering)">Monitor speaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multitrack_recording" title="Multitrack recording">Multitrack recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_producer" title="Record producer">Music production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_sequencer" title="Music sequencer">Music sequencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outboard_gear" title="Outboard gear">Outboard gear</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_audio_formats" title="Timeline of audio formats">Recording media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phonograph_record" title="Phonograph record">Phonograph record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_tape" title="Magnetic tape">Magnetic tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_Cassette" title="Compact Cassette">Compact Cassette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">Compact disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Audio_Tape" title="Digital Audio Tape">DAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_recorder" title="Hard disk recorder">Hard disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MiniDisc" title="MiniDisc">MiniDisc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP3" title="MP3">MP3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opus_(audio_format)" title="Opus (audio format)">Opus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Analog_recording" title="Analog recording">Analog recording</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/8-track_tape" class="mw-redirect" title="8-track tape">8-track cartridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amplifier" title="Amplifier">Amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassette_deck" title="Cassette deck">Cassette deck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_analog_and_digital_recording" title="Comparison of analog and digital recording">Comparison of analog and digital recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_musical_instrument" title="Experimental musical instrument">Experimental musical instrument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph">Phonograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Player_piano" title="Player piano">Player piano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reel-to-reel_audio_tape_recording" title="Reel-to-reel audio tape recording">Reel-to-reel audio tape recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tape_recorder" title="Tape recorder">Tape recorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Playback transducers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loudspeaker" title="Loudspeaker">Loudspeaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headphones" title="Headphones">Headphones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foldback_(sound_engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foldback (sound engineering)">Monitor speaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_address_system" title="Public address system">PA system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_reinforcement_system" title="Sound reinforcement system">Sound reinforcement system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_enclosure" class="mw-redirect" title="Speaker enclosure">Speaker enclosure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subwoofer" title="Subwoofer">Subwoofer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_audio" title="Digital audio">Digital audio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_recording" title="Digital recording">Digital recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_signal_processing" title="Digital signal processing">Digital signal processing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Concert" title="Concert">Live music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mixing_console" title="Mixing console">Mixing console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass_amplifier" title="Bass amplifier">Bass amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_unit" title="Effects unit">Effects unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foldback_(sound_engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foldback (sound engineering)">Foldback</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Guitar amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keyboard_amplifier" title="Keyboard amplifier">Keyboard amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_address_system" title="Public address system">PA system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverb_effect" title="Reverb effect">Reverb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_reinforcement_system" title="Sound reinforcement system">Sound reinforcement system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">Electronic music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiptune" title="Chiptune">Chiptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_bending" title="Circuit bending">Circuit bending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum_machine" title="Drum machine">Drum machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_drums" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic drums">Electronic drums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_musical_instrument" title="Electronic musical instrument">Electronic musical instrument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI">MIDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIDI_controller" title="MIDI controller">MIDI controller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_workstation" title="Music workstation">Music workstation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampler_(musical_instrument)" title="Sampler (musical instrument)">Sampler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_sequencer" title="Music sequencer">Sequencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_module" title="Sound module">Sound module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer">Synthesizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theremin" title="Theremin">Theremin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">Software</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_editor" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital audio editor">Digital audio editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_workstation" title="Digital audio workstation">Digital audio workstation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GarageBand" title="GarageBand">GarageBand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ProTools" class="mw-redirect" title="ProTools">ProTools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorewriter" title="Scorewriter">Scorewriter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_effect_processor" title="Software effect processor">Software effect processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_sampler" class="mw-redirect" title="Software sampler">Software sampler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_synthesizer" title="Software synthesizer">Software synthesizer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_engineer" title="Audio engineer">Audio engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DJ" class="mw-redirect" title="DJ">DJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guitar_tech" title="Guitar tech">Guitar technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixing_engineer" title="Mixing engineer">Mixing engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monitor_engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Monitor engineer">Monitor engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_tuner" class="mw-redirect" title="Piano tuner">Piano tuner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_producer" title="Record producer">Record producer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Re-recording_mixer" title="Re-recording mixer">Re-recording mixer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_designer" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound designer">Sound designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_follower" title="Sound follower">Sound follower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_operator" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound operator">Sound operator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_recording" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound recording">Sound recording engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tape_op" title="Tape op">Tape op</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People and organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_Engineering_Society" title="Audio Engineering Society">Audio Engineering Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goji_Electronics" title="Goji Electronics">Goji Electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Broadcast_Sound" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of Broadcast Sound">Institute of Broadcast Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lejaren_Hiller" title="Lejaren Hiller">Lejaren Hiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRCAM" title="IRCAM">IRCAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Mathews" title="Max Mathews">Max Mathews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_Electronics_Library" title="Musical Electronics Library">Musical Electronics Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Lighting_and_Sound_Association" title="Professional Lighting and Sound Association">Professional Lighting and Sound Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Moog" title="Robert Moog">Robert Moog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Motion_Picture_and_Television_Engineers" title="Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers">SMPTE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STEIM" title="STEIM">STEIM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audiophile" title="Audiophile">Audiophile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_fidelity" title="High fidelity">High fidelity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_audio" title="Home audio">Home audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_cinema" title="Home cinema">Home cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_store" title="Music store">Music store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_audio_store" title="Professional audio store">Professional audio store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Interfaces_for_Musical_Expression" title="New Interfaces for Musical Expression">New Interfaces for Musical Expression</a> (NIME)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_audio" title="Vehicle audio">Vehicle audio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/15px-45_record.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/23px-45_record.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/30px-45_record.png 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Record_production" 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