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.infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Terrell Don Hutto</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Director of the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Department_of_Corrections" title="Virginia Department of Corrections">Virginia Department of Corrections</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1977–1980</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Governor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mills_Godwin" title="Mills Godwin">Mills Godwin</a><br /><a href="/wiki/John_N._Dalton" title="John N. Dalton">John N. Dalton</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Director of the <a href="/wiki/Arkansas_Department_of_Corrections#Division_of_Correction" title="Arkansas Department of Corrections">Arkansas Department of Correction</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1971–1976</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Governor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dale_Bumpers" title="Dale Bumpers">Dale Bumpers</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Vernon Housewright</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1935-06-08</span>)</span>June 8, 1935<br /><a href="/wiki/Sinton,_Texas" title="Sinton, Texas">Sinton, Texas</a>, United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">October 22, 2021<span style="display:none">(2021-10-22)</span> (aged 86)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Nancy Sue Moore</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="June 10, 1960">1960</span>)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">3 daughters</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Terrell Sanford Hutto and Winnie Elvenia (<span title="Name at birth"><a href="/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names" title="Birth name">née</a> Cusler</span>) Hutto<sup id="cite_ref-Woodward_2017_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woodward_2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/East_Texas_State_University" class="mw-redirect" title="East Texas State University">East Texas State University</a> BA (1958)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data">Corrections Management executive</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Co-founder of <a href="/wiki/Corrections_Corporation_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Corrections Corporation of America">Corrections Corporation of America</a> (1983)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Terrell Don Hutto</b> (June 8, 1935 – October 22, 2021), was an American businessman and one of the three co-founders of <a href="/wiki/Corrections_Corporation_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Corrections Corporation of America">Corrections Corporation of America</a> (CCA), whose establishment marked the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Private_prison" title="Private prison">private prison</a> industry during the era of former <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CCA_history_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCA_history-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1983, Hutto, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Crants_(CEO)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Crants (CEO)">Robert Crants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_W._Beasley" title="Thomas W. Beasley">Tom Beasley</a> formed CCA and received investments from <a href="/wiki/Jack_C._Massey" title="Jack C. Massey">Jack C. Massey</a>, the founder of <a href="/wiki/Hospital_Corporation_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Hospital Corporation of America">Hospital Corporation of America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vanderbilt_University" title="Vanderbilt University">Vanderbilt University</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Authority" title="Tennessee Valley Authority">Tennessee Valley Authority</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Harmon_1989_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harmon_1989-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-donnaselmanbigbusiness_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-donnaselmanbigbusiness-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 81–2">: 81–2 </span></sup> The <a href="/wiki/T._Don_Hutto_Residential_Center" title="T. Don Hutto Residential Center">T. Don Hutto Residential Center</a>, one of CCA's detention centers, was named after him.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Parents_and_family">Parents and family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T._Don_Hutto&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Parents and family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hutto parents were Winnie Elvenia Cusler Hutto and Terrell Sanford Hutto, a farmer who died when Hutto was nine years old.<sup id="cite_ref-Woodward_2017_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woodward_2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hutto and his wife, Nancy Sue Moore, who were married on June 10, 1960, had three daughters.<sup id="cite_ref-Woodward_2017_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woodward_2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T._Don_Hutto&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hutto earned his degree in history and sociology at <a href="/wiki/East_Texas_State_University" class="mw-redirect" title="East Texas State University">East Texas State University</a> in 1958.<sup id="cite_ref-Woodward_2017_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woodward_2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CCA_history_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCA_history-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He did further studies at the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Methodist_University" title="Southern Methodist University">Southern Methodist University</a> (1959), the <a href="/wiki/American_University" title="American University">American University</a> (1964),<sup id="cite_ref-lithub_Bauer_SlaveryToPrison_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lithub_Bauer_SlaveryToPrison-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bauer_AmericanPrison_2018_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bauer_AmericanPrison_2018-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 21">: 21 </span></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Sam_Houston_State_University" title="Sam Houston State University">Sam Houston State University</a> (1967) but did not earn a master's degree.<sup id="cite_ref-Woodward_2017_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woodward_2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When he came back to Texas after several years in military service, Hutto passed the prison system accreditation exams and began working in the prison system.<sup id="cite_ref-Woodward_2017_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woodward_2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ramsey,_Texas_state_prison_farm"><span id="Ramsey.2C_Texas_state_prison_farm"></span>Ramsey, Texas state prison farm</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T._Don_Hutto&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ramsey, Texas state prison farm"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hutto worked from 1967 to 1971 as a teacher, assistant prison warden and warden at the <a href="/wiki/Ramsey_Unit" title="Ramsey Unit">Ramsey prison farm</a> for African American prisoners in southeastern Texas.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The W. F. Ramsey Unit, as it was known then, consisted of five former plantations that used a convict leasing system on working plantations.<sup id="cite_ref-Accountfarm_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Accountfarm-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1967 Hutto and his family lived in a plantation home on the prison farm.<sup id="cite_ref-lithub_Bauer_SlaveryToPrison_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lithub_Bauer_SlaveryToPrison-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bauer_AmericanPrison_2018_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bauer_AmericanPrison_2018-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-motherjones_Jackson_2018_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-motherjones_Jackson_2018-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While working at Ramsey Unit, Hutto met <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Jackson_(scholar)" title="Bruce Jackson (scholar)">Bruce Jackson</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson_2009_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson_2009-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 14">: 14 </span></sup> an ethnographer turned photographer, who was collecting photos as reference material for his research on the songs of African Americans inmates in prisons in Texas. The two became friends, which gave Jackson access to prisons in both Texas and Arkansas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arkansas_Department_of_Corrections">Arkansas Department of Corrections</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T._Don_Hutto&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Arkansas Department of Corrections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Arkansas" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Arkansas">Governor of Arkansas</a> <a href="/wiki/Dale_Bumpers" title="Dale Bumpers">Dale Bumpers</a> appointed Hutto as Director of the <a href="/wiki/Arkansas_Department_of_Corrections#Division_of_Correction" title="Arkansas Department of Corrections">Arkansas Department of Correction</a> in 1971. </p><p>Soon after <a href="/wiki/Winthrop_Rockefeller" title="Winthrop Rockefeller">Winthrop Rockefeller</a> was elected as <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Arkansas" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Arkansas">Arkansas State Governor</a> on January 10, 1967, he received a shocking 67-page report by the <a href="/wiki/Arkansas_State_Police" title="Arkansas State Police">Arkansas State Police</a>, that "uncovered systematic corruption and brutality at Tucker farm, where inmates and prison officials alike engaged in torture, beatings and bribery."<sup id="cite_ref-arktimes_Woodward_2018_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arktimes_Woodward_2018-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Time_1968_Hell_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time_1968_Hell-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The report listed the findings of a 1966 State Police investigation ordered by then-Governor <a href="/wiki/Orval_Faubus" title="Orval Faubus">Orval Faubus</a>, just before Rockefeller was elected.<sup id="cite_ref-arktimes_Woodward_2018_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arktimes_Woodward_2018-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1967, the two male prisons in Arkansas were the smaller <a href="/wiki/Tucker_State_Prison_Farm" class="mw-redirect" title="Tucker State Prison Farm">Tucker State Prison Farm</a> for younger white prisoners, and the 1,300-inmate<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson_2009_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson_2009-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cummins_Unit" title="Cummins Unit">Cummins prison</a>, located along the Arkansas River, 75 miles southeast of <a href="/wiki/Little_Rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Little Rock">Little Rock</a>, in Lincoln County<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_Murton_Obit_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_Murton_Obit-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for "white and black adult inmates".<sup id="cite_ref-arktimes_Woodward_2018_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arktimes_Woodward_2018-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a 1968 <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i> article entitled "Hell in Arkansas", in the 1960s, the two state penal farms "averaged" profits of "about $1,400,000 over the years..." using prisoners as forced labor.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson_2009_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson_2009-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Time_1968_Hell_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time_1968_Hell-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nyt_Estrin_2018_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt_Estrin_2018-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As part of reform of the <a href="/wiki/Arkansas_Department_of_Correction" class="mw-redirect" title="Arkansas Department of Correction">Arkansas prison system</a>, Governor Rockefeller created a new <a href="/wiki/Arkansas_Department_of_Correction" class="mw-redirect" title="Arkansas Department of Correction">Department of Corrections</a> and hired the first professional <a href="/wiki/Penology" title="Penology">penologist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tom_Murton" title="Tom Murton">Tom Murton</a>, as prison superintendent in 1967. On January 29, 1968, Murton invited the media to witness the unearthing of three decayed skeletal remains in a remote part of the 16,000-acre grounds of the Cummins prison farm. They believed the skeletons were those of prisoners murdered at Cummins,<sup id="cite_ref-arktimes_Woodward_2018_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arktimes_Woodward_2018-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although this was never proven.<sup id="cite_ref-Feeley_Rubine_2000_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feeley_Rubine_2000-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a March 22, 2018 article in the <i><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_Times" title="Arkansas Times">Arkansas Times</a></i>, during his short tenure of less than one year, Murton's aggressive approach to uncovering <a href="/wiki/Tom_Murton#Prison_scandal" title="Tom Murton">Arkansas' prison scandal</a> with its decades-long systemic corruption, embarrassed Rockefeller and "infuriated conservative politicians".<sup id="cite_ref-arktimes_Woodward_2018_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arktimes_Woodward_2018-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Murton had attracted nationwide media attention and contempt for Arkansas,<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_Murton_Obit_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_Murton_Obit-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as news of <i>Bodiesburg</i>, as it was called, spread.<sup id="cite_ref-arktimes_Woodward_2018_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arktimes_Woodward_2018-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Murton's co-authored 1969 book, <i>Accomplices to the Crime: The Arkansas Prison Scandal</i> was the basis for the fictionalized 1980 film <i><a href="/wiki/Brubaker" title="Brubaker">Brubaker</a></i> starring <a href="/wiki/Robert_Redford" title="Robert Redford">Robert Redford</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Murton_1969_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murton_1969-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As well, in 1969 prisoners, Robert Finney, et al., started a litigation process naming Terrell Don Hutto, et al. The series of cases lasted almost a decade and resulting in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">Supreme Court</a> landmark case <a href="/wiki/Hutto_v._Finney" title="Hutto v. Finney">Hutto v. Finney</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_437" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 437">437</a> U.S. 678 (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_437" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 437">437</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/437/678/">678</a> (1978)). It was the first successful lawsuit filed by an inmate against a correctional institution. The case also clarified prison system's unacceptable punitive measures.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Against this backdrop, Hutto was hired by Governor <a href="/wiki/Dale_Bumpers" title="Dale Bumpers">Dale Bumpers</a> in 1971 as the head of the Arkansas Department of Correction,<sup id="cite_ref-Woodward_2017_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woodward_2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a mandate of "humanizing" the "convict farms".<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson_2009_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson_2009-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nyt_Estrin_2018_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt_Estrin_2018-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1971, Jackson visited Hutto at Cummins prison.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson_2009_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson_2009-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jackson had gone there to investigate how Hutto was changing Arkansas prisons. However, as he took photos he "found more and more that my interest was in documenting it visually."<sup id="cite_ref-nyt_Estrin_2018_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt_Estrin_2018-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EoA_Choate_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoA_Choate_-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010, the <a href="/wiki/Albright-Knox_Art_Gallery" class="mw-redirect" title="Albright-Knox Art Gallery">Albright-Knox Art Gallery</a> and the Center for Documentary Studies at <a href="/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke University</a> featured Jackson's Cummins Unit photo collection.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt_Estrin_2018_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt_Estrin_2018-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WSJ_2010_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WSJ_2010-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Bumpers was elected to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Pryor" title="David Pryor">David Pryor</a> was elected governor in 1974, Hutto resigned and moved to Virginia in 1976 to become deputy director of the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Department_of_Corrections" title="Virginia Department of Corrections">Virginia Department of Corrections</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="American_Correctional_Association">American Correctional Association</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T._Don_Hutto&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: American Correctional Association"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hutto was president-elect of the <a href="/wiki/American_Correctional_Association" title="American Correctional Association">American Correctional Association</a> (ACA) from 1984 to 1990. The ACA, which serves as a both the "national regulatory body for prisons" and as a <a href="/wiki/Trade_association" title="Trade association">trade association</a> for the American correctional industry,<sup id="cite_ref-Bauer_2016_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bauer_2016-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> under Hutto's tenure, began to support prison privatization.<sup id="cite_ref-Woodward_2017_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woodward_2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CCA_history_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCA_history-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-Harmon_1989_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harmon_1989-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Corrections_Corporation_of_America_(CCA)"><span id="Corrections_Corporation_of_America_.28CCA.29"></span>Corrections Corporation of America (CCA)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T._Don_Hutto&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Corrections Corporation of America (CCA)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Corrections_Corporation_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Corrections Corporation of America">Corrections Corporation of America</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Corrections_Corporation_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Corrections Corporation of America">Corrections Corporation of America</a>, (now renamed as <a href="/wiki/CoreCivic" title="CoreCivic">CoreCivic</a>), "the world’s first and largest for-profit prison operator",<sup id="cite_ref-freepresshouston_2014_Olympic_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freepresshouston_2014_Olympic-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was established by Hutto, Beasley, and Crants in <a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville, Tennessee</a> on January 28, 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-CCA-Hist_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCA-Hist-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jailbusinessquade_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jailbusinessquade-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time Beasley served as the chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Republican_Party" title="Tennessee Republican Party">Tennessee Republican Party</a>, and Crants was the chief financial officer of a real estate company in Nashville.<sup id="cite_ref-jailbusinessquade_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jailbusinessquade-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maurice Sigler, the former chairman of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Parole_Commission" title="United States Parole Commission">United States Board of Parole</a>, was a founding member.<sup id="cite_ref-jailbusinessquade_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jailbusinessquade-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a February 27, 2013 CCA video entitled, "Corrections Corporation of America's Founders Tom Beasley and Don Hutto", Beasley and Hutto said that because of Hutto's reputation through his years of experience in corrections and as president-elect of the <a href="/wiki/American_Correctional_Association" title="American Correctional Association">American Correctional Association</a>, a first meeting about a potential joint venture to detain undocumented immigrants in Texas, took place between Beasley, Hutto, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Prisons" title="Federal Bureau of Prisons">Federal Bureau of Prisons</a> and the now defunct <a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Naturalization_Service" title="Immigration and Naturalization Service">Immigration and Naturalization Service</a> (INS) which operated under U.S. Department of Justice from 1933 to 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-Beasley_Hutto_2013_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beasley_Hutto_2013-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of the initial meeting, CCA were awarded an RFB with INS, which was the "first contract ever to design, build, finance and operate a secure correctional facility." This marked the beginning of the private prison industry.<sup id="cite_ref-freepresshouston_2014_Olympic_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freepresshouston_2014_Olympic-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Beasley_Hutto_2013_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beasley_Hutto_2013-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hutto, described how at the time, INS had "unrealistic expectations" putting pressure on CCA to have the facilities ready by early January, ninety days from the signing of the contract. In a desperate attempt to find a solution, Hutto and Beasley flew to Houston, Texas and after several days managed to negotiate a deal with the owner of Olympic Motel—a "pair of non-descript two-story buildings" on "I-45 North between Tidwell and Parker"<sup id="cite_ref-freepresshouston_2014_Olympic_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freepresshouston_2014_Olympic-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—to hire their family and friends to staff the re-purposed motel for four months. On <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl_Sunday" title="Super Bowl Sunday">Super Bowl Sunday</a> at the end of January, the first 87 undocumented immigrants were personally processed by Hutto and CCA received their first payment.<sup id="cite_ref-Beasley_Hutto_2013_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beasley_Hutto_2013-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 2016, Corrections Corporation of America (CCA) along with <a href="/wiki/Geo_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Geo Group">Geo Group</a> were running "more than 170 prisons and detention centres". CCA's revenues in 2015 were $1.79bn.<sup id="cite_ref-theguardian_2016_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theguardian_2016-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hutto died on October 22, 2021, at the age of 86.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards">Awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T._Don_Hutto&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1987 Hutto received the <a href="/wiki/American_Correctional_Association" title="American Correctional Association">American Correctional Association</a>'s E.R. Cass Correctional Achievement Award, the ACA's highest professional honor.<sup id="cite_ref-CCA_history_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCA_history-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ACA_award_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACA_award-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T._Don_Hutto&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Woodward_2017-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Woodward_2017_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Woodward_2017_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Woodward_2017_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Woodward_2017_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Woodward_2017_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Woodward_2017_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Woodward_2017_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Woodward_2017_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWoodward2017" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Woodward, Colin Edward (August 9, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=12346">"Terrell Don Hutto (1935–)"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of Arkansas</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 15,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Terrell+Don+Hutto+%281935%E2%80%93%29&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Arkansas&rft.date=2017-08-09&rft.aulast=Woodward&rft.aufirst=Colin+Edward&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopediaofarkansas.net%2Fencyclopedia%2Fentry-detail.aspx%3FentryID%3D12346&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+Don+Hutto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CCA_history-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CCA_history_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CCA_history_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CCA_history_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CCA_history_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.correctionscorp.com/our-history"><i>The CCA Story: Our Company History</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Corrections_Corporation_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Corrections Corporation of America">Corrections Corporation of America</a>, nd<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 13,</span> 2017</span>, <q>New companies are created every day. But it's not every day that new industries are established. ... In Arkansas, Hutto implemented the compliance requirements of the Holt v. Sarver case, making him one of the few corrections professionals in the nation at the time with experience in successfully bringing a system out of federal court supervision.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+CCA+Story%3A+Our+Company+History&rft.pub=Corrections+Corporation+of+America&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.correctionscorp.com%2Four-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+Don+Hutto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harmon_1989-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harmon_1989_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harmon_1989_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarmon_L._Wray,_Jr.1989" class="citation journal cs1">Harmon L. Wray, Jr. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://southernchanges.digitalscholarship.emory.edu/sc08-3_1204/sc08-3_011/">"Cells for Sale"</a>. <i>Southern Changes: The Journal of the Southern Regional Council</i>. <b>8</b> (3)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 13,</span> 2017</span>. <q>Another West Point alum and major CCA investor is T. Don Hutto, the corporation's executive vice-president. Hutto, an ex-prison guard who became commissioner of corrections in Virginia and Arkansas, has since 1984 been president of the American Correctional Association, which oversees prison accreditation standards. Unlike other corrections-related professional associations[...]the ACA under Hutto's tenure has supported prison privatization.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southern+Changes%3A+The+Journal+of+the+Southern+Regional+Council&rft.atitle=Cells+for+Sale&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=3&rft.date=1989&rft.au=Harmon+L.+Wray%2C+Jr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsouthernchanges.digitalscholarship.emory.edu%2Fsc08-3_1204%2Fsc08-3_011%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+Don+Hutto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-donnaselmanbigbusiness-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-donnaselmanbigbusiness_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonna_SelmanPaul_Leighton2010" class="citation book cs1">Donna Selman; Paul Leighton (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qb3BAAAAQBAJ&q=%22corrections+corporation+of+America%22+%22vanderbilt+university%22&pg=PA81"><i>Punishment for Sale: Private Prisons, Big Business, and the Incarceration Binge</i></a>. New York City: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781442201743" title="Special:BookSources/9781442201743"><bdi>9781442201743</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Punishment+for+Sale%3A+Private+Prisons%2C+Big+Business%2C+and+the+Incarceration+Binge&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781442201743&rft.au=Donna+Selman&rft.au=Paul+Leighton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqb3BAAAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522corrections%2Bcorporation%2Bof%2BAmerica%2522%2B%2522vanderbilt%2Buniversity%2522%26pg%3DPA81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+Don+Hutto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tdhhistory.blogspot.ca/"><i>The history of T. Don Hutto</i></a>, December 3, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 13,</span> 2017</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+history+of+T.+Don+Hutto&rft.date=2007-12-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftdhhistory.blogspot.ca%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+Don+Hutto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lithub_Bauer_SlaveryToPrison-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lithub_Bauer_SlaveryToPrison_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lithub_Bauer_SlaveryToPrison_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBauer2018" class="citation web cs1">Bauer, Shane (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lithub.com/the-straight-line-from-slavery-to-private-prisons/">"The Straight Line From Slavery to Private Prisons: How Texas Turned Plantations into Prisons"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Literary_Hub" title="Literary Hub">Literary Hub</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 14,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Straight+Line+From+Slavery+to+Private+Prisons%3A+How+Texas+Turned+Plantations+into+Prisons&rft.pub=Literary+Hub&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Bauer&rft.aufirst=Shane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flithub.com%2Fthe-straight-line-from-slavery-to-private-prisons%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+Don+Hutto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bauer_AmericanPrison_2018-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bauer_AmericanPrison_2018_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bauer_AmericanPrison_2018_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBauer2018" class="citation book cs1">Bauer, Shane (September 18, 2018). <i>American Prison: a Reporter's Undercover Journey into the Business of Punishment</i>. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Publishing_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Penguin Publishing Group">Penguin Publishing Group</a>. p. 368. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0735223585" title="Special:BookSources/978-0735223585"><bdi>978-0735223585</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Prison%3A+a+Reporter%27s+Undercover+Journey+into+the+Business+of+Punishment&rft.pages=368&rft.pub=Penguin+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2018-09-18&rft.isbn=978-0735223585&rft.aulast=Bauer&rft.aufirst=Shane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+Don+Hutto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trulson, Chad R., James W. Marquart, and Ben M. Crouch. <i>First Available Cell: Desegregation of the Texas Prison System</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_Press" title="University of Texas Press">University of Texas Press</a>, 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WQbCzIK84D8C&dq=%22Blue+Ridge%22+Mexicans+Eastham&pg=PA81">81</a>. Retrieved from <i><a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></i> on July 16, 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-292-71983-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-292-71983-3">0-292-71983-3</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-71983-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-71983-5">978-0-292-71983-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Accountfarm-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Accountfarm_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tsl.state.tx.us/exhibits/prisons/convictlease/page3.html">Convict Leasing and State Account Farming (1883-1909)</a>." <a href="/wiki/Texas_State_Library_and_Archives" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas State Library and Archives">Texas State Library and Archives</a>. Retrieved on April 29, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-motherjones_Jackson_2018-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-motherjones_Jackson_2018_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.motherjones.com/crime-justice/2018/09/cummins-prison-farm-photo-essay/">"Shockingly Candid Photos Of Life on a 1970s Arkansas Prison Farm: "Just about everyone carrying a gun was a convict"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Mother Jones</i>. August 9, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 15,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mother+Jones&rft.atitle=Shockingly+Candid+Photos+Of+Life+on+a+1970s+Arkansas+Prison+Farm%3A+%22Just+about+everyone+carrying+a+gun+was+a+convict%22&rft.date=2017-08-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.motherjones.com%2Fcrime-justice%2F2018%2F09%2Fcummins-prison-farm-photo-essay%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+Don+Hutto" class="Z3988"></span> Photography by <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Jackson_(scholar)" title="Bruce Jackson (scholar)">Bruce Jackson</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jackson_2009-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jackson_2009_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jackson_2009_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jackson_2009_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jackson_2009_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jackson_2009_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Bruce. <i>Pictures from a Drawer: Prison and the Art of Portraiture</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 20,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=E.+R.+Cass+Award+Recipients&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=American+Correctional+Association&rft.date=2018&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aca.org%2Faca_prod_imis%2FACA_Member%2FAboutUs%2FER_Cass_Award_Winners.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+Don+Hutto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T._Don_Hutto&oldid=1249878818">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T._Don_Hutto&oldid=1249878818</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1935_births" title="Category:1935 births">1935 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Sinton,_Texas" title="Category:People from Sinton, Texas">People from Sinton, Texas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Texas_A%26M_University%E2%80%93Commerce_alumni" title="Category:Texas A&M University–Commerce alumni">Texas A&M University–Commerce alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Southern_Methodist_University_alumni" title="Category:Southern Methodist University alumni">Southern Methodist University alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_University_alumni" title="Category:American University alumni">American University alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sam_Houston_State_University_alumni" title="Category:Sam Houston State University alumni">Sam Houston State University alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Businesspeople_from_Texas" title="Category:Businesspeople from Texas">Businesspeople from Texas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_company_founders" title="Category:American company founders">American company founders</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CoreCivic_people" title="Category:CoreCivic people">CoreCivic people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_prison_wardens" title="Category:American prison wardens">American prison wardens</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2021_deaths" title="Category:2021 deaths">2021 deaths</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_February_2020" title="Category:Use mdy dates from February 2020">Use mdy dates from February 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from August 2022</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 7 October 2024, at 09:34<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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