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<span>Massacres</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Massacres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Trials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>In popular culture</span> 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size:125%;">Lake Maggiore massacres</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stolpersteine_in_Meina_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Stolpersteine_in_Meina_2.jpg/150px-Stolpersteine_in_Meina_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Stolpersteine_in_Meina_2.jpg/225px-Stolpersteine_in_Meina_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Stolpersteine_in_Meina_2.jpg/300px-Stolpersteine_in_Meina_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1039" data-file-height="1557" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><i><a href="/wiki/Stolpersteine" class="mw-redirect" title="Stolpersteine">Stolpersteine</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Meina" title="Meina">Meina</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap" style="width:240px;float:right;clear:right"><div style="width:240px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:240px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:North_Italy_relief_location_map.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Lake Maggiore massacres is located in Northern Italy"><img alt="Lake Maggiore massacres is located in Northern Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/North_Italy_relief_location_map.png/240px-North_Italy_relief_location_map.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/North_Italy_relief_location_map.png/360px-North_Italy_relief_location_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/North_Italy_relief_location_map.png/480px-North_Italy_relief_location_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1238" data-file-height="780" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:41%;left:27.701%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Lake Maggiore massacres"><img alt="Lake Maggiore massacres" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="font-size:91%;padding-top:3px">Lake Maggiore massacres (Northern Italy)</div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data location"><a href="/wiki/Lake_Maggiore" title="Lake Maggiore">Lake Maggiore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piedmont" title="Piedmont">Piedmont</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy_(1922%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist Italy (1922–1943)">Italy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lake_Maggiore_massacres&params=45_47_N_8_32_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">45°47′N</span> <span class="longitude">8°32′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">45.783°N 8.533°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">45.783; 8.533</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">September–October 1943</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Target</th><td class="infobox-data">Italian Jews and Jewish refugees</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Attack type</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Massacre</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Deaths</th><td class="infobox-data">56</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Perpetrators</th><td class="infobox-data">Soldiers of the <a href="/wiki/1st_SS_Panzer_Division_Leibstandarte_SS_Adolf_Hitler" title="1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler">1st SS Panzer Division</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Convicted</th><td class="infobox-data">Five members of the division</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Verdict</th><td class="infobox-data">1968: Three sentenced for life and two sentenced to three years in jail<div style="clear:both;" class=""></div>1970: All sentences overturned and perpetrators released</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Lake Maggiore massacres</b> was a set of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> <a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">war crimes</a> that took place near <a href="/wiki/Lake_Maggiore" title="Lake Maggiore">Lake Maggiore</a>, Italy in September and October 1943. Despite strict orders not to commit any violence against civilians in the aftermath of the Italian surrender on 8 September 1943, members of the <a href="/wiki/1st_SS_Panzer_Division_Leibstandarte_SS_Adolf_Hitler" title="1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler">SS Division Leibstandarte</a> murdered 56 Jews, predominantly Italian and Greek. Many of the bodies were sunk into the lake to prevent discovery but one washed ashore in neighbouring Switzerland, drawing international attention to the massacre and prompting an inconclusive divisional inquiry. It is commonly referred to as the first German massacre of Jews in Italy during World War II. </p><p>The war crime was subject to a trial in West Germany in 1968 in which five of the accused were found guilty but later controversially released after a verdict by the German high court which ruled that the <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_limitations" title="Statute of limitations">statute of limitations</a> for the case had expired. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prelude">Prelude</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Maggiore_massacres&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Prelude"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile" title="Armistice of Cassibile">Italian surrender</a> on 8 September 1943 the <a href="/wiki/1st_SS_Panzer_Division_Leibstandarte_SS_Adolf_Hitler" title="1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler">1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler</a> was stationed in northern Italy, having recently returned from the Eastern Front.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this point the division had strict orders not to commit any violence against civilians.<sup id="cite_ref-Urteil_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urteil-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, a unit of the division under <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Peiper" title="Joachim Peiper">Joachim Peiper</a> committed the <a href="/wiki/Boves_massacre" title="Boves massacre">Boves massacre</a> on 19 September in retaliation to the capture of two German soldiers and murdered 23 civilians despite the release of the two soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-Boves_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boves-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite having no authorisation or orders to do so the division hunted down Jewish refugees attempting to escape the former Italian occupation zone in France who were trying to find safety in Italy. The division arrested and executed Jews and looted Jewish property and, eventually, was ordered to stop this practice by SS-corps commander <a href="/wiki/Paul_Hausser" title="Paul Hausser">Paul Hausser</a> who had made it clear that the arrest of Jews and confiscation of their property was exclusively reserved for the security police and the <i><a href="/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst">Sicherheitsdienst</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGentile11–12_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGentile11–12-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Massacres">Massacres</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Maggiore_massacres&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Massacres"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carte_Massacre_Lac_majeur_-_1930.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Carte_Massacre_Lac_majeur_-_1930.jpg/220px-Carte_Massacre_Lac_majeur_-_1930.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Carte_Massacre_Lac_majeur_-_1930.jpg/330px-Carte_Massacre_Lac_majeur_-_1930.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Carte_Massacre_Lac_majeur_-_1930.jpg/440px-Carte_Massacre_Lac_majeur_-_1930.jpg 2x" data-file-width="605" data-file-height="784" /></a><figcaption>Map of Lake Maggiore from the 1930s with the locations of the massacres underlined red</figcaption></figure> <p>Immediately after the Italian surrender a battalion of the <i>Leibstandarte</i> was stationed on the western side of Lake Maggiore to assist with the disarming of the Italian Army. A number of Jewish families lived in the villages on this side of the lake, some of them Jewish Greek refugees, others Italian Jews who had escaped the cities. Their identity and location was passed on to the Germans by local Italian Fascists.<sup id="cite_ref-Haaretz_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haaretz-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Members of the division arrested over 50 of those and held them in a number of local hotels. The best-known of these massacres was that of the sixteen prisoners held at the <i>Hotel Meina</i>, at <a href="/wiki/Meina" title="Meina">Meina</a>. On 19 September the involved officers of the division held a meeting in which it was decided to shoot the Jewish men, women and children and to sink their bodies into the lake.<sup id="cite_ref-Meina_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meina-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Jewish prisoners were taken in small groups from their hotels at night on 22 and 23 September and taken to a local forest where they were shot. The bodies were then placed in sacks filled with stones, rowed out in boats and sunk in the lake.<sup id="cite_ref-Meina_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meina-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A number of other Jewish prisoners were murdered and then buried in mass graves. Only very few of the prisoners escaped, with one family surviving because of their Turkish passports and assistance from the Turkish consul who arranged passage to Switzerland for them.<sup id="cite_ref-Meina_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meina-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Apart from the sixteen murders at Meina on 22 and 23 September, fourteen Jews were killed at <a href="/wiki/Baveno" title="Baveno">Baveno</a> between 14 and 22 September, two at Pian Di Nava, near <a href="/wiki/Premeno" title="Premeno">Premeno</a>, on 15 September and nine at <a href="/wiki/Arona,_Piedmont" title="Arona, Piedmont">Arona</a>, three at <a href="/wiki/Mergozzo" title="Mergozzo">Mergozzo</a> and two at <a href="/wiki/Orta_San_Giulio" title="Orta San Giulio">Orta San Giulio</a> on 16 September. The following day, 17 September, four Jews were killed at <a href="/wiki/Stresa" title="Stresa">Stresa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Arona_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arona-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 1943, members of the same battalion murdered the Jewish banker <a href="/wiki/Ettore_Ovazza" title="Ettore Ovazza">Ettore Ovazza</a> and three of his family members at Intra, near <a href="/wiki/Verbania" title="Verbania">Verbania</a>, also on the Lake Maggiore, and buried the bodies.<sup id="cite_ref-Meina_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meina-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Intra_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Intra-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The exact number of victims varies, but at least 50 Greek and Italian Jews were murdered by the division in September and October 1943 during the Lake Maggiore massacres,<sup id="cite_ref-Meina_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meina-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as many as 56 victims are stated in what has been described as the first German massacre of Jews in Italy during World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYada-MC_Neal201828–29_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYada-MC_Neal201828–29-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Haaretz_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haaretz-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Maggiore_massacres&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:23_10_43_Libera_Stampa_Giornale_Partito_Socialista_Lugano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/23_10_43_Libera_Stampa_Giornale_Partito_Socialista_Lugano.jpg/220px-23_10_43_Libera_Stampa_Giornale_Partito_Socialista_Lugano.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/23_10_43_Libera_Stampa_Giornale_Partito_Socialista_Lugano.jpg/330px-23_10_43_Libera_Stampa_Giornale_Partito_Socialista_Lugano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/23_10_43_Libera_Stampa_Giornale_Partito_Socialista_Lugano.jpg/440px-23_10_43_Libera_Stampa_Giornale_Partito_Socialista_Lugano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="791" data-file-height="935" /></a><figcaption>Swiss newspaper article on the events from 23 October 1943</figcaption></figure> <p>The case received international attention after one of the bodies washed ashore in Switzerland and the case was reported in a local Swiss newspaper. This forced an investigation into the events by two judges of the <i>Leibstandarte</i> division. While members of the division were interviewed no outcome has been recorded and the division was soon moved back to the Eastern Front.<sup id="cite_ref-Urteil_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urteil-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trials">Trials</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Maggiore_massacres&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Trials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Five members of the <i>Leibstandarte</i>, <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Kr%C3%BCger_(SS-Hauptsturmf%C3%BChrer)" class="extiw" title="de:Hans Krüger (SS-Hauptsturmführer)">Hans Krüger</a>, <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Schnelle" class="extiw" title="de:Herbert Schnelle">de:Herbert Schnelle</a>, <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_R%C3%B6hwer" class="extiw" title="de:Hans Röhwer">de:Hans Röhwer</a>, <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Schulz_(SS-Mitglied)" class="extiw" title="de:Oskar Schulz (SS-Mitglied)">Oskar Schultz</a> and <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Leithe" class="extiw" title="de:Ludwig Leithe">de:Ludwig Leithe</a>, were charged by a court in <a href="/wiki/Osnabr%C3%BCck" title="Osnabrück">Osnabrück</a> in 1968 with 22 cases of murder.,<sup id="cite_ref-Meina_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meina-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> commanded by <a href="/wiki/SS-Hauptsturmf%C3%BChrer" class="mw-redirect" title="SS-Hauptsturmführer">SS-Hauptsturmführer</a> <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Bremer" class="extiw" title="de:Friedrich Bremer">de:Friedrich Bremer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The court found the first three guilty of murder and sentenced them for life while the other two received a jail sentence of three years as accessories in the crime.<sup id="cite_ref-Statuelimit_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Statuelimit-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The case was taken to Germany's high court, the <i><a href="/wiki/Bundesgerichtshof" class="mw-redirect" title="Bundesgerichtshof">Bundesgerichtshof</a></i>, which ruled that, while not overturning the guilty verdict, that the perpetrators had to be freed on a technicality. As the crime had been committed in 1943 and was actually investigated by the division already back then, also without a conclusion, the usual start date for the statute of limitations for Nazi crimes, the date of the German surrender in 1945, did not apply, meaning the 1943 massacre's statute of limitations had been expired.<sup id="cite_ref-Urteil_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urteil-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This verdict caused much frustration in Germany with a younger generation of state prosecutors who were actually interested in prosecuting Nazi crimes and their perpetrators.<sup id="cite_ref-Statuelimit_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Statuelimit-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the murder of the Ovazza family, Austrian SS-Obersturmführer <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_Meir" class="extiw" title="de:Gottfried Meir">de:Gottfried Meir</a> was charged in 1954 in <a href="/wiki/Klagenfurt" class="mw-redirect" title="Klagenfurt">Klagenfurt</a> but found not guilty.<sup id="cite_ref-Meina_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meina-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was however convicted in absentia by a military court in Turin in 1955 and sentenced for life but never extradited.<sup id="cite_ref-Intra_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Intra-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Maggiore_massacres&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The events and massacre at <i>Hotel Meina</i> were made into a movie in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-Movie_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Movie-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The movie sparked controversy as it deviated from the book source of the story, written by Marco Nozza, and also from the real events. It was accused for portraying the Germans in a positive light.<sup id="cite_ref-Haaretz_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haaretz-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Becky Behar Ottolenghi, daughter of the hotel owner and an eyewitness to the events, thirteen years old at the time, published her memory of the events in a book titled <i>The Forgotten Massacre</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Haaretz_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haaretz-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Maggiore_massacres&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A map of the operational path of the I-Pz-Gren.Rgt.2, Leibstandarte Adolf Hitler, 12.1941-6.1944, including Italy, has been published by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://insubricahistorica.ch/blog/2019/10/13/breve-storia-del-i-battaglione-panzer-grenadier-regiment-2-della-divisione-leibstandarte-ss-adolf-hitler-prima-e-dopo-gli-eccidi-di-ebrei-sul-lago-maggiore/">Raphael Rues (2019)</a>:Breve storia del I battaglione Panzer-Grenadier Regiment 2 della divisione Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler prima e dopo gli eccidi di ebrei sul Lago Maggiore. Insubrica-Historica, 13. October 2019; accessed: 2 November 2023</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Urteil-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Urteil_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Urteil_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Urteil_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180927135241/https://www.jurion.de/urteile/bgh/1970-03-17/5-str-218_69/">"Bundesgerichtshof Urt. v. 17.03.1970, Az.: 5 StR 218/69"</a> [German High Court verdict from 17 March 1970] (in German). 17 March 1970. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jurion.de/urteile/bgh/1970-03-17/5-str-218_69/">the original</a> on 27 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bundesgerichtshof+Urt.+v.+17.03.1970%2C+Az.%3A+5+StR+218%2F69&rft.date=1970-03-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jurion.de%2Furteile%2Fbgh%2F1970-03-17%2F5-str-218_69%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Maggiore+massacres" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boves-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Boves_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.straginazifasciste.it/?page_id=38&id_strage=29&lang=en">"BOVES, 19.09.1943"</a> (in Italian). Atlas of Nazi and Fascist Massacres in Italy<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BOVES%2C+19.09.1943&rft.pub=Atlas+of+Nazi+and+Fascist+Massacres+in+Italy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.straginazifasciste.it%2F%3Fpage_id%3D38%26id_strage%3D29%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Maggiore+massacres" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGentile11–12-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGentile11–12_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGentile">Gentile</a>, pp. 11–12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haaretz-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Haaretz_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haaretz_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haaretz_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haaretz_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMane2007" class="citation news cs1">Mane, Saviona (12 March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/culture/1.4810538">"Reconstructing a Massacre"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Reconstructing+a+Massacre&rft.date=2007-03-12&rft.aulast=Mane&rft.aufirst=Saviona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fisrael-news%2Fculture%2F1.4810538&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Maggiore+massacres" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meina-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Meina_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meina_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meina_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meina_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meina_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meina_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meina_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gedenkorte-europa.eu/content/list/305">"Meina"</a> (in German). Gedenkorte Europa 1939–1945<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Meina&rft.pub=Gedenkorte+Europa+1939%E2%80%931945&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gedenkorte-europa.eu%2Fcontent%2Flist%2F305&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Maggiore+massacres" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arona-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Arona_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.straginazifasciste.it/?page_id=38&id_strage=2402&lang=en">"ARONA, 15-16.09.1943"</a> (in Italian). Atlas of Nazi and Fascist Massacres in Italy<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ARONA%2C+15-16.09.1943&rft.pub=Atlas+of+Nazi+and+Fascist+Massacres+in+Italy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.straginazifasciste.it%2F%3Fpage_id%3D38%26id_strage%3D2402%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Maggiore+massacres" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Intra-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Intra_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Intra_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.straginazifasciste.it/?page_id=38&id_strage=2424&lang=en">"INTRA, VERBANIA, 05-17.10.1943"</a> (in Italian). Atlas of Nazi and Fascist Massacres in Italy<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=INTRA%2C+VERBANIA%2C+05-17.10.1943&rft.pub=Atlas+of+Nazi+and+Fascist+Massacres+in+Italy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.straginazifasciste.it%2F%3Fpage_id%3D38%26id_strage%3D2424%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Maggiore+massacres" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYada-MC_Neal201828–29-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYada-MC_Neal201828–29_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYada-MC_Neal2018">Yada-MC Neal 2018</a>, pp. 28–29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Raphael Steffen: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.noz.de/lokales/dissen/artikel/als-nazi-kriegsverbrecher-in-osnabrueck-vor-gericht-standen-45187536"><i>Wegen Massaker am Lago Maggiore – Nazi Kriegsverbrecher standen in Osnabrück vor Gericht.</i></a> Neue Osnabrücker Zeitung (noz), 17 September 2023, accessed: 23 September 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Statuelimit-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Statuelimit_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Statuelimit_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKellerhoff2008" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kellerhoff, Sven Felix (7 January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.welt.de/politik/article1527417/Fuenf-SS-Verbrecher-werden-angeklagt.html#">"Fünf SS-Verbrecher werden angeklagt"</a> [Five SS criminals put on trial]. <i><a href="/wiki/Die_Welt" title="Die Welt">Die Welt</a></i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Die+Welt&rft.atitle=F%C3%BCnf+SS-Verbrecher+werden+angeklagt&rft.date=2008-01-07&rft.aulast=Kellerhoff&rft.aufirst=Sven+Felix&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.welt.de%2Fpolitik%2Farticle1527417%2FFuenf-SS-Verbrecher-werden-angeklagt.html%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Maggiore+massacres" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eva Holpfer: „L’azione penale contro i cimini Nazisti in Austria. Il caso di Gottfried Meir, una SS Austriaca in Italia. La Rassegna Mensile di Israel, terza serie, Vol. 69, No. 2, Saggi sull'ebraismo italiano del Novecento in onore di Luisella Mortara Ottolenghi, Tomo II (Maggio - Agosto 2003), pp. 619-634. Verlag: Unione delle Comunitá Ebraiche Italiane. Stable URL: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/41287555">http://www.jstor.org/stable/41287555</a> . accessed: 20 June 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Movie-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Movie_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0981293/plotsummary?ref_=tt_ov_pl">"Hotel Meina (2007)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/IMDb" title="IMDb">IMDb</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hotel+Meina+%282007%29&rft.pub=IMDb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0981293%2Fplotsummary%3Fref_%3Dtt_ov_pl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Maggiore+massacres" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Maggiore_massacres&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGentile" class="citation book cs1">Gentile, Carlo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1351730/The_Police_Transit_Camps_in_Fossoli_and_Bolzano"><i>The Police Transit Camps in Fossoli and Bolzano - Historical report in connection with the trial of Manfred Seifert</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Police+Transit+Camps+in+Fossoli+and+Bolzano+-+Historical+report+in+connection+with+the+trial+of+Manfred+Seifert&rft.place=Cologne&rft.aulast=Gentile&rft.aufirst=Carlo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1351730%2FThe_Police_Transit_Camps_in_Fossoli_and_Bolzano&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Maggiore+massacres" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYada-MC_Neal2018" class="citation book cs1">Yada-MC Neal, Stephan (2018). <i>Places of shame - German war crimes in Italy 1943-1945</i>. <a href="/wiki/Norderstedt" title="Norderstedt">Norderstedt</a>: BoD - Books on demand. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7460-9795-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7460-9795-4"><bdi>978-3-7460-9795-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Places+of+shame+-+German+war+crimes+in+Italy+1943-1945&rft.place=Norderstedt&rft.pub=BoD+-+Books+on+demand&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-3-7460-9795-4&rft.aulast=Yada-MC+Neal&rft.aufirst=Stephan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Maggiore+massacres" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Maggiore_massacres&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/01/27/opinion/sunday/20130127_VENTURA.html?ref=opinion">"The Hôtel Meina"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a> - Sunday review</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times+-+Sunday+review&rft.atitle=The+H%C3%B4tel+Meina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.nytimes.com%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Finteractive%2F2013%2F01%2F27%2Fopinion%2Fsunday%2F20130127_VENTURA.html%3Fref%3Dopinion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Maggiore+massacres" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://insubricahistorica.ch/2019/10/13/breve-storia-del-i-battaglione-panzer-grenadier-regiment-2-della-divisione-leibstandarte-ss-adolf-hitler-prima-e-dopo-gli-eccidi-di-ebrei-sul-lago-maggiore/">"Brief history of the first Panzer-Grenadier battalion / Regiment 2 of the Leibstandarte SS Division Adolf Hitler before and after the massacres of Jews on Lake Maggiore"</a> (in Italian).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Brief+history+of+the+first+Panzer-Grenadier+battalion+%2F+Regiment+2+of+the+Leibstandarte+SS+Division+Adolf+Hitler+before+and+after+the+massacres+of+Jews+on+Lake+Maggiore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finsubricahistorica.ch%2F2019%2F10%2F13%2Fbreve-storia-del-i-battaglione-panzer-grenadier-regiment-2-della-divisione-leibstandarte-ss-adolf-hitler-prima-e-dopo-gli-eccidi-di-ebrei-sul-lago-maggiore%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Maggiore+massacres" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://archivio.casadellaresistenza.it/archivi/?q=olocausto/eccidio-meina">[1]</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nazi_war_crimes_in_Italy" title="Template:Nazi war crimes in Italy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nazi_war_crimes_in_Italy" title="Template talk:Nazi war crimes in Italy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nazi_war_crimes_in_Italy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nazi war crimes in Italy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nazi_war_crimes_in_Italy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Axis_war_crimes_in_Italy" title="Axis war crimes in Italy">Nazi war crimes in Italy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_the_Italian_Social_Republic" title="List of massacres in the Italian Social Republic">Massacres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="1943" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3em;">1943</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boves_massacre" title="Boves massacre">Boves</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lake Maggiore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caiazzo_massacre" title="Caiazzo massacre">Caiazzo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pisino_massacre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pisino massacre (page does not exist)">Pisino</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pietransieri_massacre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pietransieri massacre (page does not exist)">Pietransieri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3em;">1944</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monchio,_Susano_and_Costrignano_massacre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monchio, Susano and Costrignano massacre (page does not exist)">Monchio, Susano and Costrignano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardeatine_massacre" title="Ardeatine massacre">Ardeatine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_Ginny_I_and_II#Execution" title="Operations Ginny I and II">Ameglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fragheto_massacre" title="Fragheto massacre">Fragheto</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vallucciole_massacre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vallucciole massacre (page does not exist)">Vallucciole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_Centre_Lipa_Remembers" title="Memorial Centre Lipa Remembers">Lipa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capistrello_massacre" title="Capistrello massacre">Capistrello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardistallo_massacre" title="Guardistallo massacre">Guardistallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piazza_Tasso_massacre" title="Piazza Tasso massacre">Piazza Tasso</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piavola_massacre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piavola massacre (page does not exist)">Piavola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Anna_di_Stazzema_massacre" title="Sant'Anna di Stazzema massacre">Sant'Anna di Stazzema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Terenzo_Monti_massacre" title="San Terenzo Monti massacre">San Terenzo Monti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padule_di_Fucecchio_massacre" title="Padule di Fucecchio massacre">Padule di Fucecchio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinca_massacre" title="Vinca massacre">Vinca</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=San_Leonardo_al_Frigido_massacre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="San Leonardo al Frigido massacre (page does not exist)">San Leonardo al Frigido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certosa_di_Farneta_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Certosa di Farneta massacre">Certosa di Farneta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marzabotto_massacre" title="Marzabotto massacre">Marzabotto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3em;">1945</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=San_Martino_di_Lupari_massacre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="San Martino di Lupari massacre (page does not exist)">San Martino di Lupari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;width:1%">Perpetrators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Individuals" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Germans_convicted_of_war_crimes_committed_in_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="List of Germans convicted of war crimes committed in Italy during World War II">Individuals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Andergassen" title="Heinrich Andergassen">Heinrich Andergassen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Bo%C3%9Fhammer" title="Friedrich Boßhammer">Friedrich Boßhammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Crasemann" title="Eduard Crasemann">Eduard Crasemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Dannecker" title="Theodor Dannecker">Theodor Dannecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Dostler" title="Anton Dostler">Anton Dostler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engel_(SS_officer)" title="Friedrich Engel (SS officer)">Friedrich Engel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Hass" title="Karl Hass">Karl Hass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kappler" title="Herbert Kappler">Herbert Kappler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Kesselring" title="Albert Kesselring">Albert Kesselring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eberhard_von_Mackensen" title="Eberhard von Mackensen">Eberhard von Mackensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_M%C3%A4lzer" title="Kurt Mälzer">Kurt Mälzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Priebke" title="Erich Priebke">Erich Priebke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Rauff" title="Walter Rauff">Walter Rauff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Reder" title="Walter Reder">Walter Reder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theo_Saevecke" title="Theo Saevecke">Theo Saevecke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Scheungraber" title="Josef Scheungraber">Josef Scheungraber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Seifert_(SS_guard)" title="Michael Seifert (SS guard)">Michael Seifert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Simon" title="Max Simon">Max Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Sommer" title="Gerhard Sommer">Gerhard Sommer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Friedrich_Titho" title="Karl Friedrich Titho">Karl Titho</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Wehrmacht_and_Waffen-SS_divisions_that_committed_war_crimes_in_Italy" title="List of Wehrmacht and Waffen-SS divisions that committed war crimes in Italy">Units</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Waffen-SS" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;"><a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SS_Division_Leibstandarte" class="mw-redirect" title="SS Division Leibstandarte">SS Division Leibstandarte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Division_Reichsf%C3%BChrer-SS" class="mw-redirect" title="SS Division Reichsführer-SS">SS Division Reichsführer-SS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/24th_Waffen_Mountain_Division_of_the_SS_Karstj%C3%A4ger" title="24th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Karstjäger">SS Volunteer Karstwehr Battalion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;"><a href="/wiki/German_Army_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="German Army (Wehrmacht)">Army</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="3rd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">3rd Panzergrenadier Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_Mountain_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="5th Mountain Division (Wehrmacht)">5th Mountain Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15th_Panzergrenadier_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="15th Panzergrenadier Division (Wehrmacht)">15th Panzergrenadier Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="16th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">16th Panzer-Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/23rd_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="23rd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">26th Panzer Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/29th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="29th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">29th Panzergrenadier Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/34th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="34th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">34th Infantry Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/42nd_J%C3%A4ger_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="42nd Jäger Division (Wehrmacht)">42nd Jäger Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/44th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="44th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">44th Infantry Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/65th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="65th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">65th Infantry Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/71st_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="71st Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">71st Infantry Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/90th_Light_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="90th Light Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">90th Panzergrenadier Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/92nd_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="92nd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">92nd Infantry Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/94th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="94th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">94th Infantry Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/114th_J%C3%A4ger_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="114th Jäger Division (Wehrmacht)">114th Jäger Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/148th_Reserve_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="148th Reserve Division (Wehrmacht)">148th Infantry Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/162nd_Turkoman_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="162nd Turkoman Division">162nd Turkoman Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/232nd_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="232nd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">232nd Infantry Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/278th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="278th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">278th Infantry Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/305th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="305th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">305th Infantry Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/334th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="334th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">334th Infantry Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/356th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="356th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">356th Infantry Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/362nd_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="362nd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">362nd Infantry Division</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;"><a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Parachute_Division_(Germany)" title="1st Parachute Division (Germany)">1st Parachute Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1st_Fallschirm-Panzer_Division_Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="1st Fallschirm-Panzer Division Hermann Göring">1st Fallschirm-Panzer Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Parachute_Division_(Germany)" title="2nd Parachute Division (Germany)">2nd Parachute Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_Parachute_Division_(Germany)" title="4th Parachute Division (Germany)">4th Parachute Division</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=19th_Luftwaffe_Field_Division&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="19th Luftwaffe Field Division (page does not exist)">19th Luftwaffe Field Division</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=20th_Luftwaffe_Field_Division&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="20th Luftwaffe Field Division (page does not exist)">20th Luftwaffe Field Division</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;"><a href="/wiki/Ordnungspolizei" title="Ordnungspolizei">SS Police</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SS_Police_Regiment_Alpine_Foothills&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SS Police Regiment Alpine Foothills (page does not exist)">SS Police Regiment Alpine Foothills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Police_Regiment_Bozen" title="SS Police Regiment Bozen">SS Police Regiment Bozen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SS_Police_Regiment_Schlanders&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SS Police Regiment Schlanders (page does not exist)">SS Police Regiment Schlanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_SS_Police_Regiment" title="12th SS Police Regiment">12th SS Police Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15th_SS_Police_Regiment" title="15th SS Police Regiment">15th SS Police Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th_SS_Police_Regiment" title="20th SS Police Regiment">20th SS Police Regiment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;"><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Army" title="National Republican Army">Italian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Police_Corps" title="Republican Police Corps">Republican Police Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Brigades" title="Black Brigades">Italian Black Brigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Division_%22Littorio%22" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd Division "Littorio"">2nd Division "Littorio"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Division_%22San_Marco%22" class="mw-redirect" title="3rd Division "San Marco"">3rd Division "San Marco"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_Division_%22Monterosa%22" class="mw-redirect" title="4th Division "Monterosa"">4th Division "Monterosa"</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;">Doctrine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandenbek%C3%A4mpfung" title="Bandenbekämpfung">Bandenbekämpfung</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;width:1%">Victims</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Groups" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy#Twentieth_century" title="History of the Jews in Italy">Italian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Libya" title="The Holocaust in Libya">Libyan Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_military_internees" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian military internees">Italian military internees</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;">Individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_de_Benedetti" title="Leonardo de Benedetti">Leonardo de Benedetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_the_family_of_Robert_Einstein" title="Murder of the family of Robert Einstein">Einstein family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Fornasini" title="Giovanni Fornasini">Giovanni Fornasini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurizio_Giglio" title="Maurizio Giglio">Maurizio Giglio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roderick_Stephen_Hall" title="Roderick Stephen Hall">Roderick Stephen Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primo_Levi" title="Primo Levi">Primo Levi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ettore_Ovazza" title="Ettore Ovazza">Ettore Ovazza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Camps</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolzano_Transit_Camp" title="Bolzano Transit Camp">Bolzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borgo_San_Dalmazzo_concentration_camp" title="Borgo San Dalmazzo concentration camp">Borgo San Dalmazzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossoli_camp" title="Fossoli camp">Fossoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risiera_di_San_Sabba" title="Risiera di San Sabba">Risiera di San Sabba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_plunder" title="Nazi plunder">Looting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_della_Comunit%C3%A0_Israelitica" title="Biblioteca della Comunità Israelitica">Biblioteca della Comunità Israelitica</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kunsthistorisches_Institut_in_Florenz" title="Kunsthistorisches Institut in Florenz">Kunsthistorisches Institut in Florenz</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;width:1%">Post-war</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Togliatti_amnesty" title="Togliatti amnesty">Togliatti amnesty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Cesi-Gaddi_war_crimes_archive" title="Palazzo Cesi-Gaddi war crimes archive">Palazzo Cesi-Gaddi war crimes archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilateral_Compensation_Agreements_for_Victims_of_the_Nazi_Regime" title="Bilateral Compensation Agreements for Victims of the Nazi Regime">Bilateral Compensation Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurisdictional_Immunities_of_the_State" title="Jurisdictional Immunities of the State">Jurisdictional Immunities of the State</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#d7d7d7"><div><b>See also:</b> <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Italy" title="The Holocaust in Italy">The Holocaust in Italy</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Holocaust_in_Italy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Holocaust_Italy" title="Template:Holocaust Italy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Holocaust_Italy" title="Template talk:Holocaust Italy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Holocaust_Italy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Holocaust Italy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Holocaust_in_Italy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Italy" title="The Holocaust in Italy">The Holocaust in Italy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Part of</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Massacres and roundups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lake Maggiore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_of_the_Ghetto_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Raid of the Ghetto of Rome">Ghetto of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardeatine_massacre" title="Ardeatine massacre">Ardeatine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Victims and survivors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_de_Benedetti" title="Leonardo de Benedetti">Leonardo de Benedetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_the_family_of_Robert_Einstein" title="Murder of the family of Robert Einstein">Einstein family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primo_Levi" title="Primo Levi">Primo Levi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ettore_Ovazza" title="Ettore Ovazza">Ettore Ovazza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liliana_Segre" title="Liliana Segre">Liliana Segre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piero_Terracina" title="Piero Terracina">Piero Terracina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major perpetrators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Bo%C3%9Fhammer" title="Friedrich Boßhammer">Friedrich Boßhammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Brunner_(SS_general)" title="Karl Brunner (SS general)">Karl Brunner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Dannecker" title="Theodor Dannecker">Theodor Dannecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odilo_Globocnik" title="Odilo Globocnik">Odilo Globocnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Hass" title="Karl Hass">Karl Hass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kappler" title="Herbert Kappler">Herbert Kappler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Priebke" title="Erich Priebke">Erich Priebke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Sandberger" title="Martin Sandberger">Martin Sandberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theo_Saevecke" title="Theo Saevecke">Theo Saevecke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Friedrich_Titho" title="Karl Friedrich Titho">Karl Titho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Wolff" title="Karl Wolff">Karl Wolff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Camps</a> and prisons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolzano_Transit_Camp" title="Bolzano Transit Camp">Bolzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borgo_San_Dalmazzo_concentration_camp" title="Borgo San Dalmazzo concentration camp">Borgo San Dalmazzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossoli_camp" title="Fossoli camp">Fossoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risiera_di_San_Sabba" title="Risiera di San Sabba">Risiera di San Sabba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Vittore_Prison" title="San Vittore Prison">San Vittore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_plunder" title="Nazi plunder">Looting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_della_Comunit%C3%A0_Israelitica" title="Biblioteca della Comunità Israelitica">Biblioteca della Comunità Israelitica</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Area</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operational_Zone_of_the_Alpine_Foothills" title="Operational Zone of the Alpine Foothills">Alpine Foothills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operational_Zone_of_the_Adriatic_Littoral" title="Operational Zone of the Adriatic Littoral">Adriatic Littora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rescuers_of_Jews_during_the_Holocaust#Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Rescuers of Jews during the Holocaust">Rescuers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gino_Bartali" title="Gino Bartali">Gino Bartali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Perlasca" title="Giorgio Perlasca">Giorgio Perlasca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anti-Semitic laws</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Racial_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Racial Laws">Italian Racial Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_Verona" class="mw-redirect" title="Manifesto of Verona">Manifesto of Verona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RSI_Police_Order_No._5" title="RSI Police Order No. 5">RSI Police Order No. 5</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commemoration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centro_di_Documentazione_Ebraica_Contemporanea" title="Centro di Documentazione Ebraica Contemporanea">Centro di Documentazione Ebraica Contemporanea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memoriale_della_Shoah" title="Memoriale della Shoah">Memoriale della Shoah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications and films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/If_This_Is_a_Man" title="If This Is a Man">If This Is a Man</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Periodic_Table_(short_story_collection)" title="The Periodic Table (short story collection)">The Periodic Table</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/My_Italian_Secret:_The_Forgotten_Heroes" title="My Italian Secret: The Forgotten Heroes">My Italian Secret: The Forgotten Heroes</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy" title="History of the Jews in Italy">History of the Jews in Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_war_crimes_in_Italy" title="Axis war crimes in Italy">Axis war crimes in Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_and_the_raid_on_the_Roman_ghetto" title="Pope Pius XII and the raid on the Roman ghetto">Pope Pius XII and the raid on the Roman ghetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_and_the_Holocaust" title="Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust">Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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