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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Background-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Background subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Purusharthas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Purusharthas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Purusharthas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Purusharthas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vedic_heritage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vedic_heritage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Vedic heritage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vedic_heritage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Epics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manuscripts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manuscripts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Manuscripts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manuscripts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Contents</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Contents-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Contents subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Contents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Flirting_and_courtship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flirting_and_courtship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Flirting and courtship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flirting_and_courtship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intimacy_and_foreplay" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intimacy_and_foreplay"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Intimacy and foreplay</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intimacy_and_foreplay-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adultery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adultery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Adultery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adultery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caste,_class" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caste,_class"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Caste, class</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caste,_class-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Same-sex_relationships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Same-sex_relationships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Same-sex relationships</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Same-sex_relationships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Translations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Analysis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>General bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span 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Available in 83 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-83" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">83 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="كاماسوترا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كاماسوترا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kama_Sutra" title="Kama Sutra – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Kama Sutra" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0" title="কামসূত্ৰ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="কামসূত্ৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kama_Sutra" title="Kama Sutra – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kama Sutra" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0" title="কামসূত্র – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কামসূত্র" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Кама Сутра – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кама Сутра" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Кама Сутра – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кама Сутра" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="कामसूत्रम् – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="कामसूत्रम्" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kama_Sutra" title="Kama Sutra – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Kama Sutra" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Кама Сутра – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кама Сутра" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kama_Sutra" title="Kama Sutra – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Kama Sutra" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%9F%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%85%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="འདོད་པའི་བསྟན་བཅོས། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="འདོད་པའི་བསྟན་བཅོས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kama_Soutra" title="Kama Soutra – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kama Soutra" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kama_Sutra" title="Kama Sutra – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Kama Sutra" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1mas%C3%BAtra" title="Kámasútra – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kámasútra" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kama_Sutra" title="Kama Sutra – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Kama Sutra" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamasutra" title="Kamasutra – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kamasutra" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%86%DE%A7%DE%89%DE%A6%DE%90%DE%B0%DE%8C%DE%AA%DE%83%DE%A6" title="ކާމަސްތުރަ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ކާމަސްތުރަ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaamasuutra" title="Kaamasuutra – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kaamasuutra" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%AC%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CE%A3%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1" title="Κάμα Σούτρα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κάμα Σούτρα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kama-sutra" title="Kama-sutra – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kama-sutra" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamasutro" title="Kamasutro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kamasutro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kama_sutra" title="Kama sutra – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Kama sutra" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kama_Sutra" title="Kama Sutra – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kama Sutra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="کاما سوترا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کاما سوترا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamasutra" title="Kamasutra – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kamasutra" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamas%C3%BBtra" title="Kamasûtra – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kamasûtra" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kama_Sutra" title="Kama Sutra – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Kama Sutra" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%82%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0" title="કામસૂત્ર – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="કામસૂત્ર" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EB%A7%88%EC%88%98%ED%8A%B8%EB%9D%BC" title="카마수트라 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="카마수트라" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%A1" title="Կամասուտրա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կամասուտրա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="कामसूत्र – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कामसूत्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kama_Sutra" title="Kama Sutra – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kama Sutra" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kama_Sutra" title="Kama Sutra – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kama Sutra" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%81ma_S%C5%ABtra" title="Kāma Sūtra – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kāma Sūtra" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%94_%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%94" title="קאמה סוטרה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קאמה סוטרה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kama_Sutra" title="Kama Sutra – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kama Sutra" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ಕಾಮಸೂತ್ರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಾಮಸೂತ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="კამასუტრა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კამასუტრა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamasutra" title="Kamasutra – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Kamasutra" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%81mas%C5%ABtra" title="Kāmasūtra – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kāmasūtra" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamas%C5%ABtra" title="Kamasūtra – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kamasūtra" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1masz%C3%BAtra" title="Kámaszútra – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kámaszútra" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamasotra" title="Kamasotra – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Kamasotra" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="കാമസൂത്രം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കാമസൂത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="कामसूत्र – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कामसूत्र" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="კამა სუტრა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კამა სუტრა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="كاماسوترا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كاماسوترا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kama_Sutra" title="Kama Sutra – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kama Sutra" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamasoetra" title="Kamasoetra – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kamasoetra" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="कामसूत्र – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कामसूत्र" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9" title="カーマ・スートラ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カーマ・スートラ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamasutra" title="Kamasutra – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kamasutra" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamasutra" title="Kamasutra – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Kamasutra" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamasutra" title="Kamasutra – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kamasutra" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B0" title="ਕਾਮਸੂਤਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਾਮਸੂਤਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamasutra" title="Kamasutra – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Kamasutra" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamasutra" title="Kamasutra – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kamasutra" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kama_Sutra" title="Kama Sutra – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Kama Sutra" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kama_Sutra" title="Kama Sutra – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Kama Sutra" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Камасутра – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Камасутра" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="कामसूत्रम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="कामसूत्रम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kama_Sutra" title="Kama Sutra – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kama Sutra" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kama_Sutra" title="Kama Sutra – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Kama Sutra" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1mas%C3%BAtra" title="Kámasútra – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kámasútra" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamasutra" title="Kamasutra – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Kamasutra" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Кама сутра – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кама сутра" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kama_sutra" title="Kama sutra – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kama sutra" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamasutra" title="Kamasutra – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kamasutra" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kama_Sutra" title="Kama Sutra – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kama Sutra" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kama_Sutra" title="Kama Sutra – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kama Sutra" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="காம சூத்திரம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="காம சூத்திரம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0" title="కామసూత్ర – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కామసూత్ర" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3" title="กามสูตร – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กามสูตร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kama_Sutra" title="Kama Sutra – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kama Sutra" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Камасутра – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Камасутра" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="کاما سترا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کاما سترا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kama_Sutra" title="Kama Sutra – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kama Sutra" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ancient Hindu text on erotic love</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the ancient text. For the 1996 film, see <a href="/wiki/Kama_Sutra:_A_Tale_of_Love" title="Kama Sutra: A Tale of Love">Kama Sutra: A Tale of Love</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Kama_Sutra_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Kama Sutra (disambiguation)">Kama Sutra (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%; font-style:italic; padding-bottom:0.2em;">Kama Sutra <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kama+Sutra&rft.author=%5B%5BV%C4%81tsy%C4%81yana%7CVatsyayana+Mallanaga%5D%5D&rft.place=%5B%5BMiddle+kingdoms+of+India%7CClassical+Age%2C+India%5D%5D"></span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:3rd_or_4th_century_CE_Kamasutra,_Vatsyayana,_13th-century_Jayamangala_commentary_of_Yashodhara,_Bendall_purchase_1885CE_in_Nepal,_Sanskrit,_Devanagari.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/3rd_or_4th_century_CE_Kamasutra%2C_Vatsyayana%2C_13th-century_Jayamangala_commentary_of_Yashodhara%2C_Bendall_purchase_1885CE_in_Nepal%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari.jpg/220px-3rd_or_4th_century_CE_Kamasutra%2C_Vatsyayana%2C_13th-century_Jayamangala_commentary_of_Yashodhara%2C_Bendall_purchase_1885CE_in_Nepal%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/3rd_or_4th_century_CE_Kamasutra%2C_Vatsyayana%2C_13th-century_Jayamangala_commentary_of_Yashodhara%2C_Bendall_purchase_1885CE_in_Nepal%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari.jpg/330px-3rd_or_4th_century_CE_Kamasutra%2C_Vatsyayana%2C_13th-century_Jayamangala_commentary_of_Yashodhara%2C_Bendall_purchase_1885CE_in_Nepal%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/3rd_or_4th_century_CE_Kamasutra%2C_Vatsyayana%2C_13th-century_Jayamangala_commentary_of_Yashodhara%2C_Bendall_purchase_1885CE_in_Nepal%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari.jpg/440px-3rd_or_4th_century_CE_Kamasutra%2C_Vatsyayana%2C_13th-century_Jayamangala_commentary_of_Yashodhara%2C_Bendall_purchase_1885CE_in_Nepal%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3560" data-file-height="1610" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Two folios from a <a href="/wiki/Palm_leaf_manuscript" class="mw-redirect" title="Palm leaf manuscript">palm leaf manuscript</a> of the <i>Kamasutra</i> text (Sanskrit, Devanagari script)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Author</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81tsy%C4%81yana" title="Vātsyāyana">Vatsyayana Mallanaga</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Original title</th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa">कामसूत्र</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Translator</th><td class="infobox-data">Many</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subject</th><td class="infobox-data">Erotic love</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutra Literature</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Set in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/3rd_century" title="3rd century">2nd–3rd century CE</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publication place</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Middle_kingdoms_of_India" title="Middle kingdoms of India">Classical Age, India</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Published in English</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1883</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Text</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Kama_Sutra" class="extiw" title="s:Kama Sutra">Kama Sutra</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.5em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_texts" title="Category:Hindu texts">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Hindu scriptures and texts</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/100px-Om_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/150px-Om_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/200px-Om_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist" style="border:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Shruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smriti</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">List</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Divisions</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samhita" title="Samhita">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"><b>Rig vedic</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Sama vedic</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Yajur vedic</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitri</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Atharva vedic</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)">Other scriptures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80gama_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Āgama (Hinduism)">Agamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantras_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantras (Hinduism)">Tantras</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;"> Related Hindu texts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedangas</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_prosody" title="Sanskrit prosody">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"><b>Brahma puranas</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Purana" title="Brahma Purana">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmanda_Purana" title="Brahmanda Purana">Brahmānda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Vaivarta_Purana" title="Brahma Vaivarta Purana">Brahmavaivarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markandeya_Purana" title="Markandeya Purana">Markandeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavishya_Purana" title="Bhavishya Purana">Bhavishya</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Vaishnava puranas</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naradiya_Purana" title="Naradiya Purana">Naradiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vamana_Purana" title="Vamana Purana">Vamana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varaha_Purana" title="Varaha Purana">Varaha Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurma_Purana" title="Kurma Purana">Kurma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsya_Purana" title="Matsya Purana">Matsya</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Shaiva puranas</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Purana" title="Shiva Purana">Shiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linga_Purana" title="Linga Purana">Linga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu_Purana" title="Vayu Purana">Vayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni_Purana" title="Agni Purana">Agni</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Shakta puranas</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devi_Bhagavata_Purana" title="Devi Bhagavata Purana">Devi Bhagavata</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasa</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Ramayana" class="mw-redirect" title="Historicity of the Ramayana">Historicity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Mahabharata" class="mw-redirect" title="Historicity of the Mahabharata">Historicity</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Saiva Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruppugazh" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruppugazh">Thiruppugazh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirukku%E1%B9%9Fa%E1%B8%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirukkuṟaḷ">Tirukkuṟaḷ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramavataram" title="Ramavataram">Kamba Ramayanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aathichoodi" class="mw-redirect" title="Aathichoodi">Aathichoodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhirami_Anthadhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhirami Anthadhi">Abhirami Anthadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Shastra" title="Shastra">Shastras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">sutras</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharma Shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Artha Shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamasutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamasutra">Kamasutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samkhyapravachana_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Samkhyapravachana Sutra">Samkhya Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purva_Mimamsa_Sutras" title="Purva Mimamsa Sutras">Mimamsa Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyāya Sūtras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Be%E1%B9%A3ika_S%C5%ABtra" title="Vaiśeṣika Sūtra">Vaiśeṣika Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Pramana Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charaka_Samhita" title="Charaka Samhita">Charaka Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sushruta_Samhita" title="Sushruta Samhita">Sushruta Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastu_Shastra" class="mw-redirect" title="Vastu Shastra">Vastu Shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchatantra" title="Panchatantra">Panchatantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divya_Prabandha" class="mw-redirect" title="Divya Prabandha">Divya Prabandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramcharitmanas" title="Ramcharitmanas">Ramcharitmanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Swarodaya" title="Shiva Swarodaya">Swara yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Samhita" title="Shiva Samhita">Shiva Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheranda_Samhita" title="Gheranda Samhita">Gheranda Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchadasi" title="Panchadasi">Panchadasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedantasara_(of_Sadananda)" title="Vedantasara (of Sadananda)">Vedantasara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)">Timeline</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hindu_texts" title="Timeline of Hindu texts">Timeline of Hindu texts</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_scriptures_and_texts" title="Template:Hindu scriptures and texts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hindu_scriptures_and_texts" title="Template talk:Hindu scriptures and texts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu_scriptures_and_texts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu scriptures and texts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <i><b>Kama Sutra</b></i> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <span lang="sa">कामसूत्र</span>, <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/a\/aa\/Kamasutra.ogg\/Kamasutra.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"pronunciation"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Kamasutra.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/aa/Kamasutra.ogg/Kamasutra.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">pronunciation</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Kamasutra.ogg" title="File:Kamasutra.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span>, <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Kāma-sūtra</i></span>; <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Principles of Love</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) is an ancient Indian Hindu <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> text<sup id="cite_ref-Doniger1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doniger1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on <a href="/wiki/Sexuality" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexuality">sexuality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eroticism" title="Eroticism">eroticism</a> and emotional fulfillment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xi_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xi-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Attributed to <a href="/wiki/V%C4%81tsy%C4%81yana" title="Vātsyāyana">Vātsyāyana</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaksarFavre20111–5_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaksarFavre20111–5-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <i>Kamasutra</i> is neither exclusively nor predominantly a <a href="/wiki/Sex_manual" title="Sex manual">sex manual</a> on <a href="/wiki/Sex_position" title="Sex position">sex positions</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xi_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xi-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but rather a guide on the art of living well, the nature of love, finding partners, maintaining <a href="/wiki/Sex_life" title="Sex life">sex life</a>, and other aspects pertaining to pleasure-oriented faculties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xi_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xi-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a <i><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">sutra</a></i>-genre text with terse <a href="/wiki/Aphorism" title="Aphorism">aphoristic</a> verses that have survived into the modern era with different <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">bhāṣya</i></span>s (commentaries). The text is a mix of prose and <a href="/wiki/Anustubh" class="mw-redirect" title="Anustubh">anustubh</a>-meter poetry verses. </p><p><i>Kamasutra</i> acknowledges the Hindu concept of <a href="/wiki/Purusharthas" class="mw-redirect" title="Purusharthas">purusharthas</a>, and lists desire, sexuality, and emotional fulfillment as one of the proper goals of life. It discussed methods for courtship, training in the arts to be socially engaging, finding a partner, flirting, maintaining power in a married life, when and how to commit <a href="/wiki/Adultery" title="Adultery">adultery</a>, sexual positions, and other topics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xi–xiii_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xi–xiii-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The text majorly dealt with the philosophy and theory of love, what triggers desire, what sustains it, and how and when it is good or bad.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The text is one of many Indian texts on <i><a href="/wiki/Kama_Shastra" class="mw-redirect" title="Kama Shastra">Kama Shastra</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a much-translated work in Indian and non-Indian languages, and has influenced many secondary texts that followed since the 4th-century CE, as well as the Indian arts as exemplified by the pervasive presence of Kama-related reliefs and sculpture in old <a href="/wiki/Hindu_temples" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu temples">Hindu temples</a>. Of these, the <a href="/wiki/Khajuraho_Group_of_Monuments" title="Khajuraho Group of Monuments">Khajuraho</a> in <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a> is a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the surviving temple, one in <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a> has all the major chapters and sexual positions sculpted to illustrate the <i>Kamasutra</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Wendy_Doniger" title="Wendy Doniger">Wendy Doniger</a>, the <i>Kamasutra</i> became "one of the most pirated books in English language" soon after it was published in 1883 by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Francis_Burton" title="Richard Francis Burton">Richard Burton</a>. This first European edition by Burton does not faithfully reflect much in the <i>Kamasutra</i> because he revised the collaborative translation by Bhagavanlal Indrajit and Shivaram Parashuram Bhide with Forster Arbuthnot to suit 19th-century Victorian tastes.<sup id="cite_ref-Doniger2016p9_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doniger2016p9-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Date_and_authorship">Date and authorship</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kama,_mithuna_artwork_in_Hindu_temples.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Kama%2C_mithuna_artwork_in_Hindu_temples.jpg/220px-Kama%2C_mithuna_artwork_in_Hindu_temples.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="348" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Kama%2C_mithuna_artwork_in_Hindu_temples.jpg/330px-Kama%2C_mithuna_artwork_in_Hindu_temples.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Kama%2C_mithuna_artwork_in_Hindu_temples.jpg/440px-Kama%2C_mithuna_artwork_in_Hindu_temples.jpg 2x" data-file-width="888" data-file-height="1406" /></a><figcaption>Kama-related arts are common in Hindu temples. These scenes include courtship, amorous couples in scenes of intimacy (mithuna), or a sexual position. Above: 6th- to 14th-century temples in Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Karnataka, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Nepal.</figcaption></figure> <p>The original composition date or century for the <i>Kamasutra</i> is unknown. Historians have variously placed it between 400 BCE and 300 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-google_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/John_Keay" title="John Keay">John Keay</a>, the <i>Kama Sutra</i> is a compendium that was collected into its present form in the 2nd century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, the Indologist Wendy Doniger, who had co-translated the <i>Kama Sutra</i> and published many papers on related Hindu texts, stated that the surviving version of the <i>Kama Sutra</i> must have been revised or composed after 225 CE because it mentions the Abhiras and the Andhras, dynasties that did not co-rule major regions of ancient India before that year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xi-xii_with_footnote_2_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xi-xii_with_footnote_2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The text makes no mention of the <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a>, which ruled over major urban areas of ancient India, reshaping arts, culture, and economy from the 4th century through the 6th century CE. For these reasons, she dates the <i>Kama Sutra</i> to the second half of the 3rd century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xi-xii_with_footnote_2_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xi-xii_with_footnote_2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Doniger notes Kama Sutra was composed "sometime in the third century of the common era, most likely in its second half, at the dawn of the <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002iii_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002iii-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The place of its composition is also unclear. The likely candidates are urban centers of north India, alternatively in the eastern urban Pataliputra (now <a href="/wiki/Patna" title="Patna">Patna</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002iii-xi-xii_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002iii-xi-xii-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vatsyayana Mallanaga is its widely accepted author because his name is embedded in the <a href="/wiki/Colophon_(publishing)" title="Colophon (publishing)">colophon</a> verse, but little is known about him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xi–xii_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xi–xii-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vatsyayana states that he wrote the text after much meditation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xii_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xii-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the preface, Vatsyayana acknowledges that he is distilling many ancient texts, but these have not survived.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xii_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xii-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He cites the work of others he calls "teachers" and "scholars", and the longer texts by Auddalaki, Babhravya, Dattaka, Suvarnanabha, Ghotakamukha, Gonardiya, Gonikaputra, Charayana, and Kuchumara.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xii_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xii-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kamasutra was considered to have been put together from a 150 chapter manuscript that had itself been distilled from 300 chapters which in turn came from a compilation of some 100,000 chapters of text. It was thought to have been written in its final form sometime between the third and fifth century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vatsyayana's Kamasutra is mentioned and some verses quoted in the <i>Brihatsamhita</i> of Varahamihira, as well as the poems of Kalidasa. This suggests he lived before the 5th-century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaniélou19933–4_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniélou19933–4-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Purusharthas">Purusharthas</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Purusharthas" class="mw-redirect" title="Purusharthas">Purusharthas</a></div> <p>The Hindu tradition has the concept of the <i><a href="/wiki/Purusharthas" class="mw-redirect" title="Purusharthas">Purusharthas</a></i> which outlines "four main goals of life".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It holds that every human being has four proper goals that are necessary and sufficient for a fulfilling and happy life:<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a> – signifies behaviors that are considered to be in accord with <i><a href="/wiki/Rta" class="mw-redirect" title="Rta">rta</a></i>, the order that makes life and universe possible,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and includes duties, rights, laws, conduct, virtues and <i>right way of living</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-tce_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tce-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hindu dharma includes the religious duties, moral rights and duties of each individual, as well as behaviors that enable social order, right conduct, and those that are virtuous.<sup id="cite_ref-tce_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tce-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dharma, according to Van Buitenen,<sup id="cite_ref-vanbuitenen_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vanbuitenen-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is that which all existing beings must accept and respect to sustain harmony and order in the world. It is, states Van Buitenen, the pursuit and execution of one's nature and true calling, thus playing one's role in cosmic concert.<sup id="cite_ref-vanbuitenen_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vanbuitenen-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a> – signifies the "means of life", activities and resources that enables one to be in a state one wants to be in.<sup id="cite_ref-johnk_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-johnk-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Artha</i> incorporates wealth, career, activity to make a living, financial security and economic prosperity. The proper pursuit of artha is considered an important aim of human life in Hinduism.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bruces_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bruces-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a> – signifies desire, wish, passion, emotions, pleasure of the senses, the <a href="/wiki/Aesthetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aesthetic">aesthetic</a> enjoyment of life, affection, or love, with or without sexual connotations.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gavin_Flood" title="Gavin Flood">Gavin Flood</a> explains<sup id="cite_ref-gavinf_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gavinf-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> kāma as "love" without violating dharma (moral responsibility), artha (material prosperity) and one's journey towards moksha (spiritual liberation).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a> – signifies emancipation, liberation or release.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some schools of Hinduism, <i>moksha</i> connotes freedom from <i><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">saṃsāra</a></i>, the cycle of death and rebirth, in other schools moksha connotes freedom, self-knowledge, self-realization and liberation in this life.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Each of these pursuits became a subject of study and led to prolific Sanskrit and some Prakrit languages literature in ancient India. Along with <a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharmasastras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthasastras</a> and Mokshasastras, the Kamasastras genre have been preserved in palm leaf manuscripts. The <i>Kamasutra</i> belongs to the Kamasastra genre of texts. Other examples of Hindu Sanskrit texts on sexuality and emotions include the <i><a href="/wiki/Ratirahasya" title="Ratirahasya">Ratirahasya</a></i> (called <i>Kokashastra</i> in some Indian scripts), the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anangaranga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anangaranga (page does not exist)">Anangaranga</a></i>, the <i>Nagarasarvasva</i>, the <i>Kandarpachudmani</i>, and the <i>Panchasayaka</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xii–xiii_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xii–xiii-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-desmond2011p15_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-desmond2011p15-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The defining object of the Indian Kamasastra literature, according to Laura Desmond – an anthropologist and a professor of Religious Studies, is the "harmonious sensory experience" from a good relationship between "the self and the world", by discovering and enhancing sensory capabilities to "affect and be affected by the world".<sup id="cite_ref-desmond2011p15_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-desmond2011p15-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vatsyayana predominantly discusses Kama along with its relationship with Dharma and Artha. He makes a passing mention of Moksha in some verses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xi–xvi_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xi–xvi-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vedic_heritage">Vedic heritage</h3></div> <p>The earliest foundations of the <i>kamasutra</i> are found in the <a href="/wiki/Vedic_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic era">Vedic era</a> literature of Hinduism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xiv_with_footnote_8_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xiv_with_footnote_8-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-De1969p89_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-De1969p89-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vatsyayana acknowledges this heritage in verse 1.1.9 of the text where he names Svetaketu Uddalaka as the "first human author of the <i>kamasutra</i>". Uddalaka is an early Upanishadic <a href="/wiki/Rishi" title="Rishi">rishi</a> (scholar-poet, sage), whose ideas are found in the <i><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka Upanishad</a></i> such as in section 6.2, and the <i><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya Upanishad</a></i> such as over the verses 5.3 through 5.10.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xiv_with_footnote_8_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xiv_with_footnote_8-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These Hindu scriptures are variously dated between 900 BCE and 700 BCE, according to the Indologist and Sanskrit scholar Patrick Olivelle. Among with other ideas such as <a href="/wiki/Atman_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atman (Hinduism)">Atman</a> (self, soul) and the ontological concept of <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>, these early Upanishads discuss human life, activities and the nature of existence as a form of internalized worship, where sexuality and sex is mapped into a form of religious <i><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">yajna</a></i> ritual (sacrificial fire, <a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a>) and suffused in spiritual terms:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xiv_with_footnote_8_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xiv_with_footnote_8-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote style="background-color:none;margin-right:5em;margin-left:0em;border-left:solid 6px #FFE0BB;padding:1.0em"> <div class="poem"> <p>A fire – that is what a woman is, Gautama.<br /> Her firewood is the vulva,<br /> her smoke is the pubic hair,<br /> her flame is the vagina,<br /> when one penetrates her, that is her embers,<br /> and her sparks are the climax.<br /> In that very fire the gods offer semen,<br /> and from that offering springs a man. </p> </div><p> – <i><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka Upanishad</a></i> 6.2.13, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 700 BCE</span>, Trans.: <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Olivelle" title="Patrick Olivelle">Patrick Olivelle</a><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>According to the Indologist De, a view with which Doniger agrees, this is one of the many evidences that the <i>kamasutra</i> began in the religious literature of the Vedic era, ideas that were ultimately refined and distilled into a <i>sutra</i>-genre text by Vatsyayana.<sup id="cite_ref-De1969p89_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-De1969p89-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Doniger, this paradigm of celebrating pleasures, enjoyment and sexuality as a <i>dharmic</i> act began in the "earthy, vibrant text known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></i>" of the Hindus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xiii_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xiii-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Kamasutra</i> and celebration of sex, eroticism and pleasure is an integral part of the religious milieu in Hinduism and quite prevalent in its temples.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xi–xvii_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xi–xvii-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Epics">Epics</h3></div> <p>Human relationships, sex and emotional fulfillment are a significant part of the post-Vedic Sanskrit literature such as the major Hindu epics: the <i>Mahabharata</i> and the <i>Ramayana</i>. The ancient Indian view has been, states Johann Meyer, that love and sex are a delightful necessity. Though she is reserved and selective, "a woman stands in very great need of <i>surata</i> (amorous or sexual pleasure)", and "the woman has a far stronger erotic disposition, her delight in the sexual act is greater than a man's".<sup id="cite_ref-Meyer1953p229_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meyer1953p229-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manuscripts">Manuscripts</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kama_sutra,_Vatsyayayan,_commentary,_sample_ii,_Sanskrit,_Devanagari.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Kama_sutra%2C_Vatsyayayan%2C_commentary%2C_sample_ii%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari.jpg/310px-Kama_sutra%2C_Vatsyayayan%2C_commentary%2C_sample_ii%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Kama_sutra%2C_Vatsyayayan%2C_commentary%2C_sample_ii%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari.jpg/465px-Kama_sutra%2C_Vatsyayayan%2C_commentary%2C_sample_ii%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Kama_sutra%2C_Vatsyayayan%2C_commentary%2C_sample_ii%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari.jpg/620px-Kama_sutra%2C_Vatsyayayan%2C_commentary%2C_sample_ii%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1928" data-file-height="688" /></a><figcaption>A <i>Kamasutra</i> manuscript page preserved in the vaults of the <a href="/wiki/Raghunath_Temple" title="Raghunath Temple">Raghunath Temple</a> in Jammu & Kashmir</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i>Kamasutra</i> manuscripts have survived in many versions across the Indian subcontinent. While attempting to get a translation of the Sanskrit kama-sastra text <i><a href="/wiki/Ananga_Ranga" title="Ananga Ranga">Ananga Ranga</a></i>, which had already been widely translated by the Hindus in their regional languages such as Marathi, associates of the British Orientalist Richard Burton, stumbled into portions of the <i>Kamasutra</i> manuscript. Burton then commissioned the Sanskrit scholar <a href="/wiki/Bhagvanlal_Indraji" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagvanlal Indraji">Bhagvanlal Indraji</a> to locate a complete <i>Kamasutra</i> manuscript and translate it. Indraji collected variant manuscripts of the text in libraries and temples of Varanasi, Kolkata and Jaipur. Burton later published an edited English translation of these manuscripts, but not a <a href="/wiki/Critical_edition" class="mw-redirect" title="Critical edition">critical edition</a> of the <i>Kamasutra</i> in Sanskrit.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJyoti_Puri2002614–615_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJyoti_Puri2002614–615-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to S.C. Upadhyaya, known for his 1961 scholarly study and a more accurate translation of the <i>Kamasutra</i>, there are issues with the manuscripts that have survived and the text likely underwent revisions over time.<sup id="cite_ref-Upadhyaya1961p52_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Upadhyaya1961p52-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is confirmed by other 1st-millennium CE Hindu texts on <i>kama</i> that mention and cite the <i>Kamasutra</i>, but some of these quotations credited to the <i>Kamasutra</i> by these historic authors "are not to be found in the text of the Kamasutra" that have survived.<sup id="cite_ref-Upadhyaya1961p52_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Upadhyaya1961p52-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJyoti_Puri2002623–624_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJyoti_Puri2002623–624-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2></div> <p>Vatsyayana's <i>Kamasutra</i> states it has 1,250 verses distributed over 36 chapters in 64 sections organised into 7 books.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xxii_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xxii-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This statement is included in the opening chapter, a common practice in ancient Hindu texts, likely to prevent major and unauthorized expansions of a popular text.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xxii-xxiii_with_footnotes_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xxii-xxiii_with_footnotes-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The text that has survived into the modern era has 67 sections, and this list is enumerated in Book 7 and in Yashodhara's Sanskrit commentary (<i><a href="/wiki/Bhasya" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhasya">bhasya</a></i>) on the text.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xxii-xxiii_with_footnotes_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xxii-xxiii_with_footnotes-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Kamasutra</i> uses a mixture of prose and poetry, and the narration has the form of a dramatic fiction where two characters called <i>nayaka</i> (man) and <i>nayika</i> (woman), are aided by the characters called <i>pitamarda</i> (libertine), <i>vita</i> (pander) and <i>vidushaka</i> (jester). This format follows the teachings found in the Sanskrit classic <i><a href="/wiki/Natyasastra" class="mw-redirect" title="Natyasastra">Natyasastra</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xxv-xxvi_with_footnotes_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xxv-xxvi_with_footnotes-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The teachings and discussions found in the <i>Kamasutra</i> extensively incorporate ancient Hindu mythology and legends.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" align="center" style="background: transparent;"> <caption><i>Kamasutra</i> </caption> <tbody><tr style="text-align: left;"> <td style="background: #ffad66;">Book.Chapter </td> <td style="background: #ffdd33;">Verses </td> <td style="background: #ffdd33;">Topics<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar20023–27_(Book_1),_28-73_(Book_2),_74–93_(Book_3),_94–103_(Book_4),_104–129_(Book_5),_131-159_(Book_6),_161-172_(Book_7)_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar20023–27_(Book_1),_28-73_(Book_2),_74–93_(Book_3),_94–103_(Book_4),_104–129_(Book_5),_131-159_(Book_6),_161-172_(Book_7)-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaksarFavre2011_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaksarFavre2011-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: left;"> <td style="background: #ffdd66;"><b>1</b> </td> <td> </td> <td><b>General remarks</b> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: left;"> <td style="background: #ffdd66;">1.1 </td> <td>1–24 </td> <td>Preface, history of kama literature, outline of the contents </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: left;"> <td style="background: #ffdd66;">1.2 </td> <td>1–40 </td> <td>Suitable age for kama knowledge, the three goals of life: dharma, Artha, Kama; their essential interrelationship, natural human questions </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: left;"> <td style="background: #ffdd66;">1.3 </td> <td>1–22 </td> <td>Preparations for kama, sixty four arts for a better quality of life, how girls can learn and train in these arts, their lifelong benefits and contribution to better kama </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: left;"> <td style="background: #ffdd66;">1.4 </td> <td>1–39 </td> <td>The life of an urban gentleman, work routine, entertainment and festivals, sports, picnics, socialization, games, entertainment and drinking parties, finding aids (messengers, friends, helpers) to improve success in kama, options for rural gentlemen, what one must never do in their pursuit of kama </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: left;"> <td style="background: #ffdd66;">1.5 </td> <td>1–37 </td> <td>Types of women, finding sexual partners, sex, being lovers, being faithful, permissible women, adultery and when to commit it, the forbidden women whom one must avoid, discretion with messengers and helpers, few dos and don't in life </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: left;"> <td style="background: #ffdd66;"><b>2</b> </td> <td> </td> <td><b>Amorous advances/sexual union</b> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: left;"> <td style="background: #ffdd66;">2.1 </td> <td>1–45 </td> <td>Sexual relationships and the pleasure of sex, uniqueness of every lover, temperaments, sizes, endurance, foreplay, types of love and lovers, duration of sex, types of climax, intimacy, joy </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: left;"> <td style="background: #ffdd66;">2.2 </td> <td>1–31 </td> <td>Figuring out if someone is interested, conversations, prelude and preparation, touching each other, massage, embracing </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: left;"> <td style="background: #ffdd66;">2.3–5 </td> <td>1–32, 1–31, 1–43 </td> <td>Kissing, where to kiss and how, teasing each other and games, signals and hints for the other person, cleanliness, taking care of teeth, hair, body, nails, physical non-sexual forms of intimacy (scratching, poking, biting, slapping, holding her) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: left;"> <td style="background: #ffdd66;">2.6–10 </td> <td>1–52 </td> <td>Intercourse, what it is and how, positions, various methods, bringing variety, usual and unusual sex, communicating before and during intercourse (moaning), diverse regional practices and customs, the needs of a man, the needs of a woman, variations and surprises, oral sex for women, oral sex for men, opinions, disagreements, experimenting with each other, the first time, why sexual excitement fades, reviving passion, quarreling, keeping sex exciting, sixty four methods to find happiness in a committed relationship </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: left;"> <td style="background: #ffdd66;"><b>3</b> </td> <td> </td> <td><b>Acquiring a wife</b> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: left;"> <td style="background: #ffdd66;">3.1 </td> <td>1–24 </td> <td>Marriage, finding the right girl, which one to avoid, which one to persuade, how to decide, how to proceed, making alliances </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: left;"> <td style="background: #ffdd66;">3.2–3 </td> <td>1–35, 1–32 </td> <td>Earning her trust, importance of not rushing things and being gentle, moving towards sexual openness gradually, how to approach a woman, proceeding to friendship, from friendship to intimacy, interpreting different responses of a girl </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: left;"> <td style="background: #ffdd66;">3.4–5 </td> <td>1–55, 1–30 </td> <td>Earning his trust, knowing the man and his advances, how a woman can make advances, winning the heart; utilizing confidants of your lover, types of marriage, formalizing marriage, eloping </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: left;"> <td style="background: #ffdd66;"><b>4</b> </td> <td> </td> <td><b>Duties and privileges of the wife</b> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: left;"> <td style="background: #ffdd66;">4.1–2 </td> <td>1–48, 1–30 </td> <td>Being a wife, her life, conduct, power over the household, duties when her husband is away, nuclear and joint families, when to take charge and when not to </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: left;"> <td style="background: #ffdd66;">4.2 </td> <td>30–72 </td> <td>Remarriage, being unlucky, harems,<sup id="cite_ref-harem_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harem-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> polygamy </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: left;"> <td style="background: #ffdd66;"><b>5</b> </td> <td> </td> <td><b>Other men's wives</b> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: left;"> <td style="background: #ffdd66;">5.1 </td> <td>1–56 </td> <td>Human nature, tendencies of men, tendencies of women, why women lose interest and start looking elsewhere, avoiding adultery, pursuing adultery, finding women interested in extramarital sex </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: left;"> <td style="background: #ffdd66;">5.2–5 </td> <td>1–28, 1–28, 1–66, 1–37 </td> <td>Finding many lovers, deploying messengers, the need for them and how to find good go-betweens, getting acquainted, how to make a pass, gifts and love tokens, arranging meetings, how to discretely find out if a woman is available and interested, warnings and knowing when to stop </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: left;"> <td style="background: #ffdd66;">5.6 </td> <td>1–48 </td> <td>Public women [prostitution], their life, what to expect and not, how to find them, regional practices, guarding and respecting them </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: left;"> <td style="background: #ffdd66;"><b>6</b> </td> <td> </td> <td><b>About courtesans</b> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: left;"> <td style="background: #ffdd66;">6.1 </td> <td>1–33 </td> <td>Courtesans, what motivates them, how to find clients, deciding if someone should just be a friend or a lover, which lovers to avoid, getting a lover and keeping him interested </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: left;"> <td style="background: #ffdd66;">6.2 </td> <td>1–76 </td> <td>How to please your lover </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: left;"> <td style="background: #ffdd66;">6.3 </td> <td>1–46 </td> <td>Making a lover go crazy about you, how to get rid of him if love life is not fulfilling </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: left;"> <td style="background: #ffdd66;">6.4–5 </td> <td>1–43, 1–39 </td> <td>Methods to make an ex-lover interested in you again, reuniting, methods, checking if it is worth the effort, types of lovers, things to consider </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: left;"> <td style="background: #ffdd66;">6.6 </td> <td>1–53 </td> <td>Why love life gets dull, examples, familiarity and doubts </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: left;"> <td style="background: #ffdd66;"><b>7</b> </td> <td> </td> <td><b>Occult practices</b> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: left;"> <td style="background: #ffdd66;">7.1–2 </td> <td>1–51, 1–51 </td> <td>Looking good, feeling good, why and how to be attractive, bewitching, being virile, paying attention, genuineness and artificiality, body art and perforations, taking care of one's sexual organs, stimulants, prescriptions and unusual practices </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contents">Contents</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="; color: #202122;background-color: #FFE0BB;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p><b>On balance in life</b> </p> <div class="poem"> <p>In any period of life in which<br /> one of the elements of the trivarga<br /> – dharma, artha, kama – <br /> is the primary one, the other two<br /> should be natural adjuncts of it.<br /> Under no circumstances, should any one of the<br /> trivarga be detrimental to the other two. </p> </div> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">—<i>Kamasutra 1.2.1</i>,<br />Translator: <a href="/wiki/Ludo_Rocher" title="Ludo Rocher">Ludo Rocher</a><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div><p>The <i>Kamasutra</i> is a "<a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">sutra</a>"-genre text consisting of intensely condensed, aphoristic verses. Doniger describes them as a "kind of atomic string (thread) of meanings", which are so cryptic that any translation is more like deciphering and filling in the text.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xv–xvii_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xv–xvii-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Condensing a text into a sutra-genre religious text form makes it easier to remember and transmit, but it also introduces ambiguity and the need to understand the context of each chapter, its philological roots, as well as the prior literature, states Doniger.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xv–xvii_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xv–xvii-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this method of knowledge preservation and transmission has its foundation in the Vedas, which themselves are cryptic and require a commentator and teacher-guide to comprehend the details and the inter-relationship of the ideas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xv–xvii_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xv–xvii-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaniélou19935–6_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniélou19935–6-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Kamasutra</i> too has attracted commentaries, of which the most well known are those of 12th-century<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaniélou19935–6_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniélou19935–6-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or 13th-century<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yaśodhara's <i>Jayamaṅgalā</i> in the Sanskrit language, and of Devadatta Shastri who commented on the original text as well as its commentaries in the Hindi language.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xv–xvii_66-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xv–xvii-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are many other Sanskrit commentaries on the <i>Kamasutra</i>, such as the <i>Sutra Vritti</i> by Narsingha Sastri.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaniélou19935–6_67-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniélou19935–6-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These commentaries cite and quote Hindu texts such as the <i>Upanishads</i>, the <i>Arthashastra</i>, the <i>Natyashastra</i>, the <i>Manusmriti</i>, the <i>Nyayasutra</i>, the <i>Markandeya Purana</i>, the <i>Mahabharata</i>, the <i>Nitishastra</i> and others to provide the context, per the norms of its literary traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaniélou199311–12_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniélou199311–12-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The extant translations of the <i>Kamasutra</i> typically incorporate these commentaries, states Daniélou.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaniélou19936–12_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniélou19936–12-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the colonial era marked by sexual censorship, the <i>Kamasutra</i> became famous as a pirated and underground text for its explicit description of sex positions. The stereotypical image of the text is one where erotic pursuit with sexual intercourse include improbable contortionist forms.<sup id="cite_ref-doniger2016p20_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doniger2016p20-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In reality, according to Doniger, the <i>real Kamasutra</i> is much more and is a book about "the art of living", about understanding one's body and a partner's body, finding a partner and emotional connection, marriage, the power equation over time in intimate relationships, the nature of adultery and drugs (aphrodisiacs<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) along with many simple to complex variations in sex positions to explore. It is also a psychological treatise that presents the effect of desire and pleasure on human behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-doniger2016p20_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doniger2016p20-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For each aspect of <i>Kama</i>, the <i>Kamasutra</i> presents a diverse spectrum of options and regional practices. According to Shastri, as quoted by Doniger, the text analyses "the inclinations of men, good and bad", thereafter it presents Vatsyayana's recommendation and arguments of what one must avoid as well as what to not miss in experiencing and enjoying, with "acting only on the good".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xx–xxi_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xx–xxi-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the text discusses adultery but recommends a faithful spousal relationship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xx–xxi_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xx–xxi-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-doniger2016p14_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doniger2016p14-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The approach of <i>Kamasutra</i> is not to ignore nor deny the psychology and complexity of human behavior for pleasure and sex. The text, according to Doniger, clearly states "that a treatise demands the inclusion of everything, good or bad", but after being informed with in-depth knowledge, one must "reflect and accept only the good". The approach found in the text is one where goals of science and religion should not be to repress, but to encyclopedically know and understand, thereafter let the individual decide.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xx–xxi_74-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xx–xxi-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The text states that it aims to be comprehensive and inclusive of diverse views and lifestyles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xx–xxii_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xx–xxii-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flirting_and_courtship">Flirting and courtship</h3></div> <p>The 3rd-century text includes a number of themes, including subjects such as flirting that resonate in the modern era context, states a <i>New York Times</i> review.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes2002kamasutra_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes2002kamasutra-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, it suggests that a young man seeking to attract a woman, should hold a party, and invite the guests to recite poetry. In the party, a poem should be read with parts missing, and the guests should compete to creatively complete the poem.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes2002kamasutra_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes2002kamasutra-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As another example, the <i>Kamasutra</i> suggests that the boy and the girl should go play together, such as swim in a river. The boy should dive into the water away from the girl he is interested in, then swim underwater to get close to her, emerge from the water and surprise her, touch her slightly and then dive again, away from her.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes2002kamasutra_77-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes2002kamasutra-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Book 3 of the <i>Kamasutra</i> is largely dedicated to the art of courtship with the aim of marriage. The book's opening verse declares marriage to be a conducive means to "a pure and natural love between the partners", states Upadhyaya.<sup id="cite_ref-upadhaya1965p141_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-upadhaya1965p141-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It leads to emotional fulfillment in many forms such as more friends for both, relatives, progeny, amorous and sexual relationship between the couple, and the conjugal pursuit of <i><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">dharma</a></i> (spiritual and ethical life) and <i><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">artha</a></i> (economic life).<sup id="cite_ref-upadhaya1965p141_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-upadhaya1965p141-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first three chapters discuss how a man should go about finding the right bride, while the fourth offers equivalent discussion for a woman and how she can get the man she wants.<sup id="cite_ref-upadhaya1965p141_78-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-upadhaya1965p141-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The text states that a person should be realistic, and must possess the "same qualities which one expects from the partner". It suggests involving one's friends and relatives in the search, and meeting the current friends and relatives of one's future partner prior to the marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-upadhaya1965p141_78-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-upadhaya1965p141-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the original text makes no mention of astrology and horoscopes, later commentaries, such as one by 13th-century Yashodhara includes consulting and comparing the compatibility of the horoscopes, omens, planetary alignments, and such signs prior to proposing a marriage. Vatsyayana recommends, states Alain Danielou, that "one should play, marry, associate with one's equals, people of one's own circle" who share the same values and religious outlook. It is more difficult to manage a good, happy relationship when there are basic differences between the two, according to verse 3.1.20 of the <i>Kamasutra</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaniélou1993222–224_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniélou1993222–224-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intimacy_and_foreplay">Intimacy and foreplay</h3></div> <p>Vatsyayana's <i>Kamasutra</i> describes intimacy of various forms, including those between lovers before and during sex. For example, the text discusses eight forms of <i>alingana</i> (embrace) in verses 2.2.7–23: <i>sphrishtaka</i>, <i>viddhaka</i>, <i>udghrishtaka</i>, <i>piditaka</i>, <i>lataveshtitaka</i>, <i>vrikshadhirudha</i>, <i>tilatandula</i> and <i>kshiranira</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-upadhyaya1965p11_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-upadhyaya1965p11-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first four are expressive of mutual love, but are nonsexual. The last four are forms of embrace recommended by Vatsyayana to increase pleasure during foreplay and during sexual intimacy. Vatsyayana cites earlier – now lost – Indian texts from the Babhraya's school, for these eight categories of embraces. The various forms of intimacy reflect the intent and provide means to engage a combination of senses for pleasure. For instance, according to Vatsyayana the <i>lalatika</i> form enables both to feel each other and allows the man to visually appreciate "the full beauty of the female form", states S.C. Upadhyaya.<sup id="cite_ref-upadhyaya1965p11_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-upadhyaya1965p11-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="; color: #202122;background-color: #FFE0BB;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p><b>On sexual embraces</b> </p> <div class="poem"> <p>Some sexual embraces, not in this text,<br /> also intensify passion;<br /> these, too, may be used for love-making,<br /> but only with care.<br /> The territory of the text extends<br /> only so far as men have dull appetites;<br /> but when the wheel of sexual ecstasy is in full motion,<br /> there is no textbook at all, and no order. </p> </div> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">—<i>Kamasutra 2.2.30–31</i>,<br />Translator: Wendy Doniger and Sudhir Kakar<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xviii_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xviii-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div> <p>Another example of the forms of intimacy discussed in the <i>Kamasutra</i> includes <i>chumbanas</i> (kissing).<sup id="cite_ref-upadhyaya1965p12_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-upadhyaya1965p12-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The text presents twenty-six forms of kisses, ranging from those appropriate for showing respect and affection, to those during foreplay and sex. Vatsyayana also mentions variations in kissing cultures in different parts of ancient India.<sup id="cite_ref-upadhyaya1965p12_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-upadhyaya1965p12-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The best kiss for an intimate partner, according to <i>kamasutra</i>, is one that is based on the awareness of the <i>avastha</i> (the emotional state of one's partner) when the two are not in a sexual union. During sex, the text recommends going with the flow and mirroring with <i>abhiyoga</i> and <i>samprayoga</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-upadhyaya1965p12_82-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-upadhyaya1965p12-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other techniques of foreplay and sexual intimacy that are described in the <i>kamasutra</i> include; various forms of holding and embraces (<i>grahana</i>, <i>upaguhana</i>), mutual massage and rubbing (<i>mardana</i>), pinching and biting, using fingers and hands to stimulate (<i>karikarakrida</i>, <i>nadi-kshobana</i>, <i>anguli-pravesha</i>), three styles of <i>jihva-pravesha</i> (<a href="/wiki/French_kiss" title="French kiss">french kissing</a>), and many styles of fellatio and cunnilingus.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adultery">Adultery</h3></div> <p>The <i>Kamasutra</i>, states the Indologist and Sanskrit literature scholar <a href="/wiki/Ludo_Rocher" title="Ludo Rocher">Ludo Rocher</a>, discourages adultery but then devotes "not less than fifteen sutras (1.5.6–20) to enumerating the reasons (<i>karana</i>) for which a man is allowed to seduce a married woman". Vatsyayana mentions different types of <i>nayikas</i> (urban girls) such as unmarried virgins, those married and abandoned by husband, widow seeking remarriage and courtesans, then discusses their kama/sexual education, rights and mores.<sup id="cite_ref-Rocher1985_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rocher1985-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In childhood, <a href="/wiki/V%C4%81tsy%C4%81yana" title="Vātsyāyana">Vātsyāyana</a> says, a person should learn how to make a living; youth is the time for pleasure, and as years pass, one should concentrate on living virtuously and hope to escape the cycle of rebirth.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>According to Doniger, the <i>Kamasutra</i> teaches adulterous sexual liaison as a means for a man to predispose the involved woman in assisting him, as a strategic means to work against his enemies and to facilitate his successes. It also explains the signs and reasons a woman wants to enter into an adulterous relationship and when she does not want to commit adultery.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Kamasutra</i> teaches strategies to engage in adulterous relationships, but concludes its chapter on sexual liaison stating that one should not commit adultery because adultery pleases only one of two sides in a marriage, hurts the other, it goes against both <i>dharma</i> and <i>artha</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-doniger2016p14_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doniger2016p14-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caste,_class"><span id="Caste.2C_class"></span>Caste, class</h3></div> <p>The <i>Kamasutra</i> has been one of the unique sources of sociological information and cultural milieu of ancient India. It shows a "near total disregard of class (varna) and caste (jati)", states Doniger.<sup id="cite_ref-Doniger2016p21_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doniger2016p21-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Human relationships, including the sexual type, are neither segregated nor repressed by gender or caste, rather linked to individual's wealth (success in <i><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">artha</a></i>). In the <i>Kamasutra</i>, lovers are "not upper-class" but they "must be rich" enough to dress well, pursue social leisure activities, buy gifts and surprise the lover. In the rare mention of caste, it is about a man finding his legal wife and the advice that humorous stories to seduce a woman should be about "other virgins of same <i>jati</i> (caste)". In general, the text describes sexual activity between men and women across class and caste, both in urban and rural settings.<sup id="cite_ref-Doniger2016p21_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doniger2016p21-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Same-sex_relationships">Same-sex relationships</h3></div> <p>The <i>Kamasutra</i> includes verses describing homosexual relations such as oral sex between two men, as well as between two women.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xxxiv–xxxvii_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xxxiv–xxxvii-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaniélou19939–10_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniélou19939–10-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lesbian relations are extensively covered in Chapters 5 and 8 in Book 2.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaniélou1993169–177_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniélou1993169–177-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The text also mentions "pretend play", <a href="/wiki/Sadomasochism" title="Sadomasochism">sadomasochism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Group_sex" title="Group sex">group sex</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Doniger, the <i>Kamasutra</i> discusses same-sex relationships through the notion of the <i>tritiya prakriti</i>, literally, "third sexuality" or "third nature". In <i>Redeeming the Kamasutra,</i> Doniger states that "the Kamasutra departs from the dharmic view of homosexuality in significant ways", where the term <i>kliba</i> appears. In contemporary translations, this has been inaccurately rendered as "eunuch" – or, a castrated man in a harem,<sup id="cite_ref-harem_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harem-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Harem" title="Harem">royal harem</a> did not exist in India before the Turkish presence in the ninth century.<sup id="cite_ref-Doniger2016p114_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doniger2016p114-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sanskrit word <i>Kliba</i> found in older Indian texts refers to a "man who does not act like a man", typically in a pejorative sense. The <i>Kamasutra</i> does not use the pejorative term <i>kliba</i> at all, but speaks instead of a "third nature" or, in the sexual behavior context as the "third sexuality".<sup id="cite_ref-Doniger2016p114_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doniger2016p114-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The text states that there are two sorts of "third nature", one where a man behaves like a woman, and in the other, a woman behaves like a man. In one of the longest consecutive sets of verses describing a sexual act, the <i>Kamasutra</i> describes fellatio technique between a man dressed like a woman performing fellatio on another man.<sup id="cite_ref-Doniger2016p114_93-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doniger2016p114-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The text also mentions same-sex behavior between two women, such as a girl losing her virginity with a girlfriend as they use their fingers,<sup id="cite_ref-Doniger2016p120_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doniger2016p120-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as oral sex and the use of sex toys between women.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Svairini</i>, a term Danielou translates as a lesbian,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaniélou199348,_171–172_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniélou199348,_171–172-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is described in the text as a woman who lives a conjugal life with another woman or by herself fending for herself, not interested in a husband.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, the text has some fleeting remarks on bisexual relationships.<sup id="cite_ref-Doniger2016p120_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doniger2016p120-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Translations">Translations</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:312px;max-width:312px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:153px;max-width:153px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:256px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_Burton%27s_edition_of_Kamasutra_1883_edition.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Richard_Burton%27s_edition_of_Kamasutra_1883_edition.jpg/151px-Richard_Burton%27s_edition_of_Kamasutra_1883_edition.jpg" decoding="async" width="151" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Richard_Burton%27s_edition_of_Kamasutra_1883_edition.jpg/227px-Richard_Burton%27s_edition_of_Kamasutra_1883_edition.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Richard_Burton%27s_edition_of_Kamasutra_1883_edition.jpg/302px-Richard_Burton%27s_edition_of_Kamasutra_1883_edition.jpg 2x" data-file-width="924" data-file-height="1569" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:155px;max-width:155px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:256px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lamairesse_-_Kama_Sutra.djvu" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Lamairesse_-_Kama_Sutra.djvu/page1-153px-Lamairesse_-_Kama_Sutra.djvu.jpg" decoding="async" width="153" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Lamairesse_-_Kama_Sutra.djvu/page1-230px-Lamairesse_-_Kama_Sutra.djvu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Lamairesse_-_Kama_Sutra.djvu/page1-306px-Lamairesse_-_Kama_Sutra.djvu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3832" data-file-height="6413" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The first English version by Richard Burton became public in 1883, but it was illegal to publish it in England and the United States till 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-Doniger2018p164_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doniger2018p164-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Right: a French retranslation of 1891.</div></div></div></div> <p>According to Doniger, the historical records suggest that the <i>Kamasutra</i> was a well-known and popular text in Indian history. This popularity through the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> era is confirmed by its regional translations. The Mughals, states Doniger, had "commissioned lavishly illustrated Persian and Sanskrit <i>Kamasutra</i> manuscripts".<sup id="cite_ref-Doniger2016p12_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doniger2016p12-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first English translation of the <i>Kama Sutra</i> was privately printed in 1883 by the Orientalist Sir <a href="/wiki/Richard_Francis_Burton" title="Richard Francis Burton">Richard Francis Burton</a>. He did not translate it, but did edit it to suit the Victorian British attitudes. The unedited translation was produced by the Indian scholar <a href="/wiki/Bhagwan_Lal_Indraji" title="Bhagwan Lal Indraji">Bhagwan Lal Indraji</a> with the assistance of a student Shivaram Parshuram Bhide, under the guidance of Burton's friend, the Indian civil servant <a href="/wiki/Forster_Fitzgerald_Arbuthnot" title="Forster Fitzgerald Arbuthnot">Forster Fitzgerald Arbuthnot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Doniger, the Burton version is a "flawed English translation" but influential as modern translators and abridged versions, even in the Indian languages such as in Hindi, are re-translations of the Burton version, rather than the original Sanskrit manuscript.<sup id="cite_ref-Doniger2018p164_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doniger2018p164-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Burton version of the <i>Kamasutra</i> was produced in an environment where the Victorian mindset and Protestant proselytizers were busy finding faults and attacking Hinduism and its culture, rejecting as "filthy paganism" anything they found sensuous and sexual in Hindu arts and literature. The "Hindus were cowering under their scorn", states Doniger, and the open discussion of sex in the <i>Kamasutra</i> scandalized the 19th-century Europeans.<sup id="cite_ref-Doniger2018p164_98-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doniger2018p164-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Burton edition of the <i>Kamasutra</i> was illegal to publish in England and the United States till 1962. Yet, states Doniger, it became soon after its publication in 1883, "one of the most pirated books in the English language", widely copied, reprinted and republished sometimes without Richard Burton's name.<sup id="cite_ref-Doniger2018p164_98-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doniger2018p164-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Burton made two important contributions to the <i>Kamasutra</i>. First, he had the courage to publish it in the colonial era against the political and cultural mores of the British elite. He creatively found a way to subvert the then prevalent censorship laws of Britain under the Obscene Publications Act of 1857.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Doniger2018p164_98-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doniger2018p164-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Burton created a fake publishing house named <i>The Kama Shastra Society of London and Benares</i> (Benares = <a href="/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi">Varanasi</a>), with the declaration that it is "for private circulation only".<sup id="cite_ref-Doniger2018p164_98-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doniger2018p164-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second major contribution was to edit it in a major way, by changing words and rewriting sections to make it more acceptable to the general British public. For example, the original Sanskrit <i>Kamasutra</i> does not use the words <a href="/wiki/Lingam" title="Lingam">lingam</a> or <a href="/wiki/Yoni" title="Yoni">yoni</a> for sexual organs, and almost always uses other terms. Burton adroitly avoided being viewed as obscene to the Victorian mindset by avoiding the use of words such as penis, vulva, vagina and other direct or indirect sexual terms in the Sanskrit text to discuss sex, sexual relationships and human sexual positions. Burton used the terms lingam and yoni instead throughout the translation.<sup id="cite_ref-doniger2011p500_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doniger2011p500-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This conscious and incorrect word substitution, states Doniger, thus served as an Orientalist means to "anthropologize sex, distance it, make it safe for English readers by assuring them, or pretending to assure them, that the text was not about real sexual organs, their sexual organs, but merely about the appendages of weird, dark people far away."<sup id="cite_ref-doniger2011p500_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doniger2011p500-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though Burton used the terms <a href="/wiki/Lingam" title="Lingam">lingam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yoni" title="Yoni">yoni</a> for human sexual organs, terms that actually mean a lot more in Sanskrit texts and its meaning depends on the context. However, Burton's <i>Kamasutra</i> gave a unique, specific meaning to these words in the western imagination.<sup id="cite_ref-doniger2011p500_102-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doniger2011p500-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The problems with Burton mistranslation are many, states Doniger. First, the text "simply does not say what Burton says it says".<sup id="cite_ref-Doniger2018p164_98-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doniger2018p164-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Second, it "robs women of their voices, turning direct quotes into indirect quotes, thus losing the force of the dialogue that animates the work and erasing the vivid presence of the many women who speak in the Kamasutra". Third, it changes the force of words in the original text. For example, when a woman says "Stop!" or "Let me go!" in the original text of Vatsyayana, Burton changed it to "She continually utters words expressive of prohibition, sufficiency, or desire of liberation", states Doniger, and thus misconstrues the context and intent of the original text.<sup id="cite_ref-Doniger2018p164_98-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doniger2018p164-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, while the original <i>Kamasutra</i> acknowledges that "women have strong privileges", Burton erased these passages and thus eroded women's agency in ancient India in the typical Orientialist manner that dehumanized the Indian culture.<sup id="cite_ref-Doniger2018p164_98-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doniger2018p164-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-doniger2011p500_102-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doniger2011p500-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> David Shulman, a professor of Indian Studies and Comparative Religion, agrees with Doniger that the Burton translation is misguided and flawed.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes2002kamasutra_77-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes2002kamasutra-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Burton version was written with a different mindset, one that treated "sexual matters with Victorian squeamishness and a pornographic delight in the indirect", according to Shulman. It has led to a misunderstanding of the text and created the wrong impression of it being ancient "Hindu pornography".<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes2002kamasutra_77-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes2002kamasutra-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1961, S. C. Upadhyaya published his translation as the <i>Kamasutra of Vatsyayana: Complete Translation from the Original</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Jyoti_Puri" title="Jyoti Puri">Jyoti Puri</a>, it is considered among the best-known scholarly English-language translations of the <i>Kamasutra</i> in post-independent India.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJyoti_Puri2002607_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJyoti_Puri2002607-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other translations include those by <a href="/wiki/Alain_Dani%C3%A9lou" title="Alain Daniélou">Alain Daniélou</a> (<i>The Complete Kama Sutra</i> in 1994).<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This translation, originally into French, and thence into English, featured the original text attributed to <a href="/wiki/V%C4%81tsy%C4%81yana" title="Vātsyāyana">Vatsyayana</a>, along with a medieval and a modern commentary.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaniélou1993_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniélou1993-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike the 1883 version, Daniélou's new translation preserves the numbered verse divisions of the original, and does not incorporate notes in the text. He includes English translations of two important commentaries, one by Jayamangala, and a more modern commentary by Devadatta Shastri, as <a href="/wiki/Endnote" class="mw-redirect" title="Endnote">endnotes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaniélou1993_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniélou1993-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Doniger questions the accuracy of Daniélou's translation, stating that he has freely reinterpreted the <i>Kamasutra</i> while disregarding the gender that is implicit in the Sanskrit words. He, at times, reverses the object and subject, making the woman the subject and man the object when the <i>Kamasutra</i> is explicitly stating the reverse. According to Doniger, "even this cryptic text [<i>Kamasutra</i>] is not infinitely elastic" and such creative reinterpretations do not reflect the text.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xxxvi-xxxvii_with_footnotes_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xxxvi-xxxvii_with_footnotes-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A translation by <a href="/wiki/Indra_Sinha" title="Indra Sinha">Indra Sinha</a> was published in 1980. In the early 1990s, its chapter on sexual positions began circulating on the Internet as an independent text and today is often assumed to be the whole of the <i>Kama Sutra</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Doniger and Sudhir Kakar published another translation in 2002, as a part of the Oxford World's Classics series.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with the translation, Doniger has published numerous articles and book chapters relating to the <i>Kamasutra</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Doniger translation and <i>Kamasutra</i>-related literature has both been praised and criticized. According to David Shulman, the Doniger translation "will change peoples' understanding of this book and of ancient India. Previous translations are hopelessly outdated, inadequate and misguided".<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes2002kamasutra_77-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes2002kamasutra-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Narasingha Sil calls the Doniger's work as "another signature work of translation and exegesis of the much misunderstood and abused Hindu erotology". Her translation has the folksy, "twinkle prose", engaging style, and an original translation of the Sanskrit text. However, adds Sil, Doniger's work mixes her postmodern translation and interpretation of the text with her own "political and polemical" views. She makes sweeping generalizations and flippant insertions that are supported by neither the original text nor the weight of evidence in other related ancient and later Indian literature such as from the Bengal Renaissance movement – one of the scholarly specialty of Narasingha Sil. Doniger's presentation style titillates, yet some details misinform and parts of her interpretations are dubious, states Sil.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Analysis">Analysis</h2></div> <p>Indira Kapoor, a director of the International Planned Parenthood Foundation, states that the <i>Kamasutra</i> is a treatise on human sexual behavior and an ancient attempt to seriously study sexuality among other things. According to Kapoor, quotes <a href="/wiki/Jyoti_Puri" title="Jyoti Puri">Jyoti Puri</a>, the attitude of contemporary Indians is markedly different, with misconceptions and expressions of embarrassment, rather than curiosity and pride, when faced with texts such as <i>Kamasutra</i> and amorous and erotic arts found in Hindu temples.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJyoti_Puri2002605_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJyoti_Puri2002605-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Kamasutra</i>, states Kapoor, must be viewed as a means to discover and improve the "self-confidence and understanding of their bodies and feelings".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJyoti_Puri2002605_114-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJyoti_Puri2002605-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Kamasutra</i> has been a popular reference to erotic ancient literature. In the Western media, such as in the American women's magazine <i><a href="/wiki/Redbook" title="Redbook">Redbook</a></i>, the Kamasutra is described as "Although it was written centuries ago, there's still no better sex handbook, which details hundreds of positions, each offering a subtle variation in pleasure to men and women."<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jyoti Puri, who published a review and feminist critique of the text, stated that the "<i>Kamasutra</i> is frequently appropriated as indisputable evidence of a non-Western and tolerant, indeed celebratory, view of sexuality" and for "the belief that the <i>Kamasutra</i> provides a transparent glimpse into the positive, even exalted, view of sexuality".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJyoti_Puri2002604,_606–608_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJyoti_Puri2002604,_606–608-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, according to Puri, this is a colonial and anticolonial modernist interpretation of the text. These narratives neither resonate with nor provide the "politics of gender, race, nationality and class" that may have been prevalent in ancient India as published by other historians .<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJyoti_Puri2002633–634_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJyoti_Puri2002633–634-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Doniger, the <i>Kama Sutra</i> is a "great cultural masterpiece", one which can inspire contemporary Indians to overcome "self-doubts and rejoice" in their ancient heritage.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2></div> <p>List of feature films based on the <i>Kamasutra</i>: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kama_Sutra:_A_Tale_of_Love" title="Kama Sutra: A Tale of Love">Kama Sutra: A Tale of Love</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kamasutra_3D" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamasutra 3D">Kamasutra 3D</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tales_of_The_Kama_Sutra:_The_Perfumed_Garden" title="Tales of The Kama Sutra: The Perfumed Garden">Tales of The Kama Sutra: The Perfumed Garden</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tales_of_The_Kama_Sutra_2:_Monsoon" title="Tales of The Kama Sutra 2: Monsoon">Tales of The Kama Sutra 2: Monsoon</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KamaSutra24.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kama Sutra illustration of woman on top, circa 19th Century"><img alt="Kama Sutra illustration of woman on top, circa 19th Century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/KamaSutra24.jpg/120px-KamaSutra24.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/KamaSutra24.jpg/180px-KamaSutra24.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/KamaSutra24.jpg/240px-KamaSutra24.jpg 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="422" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Kama Sutra</i> illustration of <a href="/wiki/Woman_on_top" title="Woman on top">woman on top</a>, circa 19th Century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kamasutra5.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kama Sutra illustration, circa 19th Century"><img alt="Kama Sutra illustration, circa 19th Century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Kamasutra5.jpg/120px-Kamasutra5.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Kamasutra5.jpg/180px-Kamasutra5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Kamasutra5.jpg/240px-Kamasutra5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="622" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Kama Sutra</i> illustration, circa 19th Century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KamaSutra20.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kama Sutra illustration, circa 19th Century"><img alt="Kama Sutra illustration, circa 19th Century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/KamaSutra20.jpg/80px-KamaSutra20.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/KamaSutra20.jpg/121px-KamaSutra20.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/KamaSutra20.jpg/161px-KamaSutra20.jpg 2x" data-file-width="533" data-file-height="795" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Kama Sutra</i> illustration, circa 19th Century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KamaSutra03.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kama Sutra illustration, circa 19th Century"><img alt="Kama Sutra illustration, circa 19th Century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/KamaSutra03.jpg/112px-KamaSutra03.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/KamaSutra03.jpg/168px-KamaSutra03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/KamaSutra03.jpg/224px-KamaSutra03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="691" data-file-height="740" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Kama Sutra</i> illustration, circa 19th Century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Painting_-_B2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kama Sutra illustration, late 18th century"><img alt="Kama Sutra illustration, late 18th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Painting_-_B2.jpg/99px-Painting_-_B2.jpg" decoding="async" width="99" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Painting_-_B2.jpg/148px-Painting_-_B2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Painting_-_B2.jpg/198px-Painting_-_B2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2533" data-file-height="3073" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Kama Sutra</i> illustration, late 18th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Painting_-_B3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kama Sutra illustration, late 18th century"><img alt="Kama Sutra illustration, late 18th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Painting_-_B3.jpg/101px-Painting_-_B3.jpg" decoding="async" width="101" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Painting_-_B3.jpg/152px-Painting_-_B3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Painting_-_B3.jpg/202px-Painting_-_B3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2590" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Kama Sutra</i> illustration, late 18th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KamaSutra26_b.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kama Sutra illustration of missionary position, circa 19th Century"><img alt="Kama Sutra illustration of missionary position, circa 19th Century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/KamaSutra26_b.jpg/102px-KamaSutra26_b.jpg" decoding="async" width="102" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/KamaSutra26_b.jpg/153px-KamaSutra26_b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/KamaSutra26_b.jpg/204px-KamaSutra26_b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="287" data-file-height="338" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Kama Sutra</i> illustration of <a href="/wiki/Missionary_position" title="Missionary position">missionary position</a>, circa 19th Century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KamaSutra18.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kama Sutra illustration, circa 19th Century"><img alt="Kama Sutra illustration, circa 19th Century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/KamaSutra18.jpg/85px-KamaSutra18.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/KamaSutra18.jpg/127px-KamaSutra18.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/KamaSutra18.jpg/169px-KamaSutra18.jpg 2x" data-file-width="318" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Kama Sutra</i> illustration, circa 19th Century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KamaSutra44.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kama Sutra illustration, circa 19th Century"><img alt="Kama Sutra illustration, circa 19th Century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/KamaSutra44.jpg/120px-KamaSutra44.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/KamaSutra44.jpg/180px-KamaSutra44.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/KamaSutra44.jpg/240px-KamaSutra44.jpg 2x" data-file-width="477" data-file-height="433" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Kama Sutra</i> illustration, circa 19th Century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Indiaerotic1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kama Sutra illustration, 1790"><img alt="Kama Sutra illustration, 1790" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Indiaerotic1.jpg/83px-Indiaerotic1.jpg" decoding="async" width="83" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Indiaerotic1.jpg/125px-Indiaerotic1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Indiaerotic1.jpg/167px-Indiaerotic1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1537" data-file-height="2212" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Kama Sutra</i> illustration, 1790</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KamaSutra07.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kama Sutra illustration, circa 19th Century"><img alt="Kama Sutra illustration, circa 19th Century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/KamaSutra07.jpg/120px-KamaSutra07.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/KamaSutra07.jpg/180px-KamaSutra07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/KamaSutra07.jpg/240px-KamaSutra07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="568" data-file-height="383" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Kama Sutra</i> illustration, circa 19th Century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KamaSutra21.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kama Sutra illustration, circa 19th Century"><img alt="Kama Sutra illustration, circa 19th Century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/KamaSutra21.jpg/120px-KamaSutra21.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/KamaSutra21.jpg/180px-KamaSutra21.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/KamaSutra21.jpg/240px-KamaSutra21.jpg 2x" data-file-width="699" data-file-height="490" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Kama Sutra</i> illustration, circa 19th Century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KamaSutra31.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kama Sutra illustration, circa 19th Century"><img alt="Kama Sutra illustration, circa 19th Century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/KamaSutra31.jpg/90px-KamaSutra31.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/KamaSutra31.jpg/135px-KamaSutra31.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/KamaSutra31.jpg/181px-KamaSutra31.jpg 2x" data-file-width="452" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Kama Sutra</i> illustration, circa 19th Century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KamaSutra15.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kama Sutra illustration, circa 19th Century"><img alt="Kama Sutra illustration, circa 19th Century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/KamaSutra15.jpg/76px-KamaSutra15.jpg" decoding="async" width="76" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/KamaSutra15.jpg/114px-KamaSutra15.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/KamaSutra15.jpg/152px-KamaSutra15.jpg 2x" data-file-width="285" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Kama Sutra</i> illustration, circa 19th Century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KamaSutra55.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kama Sutra illustration, circa 19th Century"><img alt="Kama Sutra illustration, circa 19th Century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/KamaSutra55.jpg/86px-KamaSutra55.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/KamaSutra55.jpg/129px-KamaSutra55.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/KamaSutra55.jpg/172px-KamaSutra55.jpg 2x" data-file-width="328" data-file-height="456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Kama Sutra</i> illustration, circa 19th Century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KamaSutra22.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kama Sutra illustration, circa 19th Century"><img alt="Kama Sutra illustration, circa 19th Century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/KamaSutra22.jpg/79px-KamaSutra22.jpg" decoding="async" width="79" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/KamaSutra22.jpg/118px-KamaSutra22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/KamaSutra22.jpg/158px-KamaSutra22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="527" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Kama Sutra</i> illustration, circa 19th Century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KamaSutra16.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kama Sutra illustration, circa 19th Century"><img alt="Kama Sutra illustration, circa 19th Century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/KamaSutra16.jpg/75px-KamaSutra16.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/KamaSutra16.jpg/112px-KamaSutra16.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/KamaSutra16.jpg/150px-KamaSutra16.jpg 2x" data-file-width="281" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Kama Sutra</i> illustration, circa 19th Century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Karma_Sutra,_Kuchaman_Fort.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kama Sutra illustration of group sex"><img alt="Kama Sutra illustration of group sex" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Karma_Sutra%2C_Kuchaman_Fort.jpg/120px-Karma_Sutra%2C_Kuchaman_Fort.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Karma_Sutra%2C_Kuchaman_Fort.jpg/180px-Karma_Sutra%2C_Kuchaman_Fort.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Karma_Sutra%2C_Kuchaman_Fort.jpg/240px-Karma_Sutra%2C_Kuchaman_Fort.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Kama Sutra</i> illustration of <a href="/wiki/Group_sex" title="Group sex">group sex</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KamaSutra25.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kama Sutra illustration, circa 19th Century"><img alt="Kama Sutra illustration, circa 19th Century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/KamaSutra25.jpg/120px-KamaSutra25.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/KamaSutra25.jpg/180px-KamaSutra25.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/KamaSutra25.jpg/240px-KamaSutra25.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="313" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Kama Sutra</i> illustration, circa 19th Century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KamaSutra49.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kama Sutra illustration, circa 19th Century"><img alt="Kama Sutra illustration, circa 19th Century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/KamaSutra49.jpg/120px-KamaSutra49.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/KamaSutra49.jpg/180px-KamaSutra49.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/KamaSutra49.jpg/240px-KamaSutra49.jpg 2x" data-file-width="469" data-file-height="343" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Kama Sutra</i> illustration, circa 19th Century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KamaSutra29.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kama Sutra illustration, circa 19th Century"><img alt="Kama Sutra illustration, circa 19th Century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/KamaSutra29.jpg/120px-KamaSutra29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/KamaSutra29.jpg/180px-KamaSutra29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/KamaSutra29.jpg/240px-KamaSutra29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="412" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Kama Sutra</i> illustration, circa 19th Century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KamaSutra43.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kama Sutra illustration, circa 19th Century"><img alt="Kama Sutra illustration, circa 19th Century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/KamaSutra43.jpg/120px-KamaSutra43.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/KamaSutra43.jpg/180px-KamaSutra43.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/KamaSutra43.jpg/240px-KamaSutra43.jpg 2x" data-file-width="567" data-file-height="382" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Kama Sutra</i> illustration, circa 19th Century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kamasutra1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kama Sutra illustration, circa 19th Century"><img alt="Kama Sutra illustration, circa 19th Century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Kamasutra1.jpg/120px-Kamasutra1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Kamasutra1.jpg/180px-Kamasutra1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Kamasutra1.jpg/240px-Kamasutra1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="609" data-file-height="421" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Kama Sutra</i> illustration, circa 19th Century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KamaSutra04.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kama Sutra illustration of standing positions, circa 19th Century"><img alt="Kama Sutra illustration of standing positions, circa 19th Century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/KamaSutra04.jpg/75px-KamaSutra04.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/KamaSutra04.jpg/113px-KamaSutra04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/KamaSutra04.jpg/150px-KamaSutra04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="421" data-file-height="672" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Kama Sutra</i> illustration of <a href="/wiki/Sex_positions#standing_position" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex positions">standing positions</a>, circa 19th Century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KamaSutra09.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kama Sutra illustration, circa 19th Century"><img alt="Kama Sutra illustration, circa 19th Century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/KamaSutra09.jpg/87px-KamaSutra09.jpg" decoding="async" width="87" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/KamaSutra09.jpg/130px-KamaSutra09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/KamaSutra09.jpg/174px-KamaSutra09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Kama Sutra</i> illustration, circa 19th Century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KamaSutra45.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kama Sutra illustration, circa 19th Century"><img alt="Kama Sutra illustration, circa 19th Century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/KamaSutra45.jpg/81px-KamaSutra45.jpg" decoding="async" width="81" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/KamaSutra45.jpg/121px-KamaSutra45.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/KamaSutra45.jpg/162px-KamaSutra45.jpg 2x" data-file-width="387" data-file-height="573" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Kama Sutra</i> illustration, circa 19th Century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KamaSutra11.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kama Sutra illustration, circa 19th Century"><img alt="Kama Sutra illustration, circa 19th Century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/KamaSutra11.jpg/76px-KamaSutra11.jpg" decoding="async" width="76" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/KamaSutra11.jpg/114px-KamaSutra11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/KamaSutra11.jpg/152px-KamaSutra11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="285" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Kama Sutra</i> illustration, circa 19th Century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KamaSutra08.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kama Sutra illustration, circa 19th Century"><img alt="Kama Sutra illustration, circa 19th Century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/KamaSutra08.jpg/93px-KamaSutra08.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/KamaSutra08.jpg/139px-KamaSutra08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/KamaSutra08.jpg/186px-KamaSutra08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="559" data-file-height="722" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Kama Sutra</i> illustration, circa 19th Century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KamaSutra37.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kama Sutra illustration of double penetration, circa 19th Century"><img alt="Kama Sutra illustration of double penetration, circa 19th Century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/KamaSutra37.jpg/120px-KamaSutra37.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/KamaSutra37.jpg/180px-KamaSutra37.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/KamaSutra37.jpg/240px-KamaSutra37.jpg 2x" data-file-width="533" data-file-height="424" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Kama Sutra</i> illustration of <a href="/wiki/Double_penetration" title="Double penetration">double penetration</a>, circa 19th Century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KamaSutra50.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kama Sutra illustration, circa 19th Century"><img alt="Kama Sutra illustration, circa 19th Century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/KamaSutra50.jpg/120px-KamaSutra50.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/KamaSutra50.jpg/180px-KamaSutra50.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/KamaSutra50.jpg/240px-KamaSutra50.jpg 2x" data-file-width="469" data-file-height="345" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Kama Sutra</i> illustration, circa 19th Century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KamaSutra05.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kama Sutra illustration of lotus position, circa 19th Century"><img alt="Kama Sutra illustration of lotus position, circa 19th Century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/KamaSutra05.jpg/114px-KamaSutra05.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/KamaSutra05.jpg/171px-KamaSutra05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/KamaSutra05.jpg/228px-KamaSutra05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="641" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Kama Sutra</i> illustration of <a href="/wiki/Sex_positions#Sitting_and_kneeling" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex positions">lotus position</a>, circa 19th Century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KamaSutra34.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kama Sutra illustration, circa 19th Century"><img alt="Kama Sutra illustration, circa 19th Century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/KamaSutra34.jpg/120px-KamaSutra34.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/KamaSutra34.jpg/180px-KamaSutra34.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/KamaSutra34.jpg/240px-KamaSutra34.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="429" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Kama Sutra</i> illustration, circa 19th Century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KamaSutra02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kama Sutra illustration, circa 19th Century"><img alt="Kama Sutra illustration, circa 19th Century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/KamaSutra02.jpg/88px-KamaSutra02.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/KamaSutra02.jpg/132px-KamaSutra02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/KamaSutra02.jpg/176px-KamaSutra02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="331" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Kama Sutra</i> illustration, circa 19th Century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KamaSutra14.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kama Sutra illustration, circa 19th Century"><img alt="Kama Sutra illustration, circa 19th Century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/KamaSutra14.jpg/77px-KamaSutra14.jpg" decoding="async" width="77" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/KamaSutra14.jpg/115px-KamaSutra14.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/KamaSutra14.jpg/153px-KamaSutra14.jpg 2x" data-file-width="288" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Kama Sutra</i> illustration, circa 19th Century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KamaSutra12.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kama Sutra illustration, circa 19th Century"><img alt="Kama Sutra illustration, circa 19th Century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/KamaSutra12.jpg/69px-KamaSutra12.jpg" decoding="async" width="69" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/KamaSutra12.jpg/104px-KamaSutra12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/KamaSutra12.jpg/139px-KamaSutra12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="261" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Kama Sutra</i> illustration, circa 19th Century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KamaSutra40.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kama Sutra illustration, circa 19th Century"><img alt="Kama Sutra illustration, circa 19th Century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/KamaSutra40.jpg/120px-KamaSutra40.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/KamaSutra40.jpg/180px-KamaSutra40.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/KamaSutra40.jpg/240px-KamaSutra40.jpg 2x" data-file-width="497" data-file-height="383" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Kama Sutra</i> illustration, circa 19th Century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KamaSutra13.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kama Sutra illustration, circa 19th Century"><img alt="Kama Sutra illustration, circa 19th Century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/KamaSutra13.jpg/72px-KamaSutra13.jpg" decoding="async" width="72" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/KamaSutra13.jpg/108px-KamaSutra13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/KamaSutra13.jpg/144px-KamaSutra13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Kama Sutra</i> illustration, circa 19th Century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Painting_-_B4.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kama Sutra illustration, late 18th century"><img alt="Kama Sutra illustration, late 18th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Painting_-_B4.jpg/101px-Painting_-_B4.jpg" decoding="async" width="101" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Painting_-_B4.jpg/152px-Painting_-_B4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Painting_-_B4.jpg/203px-Painting_-_B4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2599" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Kama Sutra</i> illustration, late 18th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Painting_-_B1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kama Sutra illustration, late 18th century"><img alt="Kama Sutra illustration, late 18th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Painting_-_B1.jpg/100px-Painting_-_B1.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Painting_-_B1.jpg/150px-Painting_-_B1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Painting_-_B1.jpg/199px-Painting_-_B1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2554" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Kama Sutra</i> illustration, late 18th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KamaSutra06.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kama Sutra illustration of doggy style, circa 19th Century"><img alt="Kama Sutra illustration of doggy style, circa 19th Century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/KamaSutra06.jpg/120px-KamaSutra06.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/KamaSutra06.jpg/180px-KamaSutra06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/KamaSutra06.jpg/240px-KamaSutra06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="625" data-file-height="368" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Kama Sutra</i> illustration of <a href="/wiki/Doggy_style" title="Doggy style">doggy style</a>, circa 19th Century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KamaSutra23.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kama Sutra illustration, circa 19th Century"><img alt="Kama Sutra illustration, circa 19th Century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/KamaSutra23.jpg/81px-KamaSutra23.jpg" decoding="async" width="81" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/KamaSutra23.jpg/122px-KamaSutra23.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/KamaSutra23.jpg/162px-KamaSutra23.jpg 2x" data-file-width="533" data-file-height="787" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Kama Sutra</i> illustration, circa 19th Century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KamaSutra10.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kama Sutra illustration of 69, circa 19th Century"><img alt="Kama Sutra illustration of 69, circa 19th Century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/KamaSutra10.jpg/87px-KamaSutra10.jpg" decoding="async" width="87" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/KamaSutra10.jpg/130px-KamaSutra10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/KamaSutra10.jpg/173px-KamaSutra10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="325" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Kama Sutra</i> illustration of <a href="/wiki/69_(sex_position)" title="69 (sex position)">69</a>, circa 19th Century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kamas1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kama Sutra illustration of lesbians"><img alt="Kama Sutra illustration of lesbians" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Kamas1.jpg/120px-Kamas1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Kamas1.jpg/180px-Kamas1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Kamas1.jpg/240px-Kamas1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1188" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Kama Sutra</i> illustration of lesbians</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Two_women_embracing_and_using_carrots_as_dildoes._Gouache_Wellcome_L0033073.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kama Sutra illustration of women in embrace"><img alt="Kama Sutra illustration of women in embrace" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Two_women_embracing_and_using_carrots_as_dildoes._Gouache_Wellcome_L0033073.jpg/102px-Two_women_embracing_and_using_carrots_as_dildoes._Gouache_Wellcome_L0033073.jpg" decoding="async" width="102" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Two_women_embracing_and_using_carrots_as_dildoes._Gouache_Wellcome_L0033073.jpg/153px-Two_women_embracing_and_using_carrots_as_dildoes._Gouache_Wellcome_L0033073.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Two_women_embracing_and_using_carrots_as_dildoes._Gouache_Wellcome_L0033073.jpg/204px-Two_women_embracing_and_using_carrots_as_dildoes._Gouache_Wellcome_L0033073.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2951" data-file-height="3464" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Kama Sutra</i> illustration of women in embrace </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KamaSutra19.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kama Sutra Illustration"><img alt="Kama Sutra Illustration" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/KamaSutra19.jpg/120px-KamaSutra19.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/KamaSutra19.jpg/180px-KamaSutra19.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/KamaSutra19.jpg/240px-KamaSutra19.jpg 2x" data-file-width="662" data-file-height="596" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Kama Sutra</i> Illustration</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sex_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="History of sex in India">History of sex in India</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Allen_Edwardes" title="Allen Edwardes">The Jewel in The Lotus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamashastra" title="Kamashastra">Kamashastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khajuraho_Group_of_Monuments" title="Khajuraho Group of Monuments">Khajuraho Group of Monuments</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lazzat_Un_Nisa" title="Lazzat Un Nisa">Lazzat Un Nisa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Indian inventions and discoveries">List of Indian inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mlecchita_vikalpa" title="Mlecchita vikalpa">Mlecchita vikalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philaenis" title="Philaenis">Philaenis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Perfumed_Garden" title="The Perfumed Garden">The Perfumed Garden</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Song of Songs</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fanny_Hill" title="Fanny Hill">Fanny Hill</a></i></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sengupta cites only on the 300/400 BCE dating, with the other authors below citing the dating to occur up until 300 CE</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-harem-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-harem_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-harem_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">According to Jyoti Puri, the Burton version of Kamasutra "appears to have borrowed material concerning the functioning of the harem in Damascus (Syria)" as he edited the text for his colonial era British audience in the late 19th-century.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Doniger1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Doniger1_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDoniger2003" class="citation book cs1">Doniger, Wendy (2003). <i>Kamasutra - Oxford World's Classics</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. i. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780192839824" title="Special:BookSources/9780192839824"><bdi>9780192839824</bdi></a>. <q><i>The Kamasutra is the oldest extant Hindu textbook of erotic love. It was composed in Sanskrit, the literary language of ancient India, probably in North India and probably sometime in the third century</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kamasutra+-+Oxford+World%27s+Classics&rft.pages=i&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780192839824&rft.aulast=Doniger&rft.aufirst=Wendy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKama+Sutra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColtrane1998" class="citation book cs1">Coltrane, Scott (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KzoNruN9jC0C&pg=PA36"><i>Gender and families</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780803990364" title="Special:BookSources/9780803990364"><bdi>9780803990364</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160430045031/https://books.google.com/books?id=KzoNruN9jC0C&pg=PA36">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gender+and+families&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780803990364&rft.aulast=Coltrane&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKzoNruN9jC0C%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKama+Sutra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xi-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xi_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xi_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xi_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002">Wendy Doniger & Sudhir Kakar 2002</a>, p. xi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColtrane1998" class="citation book cs1">Coltrane, Scott (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KzoNruN9jC0C&pg=PA36"><i>Gender and families</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8039-9036-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8039-9036-4"><bdi>978-0-8039-9036-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160430045031/https://books.google.com/books?id=KzoNruN9jC0C&pg=PA36">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gender+and+families&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8039-9036-4&rft.aulast=Coltrane&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKzoNruN9jC0C%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKama+Sutra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWendy_Doniger2003" class="citation journal cs1">Wendy Doniger (2003). "The "Kamasutra": It Isn't All about Sex". <i>The Kenyon Review</i>. New Series. <b>25</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">18–</span>37. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4338414">4338414</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Kenyon+Review&rft.atitle=The+%22Kamasutra%22%3A+It+Isn%27t+All+about+Sex&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E18-%3C%2Fspan%3E37&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4338414%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Wendy+Doniger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKama+Sutra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaksarFavre20111–5-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaksarFavre20111–5_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaksarFavre2011">Haksar & Favre 2011</a>, pp. 1–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarroll2009" class="citation book cs1">Carroll, Janell (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5f8mQx7ULs4C&pg=PA7"><i>Sexuality Now: Embracing Diversity</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cengage_Learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Cengage Learning">Cengage Learning</a>. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-495-60274-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-495-60274-3"><bdi>978-0-495-60274-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170116015629/https://books.google.com/books?id=5f8mQx7ULs4C&pg=PA7">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sexuality+Now%3A+Embracing+Diversity&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-495-60274-3&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=Janell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5f8mQx7ULs4C%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKama+Sutra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDevi2008" class="citation book cs1">Devi, Chandi (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gIqhh84DGToC&pg=PA288"><i>From Om to Orgasm: The Tantra Primer for Living in Bliss</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/AuthorHouse" title="AuthorHouse">AuthorHouse</a>. p. 288. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4343-4960-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4343-4960-6"><bdi>978-1-4343-4960-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170116015158/https://books.google.com/books?id=gIqhh84DGToC&pg=PA288">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Om+to+Orgasm%3A+The+Tantra+Primer+for+Living+in+Bliss&rft.pages=288&rft.pub=AuthorHouse&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4343-4960-6&rft.aulast=Devi&rft.aufirst=Chandi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgIqhh84DGToC%26pg%3DPA288&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKama+Sutra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xi–xiii-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xi–xiii_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002">Wendy Doniger & Sudhir Kakar 2002</a>, p. xi–xiii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alain Daniélou, <i>The Complete Kama Sutra: The First Unabridged Modern Translation of the Classic Indian Text</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89281-525-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89281-525-8">978-0-89281-525-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacob Levy (2010), Kama sense marketing, iUniverse, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4401-9556-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4401-9556-3">978-1-4401-9556-3</a>, see Introduction</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Flood (1996), p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/240">Khajuraho Group of Monuments</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181116173646/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/240">Archived</a> 16 November 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> UNESCO World Heritage Site</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/d/019pho0001007s3u00660000.html">Ramgarh temple</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220109074710/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/d/019pho0001007s3u00660000.html">Archived</a> 9 January 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The British Library</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Doniger2016p9-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Doniger2016p9_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWendy_Doniger2016" class="citation book cs1">Wendy Doniger (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TrVjDQAAQBAJ"><i>Redeeming the Kamasutra</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">155–</span>157. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-049928-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-049928-0"><bdi>978-0-19-049928-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191221104600/https://books.google.com/books?id=TrVjDQAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Redeeming+the+Kamasutra&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E155-%3C%2Fspan%3E157&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-19-049928-0&rft.au=Wendy+Doniger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTrVjDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKama+Sutra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSengupta,_J.2006" class="citation book cs1">Sengupta, J. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V9Y_tQfm_WgC"><i>Refractions of Desire, Feminist Perspectives in the Novels of Toni Morrison, Michèle Roberts, and Anita Desai</i></a>. Atlantic Publishers & Distributors. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-269-0629-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-269-0629-1"><bdi>978-81-269-0629-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160504150511/https://books.google.com/books?id=V9Y_tQfm_WgC">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Refractions+of+Desire%2C+Feminist+Perspectives+in+the+Novels+of+Toni+Morrison%2C+Mich%C3%A8le+Roberts%2C+and+Anita+Desai&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers+%26+Distributors&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-81-269-0629-1&rft.au=Sengupta%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV9Y_tQfm_WgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKama+Sutra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Keay2010" class="citation book cs1">John Keay (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AUPZt-4yqzQC"><i>India: A History: from the Earliest Civilisations to the Boom of the Twenty-first Century</i></a>. Grove Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">81–</span>103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-9550-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-9550-0"><bdi>978-0-8021-9550-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150520151418/https://books.google.com/books?id=AUPZt-4yqzQC">Archived</a> from the original on 20 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%3A+A+History%3A+from+the+Earliest+Civilisations+to+the+Boom+of+the+Twenty-first+Century&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E81-%3C%2Fspan%3E103&rft.pub=Grove+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8021-9550-0&rft.au=John+Keay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAUPZt-4yqzQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKama+Sutra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xi-xii_with_footnote_2-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xi-xii_with_footnote_2_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xi-xii_with_footnote_2_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002">Wendy Doniger & Sudhir Kakar 2002</a>, pp. xi-xii with footnote 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002iii-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002iii_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002">Wendy Doniger & Sudhir Kakar 2002</a>, pp. iii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002iii-xi-xii-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002iii-xi-xii_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002">Wendy Doniger & Sudhir Kakar 2002</a>, pp. iii-xi-xii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xi–xii-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xi–xii_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002">Wendy Doniger & Sudhir Kakar 2002</a>, pp. xi–xii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xii-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xii_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xii_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xii_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002">Wendy Doniger & Sudhir Kakar 2002</a>, p. xii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph2015" class="citation news cs1">Joseph, Manu (24 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/23/world/asia/the-kama-sutra-as-a-work-of-philosophy.html">"The Kama Sutra as a Work of Philosophy"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Kama+Sutra+as+a+Work+of+Philosophy&rft.date=2015-07-24&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Joseph&rft.aufirst=Manu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F07%2F23%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fthe-kama-sutra-as-a-work-of-philosophy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKama+Sutra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniélou19933–4-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaniélou19933–4_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaniélou1993">Daniélou 1993</a>, pp. 3–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVarahamihiraM_Ramakrishna_Bhat1996" class="citation book cs1">Varahamihira; M Ramakrishna Bhat (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7VR8iriWmzUC"><i>Brhat Samhita of Varahamihira</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. <span class="nowrap">720–</span>721. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1060-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1060-0"><bdi>978-81-208-1060-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220109084318/https://books.google.com/books?id=7VR8iriWmzUC">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brhat+Samhita+of+Varahamihira&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E720-%3C%2Fspan%3E721&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1060-0&rft.au=Varahamihira&rft.au=M+Ramakrishna+Bhat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7VR8iriWmzUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKama+Sutra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hopkins, p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Flood (1996), p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[a] A. Sharma (1982), The Puruṣārthas: a study in Hindu axiology, Michigan State University, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-99936-24-31-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-99936-24-31-8">978-99936-24-31-8</a>, pp 9–12; See review by Frank Whaling in Numen, Vol. 31, 1 (Jul., 1984), pp. 140–142;<br />[b] A. Sharma (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40018229">The Puruṣārthas: An Axiological Exploration of Hinduism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201229174154/https://www.jstor.org/stable/40018229">Archived</a> 29 December 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Journal of Religious Ethics, Vol. 27, No. 2 (Summer, 1999), pp. 223–256;<br />[c] Chris Bartley (2001), Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy, Editor: Oliver Learman, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-17281-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-17281-0">0-415-17281-0</a>, Routledge, Article on Purushartha, pp 443</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/dharma.aspx#1">The Oxford Dictionary of World Religions, <i>Dharma</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160926234045/http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/dharma.aspx#1">Archived</a> 26 September 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_World_Religions" title="Oxford Dictionary of World Religions">Oxford Dictionary of World Religions</a>: "In Hinduism, dharma is a fundamental concept, referring to the order and custom which make life and a universe possible, and thus to the behaviours appropriate to the maintenance of that order."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tce-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tce_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tce_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dharma, The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th Ed. (2013), Columbia University Press, Gale, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7876-5015-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7876-5015-5">978-0-7876-5015-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vanbuitenen-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vanbuitenen_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vanbuitenen_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">J. A. B. Van Buitenen, Dharma and Moksa, Philosophy East and West, Vol. 7, No. 1/2 (Apr. - Jul., 1957), pp 33–40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-johnk-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-johnk_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Koller, Puruṣārtha as Human Aims, Philosophy East and West, Vol. 18, No. 4 (Oct., 1968), pp. 315–319</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Lochtefeld (2002), The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Rosen Publishing, New York, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8239-2287-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8239-2287-1">0-8239-2287-1</a>, pp 55–56</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bruces-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bruces_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bruce Sullivan (1997), Historical Dictionary of Hinduism, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-3327-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-3327-2">978-0-8108-3327-2</a>, pp 29–30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacy1975" class="citation journal cs1">Macy, Joanna (1975). "The Dialectics of Desire". <i>Numen</i>. <b>22</b> (2). BRILL: <span class="nowrap">145–</span>60. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156852775X00095">10.1163/156852775X00095</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3269765">3269765</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Numen&rft.atitle=The+Dialectics+of+Desire&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E145-%3C%2Fspan%3E60&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F156852775X00095&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3269765%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Macy&rft.aufirst=Joanna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKama+Sutra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gavinf-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gavinf_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gavin Flood (1996), The meaning and context of the Purusarthas, in Julius Lipner (Editor) - The Fruits of Our Desiring, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-896209-30-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-896209-30-2">978-1-896209-30-2</a>, pp 11–13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Bowker, The Oxford Dictionary of World Religions, Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-213965-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-213965-8">978-0-19-213965-8</a>, pp. 650</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li>E. Deutsch, The self in Advaita Vedanta, in Roy Perrett (Editor), Indian philosophy: metaphysics, Volume 3, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8153-3608-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8153-3608-X">0-8153-3608-X</a>, Taylor and Francis, pp 343–360;</li> <li>T. Chatterjee (2003), Knowledge and Freedom in Indian Philosophy, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-0692-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-0692-1">978-0-7391-0692-1</a>, pp 89–102; Quote - "Moksa means freedom"; "Moksa is founded on atmajnana, which is the knowledge of the self."</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li>Jorge Ferrer, Transpersonal knowledge, in Transpersonal Knowing: Exploring the Horizon of Consciousness (editors: Hart et al.), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-4615-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-4615-7">978-0-7914-4615-7</a>, State University of New York Press, Chapter 10</li> <li>Andrew Fort and Patricia Mumme (1996), Living Liberation in Hindu Thought, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-2706-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-2706-4">978-0-7914-2706-4</a>;</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xii–xiii-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xii–xiii_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002">Wendy Doniger & Sudhir Kakar 2002</a>, pp. xii–xiii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[a] <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaud_Ali2011" class="citation journal cs1">Daud Ali (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10781-010-9115-7">"Rethinking the History of the "Kāma" World in Early India"</a>. <i>Journal of Indian Philosophy</i>. <b>39</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10781-010-9115-7">10.1007/s10781-010-9115-7</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23884104">23884104</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Indian+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Rethinking+the+History+of+the+%22K%C4%81ma%22+World+in+Early+India&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E13&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10781-010-9115-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23884104%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Daud+Ali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs10781-010-9115-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKama+Sutra" class="Z3988"></span>;<br />[b] <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaud_Ali2011" class="citation journal cs1">Daud Ali (2011). "Padmaśrī's "Nāgarasarvasva" and the World of Medieval Kāmaśāstra". <i>Journal of Indian Philosophy</i>. <b>39</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">41–</span>62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10781-010-9116-6">10.1007/s10781-010-9116-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23884106">23884106</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170779101">170779101</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Indian+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Padma%C5%9Br%C4%AB%27s+%22N%C4%81garasarvasva%22+and+the+World+of+Medieval+K%C4%81ma%C5%9B%C4%81stra&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E41-%3C%2Fspan%3E62&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170779101%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23884106%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10781-010-9116-6&rft.au=Daud+Ali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKama+Sutra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-desmond2011p15-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-desmond2011p15_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-desmond2011p15_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaura_Desmond2011" class="citation journal cs1">Laura Desmond (2011). "The Pleasure is Mine: The Changing Subject of Erotic Science". <i>Journal of Indian Philosophy</i>. <b>39</b> (1). Springer: <span class="nowrap">15–</span>39. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10781-010-9117-5">10.1007/s10781-010-9117-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23884105">23884105</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170502725">170502725</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Indian+Philosophy&rft.atitle=The+Pleasure+is+Mine%3A+The+Changing+Subject+of+Erotic+Science&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E15-%3C%2Fspan%3E39&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170502725%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23884105%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10781-010-9117-5&rft.au=Laura+Desmond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKama+Sutra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xi–xvi-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xi–xvi_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002">Wendy Doniger & Sudhir Kakar 2002</a>, pp. xi–xvi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xiv_with_footnote_8-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xiv_with_footnote_8_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xiv_with_footnote_8_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xiv_with_footnote_8_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002">Wendy Doniger & Sudhir Kakar 2002</a>, pp. xiv with footnote 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-De1969p89-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-De1969p89_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-De1969p89_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSushil_Kumar_De1969" class="citation book cs1">Sushil Kumar De (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.71326"><i>Ancient Indian Erotics and Erotic Literature</i></a>. K.L. Mukhopadhyay. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.71326/page/n120">89</a>–92.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Indian+Erotics+and+Erotic+Literature&rft.pages=89-92&rft.pub=K.L.+Mukhopadhyay&rft.date=1969&rft.au=Sushil+Kumar+De&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.gov.ignca.71326&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKama+Sutra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Early Upanishads</i>. Oxford University Press. 1998. p. 149, context: pp. 143–149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-512435-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-512435-9"><bdi>0-19-512435-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Upanishads&rft.pages=149%2C+context%3A+pp.+143-149&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-19-512435-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKama+Sutra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">योषा वा आग्निर् गौतम । तस्या उपस्थ एव समिल् लोमानि धूमो योनिरर्चिर् यदन्तः करोति तेऽङ्गारा अभिनन्दा विस्फुलिङ्गास् तस्मिन्नेतस्मिन्नग्नौ देवा रेतो जुह्वति तस्या आहुत्यै पुरुषः सम्भवति । स जीवति यावज्जीवत्य् अथ यदा म्रियते ।१३, – 6.2.13, For the context and other verses: <a class="external text" href="https://sa.wikisource.org/s/x59">Wikisource</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220125030003/https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D_6p">Archived</a> 25 January 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xiii-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xiii_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002">Wendy Doniger & Sudhir Kakar 2002</a>, pp. xiii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFY._Krishan1972" class="citation journal cs1">Y. Krishan (1972). "The Erotic Sculptures of India". <i>Artibus Asiae</i>. <b>34</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">331–</span>343. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3249625">10.2307/3249625</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3249625">3249625</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Artibus+Asiae&rft.atitle=The+Erotic+Sculptures+of+India&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E331-%3C%2Fspan%3E343&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3249625&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3249625%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Y.+Krishan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKama+Sutra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xi–xvii-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xi–xvii_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002">Wendy Doniger & Sudhir Kakar 2002</a>, pp. xi–xvii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meyer1953p229-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Meyer1953p229_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohann_Jakob_Meyer1989" class="citation book cs1">Johann Jakob Meyer (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=izFNswlJ9LMC"><i>Sexual Life in Ancient India: A Study in the Comparative History of Indian Culture</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass (Orig: 1953). pp. <span class="nowrap">229–</span>230, <span class="nowrap">240–</span>244, context: 229–257 with footnotes. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0638-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0638-2"><bdi>978-81-208-0638-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161207014949/https://books.google.com/books?id=izFNswlJ9LMC">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sexual+Life+in+Ancient+India%3A+A+Study+in+the+Comparative+History+of+Indian+Culture&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E229-%3C%2Fspan%3E230%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E240-%3C%2Fspan%3E244%2C+context%3A+229-257+with+footnotes&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+%28Orig%3A+1953%29&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0638-2&rft.au=Johann+Jakob+Meyer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DizFNswlJ9LMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKama+Sutra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJyoti_Puri2002614–615-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJyoti_Puri2002614–615_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJyoti_Puri2002">Jyoti Puri 2002</a>, pp. 614–615.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Upadhyaya1961p52-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Upadhyaya1961p52_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Upadhyaya1961p52_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVatsyayanaSC_Upadhyaya_(transl)1965" class="citation book cs1">Vatsyayana; SC Upadhyaya (transl) (1965). <i>Kama sutra of Vatsyayana Complete translation from the original Sanskrit</i>. DB Taraporevala (Orig publication year: 1961). pp. <span class="nowrap">52–</span>54. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/150688197">150688197</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kama+sutra+of+Vatsyayana+Complete+translation+from+the+original+Sanskrit&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E52-%3C%2Fspan%3E54&rft.pub=DB+Taraporevala+%28Orig+publication+year%3A+1961%29&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F150688197&rft.au=Vatsyayana&rft.au=SC+Upadhyaya+%28transl%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKama+Sutra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJyoti_Puri2002623–624-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJyoti_Puri2002623–624_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJyoti_Puri2002">Jyoti Puri 2002</a>, pp. 623–624.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xxii-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xxii_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002">Wendy Doniger & Sudhir Kakar 2002</a>, p. xxii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xxii-xxiii_with_footnotes-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xxii-xxiii_with_footnotes_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xxii-xxiii_with_footnotes_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002">Wendy Doniger & Sudhir Kakar 2002</a>, pp. xxii-xxiii with footnotes.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xxv-xxvi_with_footnotes-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xxv-xxvi_with_footnotes_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002">Wendy Doniger & Sudhir Kakar 2002</a>, p. xxv-xxvi with footnotes.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWendy_Doniger2011" class="citation book cs1">Wendy Doniger (2011). "The Mythology of the Kāmasūtra". In H. L. Seneviratne (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FjRV7rZdZlAC"><i>The Anthropologist and the Native: Essays for Gananath Obeyesekere</i></a>. Anthem Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">293–</span>316. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85728-435-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85728-435-8"><bdi>978-0-85728-435-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220109162652/https://books.google.com/books?id=FjRV7rZdZlAC">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Mythology+of+the+K%C4%81mas%C5%ABtra&rft.btitle=The+Anthropologist+and+the+Native%3A+Essays+for+Gananath+Obeyesekere&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E293-%3C%2Fspan%3E316&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-85728-435-8&rft.au=Wendy+Doniger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFjRV7rZdZlAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKama+Sutra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar20023–27_(Book_1),_28-73_(Book_2),_74–93_(Book_3),_94–103_(Book_4),_104–129_(Book_5),_131-159_(Book_6),_161-172_(Book_7)-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar20023–27_(Book_1),_28-73_(Book_2),_74–93_(Book_3),_94–103_(Book_4),_104–129_(Book_5),_131-159_(Book_6),_161-172_(Book_7)_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002">Wendy Doniger & Sudhir Kakar 2002</a>, pp. 3–27 (Book 1), 28-73 (Book 2), 74–93 (Book 3), 94–103 (Book 4), 104–129 (Book 5), 131-159 (Book 6), 161-172 (Book 7).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaksarFavre2011-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaksarFavre2011_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaksarFavre2011">Haksar & Favre 2011</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVatsyayanaSC_Upadhyaya_(transl)1965" class="citation book cs1">Vatsyayana; SC Upadhyaya (transl) (1965). <i>Kama sutra of Vatsyayana Complete translation from the original Sanskrit</i>. DB Taraporevala (Orig publication year: 1961). pp. <span class="nowrap">68–</span>70. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/150688197">150688197</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kama+sutra+of+Vatsyayana+Complete+translation+from+the+original+Sanskrit&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E68-%3C%2Fspan%3E70&rft.pub=DB+Taraporevala+%28Orig+publication+year%3A+1961%29&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F150688197&rft.au=Vatsyayana&rft.au=SC+Upadhyaya+%28transl%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKama+Sutra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPuri2002" class="citation journal cs1">Puri, Jyoti (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/240553467">"Concerning Kamasutras: Challenging Narratives of History and Sexuality"</a>. <i>Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society</i>. <b>27</b> (3). University of Chicago Press: <span class="nowrap">614–</span>616. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F337937">10.1086/337937</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143809154">143809154</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220125025942/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/240553467_Concerning_Kamasutra_s_Challenging_Narratives_of_History_and_Sexuality">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Signs%3A+Journal+of+Women+in+Culture+and+Society&rft.atitle=Concerning+Kamasutras%3A+Challenging+Narratives+of+History+and+Sexuality&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E614-%3C%2Fspan%3E616&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F337937&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143809154%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Puri&rft.aufirst=Jyoti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F240553467&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKama+Sutra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRocher1985" class="citation journal cs1">Rocher, Ludo (1985). "The Kāmasūtra: Vātsyāyana's Attitude toward Dharma and Dharmaśāstra". <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society</i>. <b>105</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">521–</span>523. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F601526">10.2307/601526</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/601526">601526</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=The+K%C4%81mas%C5%ABtra%3A+V%C4%81tsy%C4%81yana%27s+Attitude+toward+Dharma+and+Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra&rft.volume=105&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E521-%3C%2Fspan%3E523&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F601526&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F601526%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Rocher&rft.aufirst=Ludo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKama+Sutra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xv–xvii-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xv–xvii_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xv–xvii_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xv–xvii_66-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xv–xvii_66-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002">Wendy Doniger & Sudhir Kakar 2002</a>, pp. xv–xvii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniélou19935–6-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaniélou19935–6_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaniélou19935–6_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaniélou19935–6_67-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaniélou1993">Daniélou 1993</a>, pp. 5–6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWendy_Doniger2016" class="citation book cs1">Wendy Doniger (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TrVjDQAAQBAJ"><i>Redeeming the Kamasutra</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-049928-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-049928-0"><bdi>978-0-19-049928-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191221104600/https://books.google.com/books?id=TrVjDQAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Redeeming+the+Kamasutra&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-19-049928-0&rft.au=Wendy+Doniger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTrVjDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKama+Sutra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbrecht_Wezler2002" class="citation book cs1">Albrecht Wezler (2002). Madhav Deshpande; Peter Edwin Hook (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aVR0rGVQ8ecC"><i>Indian Linguistic Studies: Festschrift in Honor of George Cardona</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 316–322 with footnotes. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1885-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1885-9"><bdi>978-81-208-1885-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220125030005/https://books.google.com/books?id=aVR0rGVQ8ecC">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Linguistic+Studies%3A+Festschrift+in+Honor+of+George+Cardona&rft.pages=316-322+with+footnotes&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1885-9&rft.au=Albrecht+Wezler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaVR0rGVQ8ecC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKama+Sutra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniélou199311–12-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaniélou199311–12_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaniélou1993">Daniélou 1993</a>, pp. 11–12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniélou19936–12-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaniélou19936–12_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaniélou1993">Daniélou 1993</a>, pp. 6–12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-doniger2016p20-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-doniger2016p20_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-doniger2016p20_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWendy_Doniger2016" class="citation book cs1">Wendy Doniger (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TrVjDQAAQBAJ"><i>Redeeming the Kamasutra</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">20–</span>27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-049928-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-049928-0"><bdi>978-0-19-049928-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191221104600/https://books.google.com/books?id=TrVjDQAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Redeeming+the+Kamasutra&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E20-%3C%2Fspan%3E27&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-19-049928-0&rft.au=Wendy+Doniger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTrVjDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKama+Sutra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWendy_Doniger2016" class="citation book cs1">Wendy Doniger (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TrVjDQAAQBAJ"><i>Redeeming the Kamasutra</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-049928-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-049928-0"><bdi>978-0-19-049928-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191221104600/https://books.google.com/books?id=TrVjDQAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Redeeming+the+Kamasutra&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-19-049928-0&rft.au=Wendy+Doniger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTrVjDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKama+Sutra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xx–xxi-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xx–xxi_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xx–xxi_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xx–xxi_74-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002">Wendy Doniger & Sudhir Kakar 2002</a>, pp. xx–xxi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-doniger2016p14-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-doniger2016p14_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-doniger2016p14_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWendy_Doniger2016" class="citation book cs1">Wendy Doniger (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TrVjDQAAQBAJ"><i>Redeeming the Kamasutra</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">13–</span>14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-049928-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-049928-0"><bdi>978-0-19-049928-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191221104600/https://books.google.com/books?id=TrVjDQAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Redeeming+the+Kamasutra&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E13-%3C%2Fspan%3E14&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-19-049928-0&rft.au=Wendy+Doniger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTrVjDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKama+Sutra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xx–xxii-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xx–xxii_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002">Wendy Doniger & Sudhir Kakar 2002</a>, pp. xx–xxii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nytimes2002kamasutra-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes2002kamasutra_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes2002kamasutra_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes2002kamasutra_77-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes2002kamasutra_77-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes2002kamasutra_77-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes2002kamasutra_77-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDinitia_Smith2002" class="citation news cs1">Dinitia Smith (4 May 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2002/05/04/books/a-new-kama-sutra-without-victorian-veils.html">"A New Kama Sutra Without Victorian Veils"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181203202659/https://www.nytimes.com/2002/05/04/books/a-new-kama-sutra-without-victorian-veils.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+New+Kama+Sutra+Without+Victorian+Veils&rft.date=2002-05-04&rft.au=Dinitia+Smith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2002%2F05%2F04%2Fbooks%2Fa-new-kama-sutra-without-victorian-veils.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKama+Sutra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-upadhaya1965p141-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-upadhaya1965p141_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-upadhaya1965p141_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-upadhaya1965p141_78-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-upadhaya1965p141_78-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVatsyayanaSC_Upadhyaya_(transl)1965" class="citation book cs1">Vatsyayana; SC Upadhyaya (transl) (1965). <i>Kama sutra of Vatsyayana Complete translation from the original Sanskrit</i>. DB Taraporevala (Orig publication year: 1961). pp. 69, <span class="nowrap">141–</span>156. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/150688197">150688197</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kama+sutra+of+Vatsyayana+Complete+translation+from+the+original+Sanskrit&rft.pages=69%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E141-%3C%2Fspan%3E156&rft.pub=DB+Taraporevala+%28Orig+publication+year%3A+1961%29&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F150688197&rft.au=Vatsyayana&rft.au=SC+Upadhyaya+%28transl%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKama+Sutra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniélou1993222–224-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaniélou1993222–224_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaniélou1993">Daniélou 1993</a>, pp. 222–224.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-upadhyaya1965p11-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-upadhyaya1965p11_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-upadhyaya1965p11_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVatsyayanaSC_Upadhyaya_(transl)1965" class="citation book cs1">Vatsyayana; SC Upadhyaya (transl) (1965). <i>Kama sutra of Vatsyayana Complete translation from the original Sanskrit</i>. DB Taraporevala (Orig publication year: 1961). pp. <span class="nowrap">11–</span>12. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/150688197">150688197</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kama+sutra+of+Vatsyayana+Complete+translation+from+the+original+Sanskrit&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E11-%3C%2Fspan%3E12&rft.pub=DB+Taraporevala+%28Orig+publication+year%3A+1961%29&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F150688197&rft.au=Vatsyayana&rft.au=SC+Upadhyaya+%28transl%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKama+Sutra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xviii-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xviii_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002">Wendy Doniger & Sudhir Kakar 2002</a>, p. xviii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-upadhyaya1965p12-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-upadhyaya1965p12_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-upadhyaya1965p12_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-upadhyaya1965p12_82-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVatsyayanaSC_Upadhyaya_(transl)1965" class="citation book cs1">Vatsyayana; SC Upadhyaya (transl) (1965). <i>Kama sutra of Vatsyayana Complete translation from the original Sanskrit</i>. DB Taraporevala (Orig publication year: 1961). pp. <span class="nowrap">12–</span>13. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/150688197">150688197</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kama+sutra+of+Vatsyayana+Complete+translation+from+the+original+Sanskrit&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E12-%3C%2Fspan%3E13&rft.pub=DB+Taraporevala+%28Orig+publication+year%3A+1961%29&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F150688197&rft.au=Vatsyayana&rft.au=SC+Upadhyaya+%28transl%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKama+Sutra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVatsyayanaSC_Upadhyaya_(transl)1965" class="citation book cs1">Vatsyayana; SC Upadhyaya (transl) (1965). <i>Kama sutra of Vatsyayana Complete translation from the original Sanskrit</i>. DB Taraporevala (Orig publication year: 1961). pp. <span class="nowrap">11–</span>42. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/150688197">150688197</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kama+sutra+of+Vatsyayana+Complete+translation+from+the+original+Sanskrit&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E11-%3C%2Fspan%3E42&rft.pub=DB+Taraporevala+%28Orig+publication+year%3A+1961%29&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F150688197&rft.au=Vatsyayana&rft.au=SC+Upadhyaya+%28transl%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKama+Sutra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rocher1985-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rocher1985_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRocher1985" class="citation journal cs1">Rocher, Ludo (1985). "The Kāmasūtra: Vātsyāyana's Attitude toward Dharma and Dharmaśāstra". <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society</i>. <b>105</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">521–</span>529. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F601526">10.2307/601526</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/601526">601526</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=The+K%C4%81mas%C5%ABtra%3A+V%C4%81tsy%C4%81yana%27s+Attitude+toward+Dharma+and+Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra&rft.volume=105&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E521-%3C%2Fspan%3E529&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F601526&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F601526%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Rocher&rft.aufirst=Ludo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKama+Sutra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWendy_Doniger1994" class="citation book cs1">Wendy Doniger (1994). Ariel Glucklich (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d6bsOfvySvMC"><i>The Sense of Adharma</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">170–</span>174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-802448-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-802448-4"><bdi>978-0-19-802448-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191221201824/https://books.google.com/books?id=d6bsOfvySvMC">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sense+of+Adharma&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E170-%3C%2Fspan%3E174&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-19-802448-4&rft.au=Wendy+Doniger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd6bsOfvySvMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKama+Sutra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Doniger2016p21-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Doniger2016p21_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doniger2016p21_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWendy_Doniger2016" class="citation book cs1">Wendy Doniger (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TrVjDQAAQBAJ"><i>Redeeming the Kamasutra</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">21–</span>23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-049928-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-049928-0"><bdi>978-0-19-049928-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191221104600/https://books.google.com/books?id=TrVjDQAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Redeeming+the+Kamasutra&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E21-%3C%2Fspan%3E23&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-19-049928-0&rft.au=Wendy+Doniger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTrVjDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKama+Sutra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xxxiv–xxxvii-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xxxiv–xxxvii_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002">Wendy Doniger & Sudhir Kakar 2002</a>, pp. xxxiv–xxxvii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniélou19939–10-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaniélou19939–10_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaniélou1993">Daniélou 1993</a>, pp. 9–10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniélou1993169–177-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaniélou1993169–177_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaniélou1993">Daniélou 1993</a>, pp. 169–177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVatsyayanaSC_Upadhyaya_(transl)1965" class="citation book cs1">Vatsyayana; SC Upadhyaya (transl) (1965). <i>Kama sutra of Vatsyayana Complete translation from the original Sanskrit</i>. DB Taraporevala (Orig publication year: 1961). pp. <span class="nowrap">22–</span>23. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/150688197">150688197</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kama+sutra+of+Vatsyayana+Complete+translation+from+the+original+Sanskrit&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E22-%3C%2Fspan%3E23&rft.pub=DB+Taraporevala+%28Orig+publication+year%3A+1961%29&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F150688197&rft.au=Vatsyayana&rft.au=SC+Upadhyaya+%28transl%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKama+Sutra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWendy_Doniger2016" class="citation book cs1">Wendy Doniger (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TrVjDQAAQBAJ"><i>Redeeming the Kamasutra</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">39–</span>140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-049928-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-049928-0"><bdi>978-0-19-049928-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191221104600/https://books.google.com/books?id=TrVjDQAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Redeeming+the+Kamasutra&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E39-%3C%2Fspan%3E140&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-19-049928-0&rft.au=Wendy+Doniger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTrVjDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKama+Sutra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumkum_Roy2000" class="citation book cs1">Kumkum Roy (2000). Janaki Nair and Mary John (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gUJ6112aGZQC&pg=PA52"><i>A Question of Silence: The Sexual Economies of Modern India</i></a>. Zed Books. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85649-892-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85649-892-0"><bdi>978-1-85649-892-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126004037/https://books.google.com/books?id=gUJ6112aGZQC&pg=PA52">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Question+of+Silence%3A+The+Sexual+Economies+of+Modern+India&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Zed+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-85649-892-0&rft.au=Kumkum+Roy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgUJ6112aGZQC%26pg%3DPA52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKama+Sutra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Doniger2016p114-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Doniger2016p114_93-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doniger2016p114_93-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doniger2016p114_93-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWendy_Doniger2016" class="citation book cs1">Wendy Doniger (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TrVjDQAAQBAJ"><i>Redeeming the Kamasutra</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 114–116 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pdfdrive.com/redeeming-the-kamasutra-e187250316.html">PDF</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-049928-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-049928-0"><bdi>978-0-19-049928-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191221104600/https://books.google.com/books?id=TrVjDQAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Redeeming+the+Kamasutra&rft.pages=114-116+PDF&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-19-049928-0&rft.au=Wendy+Doniger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTrVjDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKama+Sutra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Doniger2016p120-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Doniger2016p120_94-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doniger2016p120_94-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWendy_Doniger2016" class="citation book cs1">Wendy Doniger (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TrVjDQAAQBAJ"><i>Redeeming the Kamasutra</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">120–</span>122. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-049928-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-049928-0"><bdi>978-0-19-049928-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191221104600/https://books.google.com/books?id=TrVjDQAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Redeeming+the+Kamasutra&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E120-%3C%2Fspan%3E122&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-19-049928-0&rft.au=Wendy+Doniger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTrVjDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKama+Sutra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavesh_Soneji2007" class="citation book cs1">Davesh Soneji (2007). Yudit Kornberg Greenberg (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nGoag6b3JvYC"><i>Encyclopedia of Love in World Religions</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 307. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-980-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-980-1"><bdi>978-1-85109-980-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191222215811/https://books.google.com/books?id=nGoag6b3JvYC">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Love+in+World+Religions&rft.pages=307&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-980-1&rft.au=Davesh+Soneji&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnGoag6b3JvYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKama+Sutra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniélou199348,_171–172-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaniélou199348,_171–172_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaniélou1993">Daniélou 1993</a>, pp. 48, 171–172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFP.P._Mishra2007" class="citation book cs1">P.P. Mishra (2007). Yudit Kornberg Greenberg (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nGoag6b3JvYC"><i>Encyclopedia of Love in World Religions</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 362. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-980-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-980-1"><bdi>978-1-85109-980-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191222215811/https://books.google.com/books?id=nGoag6b3JvYC">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Love+in+World+Religions&rft.pages=362&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-980-1&rft.au=P.P.+Mishra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnGoag6b3JvYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKama+Sutra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Doniger2018p164-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Doniger2018p164_98-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doniger2018p164_98-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doniger2018p164_98-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doniger2018p164_98-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doniger2018p164_98-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doniger2018p164_98-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doniger2018p164_98-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doniger2018p164_98-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doniger2018p164_98-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">[a] <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lithub.com/redeeming-the-kamasutra/">Sir Richard Burton’s Version of the Kamasutra</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181122174537/https://lithub.com/redeeming-the-kamasutra/">Archived</a> 22 November 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Wendy Doniger, <i>Literary Hub</i> (March 11, 2016);<br />[b] <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWendy_Doniger2018" class="citation book cs1">Wendy Doniger (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XZBNDwAAQBAJ"><i>Against Dharma: Dissent in the Ancient Indian Sciences of Sex and Politics</i></a>. Yale University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">164–</span>166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-21619-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-21619-6"><bdi>978-0-300-21619-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220125025942/https://books.google.com/books?id=XZBNDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Against+Dharma%3A+Dissent+in+the+Ancient+Indian+Sciences+of+Sex+and+Politics&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E164-%3C%2Fspan%3E166&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-300-21619-6&rft.au=Wendy+Doniger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXZBNDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKama+Sutra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Doniger2016p12-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Doniger2016p12_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWendy_Doniger2016" class="citation book cs1">Wendy Doniger (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TrVjDQAAQBAJ"><i>Redeeming the Kamasutra</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-049928-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-049928-0"><bdi>978-0-19-049928-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191221104600/https://books.google.com/books?id=TrVjDQAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Redeeming+the+Kamasutra&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-19-049928-0&rft.au=Wendy+Doniger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTrVjDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKama+Sutra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McConnachie (2007), pp. 123–125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen_Grant2005" class="citation journal cs1">Ben Grant (2005). "Translating/'The' "Kama Sutra"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Third World Quarterly</i>. <b>26</b> (3). Taylor & Francis: <span class="nowrap">509–</span>510. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01436590500033867">10.1080/01436590500033867</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3993841">3993841</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145438916">145438916</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Third+World+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Translating%2F%27The%27+%22Kama+Sutra%22&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E509-%3C%2Fspan%3E510&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145438916%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3993841%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01436590500033867&rft.au=Ben+Grant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKama+Sutra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-doniger2011p500-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-doniger2011p500_102-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-doniger2011p500_102-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-doniger2011p500_102-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-doniger2011p500_102-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWendy_Doniger2011" class="citation journal cs1">Wendy Doniger (2011). "God's Body, or, The Lingam Made Flesh: Conflicts over the Representation of the Sexual Body of the Hindu God Shiva". <i>Social Research</i>. <b>78</b> (2). The Johns Hopkins University Press: <span class="nowrap">499–</span>505. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23347187">23347187</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Research&rft.atitle=God%27s+Body%2C+or%2C+The+Lingam+Made+Flesh%3A+Conflicts+over+the+Representation+of+the+Sexual+Body+of+the+Hindu+God+Shiva&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E499-%3C%2Fspan%3E505&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23347187%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Wendy+Doniger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKama+Sutra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVatsyayanaSC_Upadhyaya_(transl)1965" class="citation book cs1">Vatsyayana; SC Upadhyaya (transl) (1965). <i>Kama sutra of Vatsyayana Complete translation from the original Sanskrit</i>. DB Taraporevala (Orig publication year: 1961). <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/150688197">150688197</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kama+sutra+of+Vatsyayana+Complete+translation+from+the+original+Sanskrit&rft.pub=DB+Taraporevala+%28Orig+publication+year%3A+1961%29&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F150688197&rft.au=Vatsyayana&rft.au=SC+Upadhyaya+%28transl%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKama+Sutra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJyoti_Puri2002607-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJyoti_Puri2002607_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJyoti_Puri2002">Jyoti Puri 2002</a>, p. 607.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alaindanielou.org/The-Complete-Kama-Sutra.html"><i>The Complete Kama Sutra</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080506045738/http://www.alaindanielou.org/The-Complete-Kama-Sutra.html">Archived</a> 6 May 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Alain Daniélou.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniélou1993-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaniélou1993_106-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaniélou1993_106-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaniélou1993">Daniélou 1993</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xxxvi-xxxvii_with_footnotes-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002xxxvi-xxxvii_with_footnotes_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002">Wendy Doniger & Sudhir Kakar 2002</a>, pp. xxxvi-xxxvii with footnotes.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sinha, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002">Wendy Doniger & Sudhir Kakar 2002</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWendy_Doniger2016" class="citation book cs1">Wendy Doniger (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TrVjDQAAQBAJ"><i>Redeeming the Kamasutra</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-049928-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-049928-0"><bdi>978-0-19-049928-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191221104600/https://books.google.com/books?id=TrVjDQAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Redeeming+the+Kamasutra&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-19-049928-0&rft.au=Wendy+Doniger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTrVjDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKama+Sutra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWendy_Doniger2002" class="citation journal cs1">Wendy Doniger (2002). "On the Kamasutra". <i>Daedalus</i>. <b>131</b> (2). The MIT Press: <span class="nowrap">126–</span>129. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20027767">20027767</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daedalus&rft.atitle=On+the+Kamasutra&rft.volume=131&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E126-%3C%2Fspan%3E129&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20027767%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Wendy+Doniger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKama+Sutra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWendy_Doniger1994" class="citation book cs1">Wendy Doniger (1994). Ariel Glucklich (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d6bsOfvySvMC&pg=PA169"><i>The Sense of Adharma</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">169–</span>174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-802448-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-802448-4"><bdi>978-0-19-802448-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220125030006/https://books.google.com/books?id=d6bsOfvySvMC&pg=PA169">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sense+of+Adharma&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E169-%3C%2Fspan%3E174&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-19-802448-4&rft.au=Wendy+Doniger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd6bsOfvySvMC%26pg%3DPA169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKama+Sutra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNarasingha_P._Sil2018" class="citation journal cs1">Narasingha P. Sil (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.12794%2Fjournals.ind.vol1iss1pp61-66">"Book Review: Wendy Doniger, Redeeming the Kamasutra"</a>. <i>American Journal of Indic Studies</i>. <b>1</b> (1): 61–66 with footnotes. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.12794%2Fjournals.ind.vol1iss1pp61-66">10.12794/journals.ind.vol1iss1pp61-66</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Indic+Studies&rft.atitle=Book+Review%3A+Wendy+Doniger%2C+Redeeming+the+Kamasutra&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=61-66+with+footnotes&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.12794%2Fjournals.ind.vol1iss1pp61-66&rft.au=Narasingha+P.+Sil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.12794%252Fjournals.ind.vol1iss1pp61-66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKama+Sutra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJyoti_Puri2002605-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJyoti_Puri2002605_114-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJyoti_Puri2002605_114-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJyoti_Puri2002">Jyoti Puri 2002</a>, p. 605.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLamar_Graham1995" class="citation journal cs1">Lamar Graham (1995). "A Love Map to His Body". <i>Redbook</i> (May): 88.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Redbook&rft.atitle=A+Love+Map+to+His+Body&rft.issue=May&rft.pages=88&rft.date=1995&rft.au=Lamar+Graham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKama+Sutra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJyoti_Puri2002604,_606–608-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJyoti_Puri2002604,_606–608_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJyoti_Puri2002">Jyoti Puri 2002</a>, pp. 604, 606–608.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJyoti_Puri2002633–634-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJyoti_Puri2002633–634_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJyoti_Puri2002">Jyoti Puri 2002</a>, pp. 633–634.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWendy_Doniger2016" class="citation book cs1">Wendy Doniger (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TrVjDQAAQBAJ"><i>Redeeming the Kamasutra</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-049928-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-049928-0"><bdi>978-0-19-049928-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191221104600/https://books.google.com/books?id=TrVjDQAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Redeeming+the+Kamasutra&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-19-049928-0&rft.au=Wendy+Doniger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTrVjDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKama+Sutra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_bibliography">General bibliography</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFApte1965" class="citation book cs1">Apte, Vaman Shivram (1965). <i>The Practical Sanskrit Dictionary</i> (fourth revised & enlarged ed.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-0567-4" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-0567-4"><bdi>81-208-0567-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Practical+Sanskrit+Dictionary&rft.place=Delhi&rft.edition=fourth+revised+%26+enlarged&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publishers&rft.date=1965&rft.isbn=81-208-0567-4&rft.aulast=Apte&rft.aufirst=Vaman+Shivram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKama+Sutra" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvari2007" class="citation book cs1">Avari, Burjor (2007). <i>India: The Ancient Past</i>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-35616-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-35616-9"><bdi>978-0-415-35616-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%3A+The+Ancient+Past&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-415-35616-9&rft.aulast=Avari&rft.aufirst=Burjor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKama+Sutra" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniélou1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alain_Dani%C3%A9lou" title="Alain Daniélou">Daniélou, Alain</a> (1993). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/completekamasutr00alai"><i>The Complete Kama Sutra: The First Unabridged Modern Translation of the Classic Indian Text</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Inner_Traditions" class="mw-redirect" title="Inner Traditions">Inner Traditions</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89281-525-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-89281-525-6"><bdi>0-89281-525-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Kama+Sutra%3A+The+First+Unabridged+Modern+Translation+of+the+Classic+Indian+Text&rft.pub=Inner+Traditions&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-89281-525-6&rft.aulast=Dani%C3%A9lou&rft.aufirst=Alain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcompletekamasutr00alai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKama+Sutra" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWendy_DonigerSudhir_Kakar2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wendy_Doniger" title="Wendy Doniger">Wendy Doniger</a>; Sudhir Kakar (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kamasutra00vats"><i>Kamasutra</i></a>. Oxford World's Classics. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-283982-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-283982-9"><bdi>0-19-283982-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kamasutra&rft.series=Oxford+World%27s+Classics&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-19-283982-9&rft.au=Wendy+Doniger&rft.au=Sudhir+Kakar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkamasutra00vats&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKama+Sutra" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaksarFavre2011" class="citation book cs1">Haksar, A.N.D; Favre, Malika (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o7BDmY8vzWIC"><i>Kama Sutra</i></a>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-101-65107-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-101-65107-0"><bdi>978-1-101-65107-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kama+Sutra&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-101-65107-0&rft.aulast=Haksar&rft.aufirst=A.N.D&rft.au=Favre%2C+Malika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do7BDmY8vzWIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKama+Sutra" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlood1996" class="citation book cs1">Flood, Gavin (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo"><i>An Introduction to Hinduism</i></a></span>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-43878-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-43878-0"><bdi>0-521-43878-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Hinduism&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-521-43878-0&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=Gavin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontohi0000floo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKama+Sutra" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlood2003" class="citation book cs1">Flood, Gavin, ed. (2003). <i>The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism</i>. Malden, MA: <a href="/wiki/Blackwell_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackwell Publishing">Blackwell Publishing</a> Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4051-3251-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-4051-3251-5"><bdi>1-4051-3251-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Companion+to+Hinduism&rft.place=Malden%2C+MA&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing+Ltd&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-4051-3251-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKama+Sutra" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHopkins1971" class="citation book cs1">Hopkins, Thomas J. (1971). <i>The Hindu Religious Tradition</i>. Cambridge: Dickenson Publishing Company, Inc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hindu+Religious+Tradition&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Dickenson+Publishing+Company%2C+Inc&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Hopkins&rft.aufirst=Thomas+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKama+Sutra" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeay2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Keay" title="John Keay">Keay, John</a> (2000). <i>India: A History</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Grove_Press" title="Grove Press">Grove Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8021-3797-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8021-3797-0"><bdi>0-8021-3797-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%3A+A+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Grove+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8021-3797-0&rft.aulast=Keay&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKama+Sutra" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcConnachie2007" class="citation book cs1">McConnachie, James (2007). <i>The Book of Love: In Search of the Kamasutra</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Books" title="Atlantic Books">Atlantic Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84354-373-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84354-373-2"><bdi>978-1-84354-373-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Love%3A+In+Search+of+the+Kamasutra&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Atlantic+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84354-373-2&rft.aulast=McConnachie&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKama+Sutra" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJyoti_Puri2002" class="citation journal cs1">Jyoti Puri (2002). "Concerning "Kamasutras": Challenging Narratives of History and Sexuality". <i>Signs</i>. <b>27</b> (3). University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3175887">3175887</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Signs&rft.atitle=Concerning+%22Kamasutras%22%3A+Challenging+Narratives+of+History+and+Sexuality&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3175887%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Jyoti+Puri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKama+Sutra" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinha1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Indra_Sinha" title="Indra Sinha">Sinha, Indra</a> (1999). <i>The Cybergypsies</i>. New York: Viking. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-600-34158-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-600-34158-5"><bdi>0-600-34158-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cybergypsies&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-600-34158-5&rft.aulast=Sinha&rft.aufirst=Indra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKama+Sutra" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Kama Sutra</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Kama_Sutra" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Kama Sutra">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kama_Sutra" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Kama Sutra">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Kama_Sutra" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Kama Sutra">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Kama_Sutra" class="extiw" title="q:Kama Sutra">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Kama_Sutra" class="extiw" title="s:Kama Sutra">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Kama_Sutra" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Kama Sutra">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Kama_Sutra" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Kama Sutra">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <p><b>Original and translations</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120919095241/http://www.indohistory.com/kamasutra.html">Sir Richard Burton's English translation</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup> on Indohistory.com</li> <li><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/search?title=The+Kama+Sutra&author=Vatsyayana&reader=&keywords=&genre_id=0&status=all&project_type=either&recorded_language=&sort_order=catalog_date&search_page=1&search_form=advanced"><i>The Kama Sutra</i></a> public domain audiobook at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/ind/aind/klskt/kamasutr/kamas.htm">The Kama Sutra in the original Sanskrit</a> provided by the <a href="/wiki/TITUS_(project)" title="TITUS (project)">TITUS project</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation gutenberg"> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/27827">Kama Sutra</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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title="Ejaculation">male ejaculation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelvic_thrust" title="Pelvic thrust">Pelvic thrust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erection" title="Erection">Penile erection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-ejaculate" title="Pre-ejaculate">Pre-ejaculate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">Pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_arousal" title="Sexual arousal">Sexual arousal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_sexual_response_cycle" title="Human sexual response cycle">Sexual response cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_stimulation" title="Sexual stimulation">Sexual stimulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_lubrication" title="Vaginal lubrication">Vaginal lubrication</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_and_reproductive_health" title="Sexual and reproductive health">Health</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Sex_education" title="Sex education">education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condom" title="Condom">Condom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_contraceptive" title="Male contraceptive">Male contraceptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masters_and_Johnson" title="Masters and Johnson">Masters and Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_and_sexuality" title="Obesity and sexuality">Obesity and sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_medicine" title="Reproductive medicine">Reproductive medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrology" title="Andrology">Andrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynaecology" title="Gynaecology">Gynaecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urology" title="Urology">Urology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_sex" title="Safe sex">Safe sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_education" title="Sex education">Sex education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_therapy" title="Sex therapy">Sex therapy</a> (<a href="/wiki/PLISSIT_model" title="PLISSIT model">PLISSIT model</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexology" title="Sexology">Sexology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_dysfunction" title="Sexual dysfunction">Sexual dysfunction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erectile_dysfunction" title="Erectile dysfunction">Erectile dysfunction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypersexuality" title="Hypersexuality">Hypersexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoactive_sexual_desire_disorder" title="Hypoactive sexual desire disorder">Hyposexuality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_medicine" title="Sexual medicine">Sexual medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_surrogate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual surrogate">Sexual surrogate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_infection" title="Sexually transmitted infection">Sexually transmitted infection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">Identity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_diversity" title="Sexual diversity">diversity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_binary" title="Gender binary">Gender binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">Gender identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Men who have sex with men">Men who have sex with men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_identity" title="Sexual identity">Sexual identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">Sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_who_have_sex_with_women" title="Women who have sex with women">Women who have sex with women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_the_law" title="Sex and the law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent" title="Age of consent">Age of consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_transmission_of_HIV" title="Criminal transmission of HIV">Criminal transmission of HIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">Child sexual abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incest" title="Incest">Incest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indecent_exposure" title="Indecent exposure">Indecent exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obscenity" title="Obscenity">Obscenity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">Sexual abuse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cybersex_trafficking" title="Cybersex trafficking">Cybersex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking" title="Sex trafficking">Sex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">Sexual assault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_misconduct" title="Sexual misconduct">Sexual misconduct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">Sexual slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence" title="Sexual violence">Sexual violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenge_pornography" class="mw-redirect" title="Revenge pornography">Revenge pornography</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_human_sexuality" title="History of human sexuality">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Movie" title="Blue Movie">Blue Movie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Counterculture of the 1960s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sex_wars" title="Feminist sex wars">Feminist sex wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Porn" title="Golden Age of Porn">Golden Age of Porn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_erotic_depictions" title="History of erotic depictions">History of erotic depictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_revolution" title="Sexual revolution">Sexual revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Intimate_relationship" title="Intimate relationship">Relationships</a><br /> and <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_issues_related_to_love_and_sex" title="Anarchism and issues related to love and sex">Anarchism and love/sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extramarital_sex" title="Extramarital sex">Extramarital sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">Family planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flirting" title="Flirting">Flirting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">Free love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modesty" title="Modesty">Modesty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgasm_gap" title="Orgasm gap">Orgasm gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyamory" title="Polyamory">Polyamory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premarital_sex" title="Premarital sex">Premarital sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promiscuity" title="Promiscuity">Promiscuity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_(love)" title="Romance (love)">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-positive_movement" title="Sex-positive movement">Sex-positive movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abstinence" title="Sexual abstinence">Sexual abstinence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_addiction" title="Sexual addiction">Sexual addiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_attraction" title="Sexual attraction">Sexual attraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_capital" title="Sexual capital">Sexual capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_ethics" title="Sexual ethics">Sexual ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_objectification" title="Sexual objectification">Sexual objectification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_repression" title="Sexual repression">Sexual repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_slang" title="Sexual slang">Sexual slang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_attraction_model" title="Split attraction model">Split attraction model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sexuality_by_country" title="Category:Sexuality by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_ancient_Rome" title="Sexuality in ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_China" title="Sexuality in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_India" title="Sexuality in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_Japan" title="Sexuality in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_the_Philippines" title="Sexuality in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_South_Korea" title="Sexuality in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_the_United_States" title="Sexuality in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_sexual_activity" title="Human sexual activity">Sexual activities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conventional_sex" title="Conventional sex">Conventional sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anal_sex" title="Anal sex">Anal sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bareback_(sexual_act)" title="Bareback (sexual act)">Bareback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BDSM" title="BDSM">BDSM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexuality" title="Child sexuality">Child sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creampie_(sexual_act)" title="Creampie (sexual act)">Creampie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edging_(sexual_practice)" title="Edging (sexual practice)">Edging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_sexual_denial" title="Erotic sexual denial">Erotic sexual denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facial_(sexual_act)" title="Facial (sexual act)">Facial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_fetishism" title="Sexual fetishism">Fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisting" title="Fisting">Fisting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot_fetishism" title="Foot fetishism">Foot fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Footjob" title="Footjob">Footjob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_orgasm" title="Forced orgasm">Forced orgasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frot" title="Frot">Frot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gang_bang" title="Gang bang">Gang bang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_sex" title="Group sex">Group sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammary_intercourse" title="Mammary intercourse">Mammary intercourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-penetrative_sex#Manual_sex" title="Non-penetrative sex">Manual sex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fingering_(sexual_act)#Anus" title="Fingering (sexual act)">Anal fingering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fingering_(sexual_act)" title="Fingering (sexual act)">Fingering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handjob" title="Handjob">Handjob</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masturbation" title="Masturbation">Masturbation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanics_of_human_sexuality" title="Mechanics of human sexuality">Mechanics of sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipple_stimulation" title="Nipple stimulation">Nipple stimulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-penetrative_sex" title="Non-penetrative sex">Non-penetrative sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_sex" title="Oral sex">Oral sex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/69_(sex_position)" title="69 (sex position)">69</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anilingus" title="Anilingus">Anilingus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cunnilingus" title="Cunnilingus">Cunnilingus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fellatio" title="Fellatio">Fellatio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrumatio" title="Irrumatio">Irrumatio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraphilia" title="Paraphilia">Paraphilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompoir" title="Pompoir">Pompoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quickie_(sex)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quickie (sex)">Quickie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexercise" title="Sexercise">Sexercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_in_space" title="Sex in space">Sex in space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_position" title="Sex position">Sex positions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_fantasy" title="Sexual fantasy">Sexual fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_fetishism" title="Sexual fetishism">Sexual fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_intercourse" title="Sexual intercourse">Sexual intercourse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreplay" title="Foreplay">Foreplay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_penetration" title="Sexual penetration">Sexual penetration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumata" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumata">Sumata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swinging_(sexual_practice)" title="Swinging (sexual practice)">Swinging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribadism" title="Tribadism">Tribadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urethral_intercourse" title="Urethral intercourse">Urethral intercourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urolagnia" title="Urolagnia">Urolagnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_sex" title="Virtual sex">Virtual sex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cybersex" title="Cybersex">Cybersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_talk" title="Erotic talk">Erotic talk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_T-shirt_contest" title="Wet T-shirt contest">Wet T-shirt contest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sex_industry" title="Sex industry">Sex industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_nudity_in_video_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex and nudity in video games">Adult video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotica" title="Erotica">Erotica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">Pornography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pornographic_film_actor" title="Pornographic film actor">Film actor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution" title="Prostitution">Prostitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_prostitution" title="Sacred prostitution">Sacred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survival_sex" title="Survival sex">Survival sex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-light_district" title="Red-light district">Red-light district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sex_museums" title="List of sex museums">Sex museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_shop" title="Sex shop">Sex shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_tourism" title="Sex tourism">Sex tourism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_sex_tourism" title="Child sex tourism">Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_sex_tourism" title="Female sex tourism">Female</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_worker" title="Sex worker">Sex worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_toy" title="Sex toy">Sex toy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sex_doll" title="Sex doll">Doll</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strip_club" title="Strip club">Strip club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webcam_model" title="Webcam model">Webcam model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_sexuality" title="Religion and sexuality">Religion and<br />sexuality</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_sexuality" title="Buddhism and sexuality">Buddhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_sexuality" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinduism and sexuality">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tantric_sex" title="Tantric sex">Tantric sex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_Christian_demonology" title="Sexuality in Christian demonology">Christian demonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_celibacy" title="Clerical celibacy">Clerical celibacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Buddhist monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_celibacy_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Clerical celibacy in the Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matha" title="Matha">Hindu monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_monasticism" title="Jain monasticism">Jain monasticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoist_sexual_practices" title="Taoist sexual practices">Daoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_sexual_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic sexual jurisprudence">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_sexuality" title="Judaism and sexuality">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_LGBT_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and LGBT people">LGBT people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT-affirming_religious_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT-affirming religious groups">LGBT-affirming religious groups</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_and_Mormonism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexuality and Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_prostitution" title="Sacred prostitution">Sacred prostitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_prostitution_in_ancient_Greece" title="Sacred prostitution in ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sex_magic" title="Sex magic">Sex magic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bisexuality_symbol_(bold,_color).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg/16px-Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg/24px-Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg/32px-Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="25" data-file-height="16" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Human_sexuality" title="Portal:Human sexuality">Human sexuality portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sex_manuals15" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sex_manuals" title="Template:Sex manuals"><abbr 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<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Guide_to_Getting_it_On" title="The Guide to Getting it On">The Guide to Getting it On</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Joy_of_Gay_Sex" title="The Joy of Gay Sex">The Joy of Gay Sex</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Joy_of_Sex" title="The Joy of Sex">The Joy of Sex</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kama Sutra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oragenitalism" title="Oragenitalism">Oragenitalism</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ratirahasya" title="Ratirahasya">Ratirahasya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Perfumed_Garden" title="The Perfumed Garden">The Perfumed Garden</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yufang_mijue" title="Yufang mijue">Yufang mijue</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="15px&#124;link=Aum_Hinduism_14px_topics723" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Aum" title="Aum"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/15px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/23px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/30px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HinduSwastika.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/14px-HinduSwastika.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/21px-HinduSwastika.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/28px-HinduSwastika.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="145" /></a></span> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li>Index</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Hinduism">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Atman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">Puruṣārthas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion#Hindu_ethics" title="Ethics in religion">Niti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Asteya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aparigraha" class="mw-redirect" title="Aparigraha">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Damah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion#Hinduism" title="Compassion">Dayā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Schools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Āstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81bh%C4%81vika_Bhed%C4%81bheda" class="mw-redirect" title="Svābhāvika Bhedābheda">Svābhāvika Bhedābheda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Nāstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Hindu "Om" symbol"><img alt="Hindu "Om" symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/100px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/150px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/200px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="507" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_chant" title="Vedic chant">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitrayaniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Upaveda">Upavedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_martial_arts" title="Indian martial arts">Dhanurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natyaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Sthapatyaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedanga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_prosody" title="Sanskrit prosody">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyākaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">Other</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)">Agamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads#Classification" title="Upanishads">Minor Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitisara" title="Nitisara">Nitisara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharmaśāstra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manusmriti" title="Manusmriti">Manusmriti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81radasm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Nāradasmṛti">Nāradasmṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C4%81j%C3%B1avalkya_Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Yājñavalkya Smṛti">Yājñavalkya Smṛti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhashita" title="Subhashita">Subhashita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantras_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantras (Hinduism)">Tantras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divya_Prabandham" class="mw-redirect" title="Divya Prabandham">Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruppugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruppugal">Thiruppugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirukkural" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirukkural">Thirukkural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_Ramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamba Ramayanam">Kamba Ramayanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athichudi" title="Athichudi">Athichudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhirami_Antati" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhirami Antati">Abhirami Antati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedarthasamgraha" title="Vedarthasamgraha">Vedarthasamgraha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Gods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dattatreya" title="Dattatreya">Dattatreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu" title="Vayu">Vayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_gods" title="Category:Hindu gods"><i>more</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Goddesses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumi_(goddess)" title="Bhumi (goddess)">Bhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrika" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrika">Matrika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Hindu_goddess)" title="Sati (Hindu goddess)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shashthi" title="Shashthi">Shashthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_goddesses" title="Category:Hindu goddesses"><i>more</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naivedhya" class="mw-redirect" title="Naivedhya">Naivedhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhy%C4%81na_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhyāna in Hinduism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">Tirthatana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sanskara_(rite_of_passage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskara (rite of passage)">Sanskaras</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbhadhana" title="Garbhadhana">Garbhadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana" title="Pumsavana">Pumsavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana_Simantonayana" title="Pumsavana Simantonayana">Simantonayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatakarma" title="Jatakarma">Jatakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81makara%E1%B9%87a" title="Nāmakaraṇa">Namakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishkramana" title="Nishkramana">Nishkramana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaprashana" title="Annaprashana">Annaprashana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chudakarana" title="Chudakarana">Chudakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnavedha" title="Karnavedha">Karnavedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidy%C4%81ra%E1%B9%83bha%E1%B9%83" title="Vidyāraṃbhaṃ">Vidyarambha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Upanayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshanta" title="Keshanta">Keshanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritu_Kala_Samskaram" title="Ritu Kala Samskaram">Ritushuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavartanam" title="Samavartanam">Samavartanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivaah" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivaah">Vivaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyeshti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Varnashrama</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashrama_(stage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashrama (stage)">Ashrama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grihastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Grihastha">Grihastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanaprastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanaprastha">Vanaprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li>New Year <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudi_Padwa" title="Gudi Padwa">Gudi Padwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahela_Baishakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahela Baishakh">Pahela Baishakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haridwar_Kumbh_Mela" title="Haridwar Kumbh Mela">Haridwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashik-Trimbakeshwar_Simhastha" title="Nashik-Trimbakeshwar Simhastha">Nashik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayag_Kumbh_Mela" title="Prayag Kumbh Mela">Prayag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ujjain_Simhastha" title="Ujjain Simhastha">Ujjain</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra_(Puri)" title="Ratha Yatra (Puri)">Ratha Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teej" title="Teej">Teej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_festivals" title="Template:Hindu festivals">Others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya" title="Svādhyāya">Svādhyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namaste" title="Namaste">Namaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bindi_(decoration)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bindi (decoration)">Bindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilaka" title="Tilaka">Tilaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus#Etymology" title="Hindus">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Hindus" title="Lists of Hindus">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Denominations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_law" title="Hindu law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Anti-Hindu sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Hinduism" title="Criticism of Hinduism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_sants" title="List of Hindu gurus and sants">Hindu gurus and sants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_studies" title="Hindu studies">Hindu studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_iconography" title="Hindu iconography">Iconography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage sites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_other_religions" title="Hinduism and other religions">Relations with other religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_Hinduism" title="Baháʼí Faith and Hinduism">Baháʼí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations" title="Hindu–Islamic relations">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jainism and Hinduism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Sikhism" title="Hinduism and Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Theosophy" title="Hinduism and Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_by_country" title="Hinduism by country">Hinduism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temples" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu temples">Hindu temples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_temples" title="List of Hindu temples">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Architecture</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:bold;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Hinduism" title="Outline of Hinduism">Outline</a><br /> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" 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