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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Massacre at Jallianwala Bagh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Massacre_at_Jallianwala_Bagh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shooting_at_Caxton_Hall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shooting_at_Caxton_Hall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Shooting at Caxton Hall</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shooting_at_Caxton_Hall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Murder,_trial,_and_execution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Reactions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Repatriation_of_remains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Repatriation_of_remains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Repatriation of remains</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Repatriation_of_remains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Udham Singh</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%BA" title="أودهام سينغ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أودهام سينغ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82" title="উধাম সিং – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="উধাম সিং" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82" title="উধাম সিং – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উধাম সিং" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udham_Singh" title="Udham Singh – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Udham Singh" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udham_Singh" title="Udham Singh – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Udham Singh" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udham_Singh" title="Udham Singh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Udham Singh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%89%E0%AA%A7%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%B9" title="ઉધમસિંહ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ઉધમસિંહ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9" title="उधम सिंह – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="उधम सिंह" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udham_Singh" title="Udham Singh – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Udham Singh" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%93%D7%94%D7%9D_%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92" title="אודהם סינג – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אודהם סינג" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%89%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D" title="ഉധം സിങ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഉധം സിങ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udham_Singx" title="Udham Singx – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Udham Singx" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%8A%E0%A8%A7%E0%A8%AE_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%98" title="ਊਧਮ ਸਿੰਘ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਊਧਮ ਸਿੰਘ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AF%DA%BE%D9%85_%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%BE" title="اودھم سنگھ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اودھم سنگھ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%DA%BE%D9%85_%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%BE" title="ادھم سنگھ – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="ادھم سنگھ" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D" title="உதம் சிங் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உதம் சிங்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%89%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D" title="ఉద్దమ్ సింగ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఉద్దమ్ సింగ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A1_%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C" title="อุธม สิงห์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อุธม สิงห์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Indian revolutionary (1899–1940)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people named Udham Singh, see <a href="/wiki/Udham_Singh_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Udham Singh (disambiguation)">Udham Singh (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Shaheed Udham Singh" redirects here. For the 2021 film, see <a href="/wiki/Sardar_Udham" title="Sardar Udham">Sardar Udham</a>. For the 2000 film, see <a href="/wiki/Shaheed_Udham_Singh_(film)" title="Shaheed Udham Singh (film)">Shaheed Udham Singh (film)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Udham Singh</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Sardar_Udham_Singh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Sardar_Udham_Singh.jpg/220px-Sardar_Udham_Singh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Sardar_Udham_Singh.jpg/330px-Sardar_Udham_Singh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Sardar_Udham_Singh.jpg/440px-Sardar_Udham_Singh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1134" data-file-height="1713" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Sher Singh</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1899-12-26</span>)</span>26 December 1899<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Sunam" title="Sunam">Sunam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjab_Province_(British_India)" title="Punjab Province (British India)">Punjab</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">31 July 1940<span style="display:none">(1940-07-31)</span> (aged 40)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Pentonville_Prison" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentonville Prison">Pentonville Prison</a>, <a href="/wiki/London,_England" class="mw-redirect" title="London, England">London, England</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cause of death</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Execution_by_hanging" class="mw-redirect" title="Execution by hanging">Execution by hanging</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Indian_people" title="Indian people">Indian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Ram Mohammad Singh Azad, Ude Singh</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role"><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary" title="Revolutionary">Revolutionary</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Organization(s)</th><td class="infobox-data org"><a href="/wiki/Ghadar_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghadar Party">Ghadar Party</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Socialist_Republican_Association" title="Hindustan Socialist Republican Association">Hindustan Socialist Republican Association</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Indian_Workers%27_Association" title="Indian Workers' Association">Indian Workers' Association</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Assassinating <a href="/wiki/Michael_O%27Dwyer" title="Michael O'Dwyer">Michael O'Dwyer</a> in retaliation for the <a href="/wiki/Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre" title="Jallianwala Bagh massacre">Jallianwala Bagh massacre</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Movement</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Criminal status</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Executed" class="mw-redirect" title="Executed">Executed</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Lupe</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">2 sons</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Conviction" title="Conviction">Conviction(s)</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">Murder</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Criminal penalty</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">Death</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Victims</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Michael_O%27Dwyer" title="Michael O'Dwyer">Michael O'Dwyer</a>, 75</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Handwritten_signature_of_Udham_Singh_(detail).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Handwritten_signature_of_Udham_Singh_%28detail%29.jpg/150px-Handwritten_signature_of_Udham_Singh_%28detail%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Handwritten_signature_of_Udham_Singh_%28detail%29.jpg/225px-Handwritten_signature_of_Udham_Singh_%28detail%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Handwritten_signature_of_Udham_Singh_%28detail%29.jpg/300px-Handwritten_signature_of_Udham_Singh_%28detail%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="547" data-file-height="446" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Udham Singh</b> (born <b>Sher Singh</b>; 26 December 1899 – 31 July 1940) was an Indian revolutionary belonging to <a href="/wiki/Ghadar_Movement" title="Ghadar Movement">Ghadar Party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Socialist_Republican_Association" title="Hindustan Socialist Republican Association">HSRA</a>, best known for assassinating <a href="/wiki/Michael_O%27Dwyer" title="Michael O'Dwyer">Michael O'Dwyer</a>, the former lieutenant governor of the <a href="/wiki/Punjab_(British_India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab (British India)">Punjab</a> in <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">India</a>, on 13 March 1940. The assassination was done in revenge for the <a href="/wiki/Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre" title="Jallianwala Bagh massacre">Jallianwala Bagh massacre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a> in 1919, for which O'Dwyer was responsible and of which Singh himself was a survivor.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Singh was subsequently tried and convicted of murder and hanged in July 1940. While in custody, he used the name 'Ram Mohammad Singh Azad', which represents the three major religions in India and his anti-colonial sentiment.<sup id="cite_ref-Farina_2010_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farina_2010-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Singh was a well-known figure of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a>. He is also referred to as <i>Shaheed-i-Azam Sardar Udham Singh</i> (the expression "Shaheed-i-Azam" means "the great martyr").<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A district (<a href="/wiki/Udham_Singh_Nagar_district" title="Udham Singh Nagar district">Udham Singh Nagar</a>) was named after him as a homage by the <a href="/wiki/Mayawati" title="Mayawati">Mayawati government</a> in October 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-Singh_2015_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singh_2015-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Udham_Singh&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Udham Singh was born ‘Sher Singh’ into a <a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">Sikh family</a> on 26 December 1899 in the neighbourhood of Pilbad in <a href="/wiki/Sunam" title="Sunam">Sunam</a>, around 130 miles south of <a href="/wiki/Lahore#British_colonial_period" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a>, to Tehal Singh, a <a href="/wiki/Kamboj" title="Kamboj">Kamboj</a>, low-skilled low-paid manual labourer and his wife Narain Kaur.<sup id="cite_ref-Anand3_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anand3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was their youngest, with a two-year difference between him and his elder brother, Sadhu.<sup id="cite_ref-Anand3_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anand3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When they were around age three and five respectively, their mother died.<sup id="cite_ref-Anand3_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anand3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two boys subsequently stayed close to their father while he worked in the village of <a href="/wiki/Nilowal" title="Nilowal">Nilowal</a> carrying mud from a newly constructed canal, part of <a href="/wiki/Punjab_Canal_Colonies" title="Punjab Canal Colonies">Punjab Canal Colonies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Anand3_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anand3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After being laid off he found work as a railway crossing watchman in the village of Upali.<sup id="cite_ref-Anand3_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anand3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 1907, while taking his sons by foot to Amritsar, their father collapsed and died at Ram Bagh Hospital.<sup id="cite_ref-Anand3_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anand3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two brothers were subsequently handed to an uncle who being unable to keep them, gave them to the <a href="/wiki/Central_Khalsa_Orphanage" title="Central Khalsa Orphanage">Central Khalsa Orphanage</a>, where according to the orphanage register, they were <a href="/wiki/Amrit_Sanskar" title="Amrit Sanskar">initiated</a> on 28 October.<sup id="cite_ref-Anand3_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anand3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rebaptised, Sadhu became “Mukta”, meaning “one who has escaped re-incarnation”, and Sher Singh was renamed “Udham Singh”, Udham meaning “the upheaval”.<sup id="cite_ref-Anand6_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anand6-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the orphanage he was affectionately referred to as "Ude".<sup id="cite_ref-Anand3_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anand3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1917, Mukta died of an unknown sudden illness.<sup id="cite_ref-Anand5_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anand5-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shortly thereafter, despite being below the official age of enrolment, Udham Singh persuaded authorities to allow him to serve in the <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">British Indian Army</a> during the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Anand5_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anand5-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was subsequently attached to the lowest ranking labour unit with the <a href="/wiki/32nd_Sikh_Pioneers" title="32nd Sikh Pioneers">32nd Sikh Pioneers</a> to work on restoration on the field railway from the coast up to <a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Anand5_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anand5-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His young age and conflicts with authority led him to return to Punjab in less than six months.<sup id="cite_ref-Anand5_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anand5-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1918, he rejoined the army and was despatched to Basra and then <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, where he carried out carpentry and general maintenance of machinery and vehicles, returning after a year to the orphanage in Amritsar in early 1919.<sup id="cite_ref-Anand5_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anand5-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Massacre_at_Jallianwala_Bagh">Massacre at Jallianwala Bagh</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Udham_Singh&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Massacre at Jallianwala Bagh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre" title="Jallianwala Bagh massacre">Jallianwala Bagh massacre</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jallianwala_Bagh_Bullet_Marked_Wall.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Jallianwala_Bagh_Bullet_Marked_Wall.JPG/200px-Jallianwala_Bagh_Bullet_Marked_Wall.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Jallianwala_Bagh_Bullet_Marked_Wall.JPG/300px-Jallianwala_Bagh_Bullet_Marked_Wall.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Jallianwala_Bagh_Bullet_Marked_Wall.JPG/400px-Jallianwala_Bagh_Bullet_Marked_Wall.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Bullet marks, visible on preserved walls, at present-day Jallianwala Bagh</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jallianwala_Bagh_Bullet_Marks.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Jallianwala_Bagh_Bullet_Marks.JPG/200px-Jallianwala_Bagh_Bullet_Marks.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Jallianwala_Bagh_Bullet_Marks.JPG/300px-Jallianwala_Bagh_Bullet_Marks.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Jallianwala_Bagh_Bullet_Marks.JPG/400px-Jallianwala_Bagh_Bullet_Marks.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div> <p>On 10 April 1919, a number of local leaders allied to the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Satyapal" title="Satyapal">Satyapal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saifuddin_Kitchlew" title="Saifuddin Kitchlew">Saifuddin Kitchlew</a>, were arrested under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Rowlatt_Act" title="Rowlatt Act">Rowlatt Act</a>. A military picket fired on a protesting crowd, precipitating a riot which saw numerous European-owned banks attacked and several Europeans attacked in the streets.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 13 April, over twenty thousand unarmed people were assembled in <a href="/wiki/Jallianwala_Bagh" title="Jallianwala Bagh">Jallianwala Bagh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a> to celebrate the important <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikh</a> festival of <a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Baisakhi</a>, and to peacefully protest the arrests. Singh and his friends from the orphanage were serving water to the crowd.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Troops under the command of Colonel <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Dyer" title="Reginald Dyer">Reginald Dyer</a> opened fire on the crowd, killing several hundred; this became known variously as the Amritsar Massacre or the <a href="/wiki/Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre" title="Jallianwala Bagh massacre">Jallianwala Bagh massacre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tully_2006_p._29_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tully_2006_p._29-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Singh became involved in <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary" title="Revolutionary">revolutionary</a> politics and was deeply influenced by <a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Singh" title="Bhagat Singh">Bhagat Singh</a> and his revolutionary group.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1924, Singh became involved with the <a href="/wiki/Ghadar_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghadar Party">Ghadar Party</a>, organising Indians overseas towards overthrowing colonial rule. In 1927, he returned to India on orders from Bhagat Singh, bringing 25 associates as well as revolvers and ammunition. Soon after, he was arrested for possession of unlicensed arms. Revolvers, ammunition, and copies of a prohibited Ghadar Party paper called "Ghadr-di-Gunj" ("Voice of Revolt") were confiscated. He was prosecuted and sentenced to five years in <a href="/wiki/Prison" title="Prison">prison</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Upon his release from prison in 1931, Singh's movements were under constant surveillance by the <a href="/wiki/Punjab_Police_(India)" title="Punjab Police (India)">Punjab Police</a>. He made his way to <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>, where he was able to evade the police and escape to Germany. In 1934, he reached London, where he found employment. Privately, he formed plans to assassinate Michael O'Dwyer.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Singh's diaries for 1939 and 1940, he occasionally misspells <a href="/wiki/Michael_O%27Dwyer" title="Michael O'Dwyer">O'Dwyer's</a> surname as "O'Dyer", leaving a possibility he may have confused O'Dwyer with <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Edward_Harry_Dyer" class="mw-redirect" title="Reginald Edward Harry Dyer">General Dyer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Edward_Harry_Dyer" class="mw-redirect" title="Reginald Edward Harry Dyer">General Dyer</a> had died in 1927, even before Udham Singh had planned the revenge. In England, Singh was affiliated to the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Workers%27_Association" title="Indian Workers' Association">Indian Workers' Association</a> in Coventry and attended their meetings.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shooting_at_Caxton_Hall">Shooting at Caxton Hall</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Udham_Singh&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Shooting at Caxton Hall"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 13 March 1940, <a href="/wiki/Michael_O%27Dwyer" title="Michael O'Dwyer">Michael O'Dwyer</a> was scheduled to speak at a joint meeting of the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Association" title="East India Association">East India Association</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Asian Society">Central Asian Society</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_for_Asian_Affairs" title="Royal Society for Asian Affairs">Royal Society for Asian Affairs</a>) at <a href="/wiki/Caxton_Hall" title="Caxton Hall">Caxton Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>. Singh had entered the event with a ticket in his wife's name.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Singh concealed a revolver inside a book, which had pages cut in the shape of a revolver. This revolver was purchased by him from a soldier in a pub.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then he entered the hall and found an empty seat. As the meeting concluded, Singh shot O'Dwyer twice as he moved towards the speaking platform. One of these bullets passed through O'Dwyer's heart and right lung, killing him almost instantly.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others wounded in the shooting were Sir <a href="/wiki/Louis_Dane" title="Louis Dane">Louis Dane</a>; <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Dundas,_2nd_Marquess_of_Zetland" title="Lawrence Dundas, 2nd Marquess of Zetland">Lawrence Dundas, 2nd Marquess of Zetland</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Cochrane-Baillie,_2nd_Baron_Lamington" title="Charles Cochrane-Baillie, 2nd Baron Lamington">Charles Cochrane-Baillie, 2nd Baron Lamington</a>. Singh was arrested immediately after the shooting and the pistol (now in the <a href="/wiki/Crime_Museum" title="Crime Museum">Crime Museum</a>) seized as evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Udham_Singh&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Singh married a Mexican woman, Lupe Hernandez, in the 1920s, by whom he fathered two sons. In 1927 he left the United States, leaving Hernandez and their two sons behind. Many other Indian men in the States <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Mexican_Americans#Intermarriage" title="Punjabi Mexican Americans">took Hispanic wives</a> due to the <a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1924" title="Immigration Act of 1924">Johnson-Reed (Immigration) Act of 1924</a>, as they would otherwise have been expelled.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to some of his relatives, Singh later took an English wife as well. It is not known if he had children with her too.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Murder,_trial,_and_execution"><span id="Murder.2C_trial.2C_and_execution"></span>Murder, trial, and execution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Udham_Singh&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Murder, trial, and execution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Udham_Singh_taken_away_from_Taxon_Hall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/Udham_Singh_taken_away_from_Taxon_Hall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="163" /></a><figcaption>Singh (second from the left) being taken from <a href="/wiki/Caxton_Hall" title="Caxton Hall">Caxton Hall</a> after the assassination of <a href="/wiki/Michael_O%27Dwyer" title="Michael O'Dwyer">Michael O'Dwyer</a></figcaption></figure><p> On 1 April 1940, Singh was formally charged with the murder of Michael O'Dwyer, and remanded in custody at <a href="/wiki/Brixton_Prison" class="mw-redirect" title="Brixton Prison">Brixton Prison</a>. Initially asked to explain his motivations, Singh stated:</p><blockquote><p>"I did it because I had a grudge against him. He deserved it. I don't belong to society or anything else. I don't care. I don't mind dying. What is the use of waiting until you get old? ... Is Zetland dead? He ought to be. I put two into him. I bought the revolver from a soldier in a public house. My parents died when I was three or four. Only one dead? I thought I could get more."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>While in custody, he called himself <b>Ram Mohammad Singh Azad</b>: the first three words of the name reflect the three major religious communities of Punjab (Hindu, Muslim, and Sikh); the last word <i>azad</i> (literally "free") reflects his anti-colonial sentiment.<sup id="cite_ref-Farina_2010_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farina_2010-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While awaiting his trial, Singh went on a 42-day <a href="/wiki/Hunger_strike" title="Hunger strike">hunger strike</a>, before finally being <a href="/wiki/Force-feeding" title="Force-feeding">force fed</a>. On 4 June 1940, his trial commenced at the <a href="/wiki/Central_Criminal_Court_(England_and_Wales)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Criminal Court (England and Wales)">Central Criminal Court</a>, Old Bailey, before Justice <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Atkinson" title="Cyril Atkinson">Cyril Atkinson</a>, with <a href="/wiki/V.K._Krishna_Menon" class="mw-redirect" title="V.K. Krishna Menon">V.K. Krishna Menon</a> and <a href="/wiki/St_John_Hutchinson" title="St John Hutchinson">St John Hutchinson</a> representing him. G. B. McClure was the prosecuting barrister.<sup id="cite_ref-SUSWT_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SUSWT-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When asked about his motivation, Singh explained: </p> <blockquote><p> I did it because I had a grudge against him. He deserved it. He was the real culprit. He wanted to crush the spirit of my people, so I have crushed him. For full 21 years, I have been trying to seek vengeance. I am happy that I have done the job. I am not scared of death. I am dying for my country. I have seen my people starving in India under the British rule. I have protested against this, it was my duty.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Singh was convicted of murder and sentenced to death. On 31 July 1940, Singh was hanged at <a href="/wiki/Pentonville_Prison" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentonville Prison">Pentonville Prison</a> by <a href="/wiki/Albert_Pierrepoint" title="Albert Pierrepoint">Albert Pierrepoint</a>. His remains are preserved at the Jallianwala Bagh in <a href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab</a>. On every 31 July, marches are held in <a href="/wiki/Sunam" title="Sunam">Sunam</a> (Singh's hometown) by various organisations and every statue of Singh in the city is paid tribute with flower garlands. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Singh's_speech"><span id="Singh.27s_speech"></span>Singh's speech</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Udham_Singh&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Singh's speech"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following his conviction, he made a speech which the judge directed should not be released to the press.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, political activists who had set up the Shaheed Udham Singh Trust and working with the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Workers%27_Association#Split_in_the_IWA_(GB)" title="Indian Workers' Association">Indian Workers Association (GB)</a>, ran a campaign to have the court record of his statement published along with other material.<sup id="cite_ref-SUSWT_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SUSWT-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This proved successful in 1996, when his speech was published along with three further files covering the trial, and the <i>Ghadar Directory</i>, a document compiled by British intelligence in 1934 detailing 792 people regarded as a threat including Udham Singh.<sup id="cite_ref-SUSWT_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SUSWT-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He started the speech with a denunciation of <a href="/wiki/British_Imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="British Imperialism">British Imperialism</a>: </p> <dl><dd>"I say down with British Imperialism. You say India do not have peace. We have only slavery. Generations of so called civilisation has brought us everything filthy and degenerating. known to the human race. All you have to do is read your own history. If you have any human decency about you, you should die with shame. The brutality and blood thirsty way in which the so called intellectuals who call themselves rulers of civilisation in the world are bastard blood . . ."</dd></dl> <p>At this point he was interrupted by the judge, but after some discussion he continued: </p> <dl><dd>"I do not care about sentence of death. It means nothing at all. I do not care about dying or anything. I do not worry about it at all. I am dying for a purpose. Thumping the rail of the dock, he exclaimed, We are suffering from the British Empire. (He continued more quietly) I am not afraid to die. I am proud to die, to have to free my native land and I hope that when I am gone, I hope that in my place will come thousands of my countrymen to drive you dirty dogs out; to free my country."</dd></dl> <dl><dd>"I am standing before an English jury. I am in an English court. You people go to India and when you come back you are given a prize and put in the House of Commons. We come to England and we are sentenced to death."</dd></dl> <dl><dd>"I never meant anything; but I will take it. I do not care anything about it, but when you dirty dogs come to India there comes a time when you will be cleaned out of India. All your British Imperialism will be smashed."</dd></dl> <dl><dd>"Machine guns on the streets of India mow down thousands of poor women and children wherever your so-called flag of democracy and Christianity flies."</dd></dl> <dl><dd>"Your conduct, your conduct – I am talking about the British government. I have nothing against the English people at all. I have more English friends living in England than I have in India. I have great sympathy with the workers of England. I am against the Imperialist Government."</dd></dl> <dl><dd>"You people are suffering the same as I am suffering through those dirty dogs and mad beasts. Everyone are suffering through these dirty dogs; these mad beasts. India is only slavery. Killing, mutilating and destroying – British Imperialism. People do not read about it in the papers. We know what is going on in India."</dd></dl> <p>At this point, the judge refused to hear any more, but Singh continued: </p> <dl><dd>"You ask me what I have to say. I am saying it. Because you people are dirty. You do not want to hear from us what you are doing in India."</dd></dl> <p>He then thrust his glasses back into his pocket, and exclaimed three words in Hindustani and then shouted: </p> <dl><dd>"Down with British Imperialism! Down with British dirty dogs!"</dd></dl> <p>He turned to leave the dock, spitting across the solicitor's table.<sup id="cite_ref-SUSWT_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SUSWT-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When this material was published, it was reported in both British and Asian press, the statement was translated into <a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a> script and distributed at the Sikh <a href="/wiki/Vaisaki" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaisaki">Vaisaki</a> Festival in Birmingham, April 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-SUSWT_25-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SUSWT-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">John Major</a>, the British <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister">prime minister</a> at that time, remarked: "The Amritsar Massacre was an unhappy episode in Indo-British relations which was controversial in both countries. Today [8 October 1996] I am glad to say, our relationship is excellent. India is an important partner and a close friend of this country."<sup id="cite_ref-SUSWT_25-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SUSWT-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reactions">Reactions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Udham_Singh&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Reactions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In its 18 March 1940 issue, <i><a href="/wiki/Amrita_Bazar_Patrika" title="Amrita Bazar Patrika">Amrita Bazar Patrika</a></i> wrote, "O'Dwyer's name is connected with <a href="/wiki/Punjab_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab region">Punjab</a> incidents which India will never forget".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Punjab section of Congress in the Punjab Assembly led by Dewan Chaman Lal refused to vote for the Premier's motion to condemn the assassination.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 1940, at the Annual Session of the All India Congress Committee held in commemoration of 21st anniversary of the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre, the youth wing of the Indian National Congress Party displayed revolutionary slogans in support of Singh, applauding his action as patriotic and heroic.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Singh had some support from the international press. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i> of London called him a "fighter for freedom", his actions "an expression of the pent-up fury of the downtrodden Indian people."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Bergeret</i> from Rome praised Singh's action as courageous.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 1940, <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a>, condemned the action of Singh as senseless, however, in 1962, Nehru reversed his stance and applauded Singh with the following published statement: "I salute Shaheed-i-Azam Udham Singh with reverence who had kissed the noose so that we may be free."<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Repatriation_of_remains">Repatriation of remains</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Udham_Singh&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Repatriation of remains"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1974, Singh's remains were exhumed and repatriated to India at the request of <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Legislative_Assembly_(India)" title="Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)">MLA</a> <a href="/wiki/Sadhu_Singh_Thind" title="Sadhu Singh Thind">Sadhu Singh Thind</a> and cremated in his home village of Sunam.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The casket was received by <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shankar_Dayal_Sharma" title="Shankar Dayal Sharma">Shankar Dayal Sharma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zail_Singh" title="Zail Singh">Zail Singh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Anand.25_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anand.25-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 2 August 1974 his ashes were divided into seven urns and distributed; one each to <a href="/wiki/Haridwar" title="Haridwar">Haridwar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kiratpur_Sahib" title="Kiratpur Sahib">Kiratpur Sahib</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rauza_Sharif" title="Rauza Sharif">Rauza Sharif</a>, Sunam and the museum at Jallianwala Bagh, and two urns to the library of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaheed_Udham_Singh_Arts_College&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shaheed Udham Singh Arts College (page does not exist)">Shaheed Udham Singh Arts College</a> in Sunam.<sup id="cite_ref-Anand.25_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anand.25-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Udham_Singh&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vevent hproduct"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn summary">Udham Singh</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Stamp_of_India_-_1992_-_Colnect_164314_-_Udham_Singh_Patriot_-_Commemoration.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="SARDAR UDHAM SINGH" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Stamp_of_India_-_1992_-_Colnect_164314_-_Udham_Singh_Patriot_-_Commemoration.jpeg/220px-Stamp_of_India_-_1992_-_Colnect_164314_-_Udham_Singh_Patriot_-_Commemoration.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Stamp_of_India_-_1992_-_Colnect_164314_-_Udham_Singh_Patriot_-_Commemoration.jpeg/330px-Stamp_of_India_-_1992_-_Colnect_164314_-_Udham_Singh_Patriot_-_Commemoration.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Stamp_of_India_-_1992_-_Colnect_164314_-_Udham_Singh_Patriot_-_Commemoration.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="349" data-file-height="469" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">SARDAR UDHAM SINGH</div></td></tr><tr class="adr"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Commemorative</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country of issue</th><td class="infobox-data">India</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date of issue</th><td class="infobox-data">31 Jul 1992</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Face value</th><td class="infobox-data price">INR 1.00</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 1999, during the tercentenary of the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a> and the centenary of Singh's birth, he was posthumously awarded the "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Order_of_the_Nishan-e-Khalsa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Order of the Nishan-e-Khalsa (page does not exist)">Nishan-e-Khalsa</a>" by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anandpur_Sahib_Foundation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anandpur Sahib Foundation (page does not exist)">Anandpur Sahib Foundation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fenech2002_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fenech2002-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>A museum dedicated to Singh is located in Amritsar, near Jallianwala Bagh.</li> <li>Singh's ancestral house, in Sunam, has been converted into a museum. 30 letters and other objects are on display in the museum.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>The official name of his ancestral town <a href="/wiki/Sunam" title="Sunam">Sunam</a> was changed to 'Sunam Udham Singh Wala'.</li> <li>Singh has been the subject of a number of films: <a href="/wiki/Jallian_Wala_Bagh" title="Jallian Wala Bagh">Jallian Wala Bagh (1977)</a>, Shaheed Uddham Singh (1977), <a href="/wiki/Shaheed_Uddham_Singh_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaheed Uddham Singh (film)">Shaheed Uddham Singh (2000)</a> and the 2021 film <a href="/wiki/Sardar_Udham" title="Sardar Udham">Sardar Udham</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udham_Singh_Nagar_district" title="Udham Singh Nagar district">Udham Singh Nagar district</a> in <a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a> is named after Singh.</li> <li>Singh is the subject of the 1998 track "Assassin" by <a href="/wiki/Asian_Dub_Foundation" title="Asian Dub Foundation">Asian Dub Foundation</a>.</li> <li>Frank Brazil, is named after an Alias of Singh, is a track by <a href="/wiki/The_Ska_Vengers" title="The Ska Vengers">The Ska Vengers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Shaheed Udham Singh Chowk in <a href="/wiki/Anupgarh" title="Anupgarh">Anupgarh</a> was named for him.</li> <li>The day of his death is a public holiday in <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab</a><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A statue of him was installed by International Sarav Kamboj Samaj at the main entrance of Jallianwala Bagh, Amritsar on 13 March 2018. The statue was unveiled by Union Home Minister <a href="/wiki/Rajnath_Singh" title="Rajnath Singh">Rajnath Singh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ashes_of_Shaheed_Udham_Singh.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ashes of Shaheed Udham Singh at Jallianwala Bagh museum"><img alt="Ashes of Shaheed Udham Singh at Jallianwala Bagh museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Ashes_of_Shaheed_Udham_Singh.jpg/120px-Ashes_of_Shaheed_Udham_Singh.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Ashes_of_Shaheed_Udham_Singh.jpg/180px-Ashes_of_Shaheed_Udham_Singh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Ashes_of_Shaheed_Udham_Singh.jpg/240px-Ashes_of_Shaheed_Udham_Singh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ashes of Shaheed Udham Singh at Jallianwala Bagh museum </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Udham_Singh&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-auto-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSwami,_Praveen1997" class="citation news cs1">Swami, Praveen (November 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1422/14220500.htm">"Jallianwala Bagh revisited: A look at the actual history of one of the most shocking events of the independence struggle"</a>. <i>Frontline</i>. 22. Vol. 14. India. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>14. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140523230732/http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1422/14220500.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontline&rft.atitle=Jallianwala+Bagh+revisited%3A+A+look+at+the+actual+history+of+one+of+the+most+shocking+events+of+the+independence+struggle&rft.volume=14&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E14&rft.date=1997-11&rft.au=Swami%2C+Praveen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.frontline.in%2Fstatic%2Fhtml%2Ffl1422%2F14220500.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUdham+Singh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Farina_2010-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Farina_2010_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Farina_2010_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarina_Mir2010" class="citation book cs1">Farina Mir (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0cG7AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT16"><i>The Social Space of Language: Vernacular Culture in British Colonial Punjab</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-94764-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-94764-1"><bdi>978-0-520-94764-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231214171429/https://books.google.com/books?id=0cG7AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT16#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 14 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Social+Space+of+Language%3A+Vernacular+Culture+in+British+Colonial+Punjab&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-520-94764-1&rft.au=Farina+Mir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0cG7AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUdham+Singh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/who-was-sardar-udham-singh-know-interesting-facts-about-the-man-who-avenged-jallianwala-bagh-massacre">"Who was Sardar Udham Singh? Know interesting facts about the man who avenged Jallianwala Bagh massacre"</a>. <i>Free Press Journal</i>. 25 December 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220408164754/https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/who-was-sardar-udham-singh-know-interesting-facts-about-the-man-who-avenged-jallianwala-bagh-massacre">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Free+Press+Journal&rft.atitle=Who+was+Sardar+Udham+Singh%3F+Know+interesting+facts+about+the+man+who+avenged+Jallianwala+Bagh+massacre&rft.date=2021-12-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.freepressjournal.in%2Findia%2Fwho-was-sardar-udham-singh-know-interesting-facts-about-the-man-who-avenged-jallianwala-bagh-massacre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUdham+Singh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Singh_2015-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Singh_2015_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2015" class="citation news cs1">Singh, Anand Raj (12 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160604045449/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/article398789.ece">"Mayawati may create new district to tame old foe"</a>. <i>The New Indian Express</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/article398789.ece">the original</a> on 4 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Mayawati+may+create+new+district+to+tame+old+foe&rft.date=2015-03-12&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Anand+Raj&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newindianexpress.com%2Fnation%2Farticle398789.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUdham+Singh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anand3-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Anand3_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anand3_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anand3_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anand3_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anand3_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anand3_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anand3_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anand3_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnand2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anita_Anand_(journalist)" title="Anita Anand (journalist)">Anand, Anita</a> (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AoCaDwAAQBAJ&dq=Sher&pg=PA31"><i>The Patient Assassin: A True Tale of Massacre, Revenge, and India's Quest for Independence</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scribner%27s_Sons" title="Charles Scribner's Sons">Scribner</a>. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5011-9570-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5011-9570-9"><bdi>978-1-5011-9570-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231203171559/https://books.google.com/books?id=AoCaDwAAQBAJ&dq=Sher&pg=PA31">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2022</span>. <q>When the faint mewling of his son finally reached his ears, Tehal Singh might have allowed himself a moment of relief but nothing more. He could barely feed his existing family, let alone this new mouth. His little one was blissfully unaware that his tiny wriggling body was saddled with an invisible burden from the moment he arrived in the world. Like his parents, he was <b>Khamboj</b>, one of the lowest castes in India</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Patient+Assassin%3A+A+True+Tale+of+Massacre%2C+Revenge%2C+and+India%27s+Quest+for+Independence&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-5011-9570-9&rft.aulast=Anand&rft.aufirst=Anita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAoCaDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DSher%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUdham+Singh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFenech2002" class="citation journal cs1">Fenech, Louis E. (2002). <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Johnson_(historian)" title="Gordon Johnson (historian)">Johnson, Gordon</a> (ed.). "Contested Nationalisms; Negotiated Terrains: The Way Sikhs Remember Udham Singh 'Shahid' (1899–1940)". <i><a href="/wiki/Modern_Asian_Studies" title="Modern Asian Studies">Modern Asian Studies</a></i>. <b>36</b> (4). Cambridge University Press: 830. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0026749X02004031">10.1017/S0026749X02004031</a> (inactive 2 November 2024). <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3876476">3876476</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145405222">145405222</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/196819206">196819206</a>. <q>According to general Sikh accounts, Udham Singh was born in Sunam in the Punjab's Sangrur district as Sher Singh into a Sikh family of the <b>Kambojh caste</b>. In 1907 after the early deaths of his parents he and his brother were admitted into the Central Khalsa Orphanage by an uncle</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Contested+Nationalisms%3B+Negotiated+Terrains%3A+The+Way+Sikhs+Remember+Udham+Singh+%27Shahid%27+%281899%E2%80%931940%29&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=830&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145405222%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3876476%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0026749X02004031&rft.aulast=Fenech&rft.aufirst=Louis+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUdham+Singh" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anand6-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Anand6_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnand2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anita_Anand_(journalist)" title="Anita Anand (journalist)">Anand, Anita</a> (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AoCaDwAAQBAJ&dq=Sher&pg=PA36"><i>The Patient Assassin: A True Tale of Massacre, Revenge, and India's Quest for Independence</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scribner%27s_Sons" title="Charles Scribner's Sons">Scribner</a>. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5011-9570-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5011-9570-9"><bdi>978-1-5011-9570-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231204101932/https://books.google.com/books?id=AoCaDwAAQBAJ&dq=Sher&pg=PA36">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2023</span>. <q>Born again, Sher and Sadhu were given new names, Sadhu became Mukta, which means "one who escaped the cycle of reincarnation." <b>Sher Singh</b> became <b>Udham Singh</b>. Whether the name was inspired by his behaviour, it would certainly prove to be prophetic. Udham translates into English as "the upheaval"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Patient+Assassin%3A+A+True+Tale+of+Massacre%2C+Revenge%2C+and+India%27s+Quest+for+Independence&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-5011-9570-9&rft.aulast=Anand&rft.aufirst=Anita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAoCaDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DSher%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUdham+Singh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anand5-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Anand5_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anand5_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anand5_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anand5_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anand5_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnand2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anita_Anand_(journalist)" title="Anita Anand (journalist)">Anand, Anita</a> (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AoCaDwAAQBAJ&dq=Mukta&pg=PA55">"5. Name, rank and serial failure"</a>. <i>The Patient Assassin</i>. London: Simon and Schuster. pp. <span class="nowrap">55–</span>61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4711-7424-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4711-7424-7"><bdi>978-1-4711-7424-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231204100532/https://books.google.com/books?id=AoCaDwAAQBAJ&dq=Mukta&pg=PA55">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=5.+Name%2C+rank+and+serial+failure&rft.btitle=The+Patient+Assassin&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E55-%3C%2Fspan%3E61&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-4711-7424-7&rft.aulast=Anand&rft.aufirst=Anita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAoCaDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DMukta%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUdham+Singh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanley_Wolpert" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Wolpert" title="Stanley Wolpert">Stanley Wolpert</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/India/Anti-British-activity#ref47051">"The postwar years"</a>, <i>India</i>, Encyclopedia Britannica, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220406031655/https://www.britannica.com/place/India/Anti-British-activity#ref47051">archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2022</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+postwar+years&rft.btitle=India&rft.series=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.au=Stanley+Wolpert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FIndia%2FAnti-British-activity%23ref47051&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUdham+Singh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto1_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSikander_Singh2002" class="citation book cs1">Sikander Singh (2002). <i>Pre-meditated Plan of Jallianwala Massacre and Oath of Revenge, Udham Singh alias Ram Mohammad Singh Azad</i>. p. 139.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pre-meditated+Plan+of+Jallianwala+Massacre+and+Oath+of+Revenge%2C+Udham+Singh+alias+Ram+Mohammad+Singh+Azad&rft.pages=139&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Sikander+Singh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUdham+Singh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tully_2006_p._29-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tully_2006_p._29_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTully2006" class="citation book cs1">Tully, Mark (2006). <i>Amritsar : Mrs Gandhi's last battle</i>. New Delhi: Rupa. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-291-0917-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-291-0917-0"><bdi>978-81-291-0917-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amritsar+%3A+Mrs+Gandhi%27s+last+battle&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Rupa&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-81-291-0917-0&rft.aulast=Tully&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUdham+Singh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAcademy_of_Punjab_in_North_America" class="citation web cs1">Academy of Punjab in North America. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apnaorg.com/articles/udhamsingh/">"Shaheed Udham Singh (1899–1940)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140524003643/http://www.apnaorg.com/articles/udhamsingh/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shaheed+Udham+Singh+%281899%E2%80%931940%29&rft.au=Academy+of+Punjab+in+North+America&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apnaorg.com%2Farticles%2Fudhamsingh%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUdham+Singh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDr._Fauja_Singh1972" class="citation book cs1">Dr. Fauja Singh (1972). <i>Eminent Freedom Fighters of Punjab</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">239–</span>40.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eminent+Freedom+Fighters+of+Punjab&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E239-%3C%2Fspan%3E40&rft.date=1972&rft.au=Dr.+Fauja+Singh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUdham+Singh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh,_Sikander1998" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Sikander (1998). <i>Udham Singh, alias, Ram Mohammed Singh Azad: a saga of the freedom movement and Jallianwala Bagh</i>. B. Chattar Singh Jiwan Singh.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Udham+Singh%2C+alias%2C+Ram+Mohammed+Singh+Azad%3A+a+saga+of+the+freedom+movement+and+Jallianwala+Bagh&rft.pub=B.+Chattar+Singh+Jiwan+Singh&rft.date=1998&rft.au=Singh%2C+Sikander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUdham+Singh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Murders of the Black Museum: 1870–1970</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-854-71160-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-854-71160-1">978-1-854-71160-1</a> p. 364</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearce2021" class="citation news cs1">Pearce, Vanessa (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-coventry-warwickshire-58627849">"Indian activists who helped change the face of modern Britain"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211115181201/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-coventry-warwickshire-58627849">Archived</a> from the original on 15 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Indian+activists+who+helped+change+the+face+of+modern+Britain&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Pearce&rft.aufirst=Vanessa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-coventry-warwickshire-58627849&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUdham+Singh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYashee2022" class="citation news cs1">Yashee (13 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/udham-singhs-english-wife-history-dalit-freedom-fighters-8088011/">"Udham Singh's English wife and other stories"</a>. <i>The Indian Express</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220813094017/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/udham-singhs-english-wife-history-dalit-freedom-fighters-8088011/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Udham+Singh%27s+English+wife+and+other+stories&rft.date=2022-08-13&rft.au=Yashee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Findia%2Fudham-singhs-english-wife-history-dalit-freedom-fighters-8088011%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUdham+Singh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Murders of the Black Museum: 1870–1970</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-854-71160-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-854-71160-1">978-1-854-71160-1</a> p. 365</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2507&dat=19400319&id=P3ZDAAAAIBAJ&sjid=MpIMAAAAIBAJ&pg=5525,7388166">"<i>Glasgow Herald</i> 19 March 1940"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211015222957/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2507&dat=19400319&id=P3ZDAAAAIBAJ&sjid=MpIMAAAAIBAJ&pg=5525,7388166">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Glasgow+Herald+19+March+1940&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D2507%26dat%3D19400319%26id%3DP3ZDAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3DMpIMAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D5525%2C7388166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUdham+Singh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceC-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Black Museum</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-316-90332-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-316-90332-5">978-0-316-90332-5</a> pp. 364–365</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLal2021" class="citation news cs1">Lal, Vinay (5 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openthemagazine.com/essays/the-enigma-of-udham-singh/">"The Enigma of Udham Singh"</a>. <i>Open The Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Open+The+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Enigma+of+Udham+Singh&rft.date=2021-11-05&rft.aulast=Lal&rft.aufirst=Vinay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenthemagazine.com%2Fessays%2Fthe-enigma-of-udham-singh%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUdham+Singh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOdintz2019" class="citation web cs1">Odintz, Molly (26 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://crimereads.com/udham-singh-orphan-assassin-hero-spy/">"Udham Singh: Orphan, Assassin, Hero, Spy"</a>. <i>CrimeReads</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240620085658/https://crimereads.com/udham-singh-orphan-assassin-hero-spy/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CrimeReads&rft.atitle=Udham+Singh%3A+Orphan%2C+Assassin%2C+Hero%2C+Spy&rft.date=2019-06-26&rft.aulast=Odintz&rft.aufirst=Molly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcrimereads.com%2Fudham-singh-orphan-assassin-hero-spy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUdham+Singh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYashi2022" class="citation news cs1">Yashi (15 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/udham-singhs-english-wife-history-dalit-freedom-fighters-8088011/">"Udham Singh's English wife and other stories: What history remembers, misses about Dalit freedom fighters"</a>. <i>The Indian Express</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220813094017/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/udham-singhs-english-wife-history-dalit-freedom-fighters-8088011/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Udham+Singh%27s+English+wife+and+other+stories%3A+What+history+remembers%2C+misses+about+Dalit+freedom+fighters&rft.date=2022-08-15&rft.au=Yashi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Findia%2Fudham-singhs-english-wife-history-dalit-freedom-fighters-8088011%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUdham+Singh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Murders of the Black Museum: 1870–1970</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-854-71160-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-854-71160-1">978-1-854-71160-1</a> pp. 364–365</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SUSWT-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SUSWT_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SUSWT_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SUSWT_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SUSWT_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SUSWT_25-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SUSWT_25-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh_SahotaSingh_JohalSingh_Kirtin.d." class="citation book cs1">Singh Sahota, Teja; Singh Johal, Avtar; Singh Kirti, Karam (n.d.). <i>Udham Singh's Last words "Down with British Imperialism"</i>. Shaheed Udham Singh Welfare Trust.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Udham+Singh%27s+Last+words+%22Down+with+British+Imperialism%22&rft.pub=Shaheed+Udham+Singh+Welfare+Trust&rft.aulast=Singh+Sahota&rft.aufirst=Teja&rft.au=Singh+Johal%2C+Avtar&rft.au=Singh+Kirti%2C+Karam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUdham+Singh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">CRIM 1/1177, Public Record Office, London, p. 64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVinay_Lal2008" class="citation web cs1">Vinay Lal (May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120805181653/http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/British/popular_memory.html">"Manas: History and Politics, British India – Udham Singh in the Popular Memory"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/British/popular_memory.html">the original</a> on 5 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Manas%3A+History+and+Politics%2C+British+India+%E2%80%93+Udham+Singh+in+the+Popular+Memory&rft.date=2008-05&rft.au=Vinay+Lal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sscnet.ucla.edu%2Fsouthasia%2FBritish%2Fpopular_memory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUdham+Singh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh,_Sikander1998" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Sikander (1998). <i>Udham Singh, alias, Ram Mohammed Singh Azad: a saga of the freedom movement and Jallianwala Bagh</i>. B. Chattar Singh Jiwan Singh. p. 300.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Udham+Singh%2C+alias%2C+Ram+Mohammed+Singh+Azad%3A+a+saga+of+the+freedom+movement+and+Jallianwala+Bagh&rft.pages=300&rft.pub=B.+Chattar+Singh+Jiwan+Singh&rft.date=1998&rft.au=Singh%2C+Sikander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUdham+Singh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManmath_Nath_Gupta1970" class="citation book cs1">Manmath Nath Gupta (1970). <i>Bhagat Singh and his Times</i>. Delhi. p. 18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bhagat+Singh+and+his+Times&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pages=18&rft.date=1970&rft.au=Manmath+Nath+Gupta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUdham+Singh" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><i>The Times</i>. London. 16 March 1940.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.date=1940-03-16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUdham+Singh" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPublic_and_Judicial_Department,_File_No_L/P_+_J/7/3822" class="citation book cs1">Public and Judicial Department, File No L/P + J/7/3822. <i>10 Caxton Hall outrage</i>. London: India Office Library and Records. pp. <span class="nowrap">13–</span>14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=10+Caxton+Hall+outrage&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E13-%3C%2Fspan%3E14&rft.pub=India+Office+Library+and+Records&rft.au=Public+and+Judicial+Department%2C+File+No+L%2FP+%2B+J%2F7%2F3822&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUdham+Singh" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www5.open.ac.uk/research-projects/making-britain/content/udham-singh">"Udham Singh | Making Britain"</a>. <i>www5.open.ac.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230926233450/https://www5.open.ac.uk/research-projects/making-britain/content/udham-singh">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www5.open.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Udham+Singh+%7C+Making+Britain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww5.open.ac.uk%2Fresearch-projects%2Fmaking-britain%2Fcontent%2Fudham-singh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUdham+Singh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anand.25-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Anand.25_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anand.25_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnand2019" class="citation book cs1">Anand, Anita (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AoCaDwAAQBAJ&dq=Shaheed+Udham+Singh+Arts+College&pg=PA313">"25. The return"</a>. <i>The Patient Assassin, A True Tale of Massacre, Revenge and the Raj</i>. London: Simon and Schuster. pp. <span class="nowrap">313–</span>314. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4711-7424-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4711-7424-7"><bdi>978-1-4711-7424-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231204100532/https://books.google.com/books?id=AoCaDwAAQBAJ&dq=Shaheed+Udham+Singh+Arts+College&pg=PA313">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=25.+The+return&rft.btitle=The+Patient+Assassin%2C+A+True+Tale+of+Massacre%2C+Revenge+and+the+Raj&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E313-%3C%2Fspan%3E314&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-4711-7424-7&rft.aulast=Anand&rft.aufirst=Anita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAoCaDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DShaheed%2BUdham%2BSingh%2BArts%2BCollege%26pg%3DPA313&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUdham+Singh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fenech2002-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fenech2002_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFenech2002" class="citation journal cs1">Fenech, Louis E. (2002). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3876476">"Contested Nationalisms; Negotiated Terrains: The Way Sikhs Remember Udham Singh 'Shahid' (1899–1940)"</a></span>. <i>Modern Asian Studies</i>. <b>36</b> (4). Cambridge: University of Northern Iowa: <span class="nowrap">827–</span>870. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0026749X02004031">10.1017/S0026749X02004031</a> (inactive 2 November 2024). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0026-749X">0026-749X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3876476">3876476</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145405222">145405222</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211030082738/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3876476">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Government+of+Punjab%2C+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpunjab.gov.in%2Flist-of-holidays&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUdham+Singh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publicholidays.in/">"Public Holidays 2016 and 2017"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150915080834/http://publicholidays.in/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Public+Holidays+2016+and+2017&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublicholidays.in%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUdham+Singh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/amritsar/rajnath-unveils-statue-of-udham-singh-at-jallianwala-bagh/articleshow/63291694.cms">"Rajnath Singh unveils statue of Udham Singh at Jallianwala Bagh"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. 14 March 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210803150046/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/amritsar/rajnath-unveils-statue-of-udham-singh-at-jallianwala-bagh/articleshow/63291694.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Rajnath+Singh+unveils+statue+of+Udham+Singh+at+Jallianwala+Bagh&rft.date=2018-03-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Famritsar%2Frajnath-unveils-statue-of-udham-singh-at-jallianwala-bagh%2Farticleshow%2F63291694.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUdham+Singh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Udham_Singh&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFenech2002" class="citation journal cs1">Fenech, Louis E. (October 2002). "Contested Nationalisms; Negotiated Terrains: The Way Sikhs Remember Udham Singh 'Shahid' (1899–1940)". <i>Modern Asian Studies</i>. <b>36</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">827–</span>870. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0026749x02004031">10.1017/s0026749x02004031</a> (inactive 1 November 2024). <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3876476">3876476</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145405222">145405222</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Contested+Nationalisms%3B+Negotiated+Terrains%3A+The+Way+Sikhs+Remember+Udham+Singh+%27Shahid%27+%281899%E2%80%931940%29&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E827-%3C%2Fspan%3E870&rft.date=2002-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145405222%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3876476%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0026749x02004031&rft.aulast=Fenech&rft.aufirst=Louis+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUdham+Singh" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></li> <li>An article on Udham Singh—Hero Extraordinary in "The Legacy of The Punjab" by R M Chopra, 1997, Punjabee Bradree, Calcutta.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Udham_Singh&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output 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li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Udham Singh</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Udham_Singh" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Udham Singh">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Udham_Singh" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Udham Singh">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/author:no" class="extiw" title="s:author:no">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2473141" class="extiw" title="d:Q2473141">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li>British Executions <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishexecutions.co.uk/execution-content.php?key=603&termRef=Udham%20Singh">case file pertaining to Udham Singh</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indian_Revolutionary_Movement117" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indian_Revolutionary_Movement" title="Template:Indian Revolutionary Movement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indian_Revolutionary_Movement" title="Template talk:Indian Revolutionary Movement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indian_Revolutionary_Movement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indian Revolutionary Movement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indian_Revolutionary_Movement117" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_movement_for_Indian_independence" title="Revolutionary movement for Indian independence">Indian Revolutionary Movement</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinav_Bharat_Society" title="Abhinav Bharat Society">Abhinav Bharat Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anushilan_Samiti" title="Anushilan Samiti">Anushilan Samiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Volunteers" title="Bengal Volunteers">Bengal Volunteers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Committee" title="Berlin Committee">Berlin Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Consolidation" title="Communist Consolidation">Communist Consolidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhaka_Anushilan_Samiti" title="Dhaka Anushilan Samiti">Dhaka Anushilan Samiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghadar_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghadar Party">Ghadar Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Socialist_Republican_Association" title="Hindustan Socialist Republican Association">Hindustan Socialist Republican Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_House" title="India House">India House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugantar" title="Jugantar">Jugantar</a> (Yugantar)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naujawan_Bharat_Sabha" title="Naujawan Bharat Sabha">Naujawan Bharat Sabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Indian_Society" title="Paris Indian Society">Paris Indian Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_and_Peasants_Party_(India)" title="Workers and Peasants Party (India)">Workers and Peasants Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abinash_Chandra_Bhattacharya" title="Abinash Chandra Bhattacharya">Abinash Chandra Bhattacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambika_Chakrabarty" title="Ambika Chakrabarty">Ambika Chakrabarty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajoy_Ghosh" title="Ajoy Ghosh">Ajoy Ghosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alluri_Sitarama_Raju" title="Alluri Sitarama Raju">Alluri Sitarama Raju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anant_Laxman_Kanhere" title="Anant Laxman Kanhere">Anant Laxman Kanhere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananta_Singh" title="Ananta Singh">Ananta Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anantahari_Mitra" title="Anantahari Mitra">Anantahari Mitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashfaqulla_Khan" title="Ashfaqulla Khan">Ashfaqulla Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atul_Krishna_Ghosh" class="mw-redirect" title="Atul Krishna Ghosh">Atul Krishna Ghosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badal_Gupta" title="Badal Gupta">Badal Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagha_Jatin" title="Bagha Jatin">Bagha Jatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baikuntha_Shukla" title="Baikuntha Shukla">Baikuntha Shukla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banwari_Lal_(revolutionary)" title="Banwari Lal (revolutionary)">Banwari Lal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basanta_Kumar_Biswas" title="Basanta Kumar Biswas">Basanta Kumar Biswas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basawon_Singh" title="Basawon Singh">Basawon Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batukeshwar_Dutt" title="Batukeshwar Dutt">Batukeshwar Dutt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benoy_Basu" title="Benoy Basu">Benoy Basu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Singh" title="Bhagat Singh">Bhagat Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagwan_Singh_Gyanee" title="Bhagwan Singh Gyanee">Bhagwan Singh Gyanee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagwati_Charan_Vohra" title="Bhagwati Charan Vohra">Bhagwati Charan Vohra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhai_Balmukund" title="Bhai Balmukund">Bhai Balmukund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhai_Parmanand" title="Bhai Parmanand">Bhai Parmanand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhupendra_Kumar_Datta" title="Bhupendra Kumar Datta">Bhupendra Kumar Datta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhupendranath_Datta" title="Bhupendranath Datta">Bhupendranath Datta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavabhushan_Mitra" title="Bhavabhushan Mitra">Bhavabhushan Mitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bina_Das" title="Bina Das">Bina Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binod_Bihari_Chowdhury" title="Binod Bihari Chowdhury">Binod Bihari Chowdhury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipin_Behari_Ganguli" title="Bipin Behari Ganguli">Bipin Behari Ganguli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chempakaraman_Pillai" title="Chempakaraman Pillai">Chempakaraman Pillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandra_Shekhar_Azad" title="Chandra Shekhar Azad">Chandra Shekhar Azad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittapriya_Ray_Chaudhuri" title="Chittapriya Ray Chaudhuri">Chittapriya Ray Chaudhuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deba_Gupta" title="Deba Gupta">Deba Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinesh_Gupta" title="Dinesh Gupta">Dinesh Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durgawati_Devi" title="Durgawati Devi">Durgawati Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Ganesh Damodar Savarkar">Ganesh Damodar Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Ghosh" title="Ganesh Ghosh">Ganesh Ghosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaya_Prasad_Katiyar" title="Gaya Prasad Katiyar">Gaya Prasad Katiyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulab_Kaur" title="Gulab Kaur">Gulab Kaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guran_Ditt_Kumar" title="Guran Ditt Kumar">Guran Ditt Kumar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Har_Dayal" title="Har Dayal">Har Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hare_Krishna_Konar" title="Hare Krishna Konar">Hare Krishna Konar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haridas_Dutta" title="Haridas Dutta">Haridas Dutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harigopal_Bal" title="Harigopal Bal">Harigopal Bal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hari_Kishan_Talwar" title="Hari Kishan Talwar">Hari Kishan Talwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harnam_Singh_Saini" title="Harnam Singh Saini">Harnam Singh Saini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemchandra_Kanungo" title="Hemchandra Kanungo">Hemchandra Kanungo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemu_Kalani" title="Hemu Kalani">Hemu Kalani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jadugopal_Mukherjee" title="Jadugopal Mukherjee">Jadugopal Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatindra_Nath_Das" title="Jatindra Nath Das">Jatindra Nath Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiban_Ghoshal" title="Jiban Ghoshal">Jiban Ghoshal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnanendra_Das_Gupta" title="Jnanendra Das Gupta">Jnanendra Das Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jogesh_Chandra_Chatterjee" title="Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee">Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanailal_Dutta" title="Kanailal Dutta">Kanailal Dutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpana_Datta" title="Kalpana Datta">Kalpana Datta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalyani_Das" title="Kalyani Das">Kalyani Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnaji_Gopal_Karve" title="Krishnaji Gopal Karve">Krishnaji Gopal Karve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartar_Singh_Sarabha" title="Kartar Singh Sarabha">Kartar Singh Sarabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandit_Kishori_Lal" title="Pandit Kishori Lal">Kishori Lal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudiram_Bose" title="Khudiram Bose">Khudiram Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunwar_Pratap_Singh_Barhath" title="Kunwar Pratap Singh Barhath">Kunwar Pratap Singh Barhath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushal_Konwar" title="Kushal Konwar">Kushal Konwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lokenath_Bal" title="Lokenath Bal">Lokenath Bal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madan_Lal_Dhingra" title="Madan Lal Dhingra">Madan Lal Dhingra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavir_Singh_(revolutionary)" title="Mahavir Singh (revolutionary)">Mahavir Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manmath_Nath_Gupta" title="Manmath Nath Gupta">Manmath Nath Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manoranjan_Bhattacharya_(revolutionary)" title="Manoranjan Bhattacharya (revolutionary)">Manoranjan Bhattacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matangini_Hazra" title="Matangini Hazra">Matangini Hazra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohit_Moitra" title="Mohit Moitra">Mohit Moitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohan_Kishore_Namadas" title="Mohan Kishore Namadas">Mohan Kishore Namadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motilal_Roy" title="Motilal Roy">Motilal Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._P._T._Acharya" title="M. P. T. Acharya">M. P. T. Acharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukundi_Lal" title="Mukundi Lal">Mukundi Lal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munsha_Singh_Dukhi" title="Munsha Singh Dukhi">Munsha Singh Dukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narendra_Mohan_Sen" title="Narendra Mohan Sen">Narendra Mohan Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niralamba_Swami" title="Niralamba Swami">Niralamba Swami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niranjan_Sengupta" title="Niranjan Sengupta">Niranjan Sengupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirmal_Jibon_Ghosh" title="Nirmal Jibon Ghosh">Nirmal Jibon Ghosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandit_Kanshi_Ram" title="Pandit Kanshi Ram">Pandit Kanshi Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchanan_Chakraborty" title="Panchanan Chakraborty">Panchanan Chakraborty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandurang_Mahadev_Bapat" title="Pandurang Mahadev Bapat">Pandurang Mahadev Bapat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandurang_Sadashiv_Khankhoje" title="Pandurang Sadashiv Khankhoje">Pandurang Sadashiv Khankhoje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prafulla_Chaki" title="Prafulla Chaki">Prafulla Chaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramod_Ranjan_Choudhury" title="Pramod Ranjan Choudhury">Pramod Ranjan Choudhury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratul_Chandra_Ganguli" title="Pratul Chandra Ganguli">Pratul Chandra Ganguli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pradyot_Kumar_Bhattacharya" title="Pradyot Kumar Bhattacharya">Pradyot Kumar Bhattacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prem_Krishna_Khanna" title="Prem Krishna Khanna">Prem Krishna Khanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pritilata_Waddedar" title="Pritilata Waddedar">Pritilata Waddedar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulin_Behari_Das" title="Pulin Behari Das">Pulin Behari Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._V._Kurian" title="P. V. Kurian">P. V. Kurian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajat_Sen" title="Rajat Sen">Rajat Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Lahiri" title="Rajendra Lahiri">Rajendra Lahiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Chandra_Bharadwaj" title="Ram Chandra Bharadwaj">Ram Chandra Bharadwaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna_Biswas" title="Ramakrishna Biswas">Ramakrishna Biswas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Prasad_Bismil" title="Ram Prasad Bismil">Ram Prasad Bismil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Rakha" title="Ram Rakha">Ram Rakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rash_Behari_Bose" title="Rash Behari Bose">Rash Behari Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roshan_Singh" title="Roshan Singh">Roshan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sachindra_Bakshi" title="Sachindra Bakshi">Sachindra Bakshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sachindra_Nath_Sanyal" title="Sachindra Nath Sanyal">Sachindra Nath Sanyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santosh_Kumar_Mitra" title="Santosh Kumar Mitra">Santosh Kumar Mitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyendranath_Bosu" title="Satyendranath Bosu">Satyendranath Bosu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satish_Sardar" title="Satish Sardar">Satish Sardar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiv_Verma" title="Shiv Verma">Shiv Verma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shivaram_Rajguru" title="Shivaram Rajguru">Shivaram Rajguru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrish_Chandra_Ghosh" title="Shrish Chandra Ghosh">Shrish Chandra Ghosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shyamji_Krishna_Varma" title="Shyamji Krishna Varma">Shyamji Krishna Varma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sohan_Singh_Bhakna" title="Sohan Singh Bhakna">Sohan Singh Bhakna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sohanlal_Pathak" title="Sohanlal Pathak">Sohanlal Pathak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Sri Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srish_Pal" title="Srish Pal">Srish Pal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subodh_Roy" title="Subodh Roy">Subodh Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhdev_Thapar" title="Sukhdev Thapar">Sukhdev Thapar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suniti_Choudhury" title="Suniti Choudhury">Suniti Choudhury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya_Sen" title="Surya Sen">Surya Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarak_Nath_Das" title="Tarak Nath Das">Tarak Nath Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarakeswar_Dastidar" title="Tarakeswar Dastidar">Tarakeswar Dastidar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarakeswar_Sengupta" title="Tarakeswar Sengupta">Tarakeswar Sengupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thakur_Kesari_Singh_Barhath" title="Thakur Kesari Singh Barhath">Thakur Kesari Singh Barhath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thakur_Zorawar_Singh_Barhath" title="Thakur Zorawar Singh Barhath">Thakur Zorawar Singh Barhath</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Udham Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ullaskar_Dutta" title="Ullaskar Dutta">Ullaskar Dutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._V._S._Aiyar" title="V. V. S. Aiyar">V. V. S. Aiyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanchinathan" title="Vanchinathan">Vanchinathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veer_Bhai_Kotwal" title="Veer Bhai Kotwal">Veer Bhai Kotwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Vinayak Damodar Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virendranath_Chattopadhyaya" title="Virendranath Chattopadhyaya">Virendranath Chattopadhyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Ganesh_Pingle" title="Vishnu Ganesh Pingle">Vishnu Ganesh Pingle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishwanath_Vaishampayan" title="Vishwanath Vaishampayan">Vishwanath Vaishampayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogendra_Shukla" title="Yogendra Shukla">Yogendra Shukla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bande_Mataram_(publication)" title="Bande Mataram (publication)">Bande Mataram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bande_Mataram_(Paris_publication)" title="Bande Mataram (Paris publication)">Bande Mataram (Paris)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Ghadar" title="Hindustan Ghadar">Hindustan Ghadar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugantar_Patrika" title="Jugantar Patrika">Jugantar Patrika</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alipore_Bomb_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Alipore Bomb case">Alipore Bomb case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barisal_Conspiracy_Case" title="Barisal Conspiracy Case">Barisal Conspiracy Case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittagong_Armoury_Raid" class="mw-redirect" title="Chittagong Armoury Raid">Chittagong Armoury Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Day_Plot" title="Christmas Day Plot">Christmas Day Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_conspiracy_case" title="Delhi conspiracy case">Delhi conspiracy case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Conspiracy_Commission" title="Delhi Conspiracy Commission">Delhi Conspiracy Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghadar_Mutiny" title="Ghadar Mutiny">Ghadar Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93German_Conspiracy_Trial" title="Hindu–German Conspiracy Trial">Hindu–German Conspiracy Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howrah-Sibpur_Conspiracy_case" title="Howrah-Sibpur Conspiracy case">Howrah-Sibpur Conspiracy case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakori_conspiracy" title="Kakori conspiracy">Kakori conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Conspiracy_Case_trial" title="Lahore Conspiracy Case trial">Lahore Conspiracy Case trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodda_company_arms_heist" title="Rodda company arms heist">Rodda company arms heist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hindu–German_Conspiracy231" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu-German_Conspiracy" title="Template:Hindu-German Conspiracy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hindu-German_Conspiracy" title="Template talk:Hindu-German Conspiracy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu-German_Conspiracy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu-German Conspiracy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hindu–German_Conspiracy231" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93German_Conspiracy" title="Hindu–German Conspiracy">Hindu–German Conspiracy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a> (<a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_movement_for_Indian_independence" title="Revolutionary movement for Indian independence">militant</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shyamji_Krishna_Varma" title="Shyamji Krishna Varma">Shyamji Krishna Varma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikaiji_Cama" title="Bhikaiji Cama">Bhikaiji Cama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_House" title="India House">India House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anushilan_Samiti" title="Anushilan Samiti">Anushilan Samiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugantar" title="Jugantar">Jugantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alipore_Bomb_Case" class="mw-redirect" title="Alipore Bomb Case">Alipore Bomb Case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_conspiracy_case" title="Delhi conspiracy case">Delhi Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:India_House" title="Category:India House"><i>More</i></a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghadar_di_gunj.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Ghadar_di_gunj.jpg/80px-Ghadar_di_gunj.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Ghadar_di_gunj.jpg/120px-Ghadar_di_gunj.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Ghadar_di_gunj.jpg/160px-Ghadar_di_gunj.jpg 2x" data-file-width="341" data-file-height="539" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ghadar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Har_Dayal" title="Har Dayal">Hardayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sohan_Singh_Bhakna" title="Sohan Singh Bhakna">Sohan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandurang_Sadashiv_Khankhoje" title="Pandurang Sadashiv Khankhoje">Pandurang Khankhoje</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Ghadar" title="Hindustan Ghadar">Hindustan Ghadar</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghadar_di_gunj" title="Ghadar di gunj">Ghadar di gunj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghadar_Movement" title="Ghadar Movement">Ghadar Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarak_Nath_Das" title="Tarak Nath Das">Tarak Nath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guran_Ditt_Kumar" title="Guran Ditt Kumar">Guran Ditt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Gurdit_Singh" title="Baba Gurdit Singh">Baba Gurdit Singh</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Komagata_Maru_incident" title="Komagata Maru incident">Komagata Maru</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagwan_Singh_Gyanee" title="Bhagwan Singh Gyanee">Bhagwan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhai_Parmanand" title="Bhai Parmanand">Bhai Parmanand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Chandra_Bharadwaj" title="Ram Chandra Bharadwaj">Ram Chandra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartar_Singh_Sarabha" title="Kartar Singh Sarabha">Kartar Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Ganesh_Pingle" title="Vishnu Ganesh Pingle">Vishnu Pingle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandit_Kanshi_Ram" title="Pandit Kanshi Ram">Kanshi Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_Smedley" title="Agnes Smedley">Agnes Smedley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ghadar_Party" title="Category:Ghadar Party"><i>More</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Committee" title="Berlin Committee">Berlin Committee</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virendranath_Chattopadhyaya" title="Virendranath Chattopadhyaya">Chatto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chempakaraman_Pillai" title="Chempakaraman Pillai">Champak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._R._Pillai" title="A. R. Pillai">A. R. Pillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._P._T._Acharya" title="M. P. T. Acharya">M. P. T. Acharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hafiz_Mohamed_Barakatullah" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul Hafiz Mohamed Barakatullah">Barkatullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhupendranath_Datta" title="Bhupendranath Datta">Bhupendranath Datta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhinash_Bhattacharya" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhinash Bhattacharya">Abhinash Bhattacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahendra_Pratap" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahendra Pratap">Mahendra Pratap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herambalal_Gupta" title="Herambalal Gupta">Herambalal Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu%E2%80%93German_Conspiracy" title="Category:Hindu–German Conspiracy"><i>More</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagha_Jatin" title="Bagha Jatin">Bagha Jatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rash_Behari_Bose" title="Rash Behari Bose">Rash Behari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sachindra_Nath_Sanyal" title="Sachindra Nath Sanyal">Sachin Sanyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavabhushan_Mitra" title="Bhavabhushan Mitra">Bhavabhushan Mitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._N._Roy" title="M. N. Roy">M. N. Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giani_Pritam_Singh_Dhillon" title="Giani Pritam Singh Dhillon">Pritam Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amarendranath_Chatterjee" title="Amarendranath Chatterjee">Amarendranath Chatterjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atulkrishna_Ghosh" title="Atulkrishna Ghosh">Atulkrishna Ghosh</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deobandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Deobandi">Deobandi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_al-Hasan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahmud al-Hasan">Mahmud al-Hasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubaidullah_Sindhi" title="Ubaidullah Sindhi">Ubaidullah Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Mian_Mansoor_Ansari" title="Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari">Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_Amba_Prasad" title="Sufi Amba Prasad">Sufi Amba Prasad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Revolutionary_movement_for_Indian_independence" title="Category:Revolutionary movement for Indian independence"><i>More</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">German figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theobald_von_Bethmann_Hollweg" title="Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg">Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Zimmermann" title="Arthur Zimmermann">Zimmermann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Bureau_for_the_East" title="Intelligence Bureau for the East">Intelligence Bureau for the East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_von_Oppenheim" title="Max von Oppenheim">Max von Oppenheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Papen" title="Franz von Papen">Papen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_von_Bernstorff" title="Johann Heinrich von Bernstorff">von Bernstorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Rodiek" title="George Rodiek">George Rodiek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Otto_von_Hentig" title="Werner Otto von Hentig">Hentig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oskar_von_Niedermayer" title="Oskar von Niedermayer">Niedermayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu%E2%80%93German_Conspiracy" title="Category:Hindu–German Conspiracy"><i>More</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conspiracy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Larsen_affair" title="Annie Larsen affair">Annie Larsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Maverick" title="SS Maverick">SS <i>Maverick</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghadar_Mutiny" title="Ghadar Mutiny">February plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_Singapore_Mutiny" title="1915 Singapore Mutiny">Singapore mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Conspiracy_Case_trial" title="Lahore Conspiracy Case trial">Lahore Conspiracy Case trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Day_Plot" title="Christmas Day Plot">Christmas Day Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Letter_Movement" title="Silk Letter Movement">Silk Letter Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niedermayer%E2%80%93Hentig_Expedition" title="Niedermayer–Hentig Expedition">Kabul Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_India" title="Provisional Government of India">Provisional Government of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93German_Conspiracy_Trial" title="Hindu–German Conspiracy Trial">Hindu–German Conspiracy Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu%E2%80%93German_Conspiracy" title="Category:Hindu–German Conspiracy"><i>More</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_counter-intelligence_against_the_Indian_revolutionary_movement_during_World_War_I" title="British counter-intelligence against the Indian revolutionary movement during World War I">Counter-intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W._C._Hopkinson" class="mw-redirect" title="W. C. Hopkinson">W. C. Hopkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wallinger" title="John Wallinger">John Wallinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Political_Intelligence_Office" title="Indian Political Intelligence Office">Indian Political Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_Thomson" title="Basil Thomson">Basil Thomson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI5(g)" title="MI5(g)">MI5(g)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Kell" title="Vernon Kell">Vernon Kell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nathan_(intelligence_officer)" title="Robert Nathan (intelligence officer)">Robert Nathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirpal_Singh_(spy)" title="Kirpal Singh (spy)">Kirpal Singh</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oren_(spy)" title="Oren (spy)">Oren</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Kraft" title="Vincent Kraft">Vincent Kraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Wiseman,_10th_Baronet" title="Sir William Wiseman, 10th Baronet">William Wiseman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Tegart" title="Charles Tegart">Charles Tegart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Gaunt" title="Guy Gaunt">Guy Gaunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Somerset_Maugham" title="W. Somerset Maugham">W. Somerset Maugham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seistan_Force" title="Seistan Force">East Persia Cordon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T._E._Lawrence" title="T. E. Lawrence">Lawrence of Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_of_India_Act_1915" title="Defence of India Act 1915">Defence of India Act 1915</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingress_into_India_Ordinance,_1914" title="Ingress into India Ordinance, 1914">Ingress into India Ordinance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Rowlatt" title="Sidney Rowlatt">Sidney Rowlatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowlatt_Committee" title="Rowlatt Committee">Rowlatt Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre" title="Jallianwala Bagh massacre">Jallianwala Bagh massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Asianism" title="Pan-Asianism">Pan-Asianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dyama_Mitsuru" title="Tōyama Mitsuru">Tōyama Mitsuru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indian_independence_movement250" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indian_Independence_Movement" title="Template:Indian Independence Movement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indian_Independence_Movement" title="Template talk:Indian Independence Movement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indian_Independence_Movement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indian Independence Movement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indian_independence_movement250" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_India#Indian_independence_movement_(1885–1947)" title="History of India">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">Colonisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_settlement_in_Chittagong" title="Portuguese settlement in Chittagong">Porto Grande de Bengala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Bengal" title="Dutch Bengal">Dutch Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_India" title="French India">French India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Battle of Plassey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buxar" title="Battle of Buxar">Battle of Buxar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Mysore_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Mysore Wars">Anglo-Mysore Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="First Anglo-Mysore War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Second Anglo-Mysore War">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Third Anglo-Mysore War">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Mysore War">Fourth</a></li></ul></li> <li>Anglo-Maratha Wars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="First Anglo-Maratha War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Second Anglo-Maratha War">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Third Anglo-Maratha War">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwalior_campaign" title="Gwalior campaign">Gwalior</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygar_Wars" title="Polygar Wars">Polygar Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellore_Mutiny" title="Vellore Mutiny">Vellore Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Anglo-Sikh War">First Anglo-Sikh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Anglo-Sikh War">Second Anglo-Sikh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasi_rebellion" title="Sannyasi rebellion">Sannyasi rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Rebellion of 1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radcliffe_Line" title="Radcliffe Line">Radcliffe Line</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:British_India" title="Category:British India">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophies<br />and ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhism" title="Gandhism">Gandhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Hindu nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_nationalism" title="Indian nationalism">Indian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khilafat_Movement" title="Khilafat Movement">Khilafat Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_nationalism_in_South_Asia" title="Muslim nationalism in South Asia">Muslim nationalism in South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyagraha" title="Satyagraha">Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_India" title="Socialism in India">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swadeshi_movement" title="Swadeshi movement">Swadeshi movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaraj" title="Swaraj">Swaraj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events and<br /> movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">Partition of Bengal (1905)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1947)" title="Partition of Bengal (1947)">Partition of Bengal (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_movement_for_Indian_independence" title="Revolutionary movement for Indian independence">Revolutionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_conspiracy_case" title="Delhi conspiracy case">Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Sociologist" title="The Indian Sociologist">The Indian Sociologist</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_Singapore_Mutiny" title="1915 Singapore Mutiny">Singapore Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93German_Conspiracy" title="Hindu–German Conspiracy">Hindu–German Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champaran_Satyagraha" title="Champaran Satyagraha">Champaran Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kheda_Satyagraha_of_1918" title="Kheda Satyagraha of 1918">Kheda Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowlatt_Committee" title="Rowlatt Committee">Rowlatt Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowlatt_Act" title="Rowlatt Act">Rowlatt Bills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre" title="Jallianwala Bagh massacre">Jallianwala Bagh massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noakhali_riots" title="Noakhali riots">Noakhali riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-cooperation_movement_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Non-cooperation movement (1919–1922)">Non-cooperation movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Day_Plot" title="Christmas Day Plot">Christmas Day Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolie-Begar_movement" title="Coolie-Begar movement">Coolie-Begar movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauri_Chaura_incident" title="Chauri Chaura incident">Chauri Chaura incident, 1922</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakori_conspiracy" title="Kakori conspiracy">Kakori conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qissa_Khwani_massacre" title="Qissa Khwani massacre">Qissa Khwani massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_Satyagraha" title="Flag Satyagraha">Flag Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardoli_Satyagraha" title="Bardoli Satyagraha">Bardoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Commission" title="Simon Commission">1928 Protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehru_Report" title="Nehru Report">Nehru Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Points_of_Jinnah" title="Fourteen Points of Jinnah">Fourteen Points of Jinnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purna_Swaraj" title="Purna Swaraj">Purna Swaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_March" title="Salt March">Salt March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharasana_Satyagraha" title="Dharasana Satyagraha">Dharasana Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedaranyam_March" title="Vedaranyam March">Vedaranyam March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittagong_armoury_raid" title="Chittagong armoury raid">Chittagong armoury raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi%E2%80%93Irwin_Pact" title="Gandhi–Irwin Pact">Gandhi–Irwin Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_Table_Conferences_(India)" title="Round Table Conferences (India)">Round table conferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_India_Act_1935" title="Government of India Act 1935">Act of 1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aundh_Experiment" title="Aundh Experiment">Aundh Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Legion" title="Indian Legion">Indian Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cripps_Mission" title="Cripps Mission">Cripps Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quit_India_Movement" title="Quit India Movement">Quit India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Indian_Navy_mutiny" title="Royal Indian Navy mutiny">Bombay Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_strikes_of_1946" title="Royal Air Force strikes of 1946">Royal Air Force strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_of_Yanaon" title="Coup d'état of Yanaon">Coup d'état of Yanaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_India" title="Provisional Government of India">Provisional Government of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(India)" title="Independence Day (India)">Independence Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_States_Peoples%27_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="All India States Peoples' Conference">Praja Mandala movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucknow_Pact" title="Lucknow Pact">Lucknow Pact</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Kisan_Sabha" title="All India Kisan Sabha">All India Kisan Sabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League" title="All-India Muslim League">All-India Muslim League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anushilan_Samiti" title="Anushilan Samiti">Anushilan Samiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arya_Samaj" title="Arya Samaj">Arya Samaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Committee" title="Berlin Committee">Berlin Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghadar_Movement" title="Ghadar Movement">Ghadar Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Socialist_Republican_Association" title="Hindustan Socialist Republican Association">Hindustan Socialist Republican Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Indian_National_Congress" title="History of the Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_House" title="India House">India House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Home_Rule_movement" title="Indian Home Rule movement">Indian Home Rule movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_League" title="Indian Independence League">Indian Independence League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Army" title="Indian National Army">Indian National Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugantar" title="Jugantar">Jugantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaksar_movement" title="Khaksar movement">Khaksar movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudai_Khidmatgar" title="Khudai Khidmatgar">Khudai Khidmatgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaraj_Party" title="Swaraj Party">Swaraj Party</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_independence_movement" title="Category:Indian independence movement">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social<br />reformers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashfaqulla_Khan" title="Ashfaqulla Khan">Ashfaqulla Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Vaidyanatha_Iyer" title="A. Vaidyanatha Iyer">A. Vaidyanatha Iyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayya_Vaikundar" title="Ayya Vaikundar">Ayya Vaikundar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyankali" title="Ayyankali">Ayyankali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Amte" title="Baba Amte">Baba Amte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak" title="Bal Gangadhar Tilak">Bal Gangadhar Tilak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhondo_Keshav_Karve" title="Dhondo Keshav Karve">Dhondo Keshav Karve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Subramania_Iyer" title="G. Subramania Iyer">G. Subramania Iyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazulu_Lakshminarasu_Chetty" title="Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty">Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Ganesh_Agarkar" title="Gopal Ganesh Agarkar">Gopal Ganesh Agarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Hari_Deshmukh" title="Gopal Hari Deshmukh">Gopal Hari Deshmukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopaldas_Ambaidas_Desai" title="Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai">Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishwar_Chandra_Vidyasagar" title="Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar">Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._B._Kripalani" title="J. B. Kripalani">J. B. Kripalani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotirao_Phule" title="Jyotirao Phule">Jyotirao Phule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandukuri_Veeresalingam" title="Kandukuri Veeresalingam">Kandukuri Veeresalingam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadev_Govind_Ranade" title="Mahadev Govind Ranade">Mahadev Govind Ranade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muthulakshmi_Reddy" title="Muthulakshmi Reddy">Muthulakshmi Reddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayana_Guru" title="Narayana Guru">Narayana Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niralamba_Swami" title="Niralamba Swami">Niralamba Swami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandita_Ramabai" title="Pandita Ramabai">Pandita Ramabai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periyar" title="Periyar">Periyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Mohan_Roy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ram Mohan Roy">Ram Mohan Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rettamalai_Srinivasan" title="Rettamalai Srinivasan">Rettamalai Srinivasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahajanand_Saraswati" title="Sahajanand Saraswati">Sahajanand Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savitribai_Phule" title="Savitribai Phule">Savitribai Phule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahu_of_Kolhapur" title="Shahu of Kolhapur">Shahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_Nivedita" title="Sister Nivedita">Sister Nivedita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Sri Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Ahmad_Khan" title="Syed Ahmad Khan">Syed Ahmad Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vakkom_Moulavi" title="Vakkom Moulavi">Vakkom Moulavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Vinayak Damodar Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinoba_Bhave" title="Vinoba Bhave">Vinoba Bhave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitthal_Ramji_Shinde" title="Vitthal Ramji Shinde">Vitthal Ramji Shinde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independence<br /> activists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Kalam_Azad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abul Kalam Azad">Abul Kalam Azad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accamma_Cherian" title="Accamma Cherian">Accamma Cherian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achyut_Patwardhan" title="Achyut Patwardhan">Achyut Patwardhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._K._Fazlul_Huq" title="A. K. Fazlul Huq">A. K. Fazlul Huq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alluri_Sitarama_Raju" title="Alluri Sitarama Raju">Alluri Sitarama Raju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annapurna_Maharana" title="Annapurna Maharana">Annapurna Maharana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Besant" title="Annie Besant">Annie Besant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashfaqulla_Khan" title="Ashfaqulla Khan">Ashfaqulla Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunwar_Singh" title="Kunwar Singh">Babu Kunwar Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagha_Jatin" title="Bagha Jatin">Bagha Jatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_Zafar" title="Bahadur Shah Zafar">Bahadur Shah II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakht_Khan" title="Bakht Khan">Bakht Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak" title="Bal Gangadhar Tilak">Bal Gangadhar Tilak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basawon_Singh" title="Basawon Singh">Basawon Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begum_Hazrat_Mahal" title="Begum Hazrat Mahal">Begum Hazrat Mahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Singh" title="Bhagat Singh">Bhagat Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharathidasan" title="Bharathidasan">Bharathidasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavabhushan_Mitra" title="Bhavabhushan Mitra">Bhavabhushan Mitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikaiji_Cama" title="Bhikaiji Cama">Bhikaiji Cama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhupendra_Kumar_Datta" title="Bhupendra Kumar Datta">Bhupendra Kumar Datta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidhan_Chandra_Roy" title="Bidhan Chandra Roy">Bidhan Chandra Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipin_Chandra_Pal" title="Bipin Chandra Pal">Bipin Chandra Pal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Rajagopalachari" title="C. Rajagopalachari">C. Rajagopalachari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandra_Shekhar_Azad" title="Chandra Shekhar Azad">Chandra Shekhar Azad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chetram_Jatav" title="Chetram Jatav">Chetram Jatav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittaranjan_Das" title="Chittaranjan Das">Chittaranjan Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Dadabhai Naoroji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhan_Singh" title="Dhan Singh">Dhan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukkipati_Nageswara_Rao" title="Dukkipati Nageswara Rao">Dukkipati Nageswara Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Krishna_Gokhale" title="Gopal Krishna Gokhale">Gopal Krishna Gokhale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govind_Ballabh_Pant" title="Govind Ballabh Pant">Govind Ballabh Pant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Har_Dayal" title="Har Dayal">Har Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemu_Kalani" title="Hemu Kalani">Hemu Kalani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inayatullah_Khan_Mashriqi" title="Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi">Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatindra_Mohan_Sengupta" title="Jatindra Mohan Sengupta">Jatindra Mohan Sengupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatindra_Nath_Das" title="Jatindra Nath Das">Jatindra Nath Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Kamaraj" title="K. Kamaraj">K. Kamaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanaiyalal_Maneklal_Munshi" title="Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi">Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan" title="Abdul Ghaffar Khan">Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudiram_Bose" title="Khudiram Bose">Khudiram Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shri_Krishna_Sinha" title="Shri Krishna Sinha">Shri Krishna Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lala_Lajpat_Rai" title="Lala Lajpat Rai">Lala Lajpat Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Bhaktavatsalam" title="M. Bhaktavatsalam">M. Bhaktavatsalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._N._Roy" title="M. N. Roy">M. N. Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghfoor_Ahmad_Ajazi" title="Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi">Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadaji_Shinde" title="Mahadaji Shinde">Mahadaji Shinde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangal_Pandey" title="Mangal Pandey">Mangal Pandey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_Qasim" title="Mir Qasim">Mir Qasim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithuben_Petit" title="Mithuben Petit">Mithuben Petit‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Jauhar" title="Mohammad Ali Jauhar">Mohammad Ali Jauhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Mian_Mansoor_Ansari" title="Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari">Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagnath_Naikwadi" title="Nagnath Naikwadi">Nagnath Naikwadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nana_Fadnavis" title="Nana Fadnavis">Nana Fadnavis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nana_Saheb_Peshwa_II" title="Nana Saheb Peshwa II">Nana Saheb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Kakkan" title="P. Kakkan">P. Kakkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prafulla_Chaki" title="Prafulla Chaki">Prafulla Chaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pritilata_Waddedar" title="Pritilata Waddedar">Pritilata Waddedar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purushottam_Das_Tandon" title="Purushottam Das Tandon">Purushottam Das Tandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafi_Ahmed_Kidwai" title="Rafi Ahmed Kidwai">Rafi Ahmed Kidwai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramaswamy_Venkataraman" title="Ramaswamy Venkataraman">R. Venkataraman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahul_Sankrityayan" title="Rahul Sankrityayan">Rahul Sankrityayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Prasad" title="Rajendra Prasad">Rajendra Prasad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Prasad_Bismil" title="Ram Prasad Bismil">Ram Prasad Bismil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rani_of_Jhansi" title="Rani of Jhansi">Rani Lakshmibai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rash_Behari_Bose" title="Rash Behari Bose">Rash Behari Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahajanand_Saraswati" title="Sahajanand Saraswati">Sahajanand Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangolli_Rayanna" title="Sangolli Rayanna">Sangolli Rayanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarojini_Naidu" title="Sarojini Naidu">Sarojini Naidu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyapal_Dang" title="Satyapal Dang">Satyapal Dang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuja-ud-Daula" title="Shuja-ud-Daula">Shuja-ud-Daula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shyamji_Krishna_Varma" title="Shyamji Krishna Varma">Shyamji Krishna Varma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pir_of_Pagaro_VI" title="Pir of Pagaro VI">Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siraj_ud-Daulah" class="mw-redirect" title="Siraj ud-Daulah">Siraj ud-Daulah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subramania_Bharati" title="Subramania Bharati">Subramania Bharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subramaniya_Siva" title="Subramaniya Siva">Subramaniya Siva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya_Sen" title="Surya Sen">Surya Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syama_Prasad_Mukherjee" title="Syama Prasad Mukherjee">Syama Prasad Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_Rani_Srivastava" title="Tara Rani Srivastava">Tara Rani Srivastava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarak_Nath_Das" title="Tarak Nath Das">Tarak Nath Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatya_Tope" title="Tatya Tope">Tatya Tope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruppur_Kumaran" title="Tiruppur Kumaran">Tiruppur Kumaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubaidullah_Sindhi" title="Ubaidullah Sindhi">Ubaidullah Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._O._Chidambaram_Pillai" title="V. O. Chidambaram Pillai">V. O. Chidamabaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._K._Krishna_Menon" title="V. K. Krishna Menon">V. K. Krishna Menon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel">Vallabhbhai Patel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanchinathan" title="Vanchinathan">Vanchinathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veeran_Sundaralingam" title="Veeran Sundaralingam">Veeran Sundaralingam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Vinayak Damodar Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virendranath_Chattopadhyaya" title="Virendranath Chattopadhyaya">Virendranath Chattopadhyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yashwantrao_Holkar" title="Yashwantrao Holkar">Yashwantrao Holkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogendra_Shukla" title="Yogendra Shukla">Yogendra Shukla</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_independence_activists" title="Category:Indian independence activists">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">British leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Wavell,_1st_Earl_Wavell" title="Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell">Wavell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Canning,_1st_Earl_Canning" title="Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis">Cornwallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax" title="Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax">Irwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Thesiger,_1st_Viscount_Chelmsford" title="Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford">Chelmsford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston" title="George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston">Curzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Robinson,_1st_Marquess_of_Ripon" title="George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon">Ripon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound,_1st_Earl_of_Minto" title="Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 1st Earl of Minto">Minto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Broun-Ramsay,_1st_Marquess_of_Dalhousie" title="James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie">Dalhousie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_William_Bentinck" title="Lord William Bentinck">Bentinck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Mountbatten" title="Lord Mountbatten">Mountbatten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wellesley,_1st_Marquess_Wellesley" title="Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley">Wellesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bulwer-Lytton,_1st_Earl_of_Lytton" title="Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton">Lytton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Clive" title="Robert Clive">Clive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_James_Outram,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir James Outram, 1st Baronet">Outram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Cripps" title="Stafford Cripps">Cripps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Hope,_2nd_Marquess_of_Linlithgow" title="Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow">Linlithgow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Hastings" title="Warren Hastings">Hastings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1946_Cabinet_Mission_to_India" title="1946 Cabinet Mission to India">Cabinet Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India_(1947%E2%80%93present)" title="History of India (1947–present)">Republic of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">Indian annexation of Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_Act_1947" title="Indian Independence Act 1947">Indian Independence Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_integration_of_India" title="Political integration of India">Political integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simla_Conference" title="Simla Conference">Simla Conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="16px_Sikh_politics_16px259" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #e1b039, inset -1px -1px 0 #e1b039;; background:#ffc600;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sikh_politics" title="Template:Sikh politics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sikh_politics" title="Template talk:Sikh politics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sikh_politics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sikh politics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="16px_Sikh_politics_16px259" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Khanda_emblem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Khanda_emblem.svg/16px-Khanda_emblem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Khanda_emblem.svg/24px-Khanda_emblem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Khanda_emblem.svg/32px-Khanda_emblem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="606" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikh</a> <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">politics</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Khanda_emblem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Khanda_emblem.svg/16px-Khanda_emblem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Khanda_emblem.svg/24px-Khanda_emblem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Khanda_emblem.svg/32px-Khanda_emblem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="606" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #e1b039, inset -1px -1px 0 #e1b039;; background:#ffc600;;width:1%;background:#ffd600;">Political Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akali_Dal_(1920)" title="Akali Dal (1920)">Akali Dal (1920)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akali_Dal_(Waris_Punjab_De)" title="Akali Dal (Waris Punjab De)">Akali Dal (Waris Punjab De)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Sikh_Students_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="All India Sikh Students Federation">All India Sikh Students Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryana_State_Akali_Dal" title="Haryana State Akali Dal">Haryana State Akali Dal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiromani_Akali_Dal" title="Shiromani Akali Dal">Shiromani Akali Dal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiromani_Akali_Dal_Delhi" title="Shiromani Akali Dal Delhi">Shiromani Akali Dal Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiromani_Akali_Dal_(Amritsar)" title="Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)">Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #e1b039, inset -1px -1px 0 #e1b039;; background:#ffc600;;width:1%;background:#ffd600;">Management Committees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiromani_Gurdwara_Parbandhak_Committee" title="Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee">Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Sikh_Gurdwara_Prabandhak_Committee" title="Pakistan Sikh Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee">Pakistan Sikh Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sikh_Gurdwara_Management_Committee" title="Delhi Sikh Gurdwara Management Committee">Delhi Sikh Gurdwara Management Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryana_Sikh_Gurdwara_Parbandhak_Committee" title="Haryana Sikh Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee">Haryana Sikh Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #e1b039, inset -1px -1px 0 #e1b039;; background:#ffc600;;width:1%;background:#ffd600;">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="16px_Sikh_Leadership_16px352" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #e1b039, inset -1px -1px 0 #e1b039;; background:#ffc600;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sikh_Leaders" title="Template:Sikh Leaders"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Sikh_Leaders&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Sikh Leaders (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sikh_Leaders" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sikh Leaders"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="16px_Sikh_Leadership_16px352" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Khanda_emblem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Khanda_emblem.svg/16px-Khanda_emblem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Khanda_emblem.svg/24px-Khanda_emblem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Khanda_emblem.svg/32px-Khanda_emblem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="606" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikh</a> <a href="/wiki/Leadership" title="Leadership">Leadership</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Khanda_emblem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Khanda_emblem.svg/16px-Khanda_emblem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Khanda_emblem.svg/24px-Khanda_emblem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Khanda_emblem.svg/32px-Khanda_emblem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="606" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #e1b039, inset -1px -1px 0 #e1b039;; background:#ffc600;;width:1%;background:#ffd600;">Leaders of Political Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jarnail_Singh_Bhindranwale" title="Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale">Sant Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #e1b039, inset -1px -1px 0 #e1b039;; background:#ffc600;;width:1%;background:#ffd600;">Leaders of Political Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amritpal_Singh" title="Amritpal Singh">Bhai Amritpal Singh Khalsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurcharan_Singh_Tohra" title="Gurcharan Singh Tohra">Gurcharan Singh Tohra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harchand_Singh_Longowal" title="Harchand Singh Longowal">Harchand Singh Longowal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagir_Kaur" title="Jagir Kaur">Jagir Kaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagjit_Singh_Chohan" title="Jagjit Singh Chohan">Jagjit Singh Chohan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_Tara_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Master Tara Singh">Master Tara Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardul_Singh_Kavishar" title="Sardul Singh Kavishar">Sardul Singh Kavishar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simranjit_Singh_Mann" title="Simranjit Singh Mann">Simranjit Singh Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhbir_Singh_Badal" title="Sukhbir Singh Badal">Sukhbir Badal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #e1b039, inset -1px -1px 0 #e1b039;; background:#ffc600;;width:1%;background:#ffd600;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_ministers_of_Punjab,_India" title="List of chief ministers of Punjab, India">Chief Ministers of Punjab</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amarinder_Singh" title="Amarinder Singh">Amarinder Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gian_Singh_Rarewala" title="Gian Singh Rarewala">Gian Singh Rarewala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giani_Zail_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Giani Zail Singh">Giani Zail Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurnam_Singh" title="Gurnam Singh">Gurnam Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachhman_Singh_Gill" title="Lachhman Singh Gill">Lachhman Singh Gill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkash_Singh_Badal" title="Parkash Singh Badal">Parkash Singh Badal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partap_Singh_Kairon" title="Partap Singh Kairon">Partap Singh Kairon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surjit_Singh_Barnala" title="Surjit Singh Barnala">Surjit Singh Barnala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #e1b039, inset -1px -1px 0 #e1b039;; background:#ffc600;;width:1%;background:#ffd600;"><a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Members of Parliament</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atinderpal_Singh" title="Atinderpal Singh">Atinderpal Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Sucha_Singh" title="Baba Sucha Singh">Baba Sucha Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldev_Singh" title="Baldev Singh">Baldev Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimal_Kaur_Khalsa" title="Bimal Kaur Khalsa">Bimal Kaur Khalsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhian_Singh_Mand" title="Dhian Singh Mand">Dhian Singh Mand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagdev_Singh_Khudian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jagdev Singh Khudian">Jagdev Singh Khudian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prem_Singh_Chandumajra" title="Prem Singh Chandumajra">Prem Singh Chandumajra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajdev_Singh" title="Rajdev Singh">Rajdev Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajinder_Kaur_Bulara" title="Rajinder Kaur Bulara">Rajinder Kaur Bulara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarabjeet_Singh_Khalsa" title="Sarabjeet Singh Khalsa">Sarabjeet Singh Khalsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhdev_Singh_Dhindsa" title="Sukhdev Singh Dhindsa">Sukhdev Singh Dhindsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaran_Singh" title="Swaran Singh">Swaran Singh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #e1b039, inset -1px -1px 0 #e1b039;; background:#ffc600;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Khanda_emblem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Khanda_emblem.svg/16px-Khanda_emblem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Khanda_emblem.svg/24px-Khanda_emblem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Khanda_emblem.svg/32px-Khanda_emblem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="606" /></a></span> <b>Portal:Sikhism</b> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Khanda_emblem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Khanda_emblem.svg/16px-Khanda_emblem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Khanda_emblem.svg/24px-Khanda_emblem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Khanda_emblem.svg/32px-Khanda_emblem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="606" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #e1b039, inset -1px -1px 0 #e1b039;; background:#ffc600;;width:1%;background:#ffd600;">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Singh_Sabha_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Singh Sabha movement">Singh Sabha movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akali_movement" title="Akali movement">Akali movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Suba" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi Suba">Punjab State Agitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anandpur_Resolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Anandpur Resolution">Anandpur Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharam_Yudh_Morcha" title="Dharam Yudh Morcha">Dharam Yudh Morcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blue_Star" title="Operation Blue Star">Operation Blue Star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_anti-Sikh_riots" title="1984 anti-Sikh riots">1984 anti-Sikh riots</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wall_of_Truth" title="Wall of Truth">Wall of Truth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalistan_movement" title="Khalistan movement">Khalistan movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Woodrose" title="Operation Woodrose">Operation Woodrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Black_Thunder" title="Operation Black Thunder">Operation Black Thunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjab_insurgency" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab insurgency">Punjab insurgency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #e1b039, inset -1px -1px 0 #e1b039;; background:#ffc600;;width:1%;background:#ffd600;">Defunct Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akali_Dal_%E2%80%93_Master_Tara_Singh_Group" title="Akali Dal – Master Tara Singh Group">Akali Dal – Master Tara Singh Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akali_Dal_-_Sant_Fateh_Singh_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Akali Dal - Sant Fateh Singh Group">Akali Dal - Sant Fateh Singh Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghadar_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghadar Party">Ghadar Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarb_Hind_Shiromani_Akali_Dal" title="Sarb Hind Shiromani Akali Dal">Sarb Hind Shiromani Akali Dal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiromani_Akali_Dal_(Democratic)" title="Shiromani Akali Dal (Democratic)">Shiromani Akali Dal (Democratic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiromani_Akali_Dal_(Longowal)" title="Shiromani Akali Dal (Longowal)">Shiromani Akali Dal (Longowal)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiromani_Akali_Dal_(Panthic)" title="Shiromani Akali Dal (Panthic)">Shiromani Akali Dal (Panthic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiromani_Akali_Dal_(Taksali)" title="Shiromani Akali Dal (Taksali)">Shiromani Akali Dal (Taksali)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiromani_Akali_Dal_(Sanyukt)" title="Shiromani Akali Dal (Sanyukt)">Shiromani Akali Dal (Sanyukt)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Akali_Dal" title="United Akali Dal">United Akali Dal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #e1b039, inset -1px -1px 0 #e1b039;; background:#ffc600;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Khanda_emblem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Khanda_emblem.svg/16px-Khanda_emblem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Khanda_emblem.svg/24px-Khanda_emblem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Khanda_emblem.svg/32px-Khanda_emblem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="606" /></a></span> <b>Portal:Sikhism</b> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Khanda_emblem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Khanda_emblem.svg/16px-Khanda_emblem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" 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