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mw-editable page-Bièrra rootpage-Bièrra skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Vejatz lo contengut</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Lloc"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Menut principal/Menut principau" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">Escondre</button> </div> <div id="p-Navigacion" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Navigacion" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigacion </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-Acuèlh" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Acu%C3%A8lh"><span>Acuèlh</span></a></li><li id="n-La-tavèrna" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A8dia:La_tav%C3%A8rna"><span>La tavèrna</span></a></li><li id="n-thema" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Acu%C3%A8lh"><span>Portals tematics</span></a></li><li id="n-alphindex" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Totas_las_paginas"><span>Indèx alfabetic</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Pagina_a_l%27azard" title="Afichar una pagina a l'azard [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Una pagina a l'azard</span></a></li><li id="n-contact" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Contact-url"><span>contact</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Contribuir" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Contribuir" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribuir </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ajuda:Somari" title="L'endrech per s'assabentar."><span>Ajuda</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A8dia:Acu%C3%A8lh" title="A prepaus del projècte, çò que podètz far, ont trobar d'informacions"><span>Comunautat</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Darri%C3%A8rs_cambiaments" title="Lista dels darrièrs cambiaments sul wiki [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Darrièrs cambiaments</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutwp" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A8dia:Acu%C3%A8lh_dels_nov%C3%A8ls_venguts"><span>Acuèlh dels novèls venguts</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> 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</div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Aisinas personalas"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aparença"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Modifier l'apparence de la taille, de la largeur et de la couleur de la police de la page" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Aparença" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Aparença</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=oc.wikipedia.org&uselang=oc" class=""><span>Far un don</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Crear_un_compte&returnto=Bi%C3%A8rra" title="Vos es conselhat de crear un compte e de vos connectar ; pasmens, es pas obligatòri" class=""><span>Crear un compte</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Nom_d%27utilizaire&returnto=Bi%C3%A8rra" title="Sètz convidat(ada) a vos identificar, mas es pas obligatòri. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Se connectar</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Més opcions" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Aisinas personalas" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Aisinas personalas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menú d'usuari" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=oc.wikipedia.org&uselang=oc"><span>Far un don</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Crear_un_compte&returnto=Bi%C3%A8rra" title="Vos es conselhat de crear un compte e de vos connectar ; pasmens, es pas obligatòri"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Crear un compte</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Nom_d%27utilizaire&returnto=Bi%C3%A8rra" title="Sètz convidat(ada) a vos identificar, mas es pas obligatòri. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Se connectar</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pàgines per a editors no registrats <a href="/wiki/Ajuda:Introducci%C3%B3" aria-label="Vegeu més informació sobre l'edició"><span>més informació</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Mas_contribucions" title="Una llista de les modificacions fetes des d'aquesta adreça IP [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contribucions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Mas_discussions" title="La pagina de discussion per aquesta adreça IP [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Discussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Lloc"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Somari" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Somari</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mòu a la barra laterala</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">Escondre</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Començament</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Istòria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Istòria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Istòria</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Istòria-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Istòria</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Istòria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Antiquitat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiquitat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Antiquitat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiquitat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Euròpa_medievala" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Euròpa_medievala"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Euròpa medievala</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Euròpa_medievala-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-De_la_Renaissença_a_la_Revolucion_Industriala" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#De_la_Renaissença_a_la_Revolucion_Industriala"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>De la Renaissença a la Revolucion Industriala</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-De_la_Renaissença_a_la_Revolucion_Industriala-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-La_bièrra_contemporanèa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_bièrra_contemporanèa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>La bièrra contemporanèa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_bièrra_contemporanèa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fabricacion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fabricacion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Fabricacion</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fabricacion-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Fabricacion</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Fabricacion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ingredients" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ingredients"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Ingredients</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ingredients-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Procès" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Procès"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Procès</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Procès-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lo_maltatge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lo_maltatge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Lo maltatge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lo_maltatge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-La_sacarificacion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_sacarificacion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>La sacarificacion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_sacarificacion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-L'oblonatge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#L'oblonatge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>L'oblonatge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-L'oblonatge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-La_fermentacion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_fermentacion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4</span> <span>La fermentacion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_fermentacion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-La_garda_e_lo_condicionament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_garda_e_lo_condicionament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.5</span> <span>La garda e lo condicionament</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_garda_e_lo_condicionament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caracteristicas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caracteristicas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Caracteristicas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caracteristicas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Color" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Color"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Color</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Color-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gras" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gras"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Gras</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gras-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caracteristicas_nutritivas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caracteristicas_nutritivas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>Caracteristicas nutritivas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caracteristicas_nutritivas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Produccion_e_consumacion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Produccion_e_consumacion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Produccion e consumacion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Produccion_e_consumacion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Efiechs_sus_la_santat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Efiechs_sus_la_santat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Efiechs sus la santat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Efiechs_sus_la_santat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Annèxas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Annèxas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Annèxas</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Annèxas-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Annèxas</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Annèxas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Liames_intèrnes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liames_intèrnes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Liames intèrnes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liames_intèrnes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nòtas_e_referéncias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nòtas_e_referéncias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Nòtas e referéncias</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nòtas_e_referéncias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Somari" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Commuta la taula de continguts." > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Commuta la taula de continguts.</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bièrra</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vés a un article en una altra llengua. Disponible en 185 llengües" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-185" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">185 lengas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bier" title="Bier - afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bier" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bier" title="Bier - aleman de Soïssa" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Bier" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="aleman de Soïssa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A2%E1%88%AB" title="ቢራ - amaric" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቢራ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biera" title="Biera - aragonés" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Biera" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%93or" title="Bēor - anglès antic" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Bēor" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="anglès antic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="यवसुरा - angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="यवसुरा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B9%D8%A9" title="جعة - arabi" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جعة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%87" title="بيره - àrab egipci" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بيره" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="àrab egipci" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A7%B0" title="বিয়েৰ - assamès" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="বিয়েৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerveza" title="Cerveza - asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cerveza" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ickoteapo" title="Ickoteapo - atacama" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Ickoteapo" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="atacama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piv%C9%99" title="Pivə - azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Pivə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%87" title="پیوه - South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پیوه" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Һыра - baixkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Һыра" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baixkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bia" title="Bia - bavarès" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Bia" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="bavarès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alos" title="Alos - samogitien" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Alos" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="samogitien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbesa" title="Serbesa - Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Serbesa" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Піва - belarús" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Піва" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarús" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Піва - Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Піва" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Бира - bulgar" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бира" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0" title="बियर - Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="बियर" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="বিয়ার - bengalin" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বিয়ার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%82" title="སྦི་རག - tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སྦི་རག" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bier" title="Bier - breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bier" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pivo" title="Pivo - bosniac" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Pivo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%8D" title="Пивэ - Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Пивэ" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articles de qualitat"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervesa" title="Cervesa - catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cervesa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%AC-ci%C5%AB" title="Bì-ciū - Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Bì-ciū" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Йий - chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Йий" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbesa" title="Serbesa - cebuan" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Serbesa" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9esevo%27tamahpe" title="Héesevo'tamahpe - xeiene" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Héesevo'tamahpe" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="xeiene" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%95" title="بیرە - kurd central" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بیرە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurd central" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pivo" title="Pivo - chèc" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pivo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="chèc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piw%C3%B2" title="Piwò - caixubi" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Piwò" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="caixubi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%C4%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Сăра - chovash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Сăра" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="chovash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cwrw" title="Cwrw - gal·lès" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cwrw" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gal·lès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98l" title="Øl - danés" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Øl" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bier" title="Bier - alemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bier" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bira" title="Bira - Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Bira" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piwo" title="Piwo - baix sòrab" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Piwo" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="baix sòrab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0" title="बियर - Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="बियर" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%AF%CF%81%CE%B1" title="Μπίρα - grèc" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μπίρα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grèc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="bons articles"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer" title="Beer - anglés" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Beer" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biero" title="Biero - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Biero" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerveza" title="Cerveza - espanhòl" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cerveza" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanhòl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%95lu" title="Õlu - estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Õlu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articles de qualitat"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garagardo" title="Garagardo - basc" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Garagardo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerveza" title="Cerveza - extremeny" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Cerveza" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="extremeny" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A8%D8%AC%D9%88" title="آبجو - perse" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آبجو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olut" title="Olut - finlandés" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Olut" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oluq" title="Oluq - võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Oluq" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bia" title="Bia - fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Bia" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98l" title="Øl - feroés" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Øl" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="feroés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%C3%A8re" title="Bière - francés" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bière" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biir" title="Biir - frisó septentrional" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Biir" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frisó septentrional" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bire" title="Bire - friolan" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Bire" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="friolan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bier" title="Bier - frisó occidental" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Bier" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frisó occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beoir" title="Beoir - irlandés" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Beoir" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%95%A4%E9%85%92" title="啤酒 - xinès gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="啤酒" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="xinès gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laby%C3%A8" title="Labyè - créole guyanais" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Labyè" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="créole guyanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leann" title="Leann - gaelic escossés" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Leann" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaelic escossés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervexa" title="Cervexa - galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cervexa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaguyj%C3%BAi" title="Kaguyjúi - guaraní" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Kaguyjúi" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guaraní" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%BF" title="𐌰𐌻𐌿 - gòtic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌰𐌻𐌿" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="gòtic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AC%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%B0" title="બીયર - gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="બીયર" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lhune" title="Lhune - manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Lhune" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giya" title="Giya - haussa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Giya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="haussa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%AE-lu" title="Phî-lu - xinès hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Phî-lu" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="xinès hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%94" title="בירה - ebrèu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בירה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebrèu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0" title="बियर - Indi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बियर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Indi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer" title="Beer - hindi de Fiji" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Beer" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="hindi de Fiji" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pivo" title="Pivo - croat" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pivo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piwo" title="Piwo - naut sorab" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Piwo" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="naut sorab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/By%C3%A8" title="Byè - crioll d’Haití" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Byè" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="crioll d’Haití" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B6r" title="Sör - ongrés" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sör" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ongrés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%BB%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80" title="Գարեջուր - armèni" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գարեջուր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armèni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%BB%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80" title="Գարեջուր - arménien occidental" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Գարեջուր" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="arménien occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bira" title="Bira - interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Bira" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bir" title="Bir - indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bir" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bir" title="Bir - interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Bir" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biro" title="Biro - ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Biro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B3r" title="Bjór - islandés" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Bjór" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birra" title="Birra - italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Birra" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%93%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" title="ビール - japonés" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ビール" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/birje" title="birje - lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="birje" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bir" title="Bir - javanés" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Bir" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ლუდი - georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლუდი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C9%A9y%C9%9B%C9%9Br%C9%A9" title="Pɩyɛɛrɩ - Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Pɩyɛɛrɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Сыра - cazac" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сыра" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="cazac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D" title="ಬಿಯರ್ - kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬಿಯರ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%A5%EC%A3%BC" title="맥주 - corean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="맥주" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="corean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Сыра - karatxai-balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Сыра" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="karatxai-balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bier_(f%C3%B6r_ze_drinke)" title="Bier (för ze drinke) - kölsch" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Bier (för ze drinke)" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="kölsch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%AEra" title="Bîra - curd" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Bîra" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="curd" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80" title="Сур - komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Сур" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korev" title="Korev - cornic" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Korev" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="cornic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Сыра - kirguís" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Сыра" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirguís" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervesia" title="Cervesia - latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cervesia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bira" title="Bira - ladin" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Bira" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9ier_(Gedr%C3%A9nks)" title="Béier (Gedrénks) - luxemborgés" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Béier (Gedrénks)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemborgés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bir" title="Bir - lingua franca nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Bir" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="lingua franca nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articles de qualitat"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer" title="Beer - limburguès" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Beer" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburguès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%AFra" title="Bïra - lígur" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Bïra" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="lígur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bira" title="Bira - llombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Bira" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="llombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%8D" title="ເບຍ - laosian" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ເບຍ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laosian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alus" title="Alus - lituan" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Alus" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alus" title="Alus - leton" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Alus" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="leton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0" title="बियर - maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="बियर" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bir" title="Bir - Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Bir" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labiera" title="Labiera - malgash" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Labiera" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Сыра - Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Сыра" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Пиво - macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Пиво" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BC" title="ബിയർ - malaiàlam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബിയർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malaiàlam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Шар айраг - mongòl" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Шар айраг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongòl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0" title="बियर - marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बियर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Сыра - mari occidental" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Сыра" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="mari occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bir" title="Bir - malai" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bir" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%98%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC" title="ဘီယာ - birman" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဘီယာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer_(Drunk)" title="Beer (Drunk) - baix alemany" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Beer (Drunk)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="baix alemany" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bier" title="Bier - baix saxó" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Bier" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="baix saxó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0" title="बियर - nepalés" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="बियर" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bier" title="Bier - neerlandés" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bier" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98l" title="Øl - norvegian nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Øl" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegian nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98l" title="Øl - norvegian bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Øl" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegian bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%C3%A9the" title="Biéthe - Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Biéthe" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%85%E0%AC%B0" title="ବିଅର - oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ବିଅର" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="oriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%C3%A6%D0%B3%C3%A6%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Бæгæны - osseta" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Бæгæны" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="osseta" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B0" title="ਬੀਅਰ - punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬੀਅਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%C3%A9re" title="Biére - picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Biére" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bier_(Getr%C3%A4nk)" title="Bier (Getränk) - alemany palatí" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Bier (Getränk)" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="alemany palatí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articles de qualitat"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piwo" title="Piwo - polonés" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Piwo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A6%D8%B1" title="بیئر - Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بیئر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="بير - pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="بير" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerveja" title="Cerveja - portugués" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cerveja" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugués" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirwisa" title="Sirwisa - quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Sirwisa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bere" title="Bere - romanés" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bere" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bir%C3%A2" title="Birâ - aromanès" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Birâ" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="aromanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Пиво - rus" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пиво" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Пиво - ruthène" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Пиво" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="ruthène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inzoga" title="Inzoga - ruandès" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Inzoga" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="ruandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%8D" title="Пиибэ - iacut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Пиибэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="iacut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birra" title="Birra - sard" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Birra" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birra" title="Birra - sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Birra" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer" title="Beer - escossés" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Beer" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="escossés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuola" title="Vuola - sami septentrional" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Vuola" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="sami septentrional" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pivo" title="Pivo - serbocroat" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pivo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbocroat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A" title="බියර් - singalès" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="බියර්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singalès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer" title="Beer - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Beer" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pivo" title="Pivo - eslovac" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pivo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articles de qualitat"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pivo" title="Pivo - eslovèn" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pivo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="eslovèn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doro" title="Doro - shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Doro" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birra" title="Birra - albanés" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Birra" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Пиво - serbi" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пиво" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bjoor" title="Bjoor - saterlandais" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Bjoor" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="saterlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bir" title="Bir - sondanès" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Bir" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sondanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96l" title="Öl - suedés" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Öl" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suedés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bia" title="Bia - swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Bia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bjyr" title="Bjyr - silesià" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Bjyr" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="silesià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="பியர் - tamol" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பியர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%81" title="బీరు - telogó" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బీరు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telogó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B8_%D2%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2" title="Оби ҷав - tajic" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Оби ҷав" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tajic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="เบียร์ - tai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เบียร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbesa" title="Serbesa - tagal" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Serbesa" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bira" title="Bira - turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bira" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byala" title="Byala - tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Byala" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Сыра - tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Сыра" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%89%DB%8B%D8%A7" title="پىۋا - oigor" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="پىۋا" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="oigor" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Пиво - ucrainés" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пиво" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucrainés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A6%D8%B1" title="بیئر - ordó" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بیئر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ordó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pivo" title="Pivo - ozbèc" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Pivo" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ozbèc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bira" title="Bira - vènet" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Bira" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="vènet" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olud" title="Olud - vepse" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Olud" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="vepse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bia_(th%E1%BB%A9c_u%E1%BB%91ng)" title="Bia (thức uống) - vietnamian" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bia (thức uống)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bier" title="Bier - flamenc occidental" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Bier" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="flamenc occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bir" title="Bir - volapuc" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Bir" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapuc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bire" title="Bire - való" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Bire" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="való" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbisa" title="Serbisa - waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Serbisa" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%95%A4%E9%85%92" title="啤酒 - xinès wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="啤酒" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="xinès wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A8" title="ביר - yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ביר" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laeujbizciuj" title="Laeujbizciuj - zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Laeujbizciuj" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%95%A4%E9%85%92" title="啤酒 - chinés" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="啤酒" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%95%A4%E9%85%92" title="啤酒 - xinès clàssic" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="啤酒" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="xinès clàssic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%AC-luh" title="Bì-luh - xinès min del sud" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bì-luh" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="xinès min del sud" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%95%A4%E9%85%92" title="啤酒 - cantonés" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="啤酒" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubhiya" title="Ubhiya - zólo" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Ubhiya" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zólo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q44#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modificar los ligams interlenga" class="wbc-editpage">Modificar los ligams</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espacis de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bi%C3%A8rra" title="Veire l’article [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discutir:Bi%C3%A8rra&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Discussion a prepaus d'aquesta pagina (la pagina existís pas) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Canvia la variant de llengua" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">occitan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Afichatges"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bi%C3%A8rra"><span>Legir</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bi%C3%A8rra&veaction=edit" title="Modificar aquela pagina [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modificar</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bi%C3%A8rra&action=edit" title="Modificar lo còdi font d'aquela pagina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bi%C3%A8rra&action=history" title="Los autors e versions precedentas d'aquesta pagina. 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_Provence.svg/30px-Flag_of_Provence.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_Provence.svg/45px-Flag_of_Provence.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_Provence.svg/60px-Flag_of_Provence.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1125" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Un article de Wikipèdia, l'enciclopèdia liura.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="oc" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Two_pints_of_beer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Two_pints_of_beer.jpg/220px-Two_pints_of_beer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Two_pints_of_beer.jpg/330px-Two_pints_of_beer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Two_pints_of_beer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="514" /></a><figcaption>Doas pintas de bièrras.</figcaption></figure> <p>La <b>bièrra</b> (var. <b>bierra</b>, <b>cervesa</b>) es una bevenda <a href="/wiki/Etan%C3%B2l" title="Etanòl">alcoolizada</a> obtenguda per <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fermentacion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fermentacion (la pagina existís pas)">fermentacion</a> de matèrias premieras <a href="/wiki/Glucid" title="Glucid">glucidicas</a> e d'<a href="/wiki/Aiga" title="Aiga">aiga</a>. Seis ingredients pus frequents son, en fòra de l'<a href="/wiki/Aiga" title="Aiga">aiga</a>, lo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Malt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malt (la pagina existís pas)">malt</a> (generalament de grans germinats d'<a href="/wiki/%C3%92rdi" title="Òrdi">òrdi</a>) e l'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oblon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oblon (la pagina existís pas)">oblon</a>. Coneguda dempuei l'<a href="/wiki/Antiquitat" title="Antiquitat">Antiquitat</a> Auta, es la bevendua alcoolizada pus anciana e la bevenda pus consumada dins lo mond après l'<a href="/wiki/Aiga" title="Aiga">aiga</a> e lo <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A8" title="Tè">tè</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Istòria"><span id="Ist.C3.B2ria"></span>Istòria</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bi%C3%A8rra&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modificar la seccion : Istòria" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bi%C3%A8rra&action=edit&section=1" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Istòria"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquitat">Antiquitat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bi%C3%A8rra&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modificar la seccion : Antiquitat" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bi%C3%A8rra&action=edit&section=2" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Antiquitat"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Alulu_Beer_Receipt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Alulu_Beer_Receipt.jpg/220px-Alulu_Beer_Receipt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Alulu_Beer_Receipt.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="389" /></a><figcaption>Recèpta de bièrra escricha sus una tauleta d'<a href="/wiki/Argiela" class="mw-redirect" title="Argiela">argiela</a> <a href="/wiki/Sum%C3%A8r" title="Sumèr">sumeriana</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>La bièrra sembla èsser apareguda ambé lei culturas de <a href="/wiki/Cereala" title="Cereala">cerealas</a> en <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> Anciana. Pasmens, en causa de la manca de donadas, la data precisa es desconeguda. D'un biais generau, es situada vèrs 6 000 avC car lei <a href="/wiki/Tecnologia" title="Tecnologia">tecnologias</a> dau periòde (mestritge de la produccion d'<a href="/wiki/%C3%92rdi" title="Òrdi">òrdi</a> e de <a href="/wiki/Blat" title="Blat">blat</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, <a href="/wiki/Terralha" title="Terralha">terralhas</a> capablas de protegir una bevenda <a href="/wiki/Etan%C3%B2l" title="Etanòl">alcoolizada</a>...) permetián alora son existéncia<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. La premiera traça clarament atestada data dau milleni IV avC e foguèt descubèrta en <a href="/wiki/Sum%C3%A8r" title="Sumèr">Sumèr</a>. Dicha « sikaru », fasiá partida dau manjar de la vida vidante e sa fabricacion èra protegida per la <a href="/wiki/Divinitat" class="mw-redirect" title="Divinitat">divessa</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ninkasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ninkasi (la pagina existís pas)">Ninkasi</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Èra producha a partir de fogassas d'<a href="/wiki/%C3%92rdi" title="Òrdi">òrdi</a> ò d'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Esp%C3%A8uta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Espèuta (la pagina existís pas)">espèuta</a> trempadas dins l'<a href="/wiki/Aiga" title="Aiga">aiga</a> per entraïnar la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fermentacion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fermentacion (la pagina existís pas)">fermentacion</a>. D'autreis ingredients i èran de còps aponduts (<a href="/wiki/M%C3%A8u" class="mw-redirect" title="Mèu">mèu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Esp%C3%A8cia_(cosina)" title="Espècia (cosina)">espècias</a>...) per ne melhorar lo <a href="/wiki/Gost" title="Gost">gost</a>. </p><p>A partir de <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, la bièrra se difusèt vèrs lei regions vesinas<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Pasmens, es tanben possible que dins certaneis endrechs, de descubèrtas independentas aguèron luòc. Que mecanisme de difusion que siegue, la bevenda se difusèt ben vèrs l'<a href="/wiki/O%C3%A8st" title="Oèst">oèst</a>. Per exemple, sa preséncia es atestada en <a href="/wiki/Proven%C3%A7a" title="Provença">Provença</a> vèrs <a href="/wiki/-500" class="mw-redirect" title="-500">500 avC</a>. Vèrs l'<a href="/wiki/%C3%88st" title="Èst">èst</a>, passèt en <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Pèrsia</a>. En revènge, es pas segur qu'agantèt <a href="/wiki/China" class="mw-disambig" title="China">China</a>. D'efèct, dins aqueu país, leis abitants desvolopèron la fabricacion d'una bevenda locala dicha <a href="/w/index.php?title=Huangjiu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huangjiu (la pagina existís pas)">huangjiu</a> que sembla a una bièrra per l'aspèct nutritiu e a un <a href="/wiki/Vin" title="Vin">vin</a> per lo gost. </p><p>Durant lei periòdes <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A8cia_antica" title="Grècia antica">ellenistic</a> e <a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Roman" class="mw-redirect" title="Empèri Roman">roman</a>, se privilegièt lo vin. Pasmens, pròva de sa difusion fòrça larga en <a href="/wiki/Eur%C3%B2pa" title="Euròpa">Euròpa</a>, la bièrra èra d'aqueu temps considerada coma la bevenda dei Barbars dau nòrd dau <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continent</a>. De mai, lo mespretz de l'elèit grècoroman empediguèt pas lo desvolopament de la produccion. Au contrari, la conquista romana dau bacin <a href="/wiki/Mediterran%C3%A8a" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranèa">mediterranèu</a> ne favorizèt la difusion en delà dei <a href="/wiki/Latitud" title="Latitud">latituds</a> propícias a la <a href="/wiki/Vinha" title="Vinha">vinha</a>. </p><p>Se l'<a href="/wiki/%C3%92rdi" title="Òrdi">òrdi</a> èra totjorn fòrça utilizat per la fabricacion, lei Romans introduguèron tanben l'usatge de l'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oblon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oblon (la pagina existís pas)">oblon</a>. Aquò entraïnèt l'aparicion de la <i>cervesia</i>, que donèt lo <a href="/wiki/Mot" title="Mot">mot</a> « cervesa » en <a href="/wiki/Occitan" title="Occitan">occitan</a>, que venguèt popular entre lei populacions <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A8ltas" title="Cèltas">cèltas</a>. Durant aqueu periòde, la produccion de bièrra en <a href="/wiki/Eur%C3%B2pa_Occidentala" title="Euròpa Occidentala">Euròpa Occidentala</a> comencèt de venir una activitat economica importanta. Produccion domestica assegurada per lei <a href="/wiki/Femna" title="Femna">fremas</a>, venguèt ansin pauc a pauc una industria artesanala dominada per de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bra%C3%A7ari%C3%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Braçariá (la pagina existís pas)">braçariás</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Euròpa_medievala"><span id="Eur.C3.B2pa_medievala"></span>Euròpa medievala</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bi%C3%A8rra&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modificar la seccion : Euròpa medievala" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bi%C3%A8rra&action=edit&section=3" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Euròpa medievala"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Après la disparicion de l'<a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Roman" class="mw-redirect" title="Empèri Roman">Empèri Roman</a>, lo braçatge comencèt de venir una activitat estructurada per leis autoritats. En particular, <a href="/wiki/Carlesmanhe" title="Carlesmanhe">Carlesmanhe</a> (<a href="/wiki/768" class="mw-redirect" title="768">768</a>-<a href="/wiki/814" class="mw-redirect" title="814">814</a>) donèt de privilègis a de monges braçaires. Gràcias a la poissança dei rets monastics dau periòde, aquò permetèt d'estructurar de braçariás importantas e de menar divèrseis experimentacions sus lei tecnicas de produccion, sus l'aromatizacion e sus leis utilizacions. </p><p>La descubèrta dei vertuts asepticas e conservatritz de l'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oblon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oblon (la pagina existís pas)">oblon</a> per la sabenta alemanda <a href="/wiki/Hildegard_de_Bingen" title="Hildegard de Bingen">Hildegard de Bingen</a> (<a href="/wiki/1098" class="mw-redirect" title="1098">1098</a>-<a href="/wiki/1179" class="mw-redirect" title="1179">1179</a>) ne favorizèt mai l'utilizacion per lei monges que desvolopèron sa cultura. Aquò permetèt de concebre la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fermentacion_bassa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fermentacion bassa (la pagina existís pas)">fermentacion bassa</a> (entre 9° e 22°C ). <a href="/wiki/Alemanha" title="Alemanha">Alemanha</a> venguèt alora lo centre de la bièrra e de <a href="/wiki/Guilda" title="Guilda">guildas</a> de productors poderosas s'i formèron. Pasmens, lei mejans tecnics de l'<a href="/wiki/Edat_Mejana" title="Edat Mejana">Edat Mejana</a> permetián pas lo transpòrt de la benveda sus de distàncias lòngas. Aqueu limit dispareguèt dins lo corrent de la segonda mitat dau sègle XIII ambé l'exportacion dau saupre-faire dei monges en fòra dau territòri germanic. Ansin, per exemple, <a href="/wiki/Lo%C3%ADs_IX_de_Fran%C3%A7a" title="Loís IX de França">Loís IX de França</a> (<a href="/wiki/1226" class="mw-redirect" title="1226">1226</a>-<a href="/wiki/1270" class="mw-redirect" title="1270">1270</a>) definiguèt en <a href="/wiki/1268" class="mw-redirect" title="1268">1268</a> leis estatuts d'una Corporacion dei braçaires de París. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="De_la_Renaissença_a_la_Revolucion_Industriala"><span id="De_la_Renaissen.C3.A7a_a_la_Revolucion_Industriala"></span>De la Renaissença a la Revolucion Industriala</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bi%C3%A8rra&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modificar la seccion : De la Renaissença a la Revolucion Industriala" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bi%C3%A8rra&action=edit&section=4" title="Edita el codi de la secció: De la Renaissença a la Revolucion Industriala"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Bierbrauer-1568.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Bierbrauer-1568.png/220px-Bierbrauer-1568.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Bierbrauer-1568.png/330px-Bierbrauer-1568.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Bierbrauer-1568.png/440px-Bierbrauer-1568.png 2x" data-file-width="459" data-file-height="607" /></a><figcaption>Gravadura de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jost_Amman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jost Amman (la pagina existís pas)">Jost Amman</a> representant un braçaire (<a href="/wiki/1568" class="mw-redirect" title="1568">1568</a>).</figcaption></figure> <p>Entre la fin de l'<a href="/wiki/Edat_Mejana" title="Edat Mejana">Edat Mejana</a> e lo començament de la <a href="/wiki/Revolucion_industriala" title="Revolucion industriala">Revolucion Industriala</a>, la consumacion de bièrra veguèt son importància aumentar en <a href="/wiki/Eur%C3%B2pa" title="Euròpa">Euròpa</a>, especialament dins lo nòrd. Au sègle XV, agantèt <a href="/wiki/Anglat%C3%A8rra" title="Anglatèrra">Anglatèrra</a>, a partir dei <a href="/wiki/Prov%C3%ADncias_Unidas" title="Províncias Unidas">Províncias Unidas</a>, e i venguèt una bevenda populara. En parallèl, la consumacion contunièt de montar en <a href="/wiki/Alemanha" title="Alemanha">Alemanha</a>. Per exemple, dins la vila de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamborg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hamborg (la pagina existís pas)">Hamborg</a>, èra estimada a 300 <a href="/wiki/Litre" title="Litre">litres</a> per individú au sègle XV e a 700 <a href="/wiki/Litre" title="Litre">litres</a> au sègle XVII. </p><p>Per contraròtlar aqueu comèrci e limitar lei fraudas, leis autoritats adoptèron de decrèts per definir de nòrmas de puretat. Lo pus conegut es lo <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinheitsgebot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reinheitsgebot (la pagina existís pas)">Reinheitsgebot</a></i> decidit per <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guilhem_IV_de_Bavi%C3%A8ra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guilhem IV de Bavièra (la pagina existís pas)">Guilhem IV de Bavièra</a> (<a href="/wiki/1508" class="mw-redirect" title="1508">1508</a>-<a href="/wiki/1550" class="mw-redirect" title="1550">1550</a>) en <a href="/wiki/1516" class="mw-redirect" title="1516">1516</a>. Limitèt leis ingredients autorizats per la fabricacion a l'<a href="/wiki/%C3%92rdi" title="Òrdi">òrdi</a>, l'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oblon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oblon (la pagina existís pas)">oblon</a> e l'<a href="/wiki/Aiga" title="Aiga">aiga</a> e es totjorn la basa dei legislacions <a href="/wiki/Alemanha" title="Alemanha">alemandas</a> modèrnas sus la bièrra. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="La_bièrra_contemporanèa"><span id="La_bi.C3.A8rra_contemporan.C3.A8a"></span>La bièrra contemporanèa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bi%C3%A8rra&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modificar la seccion : La bièrra contemporanèa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bi%C3%A8rra&action=edit&section=5" title="Edita el codi de la secció: La bièrra contemporanèa"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La <a href="/wiki/Revolucion_industriala" title="Revolucion industriala">Revolucion Industriala</a> e lo desvolopament de la <a href="/wiki/Quimia" title="Quimia">quimia</a> durant tot lo sègle XIX entraïnèron de transformacions importantas dins lo domeni de la bièrra. Premier, permetèt de melhorar lei procès de fabricacion gràcias a divèrsies invencions e descubèrtas. Premier, a partir de <a href="/wiki/1856" class="mw-redirect" title="1856">1856</a>, de sistèmas de refrejament dau most foguèron utilizats per produrre tota l'annada. En <a href="/wiki/1870" class="mw-redirect" title="1870">1870</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_von_Linde" title="Carl von Linde">Carl von Linde</a> (<a href="/wiki/1842" class="mw-redirect" title="1842">1842</a>-<a href="/wiki/1934" class="mw-redirect" title="1934">1934</a>) lei modernizèt per facilitar l'utilizacion de la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fermentacion_bassa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fermentacion bassa (la pagina existís pas)">fermentacion bassa</a> – que son usatge èra limitada a <a href="/wiki/Bavi%C3%A8ra" title="Bavièra">Bavièra</a> – e lei braçariás foguèron pauc a pauc mecanizadas. </p><p>De progrès significatius aguèron tanben luòc sus la qualitat dau beure. Per melhorar lo mestritge de la produccion, d'instruments de mesura (<a href="/wiki/Termom%C3%A8tre" title="Termomètre">termomètre</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Idrom%C3%A8tre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Idromètre (la pagina existís pas)">idromètre</a>...) foguèron installats per seguir lei paramètres importants. D'autra part en <a href="/wiki/1873" class="mw-redirect" title="1873">1873</a>, lei trabalhs <a href="/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur">Louis Pasteur</a> (<a href="/wiki/1822" class="mw-redirect" title="1822">1822</a>-<a href="/wiki/1895" class="mw-redirect" title="1895">1895</a>) sus lei levaduras permetèron de mielhs comprendre lo foncionament de la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fermentacion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fermentacion (la pagina existís pas)">fermentacion</a>. Aquò permetèt pauc a pauc de produrre de bièrras lindas que popularizèron la bevenda dins lo rèsta dau mond, especialament en <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> onte la premiera braçariá modèrna foguèt fondada en <a href="/wiki/1855" class="mw-redirect" title="1855">1855</a>. </p><p>Après la <a href="/wiki/Segonda_Gu%C3%A8rra_Mondiala" title="Segonda Guèrra Mondiala">Segonda Guèrra Mondiala</a>, la reconstruccion e lei reparacions de guèrra entraïnèron lo gropament de plusors braçaires e l'<a href="/wiki/Industria" class="mw-redirect" title="Industria">industrializacion</a> dau sector. Aquò entraïnèt la sarradura de miliers de braçaires artesanaus e la formacion de companhiás mai e mai concentrats coma <a href="/w/index.php?title=InBev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="InBev (la pagina existís pas)">InBev</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=SABMiller&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SABMiller (la pagina existís pas)">SABMiller</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heineken&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heineken (la pagina existís pas)">Heineken</a> ò <a href="/wiki/Carlsberg" title="Carlsberg">Carlsberg</a>. En parallèl, leis usinas de produccion se modernizèron mai ambé l'introduccion dau freg industriau, de l'<a href="/wiki/Electricitat" title="Electricitat">electricitat</a> e de l'automatizacion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fabricacion">Fabricacion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bi%C3%A8rra&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modificar la seccion : Fabricacion" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bi%C3%A8rra&action=edit&section=6" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Fabricacion"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ingredients">Ingredients</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bi%C3%A8rra&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modificar la seccion : Ingredients" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bi%C3%A8rra&action=edit&section=7" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Ingredients"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Per produrre de la bièrra, leis ingredients tradicionaus, definits dins lo <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinheitsgebot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reinheitsgebot (la pagina existís pas)">Reinheitsgebot</a></i> de <a href="/wiki/1516" class="mw-redirect" title="1516">1516</a>, son l'<a href="/wiki/Aiga" title="Aiga">aiga</a>, l'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oblon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oblon (la pagina existís pas)">oblon</a> e lo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Malt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malt (la pagina existís pas)">malt</a> (una mena d'<a href="/wiki/%C3%92rdi" title="Òrdi">òrdi</a>). L'<a href="/wiki/Aiga" title="Aiga">aiga</a> dèu èsser de bòna qualitat. Constituent principau dau beure (80 a 90%), li dòna sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lindetat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lindetat (la pagina existís pas)">lindetat</a> e a una influéncia sus lo gost car permet au malt e a l'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oblon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oblon (la pagina existís pas)">oblon</a> de liberar sei <a href="/wiki/Sucre" title="Sucre">sucres</a> e seis <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ar%C3%B2ma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aròma (la pagina existís pas)">aròmas</a>. Lo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Malt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malt (la pagina existís pas)">malt</a> es a l'origina de l'<a href="/wiki/Etan%C3%B2l" title="Etanòl">alcòl</a> gràcias a la fermentacion. L'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oblon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oblon (la pagina existís pas)">oblon</a> contèn d'<a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">acids</a> que permèton d'estabilizar la bièrra e li adutz son <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amarum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amarum (la pagina existís pas)">amarum</a>. En mai d'aquò, a d'òlis essenciaus qu'enriquisson lo gost e es un conservator naturau. </p><p>Pasmens, se pòu tanben utilizar d'autreis ingredients siá coma complement siá coma substitut. Per exemple, lo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Malt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malt (la pagina existís pas)">malt</a> pòu èsser remplaçat per de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gran (la pagina existís pas)">grans</a> crus (<a href="/wiki/Froment" class="mw-redirect" title="Froment">froment</a> per la bièrra blanca, <a href="/wiki/Ris" title="Ris">ris</a> per la budweiser...). Dins certanei bièrras, s'apond d'<a href="/wiki/Esp%C3%A8cia_(cosina)" title="Espècia (cosina)">espècias</a> ò d'ingredients similars (<a href="/wiki/M%C3%A8u" class="mw-redirect" title="Mèu">mèu</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Caram%C3%A8u&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caramèu (la pagina existís pas)">caramèu</a>...) per donar mai de gost. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Procès"><span id="Proc.C3.A8s"></span>Procès</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bi%C3%A8rra&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modificar la seccion : Procès" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bi%C3%A8rra&action=edit&section=8" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Procès"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lo procès de fabricacion de la bièrra se pòu devesir en sièis etapas principalas que son lo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maltatge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maltatge (la pagina existís pas)">maltatge</a>, la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacarificacion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sacarificacion (la pagina existís pas)">sacarificacion</a>, lo bolhiment (ò <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oblonatge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oblonatge (la pagina existís pas)">oblonatge</a>), la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fermentacion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fermentacion (la pagina existís pas)">fermentacion</a>, la garda e lo condicionament. Segon lei procès, lo condicionament es de còps precidit per una <a href="/w/index.php?title=Filtracion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Filtracion (la pagina existís pas)">filtracion</a> e seguit per una <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pasteurizacion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pasteurizacion (la pagina existís pas)">pasteurizacion</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lo_maltatge">Lo maltatge</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bi%C3%A8rra&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modificar la seccion : Lo maltatge" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bi%C3%A8rra&action=edit&section=9" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Lo maltatge"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-section bandeau-niveau-detail loupe">Article detalhat: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maltatge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maltatge (la pagina existís pas)">Maltatge</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Malt_en_grain.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Malt_en_grain.JPG/220px-Malt_en_grain.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Malt_en_grain.JPG/330px-Malt_en_grain.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Malt_en_grain.JPG/440px-Malt_en_grain.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption>Grans d'<a href="/wiki/%C3%92rdi" title="Òrdi">òrdi</a> utilizat per la fabricacion de la bièrra.</figcaption></figure> <p>Lo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maltatge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maltatge (la pagina existís pas)">maltatge</a> es una etapa que consistís a reprodurre lo desvolopament naturau dau gran d'<a href="/wiki/%C3%92rdi" title="Òrdi">òrdi</a> per entraïnar la formacion de certaneis <a href="/wiki/Enzim" title="Enzim">enzims</a> necessaris a la transformacion de l'<a href="/wiki/Amidon" title="Amidon">amidon</a> en <a href="/wiki/Sucre" title="Sucre">sucre</a>. Es donc un mecanisme que permet lo bòn debanament de la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fermentacion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fermentacion (la pagina existís pas)">fermentacion</a>. Lo maltatge se compausa de quatre etapas : </p> <ul><li>lo trempatge onte lei grans son plaçats dins l'<a href="/wiki/Aiga" title="Aiga">aiga</a> durant un desenau d'<a href="/wiki/Ora" class="mw-redirect" title="Ora">oras</a>.</li> <li>la germinacion qu'es un periòde onte lei grans començan de grelhar e de produrre d'<a href="/wiki/Enzim" title="Enzim">enzims</a> coma l'<a href="/wiki/Amilasa" title="Amilasa">amilasa</a>. Dura aperaquí un cinquantenau d'<a href="/wiki/Ora" class="mw-redirect" title="Ora">oras</a> e, après aquela transformacion, lo malt es dich « malt verd ».</li> <li>après sa formacion, lo malt verd es secat dins un forn d'èr que sa <a href="/wiki/Temperatura" title="Temperatura">temperatura</a> es d'aperaquí 40°C. Aquò dura un trentenau d'oras e s'acaba per una pichona etapa, dicha « còp de fuòc », d'aumentacion de la temperatura entre 80 e 105°C durant una a quatre oras. Aqueu procès es fòrça important car determina la <a href="/wiki/Color" title="Color">color</a> de la bevenda e car lo taus d'umiditat a una influéncia majora sus lo <a href="/wiki/Gost" title="Gost">gost</a>.</li> <li>lo degermenatge que consistís a retirar lei radicèlas</li></ul> <p>A l'eissida dau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maltatge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maltatge (la pagina existís pas)">maltatge</a>, lo malt pòu èsser gardat un an. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="La_sacarificacion">La sacarificacion</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bi%C3%A8rra&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modificar la seccion : La sacarificacion" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bi%C3%A8rra&action=edit&section=10" title="Edita el codi de la secció: La sacarificacion"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-section bandeau-niveau-detail loupe">Article detalhat: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacarificacion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sacarificacion (la pagina existís pas)">Sacarificacion</a>.</div> <p>La <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacarificacion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sacarificacion (la pagina existís pas)">sacarificacion</a> es una etapa que permet de transformar lei <a href="/wiki/Sucre" title="Sucre">sucres</a> complèxs (<a href="/wiki/Amidon" title="Amidon">amidon</a>) en <a href="/wiki/Sucre" title="Sucre">sucres</a> simples susceptibles de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fermentacion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fermentacion (la pagina existís pas)">fermentar</a> gràcias a l'accion deis <a href="/wiki/Enzim" title="Enzim">enzims</a> dau malt activats per <a href="/w/index.php?title=Caufatge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caufatge (la pagina existís pas)">caufatge</a>. Per aquò, lo malt es concassat e idratat. Segon la mescla ansin formada, dicha « maische », tres tecnicas de caufatge existisson : </p> <ul><li>la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Decoccion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Decoccion (la pagina existís pas)">decoccion</a> que consistís a realizar plusors trempatges sucessions dau malt concassat dins una <a href="/wiki/Aiga" title="Aiga">aiga</a> fòrça cauda.</li> <li>l'infusion pas a pas : l'aiga es caufada ambé lo malt concassat e s'apond regularament d'aiga fòrça cauda.</li> <li>l'infusion simpla : l'aiga es caufada e aponduda au malt.</li></ul> <p>A la fin de l'etapa, lo « malt primitiu » es retirat de la « maische » PER filtracion e percolacion dins una tina especiala dicha « tina filtra ». Lo residü pòu èsser utilizat per apasturar. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="L'oblonatge"><span id="L.27oblonatge"></span>L'oblonatge</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bi%C3%A8rra&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Modificar la seccion : L'oblonatge" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bi%C3%A8rra&action=edit&section=11" title="Edita el codi de la secció: L'oblonatge"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-section bandeau-niveau-detail loupe">Article detalhat: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oblonatge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oblonatge (la pagina existís pas)">Oblonatge</a>.</div> <p>L'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oblonatge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oblonatge (la pagina existís pas)">oblonatge</a> es l'etapa d'apondon de l'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oblon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oblon (la pagina existís pas)">oblon</a> e deis <a href="/w/index.php?title=Esp%C3%A8cias_(cosina)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Espècias (cosina) (la pagina existís pas)">espècias</a> eventualas. La mescla es portada a son ponch d'ebulicion. Aquò favoriza l'aparicion de l'amarum de la bièrra e permet de destrurre leis <a href="/wiki/Enzim" title="Enzim">enzims</a> que son ròtle es acabat. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="La_fermentacion">La fermentacion</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bi%C3%A8rra&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Modificar la seccion : La fermentacion" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bi%C3%A8rra&action=edit&section=12" title="Edita el codi de la secció: La fermentacion"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Cuves_de_fermentations.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Cuves_de_fermentations.jpg/220px-Cuves_de_fermentations.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Cuves_de_fermentations.jpg/330px-Cuves_de_fermentations.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Cuves_de_fermentations.jpg/440px-Cuves_de_fermentations.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1183" data-file-height="1290" /></a><figcaption>Tinas de fermentacion dins una braçariá artesanala.</figcaption></figure> <p>La <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fermentacion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fermentacion (la pagina existís pas)">fermentacion</a> es una etapa fòrça importanta qu'es formada de doas partidas. Premier, la fermentacion principala dura de 3 a 10 <a href="/wiki/Jorn" title="Jorn">jorns</a> amb una temperatura situada entre 18 e 26°C. Puei, a luòc la fermentacion segondària que despend dei levaduras utilizadas e de la <a href="/wiki/Temperatura" title="Temperatura">temperatura</a>. Tres metòdes existisson : </p> <ul><li>la fermentacion bassa se debana a una <a href="/wiki/Temperatura" title="Temperatura">temperatura</a> de 5°C a 14°C. Una levadura fòrça utilizada per aqueu procès, que dura un desenau de jorns, es <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saccharomyces_pastorianus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saccharomyces pastorianus (la pagina existís pas)">Saccharomyces pastorianus</a></i>. A la fin de la fermentacion, lei levaduras tomban vèrs lo debàs, çò que li dòna son nom. Es un procès caracteristic dei lagers</li> <li>la fermentacion auta se debana a una <a href="/wiki/Temperatura" title="Temperatura">temperatura</a> de 15°C a 20°C e una levadura fòrça utilizada es <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saccharomyces_cerevisiae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saccharomyces cerevisiae (la pagina existís pas)">Saccharomyces cerevisiae</a></i>. Dura de quatre a uech jorns e lei levaduras migran vèrs la superficia. Es una fermentacion caracteristica deis <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ales (la pagina existís pas)">Ales</a>.</li> <li>la fermentacion espontanèa a luòc sensa ajust de levaduras mai solament per contaminacion de levaduras e de <a href="/wiki/Bact%C3%A8ri" title="Bactèri">bactèris</a> presents en suspension dins l'èr de la braçariá. Es un biais d'entraïnar la reaccion tipica dei <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lambic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lambic (la pagina existís pas)">lambics</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="La_garda_e_lo_condicionament">La garda e lo condicionament</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bi%C3%A8rra&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Modificar la seccion : La garda e lo condicionament" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bi%C3%A8rra&action=edit&section=13" title="Edita el codi de la secció: La garda e lo condicionament"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Après la fin de la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fermentacion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fermentacion (la pagina existís pas)">fermentacion</a>, lo produch dèu èsser protegit deis agents patogèns e de l'<a href="/wiki/Oxig%C3%A8n" title="Oxigèn">oxigèn</a> per empedir sa degradacion. La bièrra es donc gardada dins de sèrvas <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metallicas</a> refrigeradas. Après un periòde de garda, es sostirada e condicionada en barrica, en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Botelha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Botelha (la pagina existís pas)">botelhas</a> ò en canetas d'<a href="/wiki/Alumini" title="Alumini">alumini</a>. L'empliment necessita un vuege d'èr. Una etapa de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pasteurizacion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pasteurizacion (la pagina existís pas)">pasteurizacion</a> a sovent luòc avans ò après car permet d'alongar la durda de conservacion. Pasmens, dins lo cas de bièrras artesanalas, la bièrra pòu aver luòc dirèctament en botelha, çò qu'empacha la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pasteurizacion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pasteurizacion (la pagina existís pas)">pasteurizacion</a>. Lei levaduras inactivas tomban alora sus lo fons e i fòrman una liá. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caracteristicas">Caracteristicas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bi%C3%A8rra&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Modificar la seccion : Caracteristicas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bi%C3%A8rra&action=edit&section=14" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Caracteristicas"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Color">Color</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bi%C3%A8rra&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Modificar la seccion : Color" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bi%C3%A8rra&action=edit&section=15" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Color"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La <a href="/wiki/Color" title="Color">color</a> resulta dei tipes de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Malt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malt (la pagina existís pas)">malts</a> que son utilizats per la fabricacion. Lei bièrras blondas son ansin braçadas ambé de malts palles que dònan d'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ar%C3%B2ma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aròma (la pagina existís pas)">aròmas</a> <a href="/wiki/Fruch" title="Fruch">fruchats</a> e <a href="/wiki/Flor" title="Flor">floraus</a>. Un malt un pauc torrat permet d'obtenir una <a href="/wiki/Color" title="Color">color</a> <a href="/wiki/Coire" title="Coire">coirada</a> e de savors caramelizadas que son la basa dei bièrras ambradas e rossas. Se lo malt es mai torrat, la coloracion vèn mai sorna, çò que permet de fabricar de bièrras brunas ò <a href="/wiki/Negre" title="Negre">negras</a>. Dins aqueu cas, l'amarum de l'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oblon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oblon (la pagina existís pas)">oblon</a> vèn pus fòrta. Enfin, lei bièrras <a href="/wiki/Blanc" title="Blanc">blancas</a> son eissidas de l'utilizacion de <a href="/wiki/Froment" class="mw-redirect" title="Froment">froment</a> e de levaduras en suspension. </p><p>Lei bièrras son naturalament treblas. Pasmens, la filtracion se generaliza après la fermentacion per obtenir de bevendas lindas que son pus aisadas de vendre. Aqueu procès entraïna sovent una pèrda de gost e certanei bièrras son donc pas filtradas per gardar sei qualitats aromaticas. Per exemple, es lo cas dei <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bi%C3%A8rra_trapista&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bièrra trapista (la pagina existís pas)">bièrras trapistas</a>. Un periòde de garda lòng permet d'obtenir un beure linde sensa pèrda de savors. Dins aquò, a un còst pus important. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Helles_im_Glas-Helles_(pale_beer).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bièrra blonda."><img alt="Bièrra blonda." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Helles_im_Glas-Helles_%28pale_beer%29.jpg/67px-Helles_im_Glas-Helles_%28pale_beer%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="67" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Helles_im_Glas-Helles_%28pale_beer%29.jpg/101px-Helles_im_Glas-Helles_%28pale_beer%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Helles_im_Glas-Helles_%28pale_beer%29.jpg/135px-Helles_im_Glas-Helles_%28pale_beer%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="939" data-file-height="1665" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bièrra blonda.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Weizenbier-ukko.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bièrra ambrada."><img alt="Bièrra ambrada." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Weizenbier-ukko.jpg/85px-Weizenbier-ukko.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Weizenbier-ukko.jpg/128px-Weizenbier-ukko.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Weizenbier-ukko.jpg/171px-Weizenbier-ukko.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2007" data-file-height="2817" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bièrra ambrada.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Ale_glas_retuschiert.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bièrra rossa."><img alt="Bièrra rossa." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Ale_glas_retuschiert.jpg/71px-Ale_glas_retuschiert.jpg" decoding="async" width="71" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Ale_glas_retuschiert.jpg/106px-Ale_glas_retuschiert.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Ale_glas_retuschiert.jpg/141px-Ale_glas_retuschiert.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1776" data-file-height="3009" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bièrra rossa.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Tummaolut.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bièrra bruna."><img alt="Bièrra bruna." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Tummaolut.jpg/63px-Tummaolut.jpg" decoding="async" width="63" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Tummaolut.jpg/94px-Tummaolut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Tummaolut.jpg/126px-Tummaolut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="2285" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bièrra bruna.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gras">Gras</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bi%C3%A8rra&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Modificar la seccion : Gras" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bi%C3%A8rra&action=edit&section=16" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Gras"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Per destriar lei diferentei bièrras, existís mai d'un sistèma de gras que permèton d'indicar la proporcion d'<a href="/wiki/Etan%C3%B2l" title="Etanòl">alcòl</a> dins la bevenda ò de <a href="/wiki/Cereala" title="Cereala">cerealas</a> dins lo most. Entre lei principaus, se pòu citar : </p> <ul><li>lo gras d'alcòl (notat « %vol » ò « ° »<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) que correspond au percentatge <a href="/wiki/Volum" title="Volum">volumic</a> d'<a href="/wiki/Etan%C3%B2l" title="Etanòl">etanòl</a> dins la bevenda. Se situa generalament entre 3% e 14% mai pòu anar fins a 55% dins lo cas de bièrras eissits de procès de fabricacion amb una etapa de <a href="/wiki/Destillacion" title="Destillacion">destillacion</a>.</li> <li>lo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gras_Balling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gras Balling (la pagina existís pas)">gras Balling</a> (« °B ») que correspond au percentatge d'extrach sec dau most avans fermentacion. En <a href="/wiki/Alemanha" title="Alemanha">Alemanha</a> e dins mai d'un país d'<a href="/wiki/Eur%C3%B2pa_Centrala" title="Euròpa Centrala">Euròpa Centrala</a>, es utilizat per determinar l'<a href="/wiki/Imp%C3%B2st" title="Impòst">impòst</a> sus la bièrra<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li>lo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gras_R%C3%A9gie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gras Régie (la pagina existís pas)">gras Régie</a> (« ° Régie ») qu'es utilizat en <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7a" title="França">França</a> per exprimir la densitat dau most avans fermentacion (une <a href="/wiki/Densitat" title="Densitat">densitat</a> de 1,10 correspond a 10° Régie).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Caracteristicas_nutritivas">Caracteristicas nutritivas</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bi%C3%A8rra&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Modificar la seccion : Caracteristicas nutritivas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bi%C3%A8rra&action=edit&section=17" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Caracteristicas nutritivas"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Eissida de l'<a href="/wiki/%C3%92rdi" title="Òrdi">òrdi</a>, la bièrra a de caracteristicas nutritivas pròchas d'un <a href="/wiki/Pan" title="Pan">pan</a> <a href="/wiki/Liquid" title="Liquid">liquid</a>. Pasmens, sei caracteristicas nutritivas precisa varian segon lo tipe de bevenda e lo mòde de consumacion. Es donc un aliment relativament <a href="/wiki/Energia" title="Energia">energetic</a> ambé 30 e 70 kcal per 100 mL. Es una fònt de <a href="/wiki/Vitamina_B" title="Vitamina B">vitamina B</a> e de <a href="/wiki/Minerau" title="Minerau">mineraus</a> coma lo <a href="/wiki/Potassi" title="Potassi">potassi</a>. L'<a href="/wiki/Etan%C3%B2l" title="Etanòl">etanòl</a> pòu èsser una fònt de perilhs per la santat dins lo cas de consumacion importanta. De mai, una consumacion importanta pòu favorizar l'<a href="/wiki/Obesitat" title="Obesitat">obesitat</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Produccion_e_consumacion">Produccion e consumacion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bi%C3%A8rra&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Modificar la seccion : Produccion e consumacion" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bi%C3%A8rra&action=edit&section=18" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Produccion e consumacion"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La produccion de bièrra es una <a href="/wiki/Industria" class="mw-redirect" title="Industria">industria</a> <a href="/wiki/Globalizacion" title="Globalizacion">globalizada</a> formada de companhiás multinacionalas e de braçariás artesanalas presentas sus de mercats locaus. En <a href="/wiki/2014" class="mw-redirect" title="2014">2014</a>, lo montant d'operacions dau sector èra de 494,4 miliards de <a href="/wiki/Dolar" class="mw-disambig" title="Dolar">dolars</a> <a href="/wiki/USA" class="mw-redirect" title="USA">estatsunidencs</a> e lo <a href="/wiki/Volum" title="Volum">volum</a> de bièrra producha èra de 176 miliards de <a href="/wiki/Litre" title="Litre">litres</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Lei país productors principaus èran <a href="/wiki/Republica_Populara_de_China" title="Republica Populara de China">China</a> (26,8%), leis <a href="/wiki/USA" class="mw-redirect" title="USA">Estats Units d'America</a> (11,9%), <a href="/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil">Brasil</a> (4,7%), <a href="/wiki/Alemanha" title="Alemanha">Alemanha</a> (4,6%) e <a href="/wiki/Mexic" title="Mexic">Mexic</a> (4,5%). </p><p>Lei país consumators de bièrra son sustot de país anglosaxons e de país d'<a href="/wiki/Eur%C3%B2pa_Centrala" title="Euròpa Centrala">Euròpa Centrala</a>. Lei pus importants son <a href="/wiki/Alemanha" title="Alemanha">Alemanha</a> (161 l/ab/an), la <a href="/wiki/Republica_Ch%C3%A8ca" title="Republica Chèca">Republica Chèca</a> (157 l/ab/an), <a href="/wiki/Republica_d%27Irlanda" title="Republica d'Irlanda">Irlanda</a> (141 l/ab/an), <a href="/wiki/%C3%80ustria" title="Àustria">Àustria</a> (111 l/ab/an) e lo <a href="/wiki/Reialme_Unit" title="Reialme Unit">Reiaume Unit</a> (100 l/ab/an). Entre leis autreis <a href="/wiki/Estat" title="Estat">estats</a>, se fau tanben nòtar leis <a href="/wiki/USA" class="mw-redirect" title="USA">Estats Units d'America</a> (82 l/ab/an) e <a href="/wiki/Republica_Populara_de_China" title="Republica Populara de China">China</a> que representan de mercats de remarca en causa de sa demografia importanta. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Efiechs_sus_la_santat">Efiechs sus la santat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bi%C3%A8rra&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Modificar la seccion : Efiechs sus la santat" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bi%C3%A8rra&action=edit&section=19" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Efiechs sus la santat"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Leis efiechs de la bièrra sus la santat an conegut una mutacion prefonda dempuei lo sègle XIX. D'efèct, avans aqueu periòde, èra utilizada coma <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cosmetic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cosmetic (la pagina existís pas)">cosmetic</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, <a href="/wiki/Medicament" title="Medicament">medicaments</a> e <a href="/wiki/Aliment" class="mw-redirect" title="Aliment">aliments</a>. Plusors mètges <a href="/wiki/Antiquitat" title="Antiquitat">antics</a> la conselhavan per luchar còntra la fèbre (<a href="/wiki/Ipocrates" title="Ipocrates">Ipocrates</a>) ò lo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diab%C3%A8te&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diabète (la pagina existís pas)">diabète</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aret%C3%A8u&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aretèu (la pagina existís pas)">Aretèu</a>). De mai, la bièrra podiá remplaçar l'<a href="/wiki/Aiga" title="Aiga">aiga</a> contaminada car leis agents patogèns èran destruchs durant lo braçatge. </p><p>Lei reformas igienistas eissidas de la <a href="/wiki/Revolucion_industriala" title="Revolucion industriala">Revolucion Industriala</a> e lo desvolopament de la lucha còntra l'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoolisme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcoolisme (la pagina existís pas)">alcoolisme</a> cambièron aqueu ponch de vista. Uei, es donc considerada coma una fònt de riscs majors per la santat en causa dei proprietats <a href="/wiki/Canc%C3%A8r" class="mw-redirect" title="Cancèr">cancerigènas</a> de l'<a href="/wiki/Etan%C3%B2l" title="Etanòl">etanòl</a>. De mai, segon lo mòde de vida dei consumaires, la bièrra favoriza lo desvolopament de l'<a href="/wiki/Obesitat" title="Obesitat">obesitat</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Annèxas"><span id="Ann.C3.A8xas"></span>Annèxas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bi%C3%A8rra&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Modificar la seccion : Annèxas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bi%C3%A8rra&action=edit&section=20" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Annèxas"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liames_intèrnes"><span id="Liames_int.C3.A8rnes"></span>Liames intèrnes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bi%C3%A8rra&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Modificar la seccion : Liames intèrnes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bi%C3%A8rra&action=edit&section=21" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Liames intèrnes"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Etan%C3%B2l" title="Etanòl">Etanòl</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fermentacion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fermentacion (la pagina existís pas)">Fermentacion</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vin" title="Vin">Vin</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bi%C3%A8rra&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Modificar la seccion : Bibliografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bi%C3%A8rra&action=edit&section=22" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Bibliografia"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nòtas_e_referéncias"><span id="N.C3.B2tas_e_refer.C3.A9ncias"></span>Nòtas e referéncias</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bi%C3%A8rra&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Modificar la seccion : Nòtas e referéncias" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bi%C3%A8rra&action=edit&section=23" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Nòtas e referéncias"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">D'un biais pus precís, la varietat de <a href="/wiki/Blat" title="Blat">blat</a> cultivada d'aqueu temps èra l'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Esp%C3%A8uta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Espèuta (la pagina existís pas)">espèuta</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ian Spencer Hornsey, <i>A History of Beer and Brewing</i>, Royal Society of Chemistry, 2003, pp. 1-6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">En <a href="/wiki/Akkad" class="mw-redirect" title="Akkad">Akkad</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ninkasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ninkasi (la pagina existís pas)">Ninkasi</a> foguèt dicha Sirish (« fermentacion » en <a href="/wiki/Occitan" title="Occitan">occitan</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Foguèt de còps utilizada coma <a href="/wiki/Moneda" title="Moneda">moneda</a> per certanei marchands <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">mesopotamians</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dins lei país anglosaxons, se tròba sovent la notacion « abv » que significa « alcohol by volume ».</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lo gras Balling presenta tanben la particularitat d'èsser mai ò mens liats au gras d'alcòl. D'efèct, lo segond es generalament mai ò mens egau au tèrç dau premier.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Research and Markets , <i>Beer: Global Industry Guide</i>, consultat lo 23 de març de <a href="/wiki/2017" class="mw-redirect" title="2017">2017</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071011084307/http://researchandmarkets.com/reports/53577/beer_global_industry_guide.htm">[1]</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Aquela tradicion existís totjorn en <a href="/wiki/Republica_Ch%C3%A8ca" title="Republica Chèca">Republica Chèca</a> sota la forma de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Banhs_de_bi%C3%A8rra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Banhs de bièrra (la pagina existís pas)">banhs de bièrra</a>.</span> </li> </ol>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Recuperada de « <a dir="ltr" href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bièrra&oldid=2455024">https://oc.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bièrra&oldid=2455024</a> »</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Categorias" title="Especial:Categorias">Categorias de la pagina</a> : <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Categoria:P%C3%A0gines_amb_mides_d%27imatge_que_contenen_px_addicionals&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Categoria:Pàgines amb mides d'imatge que contenen px addicionals (la pagina existís pas)">Pàgines amb mides d'imatge que contenen px addicionals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Article_redigit_en_proven%C3%A7au" title="Categoria:Article redigit en provençau">Article redigit en provençau</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Bi%C3%A8rra" title="Categoria:Bièrra">Bièrra</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Aquela pagina es estada modificada pel darrièr còp lo 21 novembre de 2024 a 20.16.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright"><span style="white-space: normal"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A8dia:Drech_d%27autor" title="Wikipèdia:Drech d'autor">Drech d'autor</a> : Los tèxtes son disponibles jos <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.fr">licéncia Creative Commons paternitat pertatge a l’identic</a> ; d’autras condicions se pòdon aplicar. 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