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<li id="toc-From_Currency_Commission_to_Central_Bank_(1920–1942)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_Currency_Commission_to_Central_Bank_(1920–1942)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>From Currency Commission to Central Bank (1920–1942)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_Currency_Commission_to_Central_Bank_(1920–1942)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foundation_of_the_Central_Bank_to_decimalization_(1942–1971)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foundation_of_the_Central_Bank_to_decimalization_(1942–1971)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Foundation of the Central Bank to decimalization (1942–1971)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foundation_of_the_Central_Bank_to_decimalization_(1942–1971)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decimalization_to_European_integration_(1971–1978)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decimalization_to_European_integration_(1971–1978)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Decimalization to European integration (1971–1978)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decimalization_to_European_integration_(1971–1978)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_EMS_and_movement_toward_a_single_currency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_EMS_and_movement_toward_a_single_currency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>The EMS and movement toward a single currency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_EMS_and_movement_toward_a_single_currency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Towards_the_Euro" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Towards_the_Euro"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Towards the Euro</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Towards_the_Euro-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domestic_banking_crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic_banking_crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Domestic banking crisis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestic_banking_crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Separation_of_regulation_–_The_Financial_Regulator" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Separation_of_regulation_–_The_Financial_Regulator"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Separation of regulation – The Financial Regulator</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Separation_of_regulation_–_The_Financial_Regulator-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post_crisis_reforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post_crisis_reforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Post crisis reforms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post_crisis_reforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_archives_and_data" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_archives_and_data"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>Historical archives and data</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_archives_and_data-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Responsibilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Responsibilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Responsibilities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Responsibilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Governors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Criticisms</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criticisms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Criticisms subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Criticisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Green_jersey_agenda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Green_jersey_agenda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Green jersey agenda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Green_jersey_agenda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mortgage_controls_post_crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mortgage_controls_post_crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Mortgage controls post crisis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mortgage_controls_post_crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Light-touch_regulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Light-touch_regulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Light-touch regulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Light-touch_regulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distorted_economic_data" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distorted_economic_data"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Distorted economic data</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distorted_economic_data-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commercial_property_bubbles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commercial_property_bubbles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Commercial property bubbles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commercial_property_bubbles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Control_of_total_credit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Control_of_total_credit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Control of total credit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Control_of_total_credit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span 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Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%83_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%B2%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="البنك المركزي الأيرلندي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="البنك المركزي الأيرلندي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Ireland" title="Central Bank of Ireland – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Central Bank of Ireland" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%A4%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%B6%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%99%CF%81%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Κεντρική Τράπεζα της Ιρλανδίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κεντρική Τράπεζα της Ιρλανδίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banco_Central_de_Irlanda" title="Banco Central de Irlanda – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Banco Central de Irlanda" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centra_Banko_de_Irlando" title="Centra Banko de Irlando – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Centra Banko de Irlando" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9_%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF" title="بانک مرکزی ایرلند – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بانک مرکزی ایرلند" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Bank_and_Financial_Services_Authority_of_Ireland" title="Central Bank and Financial Services Authority of Ireland – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Central Bank and Financial Services Authority of Ireland" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banc_Ceannais_na_h%C3%89ireann" title="Banc Ceannais na hÉireann – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Banc Ceannais na hÉireann" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%9D%BC%EB%9E%9C%EB%93%9C_%EC%A4%91%EC%95%99%EC%9D%80%ED%96%89" title="아일랜드 중앙은행 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아일랜드 중앙은행" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_Sentral_Irlandia" title="Bank Sentral Irlandia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bank Sentral Irlandia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banc_Ceannais_agus_%C3%9Adar%C3%A1s_Seirbh%C3%ADs%C3%AD_Airgeadais_na_h%C3%89ireann" title="Banc Ceannais agus Údarás Seirbhísí Airgeadais na hÉireann – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Banc Ceannais agus Údarás Seirbhísí Airgeadais na hÉireann" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Ireland" title="Central Bank of Ireland – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Central Bank of Ireland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E9%8A%80%E8%A1%8C%E3%83%BB%E9%87%91%E8%9E%8D%E3%82%B5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%93%E3%82%B9%E6%A9%9F%E6%A7%8B" title="アイルランド中央銀行・金融サービス機構 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アイルランド中央銀行・金融サービス機構" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlands_sentralbank" title="Irlands sentralbank – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Irlands sentralbank" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Ireland" title="Central Bank of Ireland – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Central Bank of Ireland" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA_%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Центральный банк Ирландии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Центральный банк Ирландии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Ireland" title="Central Bank of Ireland – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Central Bank of Ireland" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0rlanda_Merkez_Bankas%C4%B1" title="İrlanda Merkez Bankası – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İrlanda Merkez Bankası" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA_%D0%86%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%97" title="Центральний банк Ірландії – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Центральний банк Ірландії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%B9%D8%B1%D9%84_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%A9_%D8%A2%D9%81_%D8%A2%D8%A6%D8%B1%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88" title="سنٹرل بینک آف آئرلینڈ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سنٹرل بینک آف آئرلینڈ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" 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mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with the commercial bank, <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Ireland" title="Bank of Ireland">Bank of Ireland</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media 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table{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Central Bank of Ireland<br />Banc Ceannais na hÉireann</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Central_Bank_of_Ireland_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/60/Central_Bank_of_Ireland_logo.svg/220px-Central_Bank_of_Ireland_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/60/Central_Bank_of_Ireland_logo.svg/330px-Central_Bank_of_Ireland_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/60/Central_Bank_of_Ireland_logo.svg/440px-Central_Bank_of_Ireland_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="68" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:THE_CENTRAL_BANK_OF_IRELAND_(NEW_HEADQUARTER_BUILDING_ON_NORTH_WALL_QUAY)-_ALONG_BOTANIC_AVENUE_(JANUARY_2018)-135336_(27856978779).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/THE_CENTRAL_BANK_OF_IRELAND_%28NEW_HEADQUARTER_BUILDING_ON_NORTH_WALL_QUAY%29-_ALONG_BOTANIC_AVENUE_%28JANUARY_2018%29-135336_%2827856978779%29.jpg/220px-THE_CENTRAL_BANK_OF_IRELAND_%28NEW_HEADQUARTER_BUILDING_ON_NORTH_WALL_QUAY%29-_ALONG_BOTANIC_AVENUE_%28JANUARY_2018%29-135336_%2827856978779%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/THE_CENTRAL_BANK_OF_IRELAND_%28NEW_HEADQUARTER_BUILDING_ON_NORTH_WALL_QUAY%29-_ALONG_BOTANIC_AVENUE_%28JANUARY_2018%29-135336_%2827856978779%29.jpg/330px-THE_CENTRAL_BANK_OF_IRELAND_%28NEW_HEADQUARTER_BUILDING_ON_NORTH_WALL_QUAY%29-_ALONG_BOTANIC_AVENUE_%28JANUARY_2018%29-135336_%2827856978779%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/THE_CENTRAL_BANK_OF_IRELAND_%28NEW_HEADQUARTER_BUILDING_ON_NORTH_WALL_QUAY%29-_ALONG_BOTANIC_AVENUE_%28JANUARY_2018%29-135336_%2827856978779%29.jpg/440px-THE_CENTRAL_BANK_OF_IRELAND_%28NEW_HEADQUARTER_BUILDING_ON_NORTH_WALL_QUAY%29-_ALONG_BOTANIC_AVENUE_%28JANUARY_2018%29-135336_%2827856978779%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7952" data-file-height="5304" /></a></span></td></tr><tr class="label"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>New Wapping Street</li><li><a href="/wiki/North_Wall_Quay" class="mw-redirect" title="North Wall Quay">North Wall Quay</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a></li><li>Ireland</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">1 February 1943<span class="noprint">; 81 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1943-02-01</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ownership</th><td class="infobox-data">100% <a href="/wiki/State_ownership" title="State ownership">state ownership</a><sup id="cite_ref-dnbinfo_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dnbinfo-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Governor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Makhlouf" title="Gabriel Makhlouf">Gabriel Makhlouf</a> (since September 2019)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Central bank of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reserves</th><td class="infobox-data">0.74 billion USD (2017)<sup id="cite_ref-dnbinfo_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dnbinfo-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Currency_Commission_(Ireland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Currency Commission (Ireland)">Currency Commission</a> <small>(currency control)</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Ireland" title="Bank of Ireland">Bank of Ireland</a> <small>(Government's banker)</small><sup>1</sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://centralbank.ie">centralbank<wbr />.ie</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaaaaa;text-align:left;font-size:smaller"><sup>1</sup> Even after establishment of the Central Bank, the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Ireland" title="Bank of Ireland">Bank of Ireland</a> remained the government's banker until 1 January 1972.<br /><sup>2</sup> The Central Bank of Ireland still exists but many functions have been taken over by the ECB.</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Central Bank of Ireland</b> (<a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>: <i lang="ga">Banc Ceannais na hÉireann</i>) is the Irish member of the <a href="/wiki/Eurosystem" title="Eurosystem">Eurosystem</a> and had been the <a href="/wiki/Monetary_authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Monetary authority">monetary authority</a> for <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a> from 1943 to 1998, issuing the <a href="/wiki/Irish_pound" title="Irish pound">Irish pound</a>. It is also the country's main <a href="/wiki/Financial_regulatory_authority" title="Financial regulatory authority">financial regulatory authority</a>, and since 2014 has been Ireland's national competent authority within <a href="/wiki/European_Banking_Supervision" title="European Banking Supervision">European Banking Supervision</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Central Bank of Ireland was founded on 1 February 1943, and since 1 January 1972 has been the banker of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland" title="Government of Ireland">Government of Ireland</a> in accordance with the Central Bank Act 1971,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which can be seen in legislative terms as completing the long transition from a <a href="/wiki/Currency_board" title="Currency board">currency board</a> to a fully functional central bank.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Its head office, the <a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Ireland_building" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Bank of Ireland building">Central Bank of Ireland building</a>, was located on <a href="/wiki/Dame_Street" title="Dame Street">Dame Street</a>, Dublin from 1979 until 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its offices at Iveagh Court and College Green also closed down at the same time. Since March 2017, its headquarters are located on <a href="/wiki/North_Wall_Quay" class="mw-redirect" title="North Wall Quay">North Wall Quay</a>, where the public may exchange non-current Irish coinage and currency (both pre- and post-decimalization) for Euros, as well as high value Euro banknotes and "mutilated" currency.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also operates from premises at nearby Spencer Dock. The <a href="/wiki/Currency_Centre" title="Currency Centre">Currency Centre</a> (Irish Mint) at <a href="/wiki/Sandyford" title="Sandyford">Sandyford</a> is the currency manufacture, warehouse and distribution site of the bank.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Bank_of_Ireland&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_Currency_Commission_to_Central_Bank_(1920–1942)"><span id="From_Currency_Commission_to_Central_Bank_.281920.E2.80.931942.29"></span>From Currency Commission to Central Bank (1920–1942)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Bank_of_Ireland&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: From Currency Commission to Central Bank (1920–1942)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On the independence of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a> in 1922, the new state's trade was overwhelmingly with the United Kingdom (98% of Irish exports and 80% of imports in 1924),<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Data needs to be substantiated (April 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> so the introduction of an independent currency was a low priority. British banknotes (British Treasury notes, <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a> notes), and notes issued by Irish trading banks circulated (but only the first were <a href="/wiki/Legal_tender" title="Legal tender">legal tender</a>) and British coins remained in circulation. </p><p>Under the terms of the <i>Coinage Act 1926</i>, the Finance Minister was authorised to issue coins of silver, nickel, and bronze of the same denominations as the British coins already in circulation – however, the Irish silver coins were to contain 75% silver as compared to the 50% silver coins issued by Britain at the time. These coins entered circulation on 12 December 1928. </p><p>Under the terms of the <i>Currency Act 1927</i>, a new unit of currency, the <i>Saorstát Pound</i> <i>(Free State Pound)</i> was created, which was to be maintained at parity with the British <a href="/wiki/Pound_Sterling" class="mw-redirect" title="Pound Sterling">Pound Sterling</a> by a Currency Commission which would keep British government securities, Pounds Sterling cash, and gold to keep a 1–1 relationship. </p><p>From 1928 to 1979, the UK and Ireland were in a <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">de facto</i></span> <a href="/wiki/Currency_union" title="Currency union">currency union</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foundation_of_the_Central_Bank_to_decimalization_(1942–1971)"><span id="Foundation_of_the_Central_Bank_to_decimalization_.281942.E2.80.931971.29"></span>Foundation of the Central Bank to decimalization (1942–1971)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Bank_of_Ireland&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Foundation of the Central Bank to decimalization (1942–1971)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Central Bank Act 1942</i> which came into effect on 1 February 1943 renamed the <a href="/wiki/Currency_Commission" title="Currency Commission">Currency Commission</a> the <i>Central Bank of Ireland</i>, although the organisation did not at that time acquire many of the characteristics of a central bank: </p> <ul><li>it was not given custody of the cash reserves of the commercial banks</li> <li>it had no statutory power to restrict credit, though it could promote it</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Ireland" title="Bank of Ireland">Bank of Ireland</a> remained the government's banker</li> <li>the conditions for influencing credit through open-market operations did not yet exist</li> <li>Ireland's external monetary reserves were largely held as external assets of the commercial banks</li></ul> <p>The mid-1960s saw the Bank take over the normal day-to-day operations of exchange control from the Department of Finance. The Central Bank broadened its activities over the decades, but it remained in effect a currency board until the 1970s. Economist Patrick Honohan evaluates the success of the movement from a currency board to the central bank as follows: 'in contrast to many other post-colonial cases, (the currency board's) demise was not followed by a rapid depreciation and slide into semi-permanent high inflation and lack of convertibility.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Such was the proliferation of small industrial banks and hire purchase firms in the late 1960s, the 1971 Central Bank Act introduced significantly enhanced authorisation and supervision standards. In the inevitable consolidation in the marketplace, in 1976 a liquidator was appointed to Irish Trust Bank Ltd after Central Bank investigations and in 1982 Merchant Banking Ltd also collapsed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decimalization_to_European_integration_(1971–1978)"><span id="Decimalization_to_European_integration_.281971.E2.80.931978.29"></span>Decimalization to European integration (1971–1978)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Bank_of_Ireland&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Decimalization to European integration (1971–1978)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Decimal_Day" title="Decimal Day">Decimal Day</a></div> <p>The 1970s was a decade of change, which began with the decimalisation of the currency which came into effect on 15 February 1971, when the decimal coinage was released into circulation (although 5p, 10p, and 50p coins were released a few years earlier, as they had exact equivalents in old currency units). Decimalisation would have provided an ideal opportunity to break the link with the Pound Sterling, but there was not much demand for this at that time. In 1972 however, the <a href="/wiki/Bretton_Woods_system" title="Bretton Woods system">Bretton Woods system</a> of fixed exchange rates broke down, and in the wake of the 1973 oil crisis inflation in Britain increased dramatically, and economic theory would suggest that a smaller economy whose currency is pegged to a larger one will suffer the larger economy's inflation rate. At the same time moves to create a money market in <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a> and the transfer in 1968 of the commercial banks' Pound Sterling assets to the Central Bank made it possible to contemplate a break in the link. In the mid to late 1970s, opinion within the bank was moving toward breaking the link with the Pound Sterling and devaluing the Irish currency in order to limit inflationary effects from abroad. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_EMS_and_movement_toward_a_single_currency">The EMS and movement toward a single currency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Bank_of_Ireland&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The EMS and movement toward a single currency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Central_Bank_of_Ireland" title="Special:EditPage/Central Bank of Ireland">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>At this time, however, an alternative option became available. In April 1978, the <a href="/wiki/European_Council" title="European Council">European Council</a> meeting in <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a> decided to create a "zone of monetary stability" in Europe, and <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a> institutions were invited to consider how to create such a zone. At the following Council meeting in <a href="/wiki/Bremen_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bremen (city)">Bremen</a>, Germany in June 1978 the basic features of the <a href="/wiki/European_Monetary_System" title="European Monetary System">European Monetary System</a> were outlined, including the creation of the ECU – <i><a href="/wiki/European_Currency_Unit" title="European Currency Unit">European Currency Unit</a></i>, a basket of the Community's currencies used to determine exchange rates, and the forerunner of the <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro</a>. </p><p>The Irish government had to decide whether or not to participate in the EMS. If the EMS had included all the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a>'s currencies, it would have provided stability for 75% of Ireland's external trade, but Britain, which still accounted for 50% of Ireland's external trade, decided to stay out of the EMS. Despite this, on 15 December 1978, it was announced that Ireland would participate in the EMS. Countries were given the option of either a 2.25% or 6% margin of fluctuation within the EMS' Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM), and Ireland took the narrower margin. The EMS started on 13 March 1979, and towards the end of the month the Pound Sterling started to gain in value against the EMS currencies because of rising oil prices, and by 30 March the Pound Sterling breached the upper fluctuation band limit of the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_franc" title="Belgian franc">Belgian franc</a> and the Irish currency could no longer track the Pound Sterling. After over 50 years, the parity of the Irish and British currencies was broken, and the Irish currency became known as the <a href="/wiki/Irish_pound" title="Irish pound">Irish pound</a> (or Punt in the <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish language</a>). </p><p>The initial experience of the EMS was disappointing. It had been expected that the Irish Pound would appreciate in value against the Pound Sterling, and hence reduce inflation in Ireland, but in practice, Sterling appreciated considerably in value thanks to its status as a <a href="/wiki/Petrocurrency" title="Petrocurrency">petrocurrency</a> and to the tight monetary policies of the new British government of <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a>. By late 1980 the Irish Pound had fallen in value to less than 80 British pence, and Irish inflation was higher than British. Economic policy in Ireland was inconsistent with a "hard currency" policy, and the Irish Pound also failed to hold its value against the central rate of the Deutschmark, although it did appreciate in value against some of the other EMS currencies. </p><p>Eventually, the EMS settled down (notwithstanding a crisis in 1992 when the Irish Pound was devalued by 10%), and Irish inflation was the same or lower than Britain's inflation rate from 1987 onwards. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Towards_the_Euro">Towards the Euro</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Bank_of_Ireland&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Towards the Euro"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The idea of a single European currency goes back to the <a href="/wiki/Schumann_Plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Schumann Plan">Schumann Plan</a> of 1950. The first blueprint for how to go about implementing the currency, the Werner Report of 1970 was not proceeded with, but the ultimate aim was always kept in mind. The <i>Delors Report</i> endorsed by the Madrid Summit of June 1989 envisaged a three-stage process to monetary union, and this was given legal authority by the <a href="/wiki/Maastricht_Treaty" title="Maastricht Treaty">Maastricht Treaty</a> of 1992 (enacted into Irish law as the Eleventh Amendment to the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Constitution of Ireland">Constitution of Ireland</a> by 70% of those voting in a referendum on 18 June 1992). This envisaged the start of monetary union on 1 January 1999 and the introduction of notes and coins on 1 January 2002. </p><p>The Central Bank began production of euro coins in September 1999 in the <a href="/wiki/Currency_Centre" title="Currency Centre">Currency Centre</a> (Irish Mint) in <a href="/wiki/Sandyford" title="Sandyford">Sandyford</a>, producing over a billion coins, weighing about 5,000 tons, with a value of €230 million before the introduction into circulation of the euro coins in January 2002. Production of euro banknotes began in June 2000, with 300 million notes worth €4 billion being produced in denominations of 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 euros. Euro banknotes produced for the Central Bank are identified by having the serial number beginning with the letter T. The Bank did not initially issue €200 or €500 notes but has since begun to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestic_banking_crisis">Domestic banking crisis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Bank_of_Ireland&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Domestic banking crisis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ireland_bond_prices.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Ireland_bond_prices.webp/335px-Ireland_bond_prices.webp.png" decoding="async" width="335" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Ireland_bond_prices.webp/503px-Ireland_bond_prices.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Ireland_bond_prices.webp/670px-Ireland_bond_prices.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="5291" data-file-height="2126" /></a><figcaption>Ireland bond prices, <a href="/wiki/Inverted_yield_curve" title="Inverted yield curve">Inverted yield curve</a> in 2011<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-line mw-no-invert" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 1.67em; height: 0; border-style: none; border-top: 2px dotted black;border-top:#FF8200 solid 3px;"> </span> 15 year bond</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-line mw-no-invert" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 1.67em; height: 0; border-style: none; border-top: 2px dotted black;border-top:#009A44 solid 3px;"> </span> 10 year bond</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-line mw-no-invert" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 1.67em; height: 0; border-style: none; border-top: 2px dotted black;border-top:#88FA4E solid 3px;"> </span> 5 year bond</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-line mw-no-invert" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 1.67em; height: 0; border-style: none; border-top: 2px dotted black;border-top:#970E53 solid 3px;"> </span> 3 year bond</div> </figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Post-2008_Irish_banking_crisis" title="Post-2008 Irish banking crisis">Post-2008 Irish banking crisis</a></div> <p>The Central Bank noted in November 2005 that an overvaluation existed of 40% to 60% in the Irish residential property market. Minutes of a meeting with the <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a> indicated that while the Central Bank agreed that Irish property was overvalued it was fearful of precipitating a crash by "putting a number on it". Senior <a href="/wiki/Allied_Irish_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Allied Irish Bank">Allied Irish Bank</a> officials expressed concerns in 2006 that Central Bank stress tests were "not stressful enough".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The management ignored warnings from its own financial stability unit, according to one former staff member, whose evidence to the parliamentary inquiry was questioned by a number of other staff members,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and from the <a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Social_Research_Institute" title="Economic and Social Research Institute">Economic and Social Research Institute</a> about the scale of bank loans to property speculators and developers<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leading to key information being suppressed. It was reported that it sought to gag a prominent economist from talking about the fragile state of the nation's banks in relation the Irish branch of Northern Rock.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Central Bank "watered down" economic warnings about the property bubble in the run-up to the crash, blocked internal communication reaching board level due to the political interests, and "rigorously" concealed data from the relevant external supervisors on the large exposures of Irish banks to individual developers.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 2007, they stated: "The Irish banking system continues to be well-placed to withstand adverse economic and sectoral developments in the short to medium term. The underlying fundamentals of the residential market continue to appear strong and the current trend in monthly price developments does not imply a sharp correction. The central scenario, therefore, is for a soft landing."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the bubble burst, Irish banks faced mounting losses which exposed them to a collapse of confidence following the <a href="/wiki/Lehman_Brothers" title="Lehman Brothers">Lehman Brothers</a> bankruptcy in September 2008; they then suffered acute liquidity pressures which had to be met by Central Bank support, including emergency lending. Management abuses were also revealed at <a href="/wiki/Anglo_Irish_Bank" title="Anglo Irish Bank">Anglo Irish Bank</a>, which had to be nationalised in January 2009. </p><p>The Central Bank annual report, published three months before the Irish State unconditionally guaranteed the deposits of Irish-owned banks, said: "The banks have negligible exposure to the sub-prime sector and they remain relatively healthy by the standard measures of capital, profitability and asset quality. This has been confirmed by the stress testing exercises we have carried out with the banks".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The next annual report had little to say about how and why the Irish banking system collapsed.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although there were four Central Bank directors on the board of the <a href="/wiki/Financial_Regulator_(Ireland)" title="Financial Regulator (Ireland)">Financial Regulator</a>, the Central Bank maintained it had no powers to intervene in the market. Yet, the Central Bank had the power to issue directives to the Financial Regulator if it thought it was conducting its business in a way that was contrary to overall Central Bank policy aims. None were issued.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The regulator's processes and reports, and the findings of external scrutineers, any of which should have raised red flags, failed to do so. As a result, they did not see the enormity of the risks being taken by the banks and the calamity that was to overwhelm them.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The European Commission in a November 2010 review of the financial crisis said: "Some national supervisory authorities failed dramatically. We know that in Ireland there was almost no supervision of the large banks."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two months later, the President of the EU Commission in an angry exchange in the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a>, with a vehemence that shocked his audience, said that "the problems of Ireland were created by the irresponsible financial behaviour of some Irish institutions, and by the lack of supervision in the Irish market."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Separation_of_regulation_–_The_Financial_Regulator"><span id="Separation_of_regulation_.E2.80.93_The_Financial_Regulator"></span><span class="anchor" id="CBFSAI"></span>Separation of regulation – The Financial Regulator</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Bank_of_Ireland&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Separation of regulation – The Financial Regulator"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Financial_Regulator_(Ireland)" title="Financial Regulator (Ireland)">Financial Regulator (Ireland)</a></div> <p>In 2003 a new separate division of the Central Bank, with its own chairman, chief executive, and board, was established as the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Financial_Services_Regulatory_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Financial Services Regulatory Authority">Irish Financial Services Regulatory Authority</a>. This was a compromise between those who favoured a fully independent regulator and those who believed the Central Bank should maintain full control of regulation of the financial services industry. This division of the Bank authorised and regulated all financial institutions (including insurance undertakings, collective investment funds and <a href="/wiki/Credit_unions" class="mw-redirect" title="Credit unions">credit unions</a>) in Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "Central Bank of Ireland" was formally renamed <b>Central Bank and Financial Services Authority of Ireland</b> (<b>CBFSAI</b>). (There was no entity named "Financial Services Authority of Ireland".) </p><p>Under the 2003 arrangements, the Central Bank provided the Financial Regulator with services. The Regulator's industry panel, which provided the Regulator with feedback on its charges and policies said in April 2007 that they had "major concerns with the quality and cost of the services" provided to the Regulator by the Central Bank.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The operations of the Financial Regulator were severely criticised in a report marked "strictly confidential and not for publication", as being poor value for money. The report stated that there were too few specialist staff, compared with its peers.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were also serious shortcomings in the crucial supervisory area.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the report was particularly critical of the regulator's senior management structure, concluding that a clear management and oversight framework, which ensures that issues are escalated through the organisation, was "not fully in place".<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Former <a href="/wiki/Taoiseach" title="Taoiseach">Taoiseach</a> <a href="/wiki/Bertie_Ahern" title="Bertie Ahern">Bertie Ahern</a>, said that his decision in 2001 to create a new financial regulator was one of the main reasons for the collapse of the Irish banking sector and "if I had a chance again I wouldn't do it".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ahern said: "The banks were irresponsible. But the Central Bank and the Financial Regulator seemed happy. They were never into us saying – ever – 'Listen, we must put legislation and control on the banks'. That never happened."<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 2010, the new Financial Regulator, outlined his shock at the poor level of <a href="/wiki/Financial_regulation" title="Financial regulation">financial regulation</a> he discovered when he started his job the previous January and "it is clear to me we need to undertake a fundamental overhaul of the regulatory model for financial services in Ireland."<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also said that there was a "critical absence of intellectual firepower within his staff".<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the banking collapse of 2008 and 2009, the Government<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> re-unified the organisation under a Central Bank of Ireland Commission to replace the board structures of the Central Bank and the Financial Services Regulatory Authority which became effective on 1 October 2010. The name "Central Bank of Ireland" was restored. A July 2009 editorial in the <i><a href="/wiki/Sunday_Business_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunday Business Post">Sunday Business Post</a></i> said "returning the key powers of regulation to the Central Bank will be useless unless there is a fundamental change in the culture of the organisation. This does not require a complete change of personnel, but a change of key personnel."<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There can be no denying that the spinning off of the Financial Regulator from the functions of the Central Bank in 2003, was an outright failure.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post_crisis_reforms">Post crisis reforms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Bank_of_Ireland&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Post crisis reforms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 4 November 2014 the <a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">European Central Bank</a> formally took supervisory control over the biggest banks in Europe, including those in Ireland. While banking supervision staff in the Central Bank of Ireland remained, a pan-European approach to how banks were supervised was introduced, known as <a href="/wiki/European_Banking_Supervision" title="European Banking Supervision">European Banking Supervision</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Subsequent to the parliamentary inquiry into the domestic banking crisis the organization said that the actions taken by the Central Bank combined with legislative reform and an overhaul of international regulation have enabled the organization to deliver effective supervision and financial stability measures since the crisis. Governor Philip Lane said, "The report describes a failure to identify risks to financial stability and recognizes the lack of an overall European framework to deal with the financial and fiscal crises. Many of the issues identified by the Inquiry relating to the Central Bank have been substantially addressed or continue to be addressed through measures including significant institutional reform, additional powers, the promotion of a culture of challenge and the implementation of the model of assertive risk-based supervision underpinned by a credible threat of enforcement."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In early 2015 the Central Bank introduced macro-prudential mortgage regulations to increase the resilience of the banking and household sectors to the property market and to reduce the risk of bank credit and house price spirals from developing in the future.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Irish_Times_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Irish_Times-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These measures are to be reviewed annually, with the first report published in November 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In response to the July 2016 <a href="/wiki/Leprechaun_economics" title="Leprechaun economics">leprechaun economics</a> affair, on the request of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Statistics_Office_(Ireland)" title="Central Statistics Office (Ireland)">Central Statistics Office</a> ("CSO"), the Governor of the Central Bank chaired a cross economic steering group (Economic Statistics Review Group, or "ESRG") including the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Fiscal_Advisory_Council" title="Irish Fiscal Advisory Council">IFAC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Social_Research_Institute" title="Economic and Social Research Institute">ESRI</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Treasury_Management_Agency" title="National Treasury Management Agency">NTMA</a>, leading academics and the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Finance_(Ireland)" title="Department of Finance (Ireland)">Department of Finance</a>, to recommend new economic statistics to the CSO, that would better represent the Irish economy (given the escalating distortions in GDP and GNP).<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The result was the introduction of "<a href="/wiki/Modified_gross_national_income" title="Modified gross national income">modified GNI</a>" (or GNI*). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cso.ie/en/csolatestnews/eventsconferencesseminars/resrg/">Report Site of the ESRG</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Leprechaun-proofing_economic_data_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leprechaun-proofing_economic_data-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2016 Modified GNI* is 70% of 2016 GDP (or 2016 GDP is 143% of 2016 GNI*). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_archives_and_data">Historical archives and data</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Bank_of_Ireland&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Historical archives and data"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Central Bank opened its <a href="/wiki/Archives" class="mw-redirect" title="Archives">archives</a> to the public in 2017 operating a <a href="/wiki/30_year_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="30 year rule">30 year rule</a> for the release of records.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The archives can be accessed by means of the Banks online <a href="/wiki/Finding_aid" title="Finding aid">finding aid</a> and consulted in the Bank's North Wall Quay premises in Dublin.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The bank releases data on the changing wealth of Irish households.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Responsibilities">Responsibilities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Bank_of_Ireland&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Responsibilities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Central_Bank_of_Ireland.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Central_Bank_of_Ireland.JPG/260px-Central_Bank_of_Ireland.JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Central_Bank_of_Ireland.JPG/390px-Central_Bank_of_Ireland.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Central_Bank_of_Ireland.JPG/520px-Central_Bank_of_Ireland.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>The former <a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Ireland_building" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Bank of Ireland building">Central Bank of Ireland headquarters building</a> on Dame Street, Dublin City.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Central Bank of Ireland's mandate calls on it to contribute to the well-being of the people of Ireland and more widely in Europe by performing statutory responsibilities which cover a wide range, including : </p> <ul><li>price stability;</li> <li>financial stability;</li> <li>consumer protection;</li> <li>supervision and enforcement;</li> <li>regulatory policy development;</li> <li>payment, settlement and currency systems operations and oversight;</li> <li>the provision of economic advice and financial statistics; and</li> <li>the recovery and resolution of distressed financial services firms.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governors">Governors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Bank_of_Ireland&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Governors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Central_Bank_of_Ireland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Central_Bank_of_Ireland.jpg/260px-Central_Bank_of_Ireland.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Central_Bank_of_Ireland.jpg/390px-Central_Bank_of_Ireland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Central_Bank_of_Ireland.jpg/520px-Central_Bank_of_Ireland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1760" data-file-height="1168" /></a><figcaption>The main entrance to the Central Bank of Ireland's former head office on Dame Street</figcaption></figure> <p>The Governor of the Bank is appointed by the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Ireland" title="President of Ireland">President of Ireland</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_advice" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional advice">constitutional advice</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland" title="Government of Ireland">Government of Ireland</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Birth–Death)</span> </th> <th>Term of office </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Brennan_(civil_servant)" title="Joseph Brennan (civil servant)">Joseph Brennan</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1887–1963)</span> </td> <td>1943–1953 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_J._McElligott&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James J. McElligott (page does not exist)">James J. McElligott</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1890–1974)</span> </td> <td>1953–1960 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Moynihan" title="Maurice Moynihan">Maurice Moynihan</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1902–1999)</span> </td> <td>1960–1969 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/T._K._Whitaker" title="T. K. Whitaker">T. K. Whitaker</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1916–2017)</span> </td> <td>1969–1976 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Henry_Murray&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Henry Murray (page does not exist)">Charles Henry Murray</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1917–2008)</span> </td> <td>1976–1981 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tom%C3%A1s_F._%C3%93_Cofaigh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tomás F. Ó Cofaigh (page does not exist)">Tomás F. Ó Cofaigh</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1921–2015)</span> </td> <td>1981–1987 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maurice_F._Doyle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maurice F. Doyle (page does not exist)">Maurice F. Doyle</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1932–2009)</span> </td> <td>1987–1994 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Maurice_O%27Connell_(banker)" title="Maurice O'Connell (banker)">Maurice O'Connell</a><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1936–2019)</span> </td> <td>1994–2002 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Hurley_(banker)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Hurley (banker) (page does not exist)">John Hurley</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1945–)</span> </td> <td>2002–2009 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Honohan" title="Patrick Honohan">Patrick Honohan</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1949–)</span> </td> <td>2009–2015 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Philip_R._Lane" title="Philip R. Lane">Philip R. Lane</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1969–)</span> </td> <td>2015–2019 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Makhlouf" title="Gabriel Makhlouf">Gabriel Makhlouf</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1960–)</span><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>2019–present </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticisms">Criticisms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Bank_of_Ireland&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Criticisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Coatrack plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>may relate to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:COATRACK" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:COATRACK">a different subject</a> or has <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:UNDUE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:UNDUE">undue weight</a> on an aspect of the subject.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Content_forking#Article_spinoffs:_.22Summary_style.22_meta-articles_and_summary_sections" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Content forking">relocate relevant information</a> and remove irrelevant content.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2019</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Michael_Noonan_(crop).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Michael_Noonan_%28crop%29.jpg/160px-Michael_Noonan_%28crop%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Michael_Noonan_%28crop%29.jpg/240px-Michael_Noonan_%28crop%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Michael_Noonan_%28crop%29.jpg/320px-Michael_Noonan_%28crop%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="778" data-file-height="1037" /></a><figcaption>In 2016, former Irish Finance Minister <a href="/wiki/Michael_Noonan_(Fine_Gael_politician)" title="Michael Noonan (Fine Gael politician)">Michael Noonan</a>, told an Irish <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Member of the European Parliament">MEP</a> to "<a href="/wiki/Put_on_the_green_jersey" title="Put on the green jersey">put on the green jersey</a>" when told of a new Irish corporate <a href="/wiki/BEPS" class="mw-redirect" title="BEPS">BEPS</a> tax tool to replace the prohibited “<a href="/wiki/Double_Irish" class="mw-redirect" title="Double Irish">Double Irish</a>" tool.<sup id="cite_ref-pearse_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pearse-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Recurrent criticisms were made both before and after the Irish <a href="/wiki/Post-2008_Irish_banking_crisis" title="Post-2008 Irish banking crisis">banking crisis</a>, of the Central Bank of Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-imf10_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imf10-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As seen in the Irish <a href="/wiki/Post-2008_Irish_banking_crisis" title="Post-2008 Irish banking crisis">banking crisis</a>, when global markets are stressed, several of these issues can occur simultaneously (i.e. they are not independent risks), to amplify the seriousness of the situation. While the pre-crisis Central Bank of Ireland was judged to fail on all these criticisms,<sup id="cite_ref-imf10_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imf10-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Irish State had the financial resources to <a href="/wiki/Bailout" title="Bailout">bail out</a> the Irish banking system (Ireland was almost debt-free before the crisis).<sup id="cite_ref-ft.com_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ft.com-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-irishexaminer.com_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-irishexaminer.com-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Post the 2011–bailout, the Irish State has a debt-to-GNI* ratio of over 100%,<sup id="cite_ref-gni1_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gni1-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gni2_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gni2-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and will not be able to withstand such a material failing by the Central Bank of Ireland again. A recurrence would place the Irish banking system, and the Irish State, into creditor restructuring. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Green_jersey_agenda">Green jersey agenda</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Bank_of_Ireland&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Green jersey agenda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2016, several Irish bank CEOs testified to being asked by senior officials of the Central Bank during 2007–2011 to follow a "<a href="/wiki/Green_jersey_agenda" class="mw-redirect" title="Green jersey agenda">green jersey agenda</a>" in obfuscating the facts of Ireland's deteriorating banking system.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-judge_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-judge-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the 2011–bailout by the EU–ECB–IMF (e.g. the <a href="/wiki/European_troika" class="mw-redirect" title="European troika">European troika</a>) of the Irish banking system, a number of non–Irish senior executives were placed in the Central Bank of Ireland, including the Board of the Bank. However, by 2017, almost all these non–Irish executives had departed the Central Bank, and some have publicised concerns about the Central Bank's tendency to push aside risk-management in pursuit of political and Government objectives.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mortgage_controls_post_crisis">Mortgage controls post crisis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Bank_of_Ireland&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Mortgage controls post crisis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Irish <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Tiger" title="Celtic Tiger">Celtic Tiger</a> era was typified by large, interest-only mortgages, at high levels of loan-to-income values. After the 2011 bailout, the Central Bank introduced macro–prudential controls on mortgage lending both in terms of loan-to-value (a cap of 80% and 90% depending on circumstances), and loan-to-income (a cap of 3.5 times income).<sup id="cite_ref-The_Irish_Times_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Irish_Times-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A limited number of exemptions to these are available to Irish banks for both of these rules on an annual basis. Additionally, the Irish Government introduced a Help To Buy scheme, which allows first-time buyers to receive 5% of the cost price of a house as an income tax rebate – which loosened the LTI requirements further for eligible first-time buyers.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Irish financial crisis showed the small and unusual nature of Ireland's economy (e.g. where a small number of U.S. corporates are <a href="/wiki/Corporation_tax_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland#Low_tax_economy" title="Corporation tax in the Republic of Ireland">80% of Irish tax, 25% of Irish labour, 25 of top 50 Irish firms, and 57% of Irish value-add</a>), led to foreign banks rapidly withdrawing capital from Ireland in times of stress. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Light-touch_regulation">Light-touch regulation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Bank_of_Ireland&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Light-touch regulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Irish_Section_110_Special_Purpose_Vehicle_(SPV)#Abuses" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Section 110 Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV)">Irish Section 110 Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) § Abuses</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Qualifying_investor_alternative_investment_fund_(QIAIF)#Abuses_of_QIAIFs" class="mw-redirect" title="Qualifying investor alternative investment fund (QIAIF)">Qualifying investor alternative investment fund (QIAIF) § Abuses of QIAIFs</a></div> <p>In 2017, it was shown that brochures of <a href="/wiki/International_Financial_Services_Centre,_Dublin" title="International Financial Services Centre, Dublin">IFSC</a> services firms market Ireland as a "light-touch" regulatory regime.<sup id="cite_ref-jim1_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jim1-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jim2_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jim2-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rus2_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rus2-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rus3_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rus3-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-imf_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imf-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Central Bank itself was paying rent to a US distressed debt-landlord who was using a Central Bank-regulated <a href="/wiki/ICAV" class="mw-redirect" title="ICAV">ICAV</a> structure to avoid all Irish taxes.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 2018, the Central Bank expanded the little-used <a href="/wiki/L-QIAIF" class="mw-redirect" title="L-QIAIF">L–QIAIF</a> vehicle to give the tax benefits as Section 110 SPVs but without requiring public accounts for the Irish <a href="/wiki/Companies_Registration_Office_(Ireland)" title="Companies Registration Office (Ireland)">CRO</a>, which was how the abuses above were uncovered.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 2018, the Central Bank reported that distressed debt funds switched €55 billion, or 25% of Irish <a href="/wiki/Modified_gross_national_income" title="Modified gross national income">GNI*</a>, out of Section 110 SPVs, and presumably into <a href="/wiki/L-QIAIF" class="mw-redirect" title="L-QIAIF">L–QIAIFs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such actions have been highlighted as those of a "<a href="/wiki/Ireland_as_a_tax_haven#Captured_state" title="Ireland as a tax haven">captured state</a>" by tax-experts.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-shaxson_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shaxson-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Distorted_economic_data">Distorted economic data</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Bank_of_Ireland&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Distorted economic data"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Modified_gross_national_income" title="Modified gross national income">Modified gross national income</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leprechaun_economics" title="Leprechaun economics">Leprechaun economics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Corporate_haven#GDP-per-capita_tax_haven_proxy" title="Corporate haven">Corporate haven § GDP-per-capita tax haven proxy</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ireland_Trade_Good_Discrepancy_(1995-2017).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Ireland_Trade_Good_Discrepancy_%281995-2017%29.png/260px-Ireland_Trade_Good_Discrepancy_%281995-2017%29.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Ireland_Trade_Good_Discrepancy_%281995-2017%29.png/390px-Ireland_Trade_Good_Discrepancy_%281995-2017%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Ireland_Trade_Good_Discrepancy_%281995-2017%29.png/520px-Ireland_Trade_Good_Discrepancy_%281995-2017%29.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="489" /></a><figcaption>Apple's Q1 2015 Irish "quasi-inversion" of its $300 billion international IP is the largest recorded individual <a href="/wiki/Base_erosion_and_profit_shifting" title="Base erosion and profit shifting">BEPS</a> action in history, and almost double the 2016 blocked $160 billion Pfizer–Allergan Irish <a href="/wiki/Corporate_inversion" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporate inversion">corporate inversion</a>.<br />Brad Setser & Cole Frank<br />(Council on Foreign Relations)<sup id="cite_ref-cofr_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cofr-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Research in June 2018 confirmed that Ireland, already a "<a href="/wiki/Tax_haven#Top_10_tax_havens" title="Tax haven">major tax haven</a>", was the world's largest tax haven.<sup id="cite_ref-gbz_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gbz-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-zuc10_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zuc10-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-zux_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zux-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In common with all <a href="/wiki/Tax_havens" class="mw-redirect" title="Tax havens">tax havens</a>, Ireland's economic data is distorted by the <a href="/wiki/BEPS" class="mw-redirect" title="BEPS">BEPS</a> flows from tax management activities.<sup id="cite_ref-be_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-be-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ber_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ber-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The top–10 <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita#distorted" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">GDP-per-capita</a> countries, excluding natural resource countries, are all tax havens (see <a href="/wiki/Tax_haven#Inflated_GDP-per-capita" title="Tax haven">GDP-per-capita and tax havens</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-qqtz_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qqtz-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-imfx_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imfx-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was shown dramatically in July 2016 during "<a href="/wiki/Leprechaun_economics" title="Leprechaun economics">leprechaun economics</a>" affair when Apple re-structured its <a href="/wiki/Double_Irish" class="mw-redirect" title="Double Irish">Double Irish</a> BEPS tool, as agreed under an ongoing <a href="/wiki/EU_illegal_State_aid_case_against_Apple_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="EU illegal State aid case against Apple in Ireland">EU tax-investigation into Apple in Ireland</a>, into a new Irish <a href="/wiki/CAIA_arrangement" class="mw-redirect" title="CAIA arrangement">CAIA arrangement</a> BEPS tool. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>At this point, multinational profit shifting doesn't just distort Ireland's balance of payments; it constitutes Ireland’s balance of payments.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Brad_Setser" class="mw-redirect" title="Brad Setser">Brad Setser</a> and Cole Frank, <a href="/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="Council on Foreign Relations">Council on Foreign Relations</a>, "Tax Avoidance and the Irish Balance of Payments", 25 April 2018<sup id="cite_ref-cofr_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cofr-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EUROSTAT_Ireland_Gross_Operating_Surplus_by_Controlling_Country,_%E2%82%ACmillion_2015.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/EUROSTAT_Ireland_Gross_Operating_Surplus_by_Controlling_Country%2C_%E2%82%ACmillion_2015.png/260px-EUROSTAT_Ireland_Gross_Operating_Surplus_by_Controlling_Country%2C_%E2%82%ACmillion_2015.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/EUROSTAT_Ireland_Gross_Operating_Surplus_by_Controlling_Country%2C_%E2%82%ACmillion_2015.png/390px-EUROSTAT_Ireland_Gross_Operating_Surplus_by_Controlling_Country%2C_%E2%82%ACmillion_2015.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/EUROSTAT_Ireland_Gross_Operating_Surplus_by_Controlling_Country%2C_%E2%82%ACmillion_2015.png/520px-EUROSTAT_Ireland_Gross_Operating_Surplus_by_Controlling_Country%2C_%E2%82%ACmillion_2015.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="612" /></a><figcaption><b>Dominance of U.S. companies</b>: Irish corporate <i>Gross Operating Surplus</i> (i.e. profits), by the controlling country of the company (note: a material part of the Irish figure is also from U.S. <a href="/wiki/Corporation_tax_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland#Corporate_tax_inversions" title="Corporation tax in the Republic of Ireland">tax inversions</a> who are U.S.–controlled). Eurostat (2015).<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Exaggerated credit cycles are a documented feature of tax havens as global capital markets misprice the "headline" debt-to-GDP in benign times, only to reprice aggressively in less benign times, leading to a credit crisis (discussed in <a href="/wiki/Corporate_haven#Distorted_GDP/GNP" title="Corporate haven">tax haven credit cycles</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-ber_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ber-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017, the Central Bank of Ireland responded to this issue, post-leprehaun economics, by introducing <a href="/wiki/Modified_gross_national_income" title="Modified gross national income">Modified gross national income</a> (or GNI*), as a more appropriate measure for Ireland's economy.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Leprechaun-proofing_economic_data_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leprechaun-proofing_economic_data-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Ireland has, more or less, stopped using GDP to measure its own economy. And on current trends [because Irish GDP is distorting EU–28 aggregate data], the eurozone taken as a whole may need to consider something similar.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Brad_Setser" class="mw-redirect" title="Brad Setser">Brad Setser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="Council on Foreign Relations">Council on Foreign Relations</a>, "Ireland exports its Leprechaun", 25 April 2018<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The issues post-leprechaun economics, and "Modified GNI", are captured on page 34 of the OECD 2018 Ireland survey:<sup id="cite_ref-oecd_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oecd-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div><ol style="list-style-type:lower-roman"><li>On a Gross Public Debt-to-GDP basis, Ireland's 2015 figure at 78.8% is not of concern;</li><li>On a Gross Public Debt-to-GNI* basis, Ireland's 2015 figure at 116.5% is more serious, but not alarming;</li><li>On a Gross Public Debt-Per-Capita basis, Ireland's 2015 figure at over $62,686 per capita, exceeds every other OECD country, except Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-irip_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-irip-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commercial_property_bubbles">Commercial property bubbles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Bank_of_Ireland&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Commercial property bubbles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dublin_Office_sales_price,_as_a_multiple_of_cost_of_build,_versus_EU-28_(2016).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Dublin_Office_sales_price%2C_as_a_multiple_of_cost_of_build%2C_versus_EU-28_%282016%29.jpg/260px-Dublin_Office_sales_price%2C_as_a_multiple_of_cost_of_build%2C_versus_EU-28_%282016%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Dublin_Office_sales_price%2C_as_a_multiple_of_cost_of_build%2C_versus_EU-28_%282016%29.jpg/390px-Dublin_Office_sales_price%2C_as_a_multiple_of_cost_of_build%2C_versus_EU-28_%282016%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Dublin_Office_sales_price%2C_as_a_multiple_of_cost_of_build%2C_versus_EU-28_%282016%29.jpg/520px-Dublin_Office_sales_price%2C_as_a_multiple_of_cost_of_build%2C_versus_EU-28_%282016%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="638" data-file-height="479" /></a><figcaption>Comparison of the sales price as multiple of the cost of build, for a prime office in Dublin, with other eurozone countries (2016).</figcaption></figure> <p>Ireland's status as a "<a href="/wiki/Tax_haven#Top_10_tax_havens" title="Tax haven">major tax haven</a>", and its exposure to a <a href="/wiki/Corporation_tax_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland#Low_tax_economy" title="Corporation tax in the Republic of Ireland">handful of major U.S. multinationals</a>, mean that its commercial property market is prone to overinflating. This effect is amplified because the Irish State enables foreign investors to pay no taxes on Irish commercial property via the Central Bank regulated <a href="/wiki/Qualifying_investor_alternative_investment_fund_(QIAIF)" class="mw-redirect" title="Qualifying investor alternative investment fund (QIAIF)">QIAIFs</a> (and <a href="/wiki/ICAV" class="mw-redirect" title="ICAV">ICAVs</a> in particular).<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ratio of the value of prime office in Dublin, to its cost-of-build, is the second-largest in the <a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a>, and only exceeded by Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Irish office rents are close to London City office rents.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Irish banks are the main lending institutions to Irish commercial property, and thus most exposed to material price distortions. As was seen in the Irish <a href="/wiki/Post-2008_Irish_banking_crisis" title="Post-2008 Irish banking crisis">banking crisis</a>, when global conditions weaken and the demand for Irish office space falls, the drop in Irish commercial valuations is more extreme than other markets. When this occurs in-sync with a global repricing of Irish credit, from a realisation of the level of artificial distortion in Irish economic data, the effects are further amplified. This risk was highlighted in 2014 when the Central Bank consulted the <a href="/wiki/European_Systemic_Risk_Board" title="European Systemic Risk Board">European Systemic Risk Board</a> ("ESRB") after lobbying by IFSC tax-law firms to expand the <a href="/wiki/L-QIAIF" class="mw-redirect" title="L-QIAIF">L–QIAIF</a> vehicle.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the Central Bank agreed with the ESRB in 2014, it changed its mind in 2018, and decided to materially expand the L–QIAIFs vehicle (see <a href="#Light-touch_regulation">§ Light-touch regulation</a>). </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dublin_Office_sales_price_versus_EU-28_(2016).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Dublin_Office_sales_price_versus_EU-28_%282016%29.jpg/260px-Dublin_Office_sales_price_versus_EU-28_%282016%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Dublin_Office_sales_price_versus_EU-28_%282016%29.jpg/390px-Dublin_Office_sales_price_versus_EU-28_%282016%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Dublin_Office_sales_price_versus_EU-28_%282016%29.jpg/520px-Dublin_Office_sales_price_versus_EU-28_%282016%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="638" data-file-height="479" /></a><figcaption>Comparison of the sales price of Dublin prime office with other EU–28 countries (2016)</figcaption></figure> <p>The longer-term risks of Irish commercial property were further increased with the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Tax_Cuts_and_Jobs_Act_of_2017" class="mw-redirect" title="Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017">Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017</a>, which fundamentally reduces the attractiveness of Ireland to U.S. multinationals, and could see Ireland lose its status as the <a href="/wiki/Double_Irish_arrangement#Effect_of_the_Tax_Cuts_and_Jobs_Act_(TCJA)" title="Double Irish arrangement">major U.S. corporate tax haven</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hbr_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hbr-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Control_of_total_credit">Control of total credit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Bank_of_Ireland&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Control of total credit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Irish_Fiscal_Advisory_Council#Focus" title="Irish Fiscal Advisory Council">Irish Fiscal Advisory Council § Focus</a></div> <p>Irish <a href="#Distorted_economic_data">§ Distorted economic data</a> and the tendency to commercial and residential property bubbles has led to periods when Ireland's economy was over-leveraged and reliant on foreign capital. The ability of foreign capital to use Ireland's <a href="/wiki/Tax_haven" title="Tax haven">tax haven</a> tools (<a href="/wiki/Corporate_haven#IP-based_BEPS_tools" title="Corporate haven">IP–based BEPS tools</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Corporate_haven#Debt-based_BEPS_tools" title="Corporate haven">Debt–based BEPS tools</a>) to avoid Irish taxes, attracts further non-domestic credit. It has been shown that smaller countries with a high proportion of non–domestic capital are prone to severe credit cycles.<sup id="cite_ref-ber_82-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ber-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To resolve this imbalance in the 2007–2012 Irish financial crisis, Irish private-sector debt was transferred to Irish public-sector debt.<sup id="cite_ref-ft.com_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ft.com-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-irishexaminer.com_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-irishexaminer.com-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The result is that Ireland is now one of the EU–28's most leveraged countries on a private and public sector basis (when measured GNI or per-Capita measures, to limit the distortion by Irish GDP).<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-debt1_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-debt1-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This means that the Irish State will not be able to bail out its banking system again for a considerable time. </p><p>During the 2008–2012 global credit crisis, reports showed Ireland's combined public and private sector credit as being the highest in the OECD (some reports<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> added in IFSC SPV credit producing higher, but misleading, figures). In this regard, the Central Bank now tracks private and public credit in Ireland in its quarterly bulletins. Private credit is tracked on a credit-to-income ratio, while public sector credit is tracked on a debt-to-GNI* ratio.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, as part of the post-crisis reforms, the independent statutory body, the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Fiscal_Advisory_Council" title="Irish Fiscal Advisory Council">Irish Fiscal Advisory Council</a>, also reports on Irish leverage (public and private) and its sustainability.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is still common to see other State bodies (e.g. <a href="/wiki/National_Treasury_Management_Agency" title="National Treasury Management Agency">NTMA</a> and <a href="/wiki/IDA_Ireland" title="IDA Ireland">IDA Ireland</a>) present the distorted, and misleading, Debt-to-GDP data in their reports.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Bank_of_Ireland&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/All-currency-symbol.svg/28px-All-currency-symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/All-currency-symbol.svg/42px-All-currency-symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/All-currency-symbol.svg/56px-All-currency-symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="54" data-file-height="54" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Banks" title="Portal:Banks">Banks portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banknotes_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Banknotes of the Republic of Ireland">Banknotes of the Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coins_of_Ireland" title="Coins of Ireland">Coins of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Economy of the Republic of Ireland">Economy of the Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_pound" title="Irish pound">Irish pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_modified_GNI_(or_GNI_star)" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish modified GNI (or GNI star)">Irish modified GNI (or GNI star)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Fiscal_Advisory_Council" title="Irish Fiscal Advisory Council">Irish Fiscal Advisory Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Put_on_the_green_jersey" title="Put on the green jersey">Green Jersey Agenda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland_as_a_tax_haven" title="Ireland as a tax haven">Ireland as a tax haven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_central_banks" title="List of central banks">List of central banks</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Bank_of_Ireland&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-dnbinfo-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dnbinfo_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dnbinfo_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWeidner2017" class="citation thesis cs1">Weidner, Jan (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/1138787981/34"><i>The Organisation and Structure of Central Banks</i></a> (Thesis). <a href="/wiki/Technische_Universit%C3%A4t_Darmstadt" title="Technische Universität Darmstadt">Technische Universität Darmstadt</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Organisation+and+Structure+of+Central+Banks&rft.inst=Technische+Universit%C3%A4t+Darmstadt&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Weidner&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fd-nb.info%2F1138787981%2F34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Bank+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bankingsupervision.europa.eu/organisation/nationalsupervisors/html/index.en.html">"National supervisors"</a>. <i>ECB Banking Supervision</i>. 29 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ECB+Banking+Supervision&rft.atitle=National+supervisors&rft.date=2022-12-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bankingsupervision.europa.eu%2Forganisation%2Fnationalsupervisors%2Fhtml%2Findex.en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Bank+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/1971/en/act/pub/0024/index.html">"Central Bank Act, 1971"</a>. Irishstatutebook.ie. 28 July 1971<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Central+Bank+Act%2C+1971&rft.pub=Irishstatutebook.ie&rft.date=1971-07-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishstatutebook.ie%2F1971%2Fen%2Fact%2Fpub%2F0024%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Bank+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Previously the commercial <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Ireland" title="Bank of Ireland">Bank of Ireland</a>, established in 1783, had been the government's banker.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101201191719/http://two.archiseek.com/2010/1980-central-bank-of-ireland-dame-street-dublin/">"1980 – Central Bank of Ireland, Dame Street, Dublin"</a>. Archiseek. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://two.archiseek.com/2010/1980-central-bank-of-ireland-dame-street-dublin/">the original</a> on 1 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1980+%E2%80%93+Central+Bank+of+Ireland%2C+Dame+Street%2C+Dublin&rft.pub=Archiseek&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftwo.archiseek.com%2F2010%2F1980-central-bank-of-ireland-dame-street-dublin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Bank+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.centralbank.ie/contact-us">"Central Bank of Ireland, Contact Us"</a>. Central Bank of Ireland<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Central+Bank+of+Ireland%2C+Contact+Us&rft.pub=Central+Bank+of+Ireland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.centralbank.ie%2Fcontact-us&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Bank+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.centralbanking.com/central-banking/news/2480395/irish-central-bank-sells-old-premises-for-eur67-million">"Irish central bank sells old premises for €67 million"</a>. <i>centralbanking.com</i>. Central Banking Newsdesk. 17 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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House of the Oireachtas. 23 November 2017. <q><a href="/wiki/Pearse_Doherty" title="Pearse Doherty">Pearse Doherty</a>: It was interesting that when [MEP] Matt Carthy put that to the Minister's predecessor (<a href="/wiki/Michael_Noonan_(Fine_Gael_politician)" title="Michael Noonan (Fine Gael politician)">Michael Noonan</a>), his response was that this was very unpatriotic and he should wear the green jersey. That was the former Minister's response to the fact there is a major loophole, whether intentional or unintentional, in our tax code that has allowed large companies to continue to use the double Irish [called single malt].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=D%C3%A1il+%C3%89ireann+debate+-+Thursday%2C+23+Nov+2017&rft.pub=House+of+the+Oireachtas&rft.date=2017-11-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oireachtas.ie%2Fen%2Fdebates%2Fdebate%2Fdail%2F2017-11-23%2F18%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Bank+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-imf10-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-imf10_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-imf10_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imf.org/en/Publications/Departmental-Papers-Policy-Papers/Issues/2016/12/31/Ireland-Lessons-from-Its-Recovery-from-the-Bank-Sovereign-Loop-43361">"Ireland : Lessons from Its Recovery from the Bank-Sovereign Loop"</a>. IMF. 23 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ireland+%3A+Lessons+from+Its+Recovery+from+the+Bank-Sovereign+Loop&rft.pub=IMF&rft.date=2015-10-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FPublications%2FDepartmental-Papers-Policy-Papers%2FIssues%2F2016%2F12%2F31%2FIreland-Lessons-from-Its-Recovery-from-the-Bank-Sovereign-Loop-43361&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Bank+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ft.com-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ft.com_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ft.com_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoland2017" class="citation news cs1">Boland, Vincent (10 July 2017). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/51a2e9bf-f654-333c-8ae8-b5155eea9ea0">"Irish government debt four times pre-crisis level, NTMA says"</a></span>. <i>Financial Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/51a2e9bf-f654-333c-8ae8-b5155eea9ea0">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Irish+government+debt+four+times+pre-crisis+level%2C+NTMA+says&rft.date=2017-07-10&rft.aulast=Boland&rft.aufirst=Vincent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F51a2e9bf-f654-333c-8ae8-b5155eea9ea0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Bank+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-irishexaminer.com-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-irishexaminer.com_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-irishexaminer.com_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishexaminer.com/ireland/42-of-europes-banking-crisis-paid-by-ireland-219703.html">"42% of Europe's banking crisis paid by Ireland"</a>. 16 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=42%25+of+Europe%27s+banking+crisis+paid+by+Ireland&rft.date=2013-01-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishexaminer.com%2Fireland%2F42-of-europes-banking-crisis-paid-by-ireland-219703.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Bank+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gni1-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gni1_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/business/economy/cso-paints-a-very-different-picture-of-irish-economy-with-new-measure-1.3155462">"CSO paints a very different picture of Irish economy with new measure"</a>. Irish Times. 15 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CSO+paints+a+very+different+picture+of+Irish+economy+with+new+measure&rft.pub=Irish+Times&rft.date=2017-07-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Feconomy%2Fcso-paints-a-very-different-picture-of-irish-economy-with-new-measure-1.3155462&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Bank+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gni2-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gni2_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.ie/business/irish/new-economic-leprechaun-on-loose-as-rate-of-growth-plunges-35932663.html">"New economic Leprechaun on loose as rate of growth plunges"</a>. Irish Independent. 15 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+economic+Leprechaun+on+loose+as+rate+of+growth+plunges&rft.pub=Irish+Independent&rft.date=2017-07-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.ie%2Fbusiness%2Firish%2Fnew-economic-leprechaun-on-loose-as-rate-of-growth-plunges-35932663.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Bank+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://courtsnewsireland.ie/irish-banks-pulling-green-jersey-financial-crisis-trial-told/2016/02/10/">"Irish banks were "pulling on the green jersey" during financial crisis, trial told"</a>. Courts News Ireland. 10 February 2016. <q>A former Anglo Irish Bank director has told the trial of four senior bankers accused of conspiring to mislead investors that there was a "green jersey agenda" which involved banks working together to help each other out during the financial turmoil of 2008.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Irish+banks+were+%22pulling+on+the+green+jersey%22+during+financial+crisis%2C+trial+told&rft.pub=Courts+News+Ireland&rft.date=2016-02-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcourtsnewsireland.ie%2Firish-banks-pulling-green-jersey-financial-crisis-trial-told%2F2016%2F02%2F10%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Bank+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ireland-banking-court-idUSKCN10912E?il=0">"Ireland jails three top bankers over 2008 banking meltdown"</a>. Reuters. 29 July 2016. <q>Lawyers for the accused argued during the trial that their motivation in authorizing the deal was the "green jersey" agenda, the financial regulator's request for Irish banks to support one another as the financial crisis worsened.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ireland+jails+three+top+bankers+over+2008+banking+meltdown&rft.pub=Reuters&rft.date=2016-07-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-ireland-banking-court-idUSKCN10912E%3Fil%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Bank+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-judge-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-judge_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Judge ruled that it would not be right or practical to try to stop the Jury hearing about the "green jersey agenda".<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/business/financial-services/anglo-verdict-prosecution-wanted-green-jersey-agenda-removed-1.2678502?mode=sample&auth-failed=1&pw-origin=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Ffinancial-services%2Fanglo-verdict-prosecution-wanted-green-jersey-agenda-removed-1.2678502">"Anglo verdict: Prosecution wanted 'green jersey' agenda removed"</a>. <i>The Irish Times</i>. 9 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Anglo+verdict%3A+Prosecution+wanted+%27green+jersey%27+agenda+removed&rft.date=2016-06-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Ffinancial-services%2Fanglo-verdict-prosecution-wanted-green-jersey-agenda-removed-1.2678502%3Fmode%3Dsample%26auth-failed%3D1%26pw-origin%3Dhttps%253A%252F%252Fwww.irishtimes.com%252Fbusiness%252Ffinancial-services%252Fanglo-verdict-prosecution-wanted-green-jersey-agenda-removed-1.2678502&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Bank+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/the-green-jersey-merchants-haven-t-gone-away-1.2680177">"The green jersey merchants haven't gone away"</a>. <i>The Irish Times</i>. 11 July 2016. <q>We heard a lot about the "green jersey" agenda during the Anglo trial, which finished during the week. It is the name given to the drive to protect the financial system as the crisis hit, taking in the government, Civil Service, regulators, banks and beyond.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=The+green+jersey+merchants+haven%27t+gone+away&rft.date=2016-07-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fopinion%2Fthe-green-jersey-merchants-haven-t-gone-away-1.2680177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Bank+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/business/financial-services/former-regulator-says-irish-politicians-mindless-over-ifsc-russian-risks-1.3414779?mode=sample&auth-failed=1&pw-origin=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Ffinancial-services%2Fformer-regulator-says-irish-politicians-mindless-over-ifsc-russian-risks-1.3414779">"Former Regulator says Irish politicians mindless of IFSC risks in "green jersey" agenda"</a>. <i>The Irish Times</i>. 5 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Former+Regulator+says+Irish+politicians+mindless+of+IFSC+risks+in+%22green+jersey%22+agenda&rft.date=2018-03-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Ffinancial-services%2Fformer-regulator-says-irish-politicians-mindless-over-ifsc-russian-risks-1.3414779%3Fmode%3Dsample%26auth-failed%3D1%26pw-origin%3Dhttps%253A%252F%252Fwww.irishtimes.com%252Fbusiness%252Ffinancial-services%252Fformer-regulator-says-irish-politicians-mindless-over-ifsc-russian-risks-1.3414779&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Bank+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.revenue.ie/en/tax-professionals/tdm/income-tax-capital-gains-tax-corporation-tax/part-15/15-01-46.pdf">"Help to Buy (HTB) Part 15-04-46 Section 477C of the Taxes Consolidation Act (TCA) 1997"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Revenue Commission. 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Help+to+Buy+%28HTB%29+Part+15-04-46+Section+477C+of+the+Taxes+Consolidation+Act+%28TCA%29+1997&rft.pub=Revenue+Commission&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.revenue.ie%2Fen%2Ftax-professionals%2Ftdm%2Fincome-tax-capital-gains-tax-corporation-tax%2Fpart-15%2F15-01-46.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Bank+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jim1-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jim1_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProfessor_Jim_StewartCillian_Doyle2017" class="citation web cs1">Professor Jim Stewart; Cillian Doyle (12 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tasc.ie/download/pdf/seminar_on_section_110_12th_jan_2017.pdf">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Section 110' Companies: A Success story for Ireland"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College_Dublin" title="Trinity College Dublin">Trinity College Dublin</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Section+110%27+Companies%3A+A+Success+story+for+Ireland&rft.pub=Trinity+College+Dublin&rft.date=2017-01-12&rft.au=Professor+Jim+Stewart&rft.au=Cillian+Doyle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tasc.ie%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2Fseminar_on_section_110_12th_jan_2017.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Bank+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jim2-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jim2_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tasc.ie/download/pdf/ireland_global_finance_and_the_russian_connection.pdf">"Ireland, Global Finance and the Russian Connection"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Professor Jim Stewart Cillian Doyle. 27 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ireland%2C+Global+Finance+and+the+Russian+Connection&rft.pub=Professor+Jim+Stewart+Cillian+Doyle&rft.date=2018-02-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tasc.ie%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2Fireland_global_finance_and_the_russian_connection.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Bank+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rus2-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rus2_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businesspost.ie/news/russian-firms-funnelled-e100bn-dublin-410840">"How Russian Firms Funnelled €100bn through Dublin"</a>. <i>The Sunday Business Post</i>. 4 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Sunday+Business+Post&rft.atitle=How+Russian+Firms+Funnelled+%E2%82%AC100bn+through+Dublin&rft.date=2018-03-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businesspost.ie%2Fnews%2Frussian-firms-funnelled-e100bn-dublin-410840&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Bank+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/business/media-and-marketing/more-than-100bn-in-russian-money-funnelled-though-dublin-1.3414480">"More than €100bn in Russian Money funneled through Dublin"</a>. <i>The Irish Times</i>. 4 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=More+than+%E2%82%AC100bn+in+Russian+Money+funneled+through+Dublin&rft.date=2018-03-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Fmedia-and-marketing%2Fmore-than-100bn-in-russian-money-funnelled-though-dublin-1.3414480&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Bank+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rus3-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rus3_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/business/financial-services/a-third-of-ireland-s-shadow-banking-subject-to-little-or-no-oversight-1.3077931?mode=sample&auth-failed=1&pw-origin=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Ffinancial-services%2Fa-third-of-ireland-s-shadow-banking-subject-to-little-or-no-oversight-1.3077931">"A third of Ireland's shadow banking subject to little or no oversight"</a>. <i>The Irish Times</i>. 10 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=A+third+of+Ireland%27s+shadow+banking+subject+to+little+or+no+oversight&rft.date=2017-05-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Ffinancial-services%2Fa-third-of-ireland-s-shadow-banking-subject-to-little-or-no-oversight-1.3077931%3Fmode%3Dsample%26auth-failed%3D1%26pw-origin%3Dhttps%253A%252F%252Fwww.irishtimes.com%252Fbusiness%252Ffinancial-services%252Fa-third-of-ireland-s-shadow-banking-subject-to-little-or-no-oversight-1.3077931&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Bank+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/business/financial-services/ireland-is-world-s-fourth-largest-shadow-banking-hub-1.3077914?mode=sample&auth-failed=1&pw-origin=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Ffinancial-services%2Fireland-is-world-s-fourth-largest-shadow-banking-hub-1.3077914">"Ireland is world's fourth-largest shadow banking hub"</a>. <i>The Irish Times</i>. 10 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Ireland+is+world%27s+fourth-largest+shadow+banking+hub&rft.date=2017-05-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Ffinancial-services%2Fireland-is-world-s-fourth-largest-shadow-banking-hub-1.3077914%3Fmode%3Dsample%26auth-failed%3D1%26pw-origin%3Dhttps%253A%252F%252Fwww.irishtimes.com%252Fbusiness%252Ffinancial-services%252Fireland-is-world-s-fourth-largest-shadow-banking-hub-1.3077914&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Bank+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-imf-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-imf_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/business/financial-services/imf-queries-lawyers-and-bankers-on-hundreds-of-ifsc-boards-1.2811754">"IMF queries lawyers and bankers on hundreds of IFSC boards"</a>. <i>The Irish Times</i>. 30 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=IMF+queries+lawyers+and+bankers+on+hundreds+of+IFSC+boards&rft.date=2016-09-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Ffinancial-services%2Fimf-queries-lawyers-and-bankers-on-hundreds-of-ifsc-boards-1.2811754&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Bank+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/central-bank-landlord-a-vulture-fund-paying-no-irish-tax-says-sf-1.2771263">"Central Bank landlord a vulture fund paying no Irish tax, says SF"</a>. <i>The Irish Times</i>. 28 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Central+Bank+landlord+a+vulture+fund+paying+no+Irish+tax%2C+says+SF&rft.date=2016-08-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnews%2Fireland%2Firish-news%2Fcentral-bank-landlord-a-vulture-fund-paying-no-irish-tax-says-sf-1.2771263&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Bank+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dilloneustace.com/uploads/files/L-QIAIF20CBI20Update202018.pdf">"Central Bank of Ireland publishes notice of intention to amend the requirements for Loan Origination Qualifying Investor AIF"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Dillon Eustace Law Firm. February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Central+Bank+of+Ireland+publishes+notice+of+intention+to+amend+the+requirements+for+Loan+Origination+Qualifying+Investor+AIF&rft.pub=Dillon+Eustace+Law+Firm&rft.date=2018-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dilloneustace.com%2Fuploads%2Ffiles%2FL-QIAIF20CBI20Update202018.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Bank+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/business/economy/tax-free-funds-once-favoured-by-vultures-fall-55bn-1.3546101">"Tax-free funds once favoured by 'vultures' fall €55bn: Regulator attributes decline to the decision of funds to exit their so-called 'section 110 status'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Irish Times</i>. 28 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Tax-free+funds+once+favoured+by+%27vultures%27+fall+%E2%82%AC55bn%3A+Regulator+attributes+decline+to+the+decision+of+funds+to+exit+their+so-called+%27section+110+status%27&rft.date=2018-06-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Feconomy%2Ftax-free-funds-once-favoured-by-vultures-fall-55bn-1.3546101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Bank+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://treasureislands.org/the-capture-of-tax-haven-ireland-the-bankers-hedge-funds-got-virtually-everything-they-wanted/">"The capture of tax haven Ireland: "the bankers, hedge funds got virtually everything they wanted"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Shaxson" title="Nicholas Shaxson">Nicholas Shaxson</a>. May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+capture+of+tax+haven+Ireland%3A+%22the+bankers%2C+hedge+funds+got+virtually+everything+they+wanted%22&rft.pub=Nicholas+Shaxson&rft.date=2013-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftreasureislands.org%2Fthe-capture-of-tax-haven-ireland-the-bankers-hedge-funds-got-virtually-everything-they-wanted%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Bank+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shaxson-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-shaxson_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taxjustice.net/2015/11/11/how-ireland-became-an-offshore-financial-centre/">"How Ireland became a tax haven and offshore financial centre"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Shaxson" title="Nicholas Shaxson">Nicholas Shaxson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tax_Justice_Network" title="Tax Justice Network">Tax Justice Network</a>. 11 November 2015. <q>The willingness to brush dirt under the carpet to support the financial sector, and an equating of these policies with patriotism (sometimes known in Ireland as the Green Jersey agenda,) contributed to the remarkable regulatory laxity with massive impacts in other nations (as well as in Ireland itself) as global financial firms sought an escape from financial regulation in Dublin.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Ireland+became+a+tax+haven+and+offshore+financial+centre&rft.pub=Nicholas+Shaxson%2C+Tax+Justice+Network&rft.date=2015-11-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taxjustice.net%2F2015%2F11%2F11%2Fhow-ireland-became-an-offshore-financial-centre%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Bank+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProfessor_Philip_Alston2015" class="citation web cs1">Professor <a href="/wiki/Philip_Alston" title="Philip Alston">Philip Alston</a> (13 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.ie/business/irish/nobody-believes-ireland-is-not-a-tax-haven-un-official-30988378.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Nobody believes Ireland is not a tax haven' - UN official"</a>. Irish Times. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"The Irish authorities knew exactly what was going on, long before the international community finally blew the whistle.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Nobody+believes+Ireland+is+not+a+tax+haven%27+-+UN+official&rft.pub=Irish+Times&rft.date=2015-02-13&rft.au=Professor+Philip+Alston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.ie%2Fbusiness%2Firish%2Fnobody-believes-ireland-is-not-a-tax-haven-un-official-30988378.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Bank+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cofr-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cofr_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cofr_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cfr.org/blog/tax-avoidance-and-irish-balance-payments">"Tax Avoidance and the Irish Balance of Payments"</a>. Council on Foreign Relations. 25 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tax+Avoidance+and+the+Irish+Balance+of+Payments&rft.pub=Council+on+Foreign+Relations&rft.date=2018-04-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfr.org%2Fblog%2Ftax-avoidance-and-irish-balance-payments&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Bank+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gbz-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gbz_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGabriel_ZucmanThomas_TorslovLudvig_Wier2018" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Zucman" title="Gabriel Zucman">Gabriel Zucman</a>; Thomas Torslov; Ludvig Wier (June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gabriel-zucman.eu/missingprofits/">"The Missing Profits of Nations"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Economic_Research" title="National Bureau of Economic Research">National Bureau of Economic Research</a>, Working Papers. p. 31. <q>Appendix Table 2: Tax Havens</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Missing+Profits+of+Nations&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=National+Bureau+of+Economic+Research%2C+Working+Papers&rft.date=2018-06&rft.au=Gabriel+Zucman&rft.au=Thomas+Torslov&rft.au=Ludvig+Wier&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgabriel-zucman.eu%2Fmissingprofits%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Bank+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zuc10-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-zuc10_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/corporations-push-profits-into-tax-havens-as-countries-struggle-in-pursuit-study-says-1528634659">"Zucman:Corporations Push Profits Into Corporate Tax Havens as Countries Struggle in Pursuit, Gabrial Zucman Study Says"</a>. Wall Street Journal. 10 June 2018. <q>Such profit shifting leads to a total annual revenue loss of $200 billion globally</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zucman%3ACorporations+Push+Profits+Into+Corporate+Tax+Havens+as+Countries+Struggle+in+Pursuit%2C+Gabrial+Zucman+Study+Says&rft.pub=Wall+Street+Journal&rft.date=2018-06-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fcorporations-push-profits-into-tax-havens-as-countries-struggle-in-pursuit-study-says-1528634659&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Bank+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zux-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-zux_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/business/economy/ireland-is-the-world-s-biggest-corporate-tax-haven-say-academics-1.3528401?mode=sample&auth-failed=1&pw-origin=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Feconomy%2Fireland-is-the-world-s-biggest-corporate-tax-haven-say-academics-1.3528401">"Ireland is the world's biggest corporate 'tax haven', say academics"</a>. Irish Times. 13 June 2018. <q>New Gabriel Zucman study claims State shelters more multinational profits than the entire Caribbean</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ireland+is+the+world%27s+biggest+corporate+%27tax+haven%27%2C+say+academics&rft.pub=Irish+Times&rft.date=2018-06-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Feconomy%2Fireland-is-the-world-s-biggest-corporate-tax-haven-say-academics-1.3528401%3Fmode%3Dsample%26auth-failed%3D1%26pw-origin%3Dhttps%253A%252F%252Fwww.irishtimes.com%252Fbusiness%252Feconomy%252Fireland-is-the-world-s-biggest-corporate-tax-haven-say-academics-1.3528401&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Bank+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-be-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-be_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDhammika_Dharmapala2014" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dhammika_Dharmapala" title="Dhammika Dharmapala">Dhammika Dharmapala</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2385&context=law_and_economics">"What Do We Know About Base Erosion and Profit Shifting? A Review of the Empirical Literature"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+Do+We+Know+About+Base+Erosion+and+Profit+Shifting%3F+A+Review+of+the+Empirical+Literature&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Dhammika+Dharmapala&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchicagounbound.uchicago.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D2385%26context%3Dlaw_and_economics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Bank+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ber-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ber_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ber_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ber_82-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeike_Joebges2017" class="citation web cs1">Heike Joebges (January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.socialeurope.eu/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/p_imk_wp_175_2017.pdf">"CRISIS RECOVERY IN A COUNTRY WITH A HIGH PRESENCE OF FOREIGN-OWNED COMPANIES: The Case of Ireland"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. IMK Macroeconomic Policy Institute, <a href="/wiki/Hans-B%C3%B6ckler-Stiftung" class="mw-redirect" title="Hans-Böckler-Stiftung">Hans-Böckler-Stiftung</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CRISIS+RECOVERY+IN+A+COUNTRY+WITH+A+HIGH+PRESENCE+OF+FOREIGN-OWNED+COMPANIES%3A+The+Case+of+Ireland&rft.pub=IMK+Macroeconomic+Policy+Institute%2C+Hans-B%C3%B6ckler-Stiftung&rft.date=2017-01&rft.au=Heike+Joebges&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.socialeurope.eu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F01%2Fp_imk_wp_175_2017.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Bank+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-qqtz-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-qqtz_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://qz.com/1300880/tax-havens-mean-40-of-foreign-direct-investments-are-artificial/">"How tax havens turn economic statistics into nonsense"</a>. Quartz. 11 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+tax+havens+turn+economic+statistics+into+nonsense&rft.pub=Quartz&rft.date=2018-06-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fqz.com%2F1300880%2Ftax-havens-mean-40-of-foreign-direct-investments-are-artificial%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Bank+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-imfx-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-imfx_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2018/06/inside-the-world-of-global-tax-havens-and-offshore-banking/damgaard.htm">"Piercing the Veil, FINANCE & DEVELOPMENT, JUNE 2018, VOL. 55, NO. 2"</a>. IMF Finance & Development. June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Piercing+the+Veil%2C+FINANCE+%26+DEVELOPMENT%2C+JUNE+2018%2C+VOL.+55%2C+NO.+2&rft.pub=IMF+Finance+%26+Development&rft.date=2018-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fpubs%2Fft%2Ffandd%2F2018%2F06%2Finside-the-world-of-global-tax-havens-and-offshore-banking%2Fdamgaard.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Bank+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeamus_Coffey,_Irish_Fiscal_Advisory_Council2018" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Seamus_Coffey" title="Seamus Coffey">Seamus Coffey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_Fiscal_Advisory_Council" title="Irish Fiscal Advisory Council">Irish Fiscal Advisory Council</a> (18 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://economic-incentives.blogspot.com/2018/06/who-shifts-profits-to-ireland.html">"Who shifts profits to Ireland"</a>. Economic Incentives, <a href="/wiki/University_College_Cork" title="University College Cork">University College Cork</a>. <q>Eurostat's structural business statistics give a range of measures of the business economy broken down by the controlling country of the enterprises. Here is the Gross Operating Surplus generated in Ireland in 2015 for the countries with figures reported by Eurostat.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who+shifts+profits+to+Ireland&rft.pub=Economic+Incentives%2C+University+College+Cork&rft.date=2018-06-18&rft.au=Seamus+Coffey%2C+Irish+Fiscal+Advisory+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feconomic-incentives.blogspot.com%2F2018%2F06%2Fwho-shifts-profits-to-ireland.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Bank+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cso.ie/en/csolatestnews/eventsconferencesseminars/resrg/">"Report of the Economic Statistics Review Group"</a>. Central Statistics Office. 4 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+Economic+Statistics+Review+Group&rft.pub=Central+Statistics+Office&rft.date=2017-02-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cso.ie%2Fen%2Fcsolatestnews%2Feventsconferencesseminars%2Fresrg%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Bank+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cfr.org/blog/ireland-exports-its-leprechaun">"Ireland Exports its Leprechaun"</a>. Council on Foreign Relations. 11 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ireland+Exports+its+Leprechaun&rft.pub=Council+on+Foreign+Relations&rft.date=2018-05-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfr.org%2Fblog%2Fireland-exports-its-leprechaun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Bank+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oecd-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-oecd_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.finance.gov.ie/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/OECD-survey.pdf"><i>OECD Ireland Survey 2018</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a>. March 2018. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-64-29177-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-64-29177-5"><bdi>978-92-64-29177-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=OECD+Ireland+Survey+2018&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=OECD&rft.date=2018-03&rft.isbn=978-92-64-29177-5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.finance.gov.ie%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2018%2F03%2FOECD-survey.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Bank+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-irip-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-irip_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/politics/national-debt-now-44000-per-head-35904197.html">"National debt now €44000 per head"</a>. Irish Independent. 7 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+debt+now+%E2%82%AC44000+per+head&rft.pub=Irish+Independent&rft.date=2017-07-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.ie%2Firish-news%2Fpolitics%2Fnational-debt-now-44000-per-head-35904197.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Bank+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.ie/business/commercial-property/tax-breaks-for-commercial-property-will-fuel-bubble-35189754.html">"Tax breaks for commercial property will fuel bubble"</a>. <i>Irish Independent</i>. 6 November 2016. <q>They'll do this by making commercial property investment, mainly by large foreign landlords, entirely tax-free. This will drive up commercial rents, suppress residential development, put Irish banks at risk, and deprive the State of much-needed funds.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Irish+Independent&rft.atitle=Tax+breaks+for+commercial+property+will+fuel+bubble&rft.date=2016-11-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.ie%2Fbusiness%2Fcommercial-property%2Ftax-breaks-for-commercial-property-will-fuel-bubble-35189754.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Bank+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stephendonnelly.ie/finance-bill-could-turn-commercial-property-bubble-into-next-crash/">"Finance Bill Could Turn Commercial Property Bubble into next Crash"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Donnelly" title="Stephen Donnelly">Stephen Donnelly</a> T.D. 6 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Finance+Bill+Could+Turn+Commercial+Property+Bubble+into+next+Crash&rft.pub=Stephen+Donnelly+T.D.&rft.date=2016-11-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstephendonnelly.ie%2Ffinance-bill-could-turn-commercial-property-bubble-into-next-crash%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Bank+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indymedia.ie/article/106017">"The commercial property bubble"</a>. <i>Indymedia</i>. 24 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Indymedia&rft.atitle=The+commercial+property+bubble&rft.date=2016-11-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indymedia.ie%2Farticle%2F106017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Bank+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stephendonnelly.ie/tax-breaks-for-commercial-property-will-fuel-bubble/">"Commercial office bubble rising"</a>. Stephen Donnelly. November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Commercial+office+bubble+rising&rft.pub=Stephen+Donnelly&rft.date=2016-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstephendonnelly.ie%2Ftax-breaks-for-commercial-property-will-fuel-bubble%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Bank+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.ie/business/commercial-property/tax-breaks-for-commercial-property-will-fuel-bubble-35189754.html">"Tax breaks for commercial property will fuel bubble"</a>. <i>Irish Independent</i>. 6 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Irish+Independent&rft.atitle=Tax+breaks+for+commercial+property+will+fuel+bubble&rft.date=2016-11-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.ie%2Fbusiness%2Fcommercial-property%2Ftax-breaks-for-commercial-property-will-fuel-bubble-35189754.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Bank+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docplayer.net/31887836-Loan-origination-qiaifs-central-bank-consults.html">"Loan Origination QIAIFs-Central Bank Consults"</a>. Dillon Eustace Law Firm. 14 July 2014. <q>ESRB: Nonetheless, if not subject to adequate macro- and micro-prudential regulation, this activity could grow rapidly and introduce new sources of financial stability risk. It could also raise the financial system's vulnerability to runs, contagion, excessive credit growth and pro-cyclicality.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Loan+Origination+QIAIFs-Central+Bank+Consults&rft.pub=Dillon+Eustace+Law+Firm&rft.date=2014-07-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocplayer.net%2F31887836-Loan-origination-qiaifs-central-bank-consults.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Bank+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hbr-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hbr_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMihir_A._Desai2017" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mihir_A._Desai" title="Mihir A. Desai">Mihir A. Desai</a> (26 December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hbr.org/ideacast/2017/12/breaking-down-the-new-u-s-corporate-tax-law">"Breaking Down the New U.S. Corporate Tax Law"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Business_Review" title="Harvard Business Review">Harvard Business Review</a></i>. <q>So, if you think about a lot of technology companies that are housed in Ireland and have massive operations there, they're not going to maybe need those in the same way, and those can be relocated back to the U.S.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Business+Review&rft.atitle=Breaking+Down+the+New+U.S.+Corporate+Tax+Law&rft.date=2017-12-26&rft.au=Mihir+A.+Desai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhbr.org%2Fideacast%2F2017%2F12%2Fbreaking-down-the-new-u-s-corporate-tax-law&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Bank+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/business/economy/who-owes-more-money-the-irish-or-the-greeks-1.2236034">"Who owes more money - the Irish or the Greeks?"</a>. <i>The Irish Times</i>. 4 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Who+owes+more+money+-+the+Irish+or+the+Greeks%3F&rft.date=2015-06-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Feconomy%2Fwho-owes-more-money-the-irish-or-the-greeks-1.2236034&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Bank+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/business/economy/why-do-the-irish-still-owe-more-than-the-greeks-1.3001026">"Why do the Irish still owe more than the Greeks?"</a>. <i>The Irish Times</i>. 7 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Why+do+the+Irish+still+owe+more+than+the+Greeks%3F&rft.date=2017-03-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Feconomy%2Fwhy-do-the-irish-still-owe-more-than-the-greeks-1.3001026&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Bank+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.ie/business/personal-finance/latest-news/irelands-colossal-level-of-indebtedness-leaves-any-new-government-with-precious-little-room-for-manoeuvre-34633087.html">"Ireland's colossal level of indebtedness leaves any new government with precious little room for manoeuvre"</a>. <i>Irish Independent</i>. 16 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Irish+Independent&rft.atitle=Ireland%27s+colossal+level+of+indebtedness+leaves+any+new+government+with+precious+little+room+for+manoeuvre&rft.date=2016-04-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.ie%2Fbusiness%2Fpersonal-finance%2Flatest-news%2Firelands-colossal-level-of-indebtedness-leaves-any-new-government-with-precious-little-room-for-manoeuvre-34633087.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Bank+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-debt1-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-debt1_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/politics/national-debt-now-44000-per-head-35904197.html">"Net National debt now €44000 per head, 2nd highest in the World"</a>. <i>Irish Independent</i>. 7 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Irish+Independent&rft.atitle=Net+National+debt+now+%E2%82%AC44000+per+head%2C+2nd+highest+in+the+World&rft.date=2017-07-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.ie%2Firish-news%2Fpolitics%2Fnational-debt-now-44000-per-head-35904197.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Bank+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.centralbank.ie/docs/default-source/statistics/data-and-analysis/financial-accounts/quarterly-financial-accounts-for-ireland-q2-2017.pdf?sfvrsn=4">"Quarterly Statistical Release November 2017"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Central Bank of Ireland. November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Quarterly+Statistical+Release+November+2017&rft.pub=Central+Bank+of+Ireland&rft.date=2017-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.centralbank.ie%2Fdocs%2Fdefault-source%2Fstatistics%2Fdata-and-analysis%2Ffinancial-accounts%2Fquarterly-financial-accounts-for-ireland-q2-2017.pdf%3Fsfvrsn%3D4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Bank+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fiscalcouncil.ie/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Fiscal-Assessment-Report-June-2017-Presentation.pdf">"Debt levels remain high following the crisis June FAR Slide 7"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Irish Fiscal Advisory Council. June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Debt+levels+remain+high+following+the+crisis+June+FAR+Slide+7&rft.pub=Irish+Fiscal+Advisory+Council&rft.date=2017-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fiscalcouncil.ie%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F07%2FFiscal-Assessment-Report-June-2017-Presentation.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Bank+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fiscalcouncil.ie/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Fiscal-Assessment-Report-June-2017-Final.pdf">"Section 1.2.2 Recent Fiscal Context June FAR Page 14"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Irish Fiscal Advisory Council. June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Section+1.2.2+Recent+Fiscal+Context+June+FAR+Page+14&rft.pub=Irish+Fiscal+Advisory+Council&rft.date=2017-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fiscalcouncil.ie%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F06%2FFiscal-Assessment-Report-June-2017-Final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Bank+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fiscalcouncil.ie/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Website-AN5.pdf">"Future Implications of the Debt Rule"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Irish Fiscal Advisory Council. June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Future+Implications+of+the+Debt+Rule&rft.pub=Irish+Fiscal+Advisory+Council&rft.date=2014-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fiscalcouncil.ie%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2015%2F03%2FWebsite-AN5.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Bank+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Bank_of_Ireland&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Irish_State_and_Public_buildings" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Irish_governmental_buildings" title="Template:Irish governmental buildings"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Irish_governmental_buildings" title="Template talk:Irish governmental buildings"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Irish_governmental_buildings" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Irish governmental buildings"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Irish_State_and_Public_buildings" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Irish State and Public buildings</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ras_an_Uachtar%C3%A1in" title="Áras an Uachtaráin">Áras an Uachtaráin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Central Bank of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collins_Barracks,_Dublin" title="Collins Barracks, Dublin">Collins Barracks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Custom_House" title="The Custom House">Custom House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_Castle" title="Dublin Castle">Dublin Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmleigh" title="Farmleigh">Farmleigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Courts" title="Four Courts">Four Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Post_Office,_Dublin" title="General Post Office, Dublin">General Post Office (GPO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Buildings" title="Government Buildings">Government Buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Street_Courthouse" title="Green Street Courthouse">Green Street Courthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leinster_House" title="Leinster House">Leinster House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansion_House,_Dublin" title="Mansion House, Dublin">Mansion House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratra_House" title="Ratra House">Ratra House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Inns" title="King's Inns">Registry of Deeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steward%27s_Lodge" title="Steward's Lodge">Steward's Lodge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chapel_Royal,_Dublin" title="Chapel Royal, Dublin">Chapel Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chichester_House" title="Chichester House">Chichester House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Old_Custom_House,_Dublin" title="The Old Custom House, Dublin">The Old Custom House, Dublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deerfield_Residence" title="Deerfield Residence">Chief Secretary's Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_House,_Dublin" title="Parliament House, Dublin">Parliament House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Under_Secretary%27s_Lodge" title="Under Secretary's Lodge">Under Secretary's Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Tholsel,_Dublin" title="The Tholsel, Dublin">The Tholsel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Irish_currency_and_coinage" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Irish_currency_and_coinage" title="Template:Irish currency and coinage"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Irish_currency_and_coinage" title="Template talk:Irish currency and coinage"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Irish_currency_and_coinage" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Irish currency and coinage"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Irish_currency_and_coinage" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Irish currency and coinage</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_pound" title="Irish pound">Irish pound</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currency_Centre" title="Currency Centre">Currency Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currency_Commission" title="Currency Commission">Currency Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Finance_(Ireland)" title="Minister for Finance (Ireland)">Minister for Finance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coins_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Coins of the Republic of Ireland">Coins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-decimal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Farthing_(Irish_coin)" title="Farthing (Irish coin)">Farthing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halfpenny_(Irish_pre-decimal_coin)" title="Halfpenny (Irish pre-decimal coin)">Halfpenny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penny_(Irish_pre-decimal_coin)" title="Penny (Irish pre-decimal coin)">Penny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threepence_(Irish_coin)" title="Threepence (Irish coin)">Threepence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixpence_(Irish_coin)" title="Sixpence (Irish coin)">Sixpence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilling_(Irish_coin)" title="Shilling (Irish coin)">Shilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florin_(Irish_coin)" title="Florin (Irish coin)">Florin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half_crown_(Irish_coin)" title="Half crown (Irish coin)">Half crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_shilling_coin" title="Ten shilling coin">Ten shilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnyard_Collection" title="Barnyard Collection">Barnyard Collection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Decimal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halfpenny_(Irish_decimal_coin)" title="Halfpenny (Irish decimal coin)">Halfpenny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penny_(Irish_decimal_coin)" title="Penny (Irish decimal coin)">Penny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_pence_(Irish_coin)" title="Two pence (Irish coin)">Two pence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_pence_(Irish_coin)" title="Five pence (Irish coin)">Five pence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_pence_(Irish_coin)" title="Ten pence (Irish coin)">Ten pence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty_pence_(Irish_coin)" title="Twenty pence (Irish coin)">Twenty pence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifty_pence_(Irish_coin)" title="Fifty pence (Irish coin)">Fifty pence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_pound_(Irish_coin)" title="One pound (Irish coin)">Pound</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Banknotes_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Banknotes of the Republic of Ireland">Banknotes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Series_A_banknotes" title="Series A banknotes">Series A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Series_B_banknotes" title="Series B banknotes">Series B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Series_C_banknotes" title="Series C banknotes">Series C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ploughman_series" title="Ploughman series">Ploughman series</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banknotes_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Banknotes of Northern Ireland">Banknotes of Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coins_of_Ireland" title="Coins of Ireland">Coins of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decimal_Day" title="Decimal Day">Decimal Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro_banknotes" title="Euro banknotes">Euro banknotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_euro_coins" title="Irish euro coins">Irish euro coins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percy_Metcalfe" title="Percy Metcalfe">Percy Metcalfe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Banks_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Banks_of_Ireland" title="Template:Banks of Ireland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Banks_of_Ireland" title="Template talk:Banks of Ireland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Banks_of_Ireland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Banks of Ireland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Banks_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="List of banks in the Republic of Ireland">Banks of the Republic of Ireland</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">European Central Bank</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Central Bank of Ireland</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">The Big Three commercial banks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Irish_Banks" title="Allied Irish Banks">AIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Ireland" title="Bank of Ireland">Bank of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_TSB" title="Permanent TSB">PTSB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other commercial banks & financial institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EBS_d.a.c." title="EBS d.a.c.">EBS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investec" title="Investec">Investec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Post" title="An Post">An Post Money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayflyer" title="Wayflyer">Wayflyer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct banks & financial institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACC_Loan_Management" title="ACC Loan Management">ACC Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo_Irish_Bank" title="Anglo Irish Bank">Anglo Irish Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danske_Bank_(Ireland)" title="Danske Bank (Ireland)">Danske Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depfa_Bank" title="Depfa Bank">Depfa Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halifax_(Ireland)" title="Halifax (Ireland)">Halifax Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Active" title="First Active">First Active</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First-e_Group" title="First-e Group">First-e</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Nationwide_Building_Society" title="Irish Nationwide Building Society">Irish Nationwide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KBC_Bank_Ireland" title="KBC Bank Ireland">KBC Bank Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leeds_Building_Society_Ireland" title="Leeds Building Society Ireland">Leeds Building Society Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationwide_UK_(Ireland)" title="Nationwide UK (Ireland)">Nationwide UK (Ireland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcomen_Bank" title="Newcomen Bank">Newcomen Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabobank_(Ireland)" title="Rabobank (Ireland)">Rabobank Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Bank" title="Ulster Bank">Ulster Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in_Bank" title="Sinn Féin Bank">Sinn Féin Bank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Central_Banks_of_the_World" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Central_Banks_of_the_World" title="Template:Central Banks of the World"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Central_Banks_of_the_World&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Central Banks of the World (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Central_Banks_of_the_World" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Central Banks of the World"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Central_Banks_of_the_World" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Bank">Central Banks</a> of the World</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve" title="Federal Reserve">Federal Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Argentina" title="Central Bank of Argentina">Central Bank of Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Canada" title="Bank of Canada">Bank of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_the_Republic_(Colombia)" title="Bank of the Republic (Colombia)">Bank of the Republic (Colombia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico" title="Bank of Mexico">Bank of Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Reserve_Bank_of_Peru" title="Central Reserve Bank of Peru">Central Reserve Bank of Peru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Japan" title="Bank of Japan">Bank of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Israel" title="Bank of Israel">Bank of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Korea" title="Bank of Korea">Bank of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangko_Sentral_ng_Pilipinas" title="Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas">Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">European Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Belgium" title="National Bank of Belgium">National Bank of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_National_Bank" title="Croatian National Bank">Croatian National Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Cyprus" title="Central Bank of Cyprus">Central Bank of Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bundesbank" title="Deutsche Bundesbank">Deutsche Bundesbank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Estonia" title="Bank of Estonia">Bank of Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Finland" title="Bank of Finland">Bank of Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banque_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Banque de France">Banque de France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Greece" title="Bank of Greece">Bank of Greece</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Central Bank of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Italy" title="Bank of Italy">Bank of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Latvia" title="Bank of Latvia">Bank of Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Lithuania" title="Bank of Lithuania">Bank of Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Luxembourg" title="Central Bank of Luxembourg">Central Bank of Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Malta" title="Central Bank of Malta">Central Bank of Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Nederlandsche_Bank" title="De Nederlandsche Bank">De Nederlandsche Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oesterreichische_Nationalbank" title="Oesterreichische Nationalbank">Oesterreichische Nationalbank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banco_de_Portugal" title="Banco de Portugal">Banco de Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Slovakia" title="National Bank of Slovakia">National Bank of Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Slovenia" title="Bank of Slovenia">Bank of Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Spain" title="Bank of Spain">Bank of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey">Central Bank of Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_National_Bank" title="Bulgarian National Bank">Bulgarian National Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_National_Bank" title="Czech National Bank">Czech National Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danmarks_Nationalbank" title="Danmarks Nationalbank">Danmarks Nationalbank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_National_Bank" title="Hungarian National Bank">Hungarian National Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Poland" title="National Bank of Poland">National Bank of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Romania" title="National Bank of Romania">National Bank of Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sveriges_Riksbank" title="Sveriges Riksbank">Sveriges Riksbank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_Australia" title="Reserve Bank of Australia">Reserve Bank of Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_New_Zealand" title="Reserve Bank of New Zealand">Reserve Bank of New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Template:Central_banks" title="Template:Central banks">Central banks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Economy_of_Ireland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Economy_of_Ireland" title="Template:Economy of Ireland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Economy_of_Ireland" title="Template talk:Economy of Ireland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Economy_of_Ireland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Economy of Ireland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Economy_of_Ireland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy" title="Economy">Economy</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Economy of the Republic of Ireland">Economy of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Economy of Northern Ireland">Economy of Northern Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:centre">Companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Ireland" title="List of companies of Ireland">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_companies_in_Ireland" title="List of largest companies in Ireland">Largest companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_breweries_in_Ireland" title="List of breweries in Ireland">Breweries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airlines_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="List of airlines of the Republic of Ireland">Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_listed_on_Euronext_Dublin" title="List of companies listed on Euronext Dublin">Companies on Euronext Dublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hotels_in_Ireland" title="List of hotels in Ireland">Hotels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="List of newspapers in the Republic of Ireland">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_restaurant_chains_in_Ireland" title="List of restaurant chains in Ireland">Restaurant chains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_supermarket_chains_in_Ireland" title="List of supermarket chains in Ireland">Supermarket chains</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:centre">Currency & taxation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Economy of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxation in Ireland">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currency_Centre" title="Currency Centre">Currency Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currency_Commission" title="Currency Commission">Currency Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Economy of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">Pound sterling</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:centre">Banking</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="List of banks in Ireland">Banks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Ireland" title="Bank of Ireland">Bank of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Bank" title="Ulster Bank">Ulster Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Trust_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="First Trust Bank">First Trust Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Bank">Northern Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Irish_Banks" title="Allied Irish Banks">Allied Irish Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_TSB" title="Permanent TSB">Permanent TSB</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ireland state owned Banks:</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Banking_Corporation_of_Ireland" title="Strategic Banking Corporation of Ireland">Strategic Banking Corporation of Ireland</a></li> <li>Other:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insolvency_in_Ireland" title="Insolvency in Ireland">Insolvency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:centre">Policy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Economy of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Finance_(Ireland)" title="Minister for Finance (Ireland)">Minister for Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Enterprise,_Trade_and_Employment" title="Minister for Enterprise, Trade and Employment">Minister for Enterprise, Trade and Employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Irish_budgets" title="Category:Irish budgets">Budgets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_Jobs_Stimulus" title="July Jobs Stimulus">July Jobs Stimulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croke_Park_Agreement" title="Croke Park Agreement">Croke Park Agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Economy of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Department_for_the_Economy" title="Department for the Economy">Department for the Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invest_Northern_Ireland" title="Invest Northern Ireland">Invest Northern Ireland</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:centre">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Ireland" title="United Ireland">United Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:centre">Development demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_regions_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of Irish regions by Human Development Index">Regions by Human Development Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:centre">Localised</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Dublin" title="Economy of Dublin">Dublin economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Belfast" title="Economy of Belfast">Belfast economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourism in Ireland">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Ireland" title="Transport in Ireland">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:centre">People<br />and labour</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_billionaires_by_net_worth" title="List of Irish billionaires by net worth">Billionaires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_inventors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Irish inventors">Inventors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Irish_businesspeople" title="Category:Irish businesspeople">Businesspeople</a></li> <li>Business schools <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_Business_School" title="Dublin Business School">Dublin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demography_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Demography of Ireland">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensions_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Pensions in Ireland">Pensions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:centre">Sectors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Irish_brands" title="Category:Irish brands">Brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Ireland" title="Energy in Ireland">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Ireland">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_cuisine" title="Irish cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_beer" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish beer">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Ireland" title="Agriculture in Ireland">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Ireland_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Education in Ireland (disambiguation)">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Media in Ireland">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Ireland" title="Cinema of Ireland">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ireland" title="Music of Ireland">Music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Ireland" title="Healthcare in Ireland">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Ireland" title="Architecture of Ireland">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_supermarket_chains_in_Ireland" title="List of supermarket chains in Ireland">Supermarkets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourism in Ireland">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Ireland" title="Transport in Ireland">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:centre">Co-operatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aurivo_Co-operative_Society_Limited" title="Aurivo Co-operative Society Limited">Aurivo Co-operative Society Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cope" title="The Cope">The Cope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dairygold" title="Dairygold">Dairygold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_Food_Co-op" title="Dublin Food Co-op">Dublin Food Co-op</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Agricultural_Organisation_Society" title="Irish Agricultural Organisation Society">Irish Agricultural Organisation Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Co-operative_Organisation_Society" title="Irish Co-operative Organisation Society">Irish Co-operative Organisation Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakeland_Dairies" title="Lakeland Dairies">Lakeland Dairies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Londis_(Ireland)" title="Londis (Ireland)">Londis (Ireland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_FM" title="Near FM">Near FM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornua" title="Ornua">Ornua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quay_Co-op" title="Quay Co-op">Quay Co-op</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Urban_Co-op" title="The Urban Co-op">The Urban Co-op</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirl%C3%A1n" title="Tirlán">Tirlán</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:centre"><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Ireland" title="Economic history of Ireland">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ireland">COVID-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-2008_Irish_economic_downturn" title="Post-2008 Irish economic downturn">Post-2008 economic downturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-2008_Irish_banking_crisis" title="Post-2008 Irish banking crisis">Post-2008 banking crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_tiger" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic tiger">Celtic tiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_pound" title="Irish pound">Irish pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banknotes_of_Ireland" title="Banknotes of Ireland">Banknotes of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banknotes_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Banknotes of Northern Ireland">Banknotes of Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_trade_war" title="Anglo-Irish trade war">Anglo-Irish trade war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Ireland" title="Partition of Ireland">Partition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_loan_funds" title="Irish loan funds">Loan funds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_Company_of_Ireland" title="Mining Company of Ireland">Mining</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Economy_of_Ireland" title="Category:Economy of Ireland">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Central_banks" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Central_banks" title="Template:Central banks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Central_banks" title="Template talk:Central banks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Central_banks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Central banks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Central_banks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">Central banks</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Global</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_for_International_Settlements" title="Bank for International Settlements">Bank for International Settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basel_Committee_on_Banking_Supervision" title="Basel Committee on Banking Supervision">Basel Committee on Banking Supervision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_Stability_Board" title="Financial Stability Board">Financial Stability Board</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_requirement" title="Capital requirement">Capital requirement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contractionary_monetary_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Contractionary monetary policy">Contractionary monetary policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansionary_monetary_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Expansionary monetary policy">Expansionary monetary policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basel_Accords" title="Basel Accords">Basel Accords</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implementation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_control" title="Capital control">Capital control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discount_window" title="Discount window">Discount rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interest_rate" title="Interest rate">Interest rates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Money_creation" title="Money creation">Money creation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_market_operation" title="Open market operation">Open market operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_wealth_fund" title="Sovereign wealth fund">Sovereign wealth fund</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bretton_Woods_system" title="Bretton Woods system">Bretton Woods<br />system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Bank_Group" title="World Bank Group">World Bank Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Bank_for_Reconstruction_and_Development" title="International Bank for Reconstruction and Development">International Bank for Reconstruction and Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Centre_for_Settlement_of_Investment_Disputes" title="International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes">International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Development_Association" title="International Development Association">International Development Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Finance_Corporation" title="International Finance Corporation">International Finance Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilateral_Investment_Guarantee_Agency" title="Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency">Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_central_banks" title="List of central banks">List of central banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_banks_and_currencies_of_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Central banks and currencies of Africa">Central banks and currencies of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_banks_and_currencies_of_Asia-Pacific" title="Central banks and currencies of Asia-Pacific">Central banks and currencies of Asia-Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_banks_and_currencies_of_the_Caribbean" title="Central banks and currencies of the Caribbean">Central banks and currencies of the Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_banks_and_currencies_of_Europe" title="Central banks and currencies of Europe">Central banks and currencies of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_banks_and_currencies_of_the_Americas" title="Central banks and currencies of the Americas">Central banks and currencies of the Americas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Within <a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a><br /><small>(Members of the <a href="/wiki/Eurosystem" title="Eurosystem">Eurosystem</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Belgium" title="National Bank of Belgium">National Bank of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_National_Bank" title="Croatian National Bank">Croatian National Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Cyprus" title="Central Bank of Cyprus">Central Bank of Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bundesbank" title="Deutsche Bundesbank">Deutsche Bundesbank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Estonia" title="Bank of Estonia">Bank of Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Finland" title="Bank of Finland">Bank of Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banque_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Banque de France">Banque de France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Greece" title="Bank of Greece">Bank of Greece</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Central Bank of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Italy" title="Bank of Italy">Bank of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Latvia" title="Bank of Latvia">Bank of Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Lithuania" title="Bank of Lithuania">Bank of Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Luxembourg" title="Central Bank of Luxembourg">Central Bank of Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Malta" title="Central Bank of Malta">Central Bank of Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Nederlandsche_Bank" title="De Nederlandsche Bank">De Nederlandsche Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oesterreichische_Nationalbank" title="Oesterreichische Nationalbank">Oesterreichische Nationalbank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banco_de_Portugal" title="Banco de Portugal">Banco de Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Slovakia" title="National Bank of Slovakia">National Bank of Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Slovenia" title="Bank of Slovenia">Bank of Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Spain" title="Bank of Spain">Bank of Spain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outside Eurozone</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_National_Bank" title="Bulgarian National Bank">Bulgarian National Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_National_Bank" title="Czech National Bank">Czech National Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danmarks_Nationalbank" title="Danmarks Nationalbank">Danmarks Nationalbank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_National_Bank" title="Hungarian National Bank">Hungarian National Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Poland" title="National Bank of Poland">National Bank of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Romania" title="National Bank of Romania">National Bank of Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sveriges_Riksbank" title="Sveriges Riksbank">Sveriges Riksbank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Banking-related<br /><a href="/wiki/Institutions_of_the_European_Union" title="Institutions of the European Union">EU institutions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">European Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_System_of_Central_Banks" title="European System of Central Banks">European System of Central Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Investment_Bank" title="European Investment Bank">European Investment Bank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Template:Central_banks" title="Template:Central banks">Central banks</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:European_Union" title="Portal:European Union">European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style 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class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q283785#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000404886443">ISNI</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000122210269">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/138201406">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr2004002850">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb124360068">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb124360068">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Irish Financial Services Regulatory Authority"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=vse2005265932&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/2053502">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007406039005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/086023039">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Central_Bank_of_Ireland&params=53.3477_N_6.2349_W_type:landmark_region:IE"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">53°20′52″N</span> <span class="longitude">6°14′06″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">53.3477°N 6.2349°W</span><span 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