CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Linear encoder - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"135ce137-fe0c-41a4-b897-b9cc94574b3c","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Linear_encoder","wgTitle":"Linear encoder","wgCurRevisionId":1153356237,"wgRevisionId":1153356237,"wgArticleId":3062626,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 maint: archived copy as title","Articles needing additional references from April 2022","All articles needing additional references","Use dmy dates from May 2020","Electromechanical engineering","Position sensors"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Linear_encoder","wgRelevantArticleId":3062626,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[ ],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":10000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q6553439","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={ "ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns", "ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.18"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Optical_Encoder_trio.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="895"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Optical_Encoder_trio.png/800px-Optical_Encoder_trio.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="597"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Optical_Encoder_trio.png/640px-Optical_Encoder_trio.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="477"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Linear encoder - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_encoder"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Linear_encoder&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_encoder"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Linear_encoder rootpage-Linear_encoder skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Linear+encoder" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Linear+encoder" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Linear+encoder" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Linear+encoder" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Physical_principle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_principle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Physical principle</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Physical_principle-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Physical principle subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Physical_principle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Scale/reference_based" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scale/reference_based"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Scale/reference based</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scale/reference_based-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Optical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Optical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Optical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Optical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Magnetic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magnetic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Magnetic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magnetic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Capacitive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capacitive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>Capacitive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Capacitive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inductive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inductive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.4</span> <span>Inductive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inductive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eddy_current" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eddy_current"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.5</span> <span>Eddy current</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eddy_current-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Without_scales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Without_scales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Without scales</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Without_scales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Optical_image_sensor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Optical_image_sensor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Optical image sensor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Optical_image_sensor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Applications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Applications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Measurement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Measurement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Measurement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Measurement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Motion_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motion_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Motion systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motion_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Output_signal_formats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Output_signal_formats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Output signal formats</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Output_signal_formats-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Output signal formats subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Output_signal_formats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Incremental_signals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Incremental_signals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Incremental signals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Incremental_signals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Analog" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analog"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Analog</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Analog-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Digital</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Absolute_reference_signals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Absolute_reference_signals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Absolute reference signals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Absolute_reference_signals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reference_mark" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reference_mark"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Reference mark</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reference_mark-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Absolute_code" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Absolute_code"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Absolute code</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Absolute_code-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Limit_switches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Limit_switches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Limit switches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Limit_switches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physical_arrangement_and_protection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_arrangement_and_protection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Physical arrangement and protection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_arrangement_and_protection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Encoder_terms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Encoder_terms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Encoder terms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Encoder_terms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Linear encoder</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 4 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-4" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">4 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasma%C3%9Fstab" title="Glasmaßstab – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Glasmaßstab" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codeur_lin%C3%A9aire" title="Codeur linéaire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Codeur linéaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2%E3%82%A8%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%80" title="リニアエンコーダ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="リニアエンコーダ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B7%9A%E6%80%A7%E7%B7%A8%E7%A2%BC%E5%99%A8" title="線性編碼器 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="線性編碼器" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6553439#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Linear_encoder" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Linear_encoder" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Linear_encoder"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linear_encoder&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linear_encoder&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Linear_encoder"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linear_encoder&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linear_encoder&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Linear_encoder" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Linear_encoder" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linear_encoder&oldid=1153356237" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linear_encoder&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Linear_encoder&id=1153356237&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLinear_encoder"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLinear_encoder"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Linear_encoder&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linear_encoder&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6553439" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Linear_encoder" title="Special:EditPage/Linear encoder">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Linear+encoder%22">"Linear encoder"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Linear+encoder%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Linear+encoder%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Linear+encoder%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Linear+encoder%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Linear+encoder%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Optical_Encoder_trio.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Optical_Encoder_trio.png/560px-Optical_Encoder_trio.png" decoding="async" width="560" height="418" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Optical_Encoder_trio.png/840px-Optical_Encoder_trio.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Optical_Encoder_trio.png/1120px-Optical_Encoder_trio.png 2x" data-file-width="1122" data-file-height="837" /></a><figcaption>Three typical linear optical encoders</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Visualisierung_der_magnetischen_Struktur_eines_Linearencoders_(Aufnahme_mit_MagView).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Visualisierung_der_magnetischen_Struktur_eines_Linearencoders_%28Aufnahme_mit_MagView%29.jpg/480px-Visualisierung_der_magnetischen_Struktur_eines_Linearencoders_%28Aufnahme_mit_MagView%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="480" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Visualisierung_der_magnetischen_Struktur_eines_Linearencoders_%28Aufnahme_mit_MagView%29.jpg/720px-Visualisierung_der_magnetischen_Struktur_eines_Linearencoders_%28Aufnahme_mit_MagView%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Visualisierung_der_magnetischen_Struktur_eines_Linearencoders_%28Aufnahme_mit_MagView%29.jpg/960px-Visualisierung_der_magnetischen_Struktur_eines_Linearencoders_%28Aufnahme_mit_MagView%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption>Visualization of magnetic structures of a linear encoder (recorded with MagView).</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>linear encoder</b> is a sensor, <a href="/wiki/Transducer" title="Transducer">transducer</a> or readhead paired with a <b>scale</b> that encodes position. The sensor reads the scale in order to convert the encoded position into an <a href="/wiki/Analog_signal" title="Analog signal">analog</a> or <a href="/wiki/Digital_signal" title="Digital signal">digital signal</a>, which can then be decoded into position by a digital readout (DRO) or motion controller. </p><p>The encoder can be either <i>incremental</i> or <i>absolute.</i> In an incremental system, position is determined by motion over time; in contrast, in an absolute system, motion is determined by position over time. Linear encoder technologies include optical, magnetic, inductive, capacitive and <a href="/wiki/Eddy_current" title="Eddy current">eddy current</a>. Optical technologies include shadow, self imaging and <a href="/wiki/Interferometric" class="mw-redirect" title="Interferometric">interferometric</a>. Linear encoders are used in metrology instruments, motion systems, <a href="/wiki/Inkjet_printer" class="mw-redirect" title="Inkjet printer">inkjet printers</a> and high precision machining tools ranging from digital calipers and <a href="/wiki/Coordinate_measuring_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Coordinate measuring machine">coordinate measuring machines</a> to stages, <a href="/wiki/CNC" class="mw-redirect" title="CNC">CNC</a> mills, manufacturing gantry tables and semiconductor <a href="/wiki/Stepper" title="Stepper">steppers</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_principle">Physical principle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linear_encoder&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Physical principle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Linear encoders are transducers that exploit many different physical properties in order to encode position: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scale/reference_based"><span id="Scale.2Freference_based"></span>Scale/reference based</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linear_encoder&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Scale/reference based"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Optical">Optical</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linear_encoder&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Optical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Optical linear encoders dominate the high resolution market and may employ shuttering/<a href="/wiki/Moir%C3%A9_pattern" title="Moiré pattern">moiré</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diffraction" title="Diffraction">diffraction</a> or <a href="/wiki/Holography" title="Holography">holographic</a> principles. Optical encoders are the most accurate of the standard styles of encoders, and the most commonly used in industrial automation applications. When specifying an optical encoder, it's important that the encoder have extra protection built in to prevent contamination from dust, vibration and other conditions common to industrial environments. Typical incremental scale periods vary from hundreds of micrometers down to sub-micrometer. <a href="/wiki/Interpolation" title="Interpolation">Interpolation</a> can provide resolutions as fine as a nanometer. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Optical_Linear_Encoder.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Optical_Linear_Encoder.jpg/300px-Optical_Linear_Encoder.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="367" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Optical_Linear_Encoder.jpg/450px-Optical_Linear_Encoder.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Optical_Linear_Encoder.jpg 2x" data-file-width="516" data-file-height="631" /></a><figcaption>Optical linear encoder mounted on Mitutoyo <a href="/wiki/Coordinate-measuring_machine" title="Coordinate-measuring machine">CMM</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Light sources used include infrared <a href="/wiki/Light-emitting_diode" title="Light-emitting diode">LEDs</a>, visible LEDs, miniature light-bulbs and <a href="/wiki/Laser_diode" title="Laser diode">laser diodes</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Magnetic">Magnetic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linear_encoder&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Magnetic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Magnetic linear encoders<sup id="cite_ref-R1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> employ either active (magnetized) or passive (variable reluctance) scales and position may be sensed using sense-coils, <a href="/wiki/Hall_effect" title="Hall effect">Hall effect</a> or <a href="/wiki/Magnetoresistive" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetoresistive">magnetoresistive</a> readheads. With coarser scale periods than optical encoders (typically a few hundred micrometers to several millimeters) resolutions in the order of a micrometer are the norm. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Capacitive">Capacitive</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linear_encoder&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Capacitive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Capacitive linear encoders work by sensing the capacitance between a reader and scale. Typical applications are digital calipers. One of the disadvantages is the sensitivity to uneven dirt, which can locally change the <a href="/wiki/Relative_permittivity" title="Relative permittivity">relative permittivity</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Inductive">Inductive</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linear_encoder&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Inductive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Inductive technology is robust to contaminants, allowing calipers and other measurement tools that are coolant-proof.<sup id="cite_ref-R2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A well-known application of the inductive measuring principle is the Inductosyn.<sup id="cite_ref-R3_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Eddy_current">Eddy current</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linear_encoder&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Eddy current"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>US Patent 3820110, "Eddy current type digital encoder and position reference", gives an example of this type of encoder, which uses a scale coded with high and low permeability, non-magnetic materials, which is detected and decoded by monitoring changes in inductance of an AC circuit that includes an inductive coil sensor. Maxon makes an example (rotary encoder) product (the MILE encoder).<sup id="cite_ref-R4_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R4-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Without_scales">Without scales</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linear_encoder&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Without scales"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Optical_image_sensor">Optical image sensor</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linear_encoder&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Optical image sensor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The sensors are based on an image correlation method. The sensor takes subsequent pictures from the surface being measured and compares the images for displacement.<sup id="cite_ref-R5_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R5-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Resolutions down to a nanometer are possible.<sup id="cite_ref-R6_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R6-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linear_encoder&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are two main areas of application for linear encoders: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Measurement">Measurement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linear_encoder&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Measurement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Measurement application include <a href="/wiki/Coordinate-measuring_machine" title="Coordinate-measuring machine">coordinate-measuring machines</a> (CMM), <a href="/wiki/3D_scanner#Triangulation" class="mw-redirect" title="3D scanner">laser scanners</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_caliper" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital caliper">calipers</a>, gear measurement,<sup id="cite_ref-R7_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R7-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tension testers, and <a href="/wiki/Digital_read_out" title="Digital read out">digital read outs</a> (DROs). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Motion_systems">Motion systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linear_encoder&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Motion systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Servo controlled motion systems employ linear encoder so as to provide accurate, high-speed movement. Typical applications include <a href="/wiki/Robotics" title="Robotics">robotics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Machine_tool" title="Machine tool">machine tools</a>, <a href="/wiki/SMT_placement_equipment" class="mw-redirect" title="SMT placement equipment">pick-and-place</a> PCB assembly equipment; semiconductors handling and test equipment, <a href="/wiki/Wire_bonder" class="mw-redirect" title="Wire bonder">wire bonders</a>, printers and <a href="/wiki/Digital_press" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital press">digital presses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-R8_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R8-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Output_signal_formats">Output signal formats</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linear_encoder&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Output signal formats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Incremental_signals">Incremental signals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linear_encoder&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Incremental signals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Linear encoders can have analog or digital outputs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Analog">Analog</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linear_encoder&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Analog"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Circular_Lissajous.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Circular_Lissajous.gif" decoding="async" width="360" height="540" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>The sine and cosine outputs.</figcaption></figure> <p>The industry standard analog output for linear encoders is sine and cosine <a href="/wiki/Quadrature_phase" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadrature phase">quadrature</a> signals. These are usually transmitted <a href="/wiki/Differential_signaling" class="mw-redirect" title="Differential signaling">differentially</a> so as to improve noise immunity. An early industry standard was 12 μA peak-peak current signals but more recently this has been replaced with 1V peak to peak voltage signals. Compared to digital transmission, the analog signals' lower bandwidth helps to minimise <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_compatibility" title="Electromagnetic compatibility">EMC</a> emissions. </p><p>Quadrature sine/cosine signals can be monitored easily by using an oscilloscope in XY mode to display a circular <a href="/wiki/Lissajous_figure" class="mw-redirect" title="Lissajous figure">Lissajous figure</a>. Highest accuracy signals are obtained if the Lissajous figure is circular (no gain or phase error) and perfectly centred. Modern encoder systems employ circuitry to trim these error mechanisms automatically. The overall accuracy of the linear encoder is a combination of the scale accuracy and errors introduced by the readhead. Scale contributions to the error budget include linearity and slope (scaling factor error). Readhead error mechanisms are usually described as <i>cyclic error</i> or <i>sub-divisional error (SDE)</i> as they repeat every scale period. The largest contributor to readhead inaccuracy is signal offset, followed by signal imbalance (ellipticity) and phase error (the quadrature signals not being exactly 90° apart). Overall signal size does not affect encoder accuracy, however, signal-to-noise and jitter performance may degrade with smaller signals. Automatic signal compensation mechanisms can include <i>automatic offset compensation (AOC), automatic balance compensation (ABC) and automatic gain control (AGC)</i>. Phase is more difficult to compensate dynamically and is usually applied as one time compensation during installation or calibration. Other forms of inaccuracy include signal distortion (frequently harmonic distortion of the sine/cosine signals). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Digital">Digital</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linear_encoder&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Digital"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quadrature_Diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Quadrature_Diagram.svg/360px-Quadrature_Diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="360" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Quadrature_Diagram.svg/540px-Quadrature_Diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Quadrature_Diagram.svg/720px-Quadrature_Diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>The A and B quadrature channels</figcaption></figure> <p>A linear <a href="/wiki/Incremental_encoder" title="Incremental encoder">incremental encoder</a> has two digital output signals, A and B, which issue quadrature squarewaves. Depending on its internal mechanism, an encoder may derive A and B directly from sensors which are fundamentally digital in nature, or it may interpolate its internal, analogue sine/cosine signals. In the latter case, the interpolation process effectively sub-divides the scale period and thereby achieves higher measurement <a href="/wiki/Sensor_resolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensor resolution">resolution</a>. </p><p>In either case, the encoder will output quadrature squarewaves, with the distance between edges of the two channels being the resolution of the encoder. The reference mark or index pulse is also output in digital form, as a pulse which is one to four units-of-resolution wide. The output signals may be directly transmitted to a digital <a href="/wiki/Incremental_encoder_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Incremental encoder interface">incremental encoder interface</a> for position tracking. </p><p>The major advantages of linear incremental encoders are improved noise immunity, high measurement accuracy, and low-latency reporting of position changes. However, the high frequency, fast signal edges may produce more EMC emissions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Absolute_reference_signals">Absolute reference signals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linear_encoder&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Absolute reference signals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As well as analog or digital incremental output signals, linear encoders can provide <i>absolute</i> reference or positioning signals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reference_mark">Reference mark</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linear_encoder&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Reference mark"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most incremental, linear encoders can produce an index or reference mark pulse providing a datum position along the scale for use at power-up or following a loss of power. This index signal must be able to identify position within one, unique period of the scale. The reference mark may comprise a single feature on the scale, an autocorrelator pattern (typically a <a href="/wiki/Barker_code" title="Barker code">Barker code</a>) or a <a href="/wiki/Chirp" title="Chirp">chirp</a> pattern. </p><p>Distance coded reference marks (DCRM) are placed onto the scale in a unique pattern allowing a minimal movement (typically moving past two reference marks) to define the readhead's position. Multiple, equally spaced reference marks may also be placed onto the scale such that following installation, the desired marker can either be selected - usually via a magnet or optically or unwanted ones deselected using labels or by being painted over. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Absolute_code">Absolute code</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linear_encoder&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Absolute code"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With suitably encoded scales (multitrack, <a href="/wiki/Vernier_scale" title="Vernier scale">vernier</a>, digital code, or pseudo-random code) an encoder can determine its position without movement or needing to find a reference position. Such absolute encoders also communicate using serial communication protocols. Many of these <a href="/wiki/Communications_protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications protocol">protocols</a> are proprietary (e.g., Fanuc, Mitsubishi, FeeDat (Fagor Automation), <a href="/wiki/Heidenhain" title="Heidenhain">Heidenhain</a> EnDat, DriveCliq, Panasonic, Yaskawa) but open standards such as <a href="/wiki/BiSS_interface" title="BiSS interface">BiSS</a><sup id="cite_ref-R9_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R9-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are now appearing, which avoid tying users to a particular supplier. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Limit_switches">Limit switches</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linear_encoder&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Limit switches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many linear encoders include built-in limit switches; either optical or magnetic. Two <a href="/wiki/Limit_switch" title="Limit switch">limit switches</a> are frequently included such that on power-up the controller can determine if the encoder is at an end-of-travel and in which direction to drive the axis. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_arrangement_and_protection">Physical arrangement and protection</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linear_encoder&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Physical arrangement and protection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Linear encoders may be either <i>enclosed</i> or <i>open</i>. Enclosed linear encoders are employed in dirty, hostile environments such as machine-tools. They typically comprise an aluminium extrusion enclosing a glass or metal scale. Flexible lip seals allow an internal, guided readhead to read the scale. Accuracy is limited due to the friction and hysteresis imposed by this mechanical arrangement. </p><p>For the highest accuracy, lowest measurement hysteresis and lowest friction applications, open linear encoders are used. </p><p>Linear encoders may use transmissive (glass) or reflective scales, employing <a href="/wiki/Vasco_Ronchi" title="Vasco Ronchi">Ronchi</a> or <a href="/wiki/Diffraction_grating" title="Diffraction grating">phase gratings</a>. Scale materials include chrome on glass, metal (stainless steel, gold plated steel, <a href="/wiki/Invar" title="Invar">Invar</a>), ceramics (<a href="/wiki/Zerodur" title="Zerodur">Zerodur</a>) and plastics. The scale may be self-supporting, thermally mastered to the substrate (via adhesive or adhesive tape) or <i>track</i> mounted. Track mounting may allow the scale to maintain its own <a href="/wiki/Coefficient_of_thermal_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Coefficient of thermal expansion">coefficient of thermal expansion</a> and allows large equipment to be broken down for shipment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Encoder_terms">Encoder terms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linear_encoder&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Encoder terms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sensor_resolution#Resolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensor resolution">Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repeatability" title="Repeatability">Repeatability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hysteresis" title="Hysteresis">Hysteresis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal-to-noise_ratio" title="Signal-to-noise ratio">Signal-to-noise ratio</a>/<a href="/wiki/Noise_(electronics)" title="Noise (electronics)">noise</a>/<a href="/wiki/Jitter" title="Jitter">jitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lissajous_figure" class="mw-redirect" title="Lissajous figure">Lissajous figure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrature_phase" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadrature phase">Quadrature</a></li> <li>Index/reference mark/datum/<a href="/wiki/Fiducial_marker" title="Fiducial marker">fiducial</a></li> <li>Distance coded reference marks (DCRM)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linear_encoder&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rotary_encoder" title="Rotary encoder">Rotary encoder</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linear_encoder&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-R1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-R1_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091010050910/http://www.rls.si/default.asp?prod=LMencoders">"Linear magnetic encoders"</a>. RLS. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rls.si/default.asp?prod%3DLMencoders">the original</a> on 2009-10-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-10-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Linear+magnetic+encoders&rft.pub=RLS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rls.si%2Fdefault.asp%3Fprod%253DLMencoders&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinear+encoder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-R2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-R2_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131103082314/http://www.mitutoyo.com/pdf/ABS1813-293.pdf">"ABS Coolant Proof Caliper Coolant Proof Micrometer"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mitutoyo.com/pdf/ABS1813-293.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2013-11-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-11-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ABS+Coolant+Proof+Caliper+Coolant+Proof+Micrometer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mitutoyo.com%2Fpdf%2FABS1813-293.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinear+encoder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-R3-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-R3_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ruhle.com/bar_scale.htm">"Bar Scale"</a>. Ruhle Companies, Inc. 2015-03-09. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200527095946/http://www.ruhle.com/bar_scale.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-05-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-05-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bar+Scale&rft.pub=Ruhle+Companies%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2015-03-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ruhle.com%2Fbar_scale.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinear+encoder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-R4-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-R4_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100813112736/http://www.maxonmotor.com/downloads/Flyer_EC6_MILE_e_03.09.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maxonmotor.com/downloads/Flyer_EC6_MILE_e_03.09.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2010-08-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-11-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.maxonmotor.com%2Fdownloads%2FFlyer_EC6_MILE_e_03.09.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinear+encoder" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-R5-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-R5_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120425130345/http://www.intacton.com/us/products/INTACTON/OpticalMotionSensors_Context/LengthSpeedSensors_Optical_Context_Technology_PopupBase.html">"INTACTON FRABA"</a>. FRABA, Inc. 2012-04-23. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intacton.com/us/products/INTACTON/OpticalMotionSensors_Context/LengthSpeedSensors_Optical_Context_Technology_PopupBase.html">the original</a> on 2012-04-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-11-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=INTACTON+FRABA&rft.pub=FRABA%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2012-04-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.intacton.com%2Fus%2Fproducts%2FINTACTON%2FOpticalMotionSensors_Context%2FLengthSpeedSensors_Optical_Context_Technology_PopupBase.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinear+encoder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-R6-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-R6_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111013164722/http://www.mitutoyo.com/pdf/1976_MICSYS.pdf">"MICSYS - 2D Nano-Resolution Sensor"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Digital Scale and DRO Systems. Mitutoyo. September 2009. Bulletin No. 1976. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mitutoyo.com/pdf/1976_MICSYS.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2011-10-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-11-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MICSYS+-+2D+Nano-Resolution+Sensor&rft.series=Digital+Scale+and+DRO+Systems&rft.pub=Mitutoyo&rft.date=2009-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mitutoyo.com%2Fpdf%2F1976_MICSYS.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinear+encoder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-R7-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-R7_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090328005056/http://www.wenzel-cmm.co.uk/Industries.asp?SE=9">"Gear Manufacture - Industries - Wenzel UK - Co-ordinate Measuring Machines - CMM"</a>. Wenzel CMM. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wenzel-cmm.co.uk/Industries.asp?SE%3D9">the original</a> on 2009-03-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-10-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gear+Manufacture+-+Industries+-+Wenzel+UK+-+Co-ordinate+Measuring+Machines+-+CMM&rft.pub=Wenzel+CMM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wenzel-cmm.co.uk%2FIndustries.asp%3FSE%253D9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinear+encoder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-R8-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-R8_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091010200211/http://global.oce.com/products/productionprinting/digitalpresses/color/default.aspx">"Océ Production Digital Presses - Color High Speed Printers"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://global.oce.com/products/productionprinting/digitalpresses/color/default.aspx">the original</a> on 2009-10-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-10-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oc%C3%A9+Production+Digital+Presses+-+Color+High+Speed+Printers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglobal.oce.com%2Fproducts%2Fproductionprinting%2Fdigitalpresses%2Fcolor%2Fdefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinear+encoder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-R9-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-R9_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biss-interface.com/">"BiSS Interface"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BiSS+Interface&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiss-interface.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinear+encoder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linear_encoder&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNyce2003" class="citation book cs1">Nyce, David S. (2003). <i>Linear Position Sensors: Theory and Application</i>. New Jersey, USA: <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons Inc.">John Wiley & Sons Inc.</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Linear+Position+Sensors%3A+Theory+and+Application&rft.place=New+Jersey%2C+USA&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons+Inc.&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Nyce&rft.aufirst=David+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinear+encoder" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHans1994" class="citation book cs1">Hans, Walcher (1994). <i>Position Sensing: Angle and Distance Measurement for Engineers</i>. <a href="/wiki/Butterworth-Heinemann" title="Butterworth-Heinemann">Butterworth-Heinemann</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Position+Sensing%3A+Angle+and+Distance+Measurement+for+Engineers&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Hans&rft.aufirst=Walcher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinear+encoder" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linear_encoder&oldid=1153356237">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linear_encoder&oldid=1153356237</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Electromechanical_engineering" title="Category:Electromechanical engineering">Electromechanical engineering</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Position_sensors" title="Category:Position sensors">Position sensors</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">CS1 maint: archived copy as title</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_April_2022" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from April 2022">Articles needing additional references from April 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_May_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from May 2020">Use dmy dates from May 2020</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 5 May 2023, at 20:31<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linear_encoder&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Linear encoder</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>4 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-64b5bb4b79-kv55k","wgBackendResponseTime":142,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.230","walltime":"0.540","ppvisitednodes":{"value":857,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":26417,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":562,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":12,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":3,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":37586,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 236.065 1 -total"," 52.06% 122.906 1 Template:Reflist"," 43.96% 103.764 9 Template:Cite_web"," 35.03% 82.685 1 Template:More_citations_needed"," 29.09% 68.681 1 Template:Ambox"," 7.50% 17.707 1 Template:Use_dmy_dates"," 5.43% 12.816 1 Template:Find_sources_mainspace"," 4.79% 11.298 1 Template:DMCA"," 3.64% 8.600 2 Template:Cite_book"," 3.44% 8.122 1 Template:Dated_maintenance_category"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.135","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":4591374,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.eqiad.main-6b5dbbb84-ghcqv","timestamp":"20250210081219","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Linear encoder","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Linear_encoder","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q6553439","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q6553439","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-11-02T15:26:37Z","dateModified":"2023-05-05T20:31:29Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/3\/3f\/Optical_Encoder_trio.png","headline":"term"}</script> </body> </html>