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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Example_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Example_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Example features</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Example_features-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Example features subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Example_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rain_gardens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rain_gardens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Rain gardens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rain_gardens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Downspout_disconnection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Downspout_disconnection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Downspout disconnection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Downspout_disconnection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Benefits_for_stormwater_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Benefits_for_stormwater_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Benefits for stormwater management</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Benefits_for_stormwater_management-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Benefits for stormwater management subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Benefits_for_stormwater_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reduced_flooding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reduced_flooding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Reduced flooding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reduced_flooding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Increased_water_supply" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Increased_water_supply"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Increased water supply</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Increased_water_supply-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heat_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heat_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Heat management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heat_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_benefits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_benefits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Health benefits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_benefits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reduced_costs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reduced_costs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Reduced costs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reduced_costs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lokal_afledning_af_regnvand" title="Lokal afledning af regnvand – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Lokal afledning af regnvand" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euri-uren_kudeaketa_jasangarri" title="Euri-uren kudeaketa jasangarri – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Euri-uren kudeaketa jasangarri" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technique_alternative_de_gestion_des_eaux_de_ruissellement_urbain" title="Technique alternative de gestion des eaux de ruissellement urbain – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Technique alternative de gestion des eaux de ruissellement urbain" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A9_%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9D" title="תכנון רגיש למים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תכנון רגיש למים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistemas_alternativos_de_drenagem" title="Sistemas alternativos de drenagem – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sistemas alternativos de drenagem" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_urban_drainage_systems&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable urban drainage systems">Sustainable urban drainage systems</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Designed to reduce the potential impact of development</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a list of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but <b>it lacks sufficient corresponding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Suds_pond_at_Cromar_Drive_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1756832.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Suds_pond_at_Cromar_Drive_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1756832.jpg/376px-Suds_pond_at_Cromar_Drive_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1756832.jpg" decoding="async" width="376" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Suds_pond_at_Cromar_Drive_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1756832.jpg/564px-Suds_pond_at_Cromar_Drive_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1756832.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Suds_pond_at_Cromar_Drive_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1756832.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption>Retention ponds such as this one in Dunfermline, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, are considered components of a sustainable drainage system.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Sustainable drainage systems</b> (also known as <b>SuDS</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-sharma_2008_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sharma_2008-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>SUDS</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-ciria_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ciria-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-scotland.gov.uk_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scotland.gov.uk-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <b>sustainable urban drainage systems</b><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) are a collection of <a href="/wiki/Water_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Water management">water management</a> practices that aim to align modern <a href="/wiki/Stormwater_drain" class="mw-redirect" title="Stormwater drain">drainage systems</a> with natural water processes and are part of a larger <a href="/wiki/Green_infrastructure" title="Green infrastructure">green infrastructure</a> strategy.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SuDS efforts make urban drainage systems more compatible with components of the natural water cycle such as <a href="/wiki/Storm_surge" title="Storm surge">storm surge</a> overflows, soil percolation, and bio-filtration. These efforts hope to mitigate the effect human development has had or may have on the <a href="/wiki/Water_cycle" title="Water cycle">natural water cycle</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">surface runoff</a> and water pollution trends.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>SuDS have become popular in recent decades as understanding of how urban development affects natural environments, as well as concern for climate change and sustainability, have increased. SuDS often use built components that mimic natural features in order to integrate urban drainage systems into the natural drainage systems or a site as efficiently and quickly as possible. SUDS infrastructure has become a large part of the <a href="/wiki/Colin_Thorne" title="Colin Thorne">Blue-Green Cities</a> demonstration project in <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle upon Tyne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_drainage_systems">History of drainage systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_drainage_system&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History of drainage systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Drainage systems have been found in ancient cities over 5,000 years old, including Minoan, Indus, Persian, and Mesopotamian civilizations.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These drainage systems focused mostly on reducing nuisances from localized flooding and waste water. Rudimentary systems made from brick or stone channels constituted the extent of urban drainage technologies for centuries. Cities in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> also employed drainage systems to protect low-lying areas from excess rainfall. When builders began constructing <a href="/wiki/Roman_aqueduct" title="Roman aqueduct">aqueducts</a> to import fresh water into cities, urban drainage systems became integrated into water supply infrastructure for the first time as a unified urban water cycle.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:London_Sewage_system_being_built_in_1860.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/London_Sewage_system_being_built_in_1860.jpg/300px-London_Sewage_system_being_built_in_1860.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/London_Sewage_system_being_built_in_1860.jpg/450px-London_Sewage_system_being_built_in_1860.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/London_Sewage_system_being_built_in_1860.jpg/600px-London_Sewage_system_being_built_in_1860.jpg 2x" data-file-width="962" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption>Bazzalgette combined sewer system being built in 1860, London</figcaption></figure> <p>Modern drainage systems did not appear until the 19th century in Western Europe, although most of these systems were primarily built to deal with sewage issues rising from rapid <a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">urbanization</a>. One such example is that of the <a href="/wiki/London_sewerage_system" class="mw-redirect" title="London sewerage system">London sewerage system</a>, which was constructed to combat massive contamination of the <a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">River Thames</a>. At the time, the River Thames was the primary component of London's drainage system, with human waste concentrating in the waters adjacent to the densely populated urban center. As a result, several epidemics plagued London's residents and even members of <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament</a>, including events known as the <a href="/wiki/1854_Broad_Street_cholera_outbreak" title="1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak">1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Great_Stink" title="Great Stink">Great Stink of 1858</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concern for public health and quality of life launched several initiatives, which ultimately led to the creation of London's modern sewerage system designed by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bazalgette" title="Joseph Bazalgette">Joseph Bazalgette</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This new system explicitly aimed to ensure waste water was redirected as far away from water supply sources as possible in order to reduce the threat of waterborne <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogens</a>. Since then, most urban drainage systems have aimed for similar goals of preventing public health crises. </p><p>Within past decades, as climate change and <a href="/wiki/Urban_flooding" title="Urban flooding">urban flooding</a> have become increasingly urgent challenges, drainage systems designed specifically for <a href="/wiki/Environmental_sustainability" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental sustainability">environmental sustainability</a> have become more popular in both academia and practice. The first sustainable drainage system to utilize a full management train including source control in the UK was the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_services" title="Oxford services">Oxford services</a> motorway station designed by SuDS specialists Robert Bray Associates<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Originally the term SUDS described the UK approach to sustainable urban drainage systems. These developments may not necessarily be in "urban" areas, and thus the "urban" part of SuDS is now usually dropped to reduce confusion. Other countries have similar approaches in place using a different terminology such as <a href="/wiki/Best_management_practice_for_water_pollution" title="Best management practice for water pollution">best management practice</a> (BMP) and <a href="/wiki/Low-impact_development_(Canada/US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Low-impact development (Canada/US)">low-impact development</a> in the United States,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Water-sensitive_urban_design" title="Water-sensitive urban design">water-sensitive urban design</a> (WSUD) in Australia,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> low impact urban design and development (LIUDD) in New Zealand,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and comprehensive urban river basin management in Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/National_Research_Council_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Research Council (United States)">National Research Council's</a> definitive report on urban stormwater management described that urban drainage systems began in the United States after World War II. These structures were based on simple catch basins and pipes to transfer the water outside of the cities.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Urban stormwater management started to evolve more in the 1970s when landscape architects focused more on low-impact development and began using practices such as infiltration channels.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parallel to this time, scientists started becoming concerned with other stormwater hazards surrounding pollution. Studies such as the <a href="/wiki/Nationwide_Urban_Runoff_Program" title="Nationwide Urban Runoff Program">Nationwide Urban Runoff Program</a> showed that urban runoff contained pollutants like heavy metals, sediments, and pathogens, all of which water can pick up as it flows off of <a href="/wiki/Impervious_surface" title="Impervious surface">impermeable surfaces</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was at the beginning of the 21st century where stormwater infrastructure to allow runoff to infiltrate close to the source became popular. This was around the same time that the term green infrastructure was coined.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_drainage_system&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traditional urban drainage systems are limited by various factors including volume capacity, damage or blockage from debris and contamination of drinking water. Many of these issues are addressed by SuDS systems by bypassing traditional drainage systems altogether and returning rainwater to natural water sources or streams as soon as possible. Increasing <a href="/wiki/Urbanisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Urbanisation">urbanisation</a> has caused problems with increased <a href="/wiki/Flash_flooding" class="mw-redirect" title="Flash flooding">flash flooding</a> after sudden rain. As areas of vegetation are replaced by concrete, <a href="/wiki/Asphalt_concrete" title="Asphalt concrete">asphalt</a>, or roofed structures, leading to <a href="/wiki/Impervious_surface" title="Impervious surface">impervious surfaces</a>, the area loses its ability to absorb rainwater. This rain is instead directed into surface water drainage systems, often overloading them and causing floods. </p><p>The goal of all sustainable drainage systems is to use rainfall to recharge the water sources of a given site. These water sources are often underlying the <a href="/wiki/Water_table" title="Water table">water table</a>, nearby streams, lakes, or other similar freshwater sources. For example, if a site is above an unconsolidated <a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">aquifer</a>, then SuDS will aim to direct all rain that falls on the surface layer into the underground aquifer as quickly as possible. To accomplish this, SuDS use various forms of permeable layers to ensure the water is not captured or redirected to another location. Often these layers include soil and vegetation, though they can also be artificial materials. </p><p>The paradigm of SuDS solutions should be that of a system that is easy to manage, requiring little or no energy input (except from environmental sources such as sunlight, etc.), resilient to use, and being environmentally as well as aesthetically attractive. Examples of this type of system are basins (shallow landscape depressions that are dry most of the time when it is not raining), <a href="/wiki/Rain_garden" title="Rain garden">rain gardens</a> (shallow landscape depressions with shrub or herbaceous planting), <a href="/wiki/Swale_(landform)" title="Swale (landform)">swales</a> (shallow normally-dry, wide-based ditches), filter drains (gravel filled trench drain), bioretention basins (shallow depressions with gravel and/or sand filtration layers beneath the growing medium), reed beds and other <a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">wetland</a> habitats that collect, store, and filter dirty water along with providing a habitat for wildlife. </p><p>A common misconception of SuDS is that they reduce flooding on the development site. In fact the SuDS is designed to reduce the impact that the surface water drainage system of one site has on other sites. For instance, sewer flooding is a problem in many places. Paving or building over land can result in flash flooding. This happens when flows entering a sewer exceed its capacity and it overflows. The SuDS system aims to minimise or eliminate discharges from the site, thus reducing the impact, the idea being that if all development sites incorporated SuDS then urban sewer flooding would be less of a problem. Unlike traditional urban <a href="/wiki/Stormwater" title="Stormwater">stormwater</a> drainage systems, SuDS can also help to protect and enhance ground water quality. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Example_features">Example features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_drainage_system&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Example features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because SuDS describe a collection of systems with similar components or goals, there is a large crossover between SuDS and other terminologies dealing with sustainable urban development.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following are examples generally accepted as components in a SuDS system: </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bioswale_and_curb_extension_with_cutouts_(38067594726).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Bioswale_and_curb_extension_with_cutouts_%2838067594726%29.jpg/340px-Bioswale_and_curb_extension_with_cutouts_%2838067594726%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="340" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Bioswale_and_curb_extension_with_cutouts_%2838067594726%29.jpg/510px-Bioswale_and_curb_extension_with_cutouts_%2838067594726%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Bioswale_and_curb_extension_with_cutouts_%2838067594726%29.jpg/680px-Bioswale_and_curb_extension_with_cutouts_%2838067594726%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Roadside bioswale designed to filter storm water runoff from street surfaces</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Bioswales</b> </p> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Bioswale" title="Bioswale">Bioswale</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bioswale&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meridian_Hill_Bioswale.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Meridian_Hill_Bioswale.jpg/220px-Meridian_Hill_Bioswale.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Meridian_Hill_Bioswale.jpg/330px-Meridian_Hill_Bioswale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Meridian_Hill_Bioswale.jpg/440px-Meridian_Hill_Bioswale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Runoff from the vicinity flows into an adjacent bioswale</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Bioswale" title="Bioswale">Bioswales</a> are channels designed to concentrate and convey <a href="/wiki/Stormwater_runoff" class="mw-redirect" title="Stormwater runoff">stormwater runoff</a> while removing <a href="/wiki/Debris" title="Debris">debris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution</a>. Bioswales can also be beneficial in <a href="/wiki/Groundwater_recharge" title="Groundwater recharge">recharging groundwater</a>. </p><p>Bioswales are typically vegetated, mulched, or <a href="/wiki/Xeriscaped" class="mw-redirect" title="Xeriscaped">xeriscaped</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bioswale_EPA_Grassed_Swales_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bioswale_EPA_Grassed_Swales-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They consist of a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/swale" class="extiw" title="wikt:swale">swaled</a> drainage course with gently sloped sides (less than 6%).<sup id="cite_ref-Bioswale_Loechl_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bioswale_Loechl-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 19">: 19 </span></sup> Bioswale design is intended to safely maximize the time water spends in the <a href="/wiki/Swale_(geographical_feature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swale (geographical feature)">swale</a>, which aids the collection and removal of pollutants, silt and debris. Depending on the site topography, the bioswale channel may be straight or meander. <a href="/wiki/Check_dam" title="Check dam">Check dams</a> are also commonly added along the bioswale to increase stormwater infiltration. A bioswale's make-up can be influenced by many different variables, including climate, rainfall patterns, site size, budget, and vegetation suitability. </p><p>It is important to maintain bioswales to ensure the best possible efficiency and effectiveness in removal of pollutants from stormwater runoff. Planning for maintenance is an important step, which can include the introduction of filters or large rocks to prevent clogging. Annual maintenance through soil testing, visual inspection, and mechanical testing is also crucial to the health of a bioswale. </p> Bioswales are commonly applied along streets and around <a href="/wiki/Parking_lot" title="Parking lot">parking lots</a>, where substantial <a href="/wiki/Automotive" class="mw-redirect" title="Automotive">automotive</a> pollution settles on the pavement and is flushed by the first instance of rain, known as the <a href="/wiki/First_flush" title="First flush">first flush</a>. Bioswales, or other types of <a href="/wiki/Biofilter" title="Biofilter">biofilters</a>, can be created around the edges of parking lots to capture and treat <a href="/wiki/Stormwater" title="Stormwater">stormwater</a> runoff before releasing it to the <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">watershed</a> or <a href="/wiki/Storm_sewer" class="mw-redirect" title="Storm sewer">storm sewer</a>.</div></div> <p><b>Permeable pavement</b> </p> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Permeable_paving" title="Permeable paving">Permeable paving</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Permeable_paving&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Permeable_paver_demonstration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Permeable_paver_demonstration.jpg/300px-Permeable_paver_demonstration.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Permeable_paver_demonstration.jpg/450px-Permeable_paver_demonstration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Permeable_paver_demonstration.jpg/600px-Permeable_paver_demonstration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1667" /></a><figcaption>Permeable paving demonstration</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Santarem_carfree.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Santarem_carfree.JPG/220px-Santarem_carfree.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Santarem_carfree.JPG/330px-Santarem_carfree.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Santarem_carfree.JPG/440px-Santarem_carfree.JPG 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sett_(paving)" title="Sett (paving)">Stone</a> paving in <a href="/wiki/Santar%C3%A9m,_Portugal" title="Santarém, Portugal">Santarém, Portugal</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Permeable_paving" title="Permeable paving">Permeable paving</a> surfaces are made of either a porous material that enables stormwater to flow through it or nonporous blocks spaced so that water can flow between the gaps. Permeable paving can also include a variety of surfacing techniques for roads, parking lots, and pedestrian walkways. Permeable pavement surfaces may be composed of; <a href="/wiki/Pervious_concrete" title="Pervious concrete">pervious concrete</a>, porous asphalt, <a href="/wiki/Paving_stone_(flooring)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paving stone (flooring)">paving stones</a>, or interlocking pavers.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike traditional <a href="/wiki/Impervious_surface" title="Impervious surface">impervious</a> paving materials such as concrete and asphalt, permeable paving systems allow <a href="/wiki/Stormwater" title="Stormwater">stormwater</a> to percolate and infiltrate through the pavement and into the aggregate layers and/or soil below. In addition to reducing surface runoff, permeable paving systems can trap suspended solids, thereby filtering pollutants from stormwater.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> Permeable pavement is commonly used on roads, paths and <a href="/wiki/Parking_lot" title="Parking lot">parking lots</a> subject to light vehicular traffic, such as <a href="/wiki/Cycle-path" class="mw-redirect" title="Cycle-path">cycle-paths</a>, service or emergency access lanes, road and airport shoulders, and residential <a href="/wiki/Sidewalks" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidewalks">sidewalks</a> and driveways.</div></div> <p><b>Wetlands</b> </p><p>Artificial wetlands can be constructed in areas that see large volumes of storm water surges or runoff. Built to replicate shallow marshes, wetlands as BMPs gather and filter water at scales larger than bioswales or rain gardens. Unlike bioswales, artificial wetlands are designed to replicate natural wetlands processes as opposed to having an engineered mechanism within the artificial wetland. Because of this, the ecology of the wetland (soil components, water, vegetation, microbes, sunlight processes, etc.) becomes the primary system to remove pollutants.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Water in an artificial wetland tends to be filtered slowly in comparison to systems with mechanized or explicitly engineered components. </p><p> Wetlands can be used to concentrate large volumes of runoff from urban areas and neighborhoods. In 2012, the South Los Angeles Wetlands Park was constructed in a densely populated inner-city district as a renovation for a former <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Metropolitan_Transportation_Authority" title="Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority">LA Metro</a> bus yard.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The park is designed to capture runoff from surrounding surfaces as well as storm water overflow from the city's current drainage system.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trounce_Pond.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Trounce_Pond.jpg/428px-Trounce_Pond.jpg" decoding="async" width="428" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Trounce_Pond.jpg/642px-Trounce_Pond.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Trounce_Pond.jpg/856px-Trounce_Pond.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Trounce Pond in <a href="/wiki/Saskatoon" title="Saskatoon">Saskatoon</a>, Canada, serves as a storm water detention basin within the local drainage system.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Retention basins</b> </p> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Retention_basin" title="Retention basin">Retention basin</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Retention_basin&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trounce_Pond.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Trounce_Pond.jpg/220px-Trounce_Pond.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Trounce_Pond.jpg/330px-Trounce_Pond.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Trounce_Pond.jpg/440px-Trounce_Pond.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Trounce Pond, a retention basin landscaped with natural grassland plants, in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Corporate_Park_retention_basin_(Stafford,_Texas).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Corporate_Park_retention_basin_%28Stafford%2C_Texas%29.jpg/220px-Corporate_Park_retention_basin_%28Stafford%2C_Texas%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Corporate_Park_retention_basin_%28Stafford%2C_Texas%29.jpg/330px-Corporate_Park_retention_basin_%28Stafford%2C_Texas%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Corporate_Park_retention_basin_%28Stafford%2C_Texas%29.jpg/440px-Corporate_Park_retention_basin_%28Stafford%2C_Texas%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>The Corporate Park retention basin in Stafford, Texas, United States</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_pond_image.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/A_pond_image.jpg/110px-A_pond_image.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/A_pond_image.jpg/165px-A_pond_image.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/A_pond_image.jpg/220px-A_pond_image.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2988" data-file-height="3477" /></a><figcaption>A Retention pond guarded by concrete wall and surrounded by Taro plants in an Semi-urban indian Town</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ohrtbrookgraben_10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Ohrtbrookgraben_10.jpg/220px-Ohrtbrookgraben_10.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Ohrtbrookgraben_10.jpg/330px-Ohrtbrookgraben_10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Ohrtbrookgraben_10.jpg/440px-Ohrtbrookgraben_10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Retention basin in Pinnau, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany</figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Retention_basin" title="Retention basin">retention basin,</a> sometimes called a retention pond, wet <a href="/wiki/Detention_basin" title="Detention basin">detention basin</a>, or storm water management pond (SWMP), is an artificial pond with <a href="/wiki/Vegetation" title="Vegetation">vegetation</a> around the perimeter and a permanent pool of water in its design.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is used to manage <a href="/wiki/Stormwater_runoff" class="mw-redirect" title="Stormwater runoff">stormwater runoff</a>, for <a href="/wiki/Protection_against_flooding" class="mw-redirect" title="Protection against flooding">protection against flooding</a>, for <a href="/wiki/Erosion_control" title="Erosion control">erosion control</a>, and to serve as an artificial <a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">wetland</a> and improve the <a href="/wiki/Water_quality" title="Water quality">water quality</a> in adjacent bodies of water. </p><p>It is distinguished from a <a href="/wiki/Detention_basin" title="Detention basin">detention basin</a>, sometimes called a "dry pond", which temporarily stores water after a storm, but eventually empties out at a controlled rate to a downstream water body. It also differs from an <a href="/wiki/Infiltration_basin" title="Infiltration basin">infiltration basin</a> which is designed to direct stormwater to <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">groundwater</a> through permeable soils. </p><p>Wet ponds are frequently used for water quality improvement, <a href="/wiki/Groundwater_recharge" title="Groundwater recharge">groundwater recharge</a>, flood protection, aesthetic improvement, or any combination of these. Sometimes they act as a replacement for the natural absorption of a forest or other natural process that was lost when an area is developed. As such, these structures are designed to blend into neighborhoods and viewed as an amenity.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> In urban areas, <a href="/wiki/Impervious_surface" title="Impervious surface">impervious surfaces</a> (roofs, roads) reduce the time spent by rainfall before entering into the stormwater drainage system. If left unchecked, this will cause widespread flooding downstream. The function of a stormwater pond is to contain this surge and release it slowly. This slow release mitigates the size and intensity of storm-induced flooding on downstream receiving waters. Stormwater ponds also collect suspended sediments, which are often found in high concentrations in stormwater water due to upstream construction and sand applications to roadways.</div></div> <p><b>Green roofs</b> </p> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Green_roof" title="Green roof">Green roof</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Green_roof&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Horse_Society_Head_Quarters_and_Green_Roof.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/British_Horse_Society_Head_Quarters_and_Green_Roof.jpg/220px-British_Horse_Society_Head_Quarters_and_Green_Roof.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/British_Horse_Society_Head_Quarters_and_Green_Roof.jpg/330px-British_Horse_Society_Head_Quarters_and_Green_Roof.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/British_Horse_Society_Head_Quarters_and_Green_Roof.jpg/440px-British_Horse_Society_Head_Quarters_and_Green_Roof.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="546" /></a><figcaption>Green roof at the <a href="/wiki/British_Horse_Society" title="British Horse Society">British Horse Society</a> headquarters</figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Green_roof" title="Green roof">green roof</a> or living roof is a <a href="/wiki/Roof" title="Roof">roof</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Building" title="Building">building</a> that is partially or completely covered with vegetation and a growing medium, planted over a <a href="/wiki/Waterproofing#Construction_waterproofing" title="Waterproofing">waterproofing membrane</a>. It may also include additional layers such as a <a href="/wiki/Root_barrier" title="Root barrier">root barrier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Drainage" title="Drainage">drainage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a> systems.<sup id="cite_ref-Green_roof_multiple_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green_roof_multiple-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Container_garden" title="Container garden">Container gardens</a> on roofs, where plants are maintained in pots, are not generally considered to be true green roofs, although this is debated. Rooftop ponds are another form of green roofs which are used to treat <a href="/wiki/Greywater" title="Greywater">greywater</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vegetation, soil, drainage layer, roof barrier and irrigation system constitute the green roof.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Green roofs serve several purposes for a building, such as <a href="/wiki/Absorption_of_water" title="Absorption of water">absorbing</a> <a href="/wiki/Rain" title="Rain">rainwater</a>, providing <a href="/wiki/Building_insulation" title="Building insulation">insulation</a>, creating a habitat for wildlife,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and decreasing stress of the people around the roof by providing a more aesthetically pleasing landscape, and helping to lower urban air temperatures and mitigate the <a href="/wiki/Heat_island_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Heat island effect">heat island effect</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Green roofs are suitable for retrofit or redevelopment projects as well as new buildings and can be installed on small garages or larger industrial, commercial and municipal buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-Green_roof_multiple_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green_roof_multiple-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They effectively use the natural functions of plants to filter water and treat air in urban and suburban landscapes.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are two types of green roof: intensive roofs, which are thicker, with a minimum depth of <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>12.8 cm (<span class="frac">5<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span> in), and can support a wider variety of plants but are heavier and require more maintenance, and extensive roofs, which are shallow, ranging in depth from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">2 to 12.7 cm (<span class="frac"><span class="num">13</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span> to 5 in), lighter than intensive green roofs, and require minimal maintenance.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> The term <i>green roof</i> may also be used to indicate roofs that use some form of green technology, such as a <a href="/wiki/Cool_roof" class="mw-redirect" title="Cool roof">cool roof</a>, a roof with <a href="/wiki/Solar_thermal_collector" title="Solar thermal collector">solar thermal collectors</a> or <a href="/wiki/Photovoltaic_panels" class="mw-redirect" title="Photovoltaic panels">photovoltaic panels</a>. Green roofs are also referred to as <i>eco-roofs</i>, <i>oikosteges</i>, <i>vegetated roofs</i>, <i>living roofs</i>, <i>greenroofs</i> and <i>VCP<sub>H</sub><sup id="cite_ref-Green_roof_VCP_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green_roof_VCP-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Horizontal Vegetated Complex Partitions)</i></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rain_gardens">Rain gardens</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_drainage_system&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Rain gardens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Rain_garden" title="Rain garden">Rain gardens</a> are a form of stormwater management using water capture. Rain gardens are shallow depressed areas in the landscape, planted with shrubs and plants that are used to collect rainwater from roofs or pavement and allows for the stormwater to slowly infiltrate into the ground .<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rain gardens mimic natural landscape functions by capturing stormwater, filtering out pollutants, and recharging groundwater.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study done in 2008 explains how rain gardens and stormwater planters are easy to incorporate into urban areas where they will improve the streets by minimizing the effects of drought and helping out with stormwater runoff. Stormwater planters can easily fit between other street landscapes and ideal in areas where spacing is tight.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Downspout_disconnection">Downspout disconnection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_drainage_system&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Downspout disconnection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Downspout disconnection is a form of green infrastructure that separates roof downspouts from the sewer system and redirects roof water runoff into permeable surfaces.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can be used for storing stormwater or allowing the water to penetrate the ground. Downspout disconnection is especially beneficial in cities with combined sewer systems. With high volumes of rain, downspouts on buildings can send 12 gallons of water a minute into the sewer system, which increases the risk of basement backups and sewer overflows.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Benefits_for_stormwater_management">Benefits for stormwater management</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_drainage_system&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Benefits for stormwater management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Green infrastructure keeps waterways clean and healthy in two primary ways; <a href="/wiki/Water_content" title="Water content">water retention</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water_quality" title="Water quality">water quality</a>. Different green infrastructure strategies prevents runoff by capturing the rain where it lies, allowing it to filter into the ground to recharge groundwater, return to the atmosphere through <a href="/wiki/Evapotranspiration" title="Evapotranspiration">evapotranspiration</a>, or be reused for another purpose like landscaping.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Water quality is also improved by decreasing the amount of stormwater that reaches other waterways and removing contaminants. Vegetation and soil help capture and remove pollutants from stormwater in many ways like adsorption, filtration, and plant uptake.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These processes break down or capture many of the common pollutants found in runoff. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reduced_flooding">Reduced flooding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_drainage_system&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Reduced flooding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With climate change intensifying, heavy storms are becoming more frequent and so is the increasing risk of flooding and sewer system overflows. According to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</a>, the average size of a 100-year floodplain is likely to increase by 45% in the next ten years.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another growing problem is <a href="/wiki/Urban_flooding" title="Urban flooding">urban flooding</a> being caused by too much rain on impervious surfaces, urban floods can destroy neighborhoods.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They particularly affect minority and low-income neighborhoods and can leave behind health problems like asthma and illness caused by mold. Green infrastructure reduces flood risks and bolsters the <a href="/wiki/Climate_resilience" title="Climate resilience">climate resiliency</a> of communities by keeping rain out of sewers and waterways, capturing it where it falls.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:23_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Increased_water_supply">Increased water supply</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_drainage_system&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Increased water supply"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>More than half of the rain that falls in urban areas covered mostly by impervious surfaces ends up as runoff.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Green infrastructure practices reduce runoff by capturing stormwater and allowing it to recharge groundwater supplies or be harvested for purposes like landscaping. Green infrastructure promotes rainfall conservation through the use of capture methods and infiltration techniques, for instance bioswales. As much as 75 percent of the rainfall that lands on a rooftop can be captured and used for other purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heat_management">Heat management</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_drainage_system&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Heat management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A city with miles of dark hot pavement absorbs and radiates heat into the surrounding atmosphere at a greater rate than a natural landscapes do.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is <a href="/wiki/Urban_heat_island" title="Urban heat island">urban heat island effect</a> causing an increase in air temperatures. The EPA estimates that the average air temperature of a city with one million people or more can be 1.8 to 5.4 °F (1.0 to 3.0 °C) warmer than surrounding areas.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Higher temperatures reduce air quality by increasing <a href="/wiki/Smog" title="Smog">smog</a>. In Los Angeles, a 1 degree temperature increase makes the air roughly 3 percent more smog.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Green roofs and other forms of green infrastructure help improve air quality and reduce smog through their use of vegetation. Plants not only provide shade for cooling, but also absorb pollutants like carbon dioxide and help reduce air temperatures through evaporation and evapotranspiration.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health_benefits">Health benefits</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_drainage_system&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Health benefits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By improving water quality, reducing air temperatures and pollution, green infrastructure provides many public health benefits. Cooler and cleaner air can help reduce heat related illnesses like exhaustion and heatstroke, as well as respiratory problems like asthma.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cleaner and healthier waterways also means less illness from contaminated waters and seafood. Greener areas also promote physical activity and can boost mental health.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reduced_costs">Reduced costs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_drainage_system&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Reduced costs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Green infrastructure is often cheaper than more conventional water management strategies. <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> found that its new green infrastructure plan will cost $1.2 billion over 25 years, compared with the $6 billion a gray infrastructure would have cost.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The expenses for implementing green infrastructure are often smaller, planting a rain garden to deal with drainage costs less than digging tunnels and installing pipes. But even when it is not cheaper, green infrastructure still has a good long-term effect. A green roof lasts twice as long as a regular roof, and low maintenance costs of permeable pavement can make for a good long-term investment.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Iowa town of <a href="/wiki/West_Union,_Iowa" title="West Union, Iowa">West Union</a> determined it could save $2.5 million over the lifespan of a single parking lot by using permeable pavement instead of traditional asphalt.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Green infrastructure also improves the quality of water drawn from rivers and lakes for drinking, which reduces the costs associated with purification and treatment, in some cases by more than 25 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And green roofs can reduce heating and cooling costs, leading to energy savings of as much as 15 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-nrdc.org_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nrdc.org-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_drainage_system&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquifer_storage_and_recovery" title="Aquifer storage and recovery">Aquifer storage and recovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_roof" title="Blue roof">Blue roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_drain" title="French drain">French drain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-impact_development_(U.S._and_Canada)" title="Low-impact development (U.S. and Canada)">Low-impact development (U.S. and Canada)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resin-bound_paving" title="Resin-bound paving">Resin-bound paving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retention_basin" title="Retention basin">Retention basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sponge_city" title="Sponge city">Sponge city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_restoration" title="Stream restoration">Stream restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_city" title="Sustainable city">Sustainable city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_box_filter" title="Tree box filter">Tree box filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_runoff" title="Urban runoff">Urban runoff</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_drainage_system&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div 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[After the Storm: How Green Infrastructure Can Effectively Manage Stormwater Runoff from Roads and Highways "After the Storm: How Green Infrastructure Can Effectively Manage Stormwater Runoff from Roads and Highways"].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=After+the+Storm%3A+How+Green+Infrastructure+Can+Effectively+Manage+Stormwater+Runoff+from+Roads+and+Highways&rft.date=2011&rft.au=National+Resources+Defense+Council&rft_id=After+the+Storm%3A+How+Green+Infrastructure+Can+Effectively+Manage+Stormwater+Runoff+from+Roads+and+Highways&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASustainable+drainage+system" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Check <code class="cs1-code">|url=</code> value (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_url" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span>; <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nrdc.org-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nrdc.org_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nrdc.org/resources/green-edge-how-commercial-property-investment-green-infrastructure-creates-value">"The Green Edge: How Commercial Property Investment in Green Infrastructure Creates Value"</a>. <i>NRDC</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 11,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NRDC&rft.atitle=The+Green+Edge%3A+How+Commercial+Property+Investment+in+Green+Infrastructure+Creates+Value&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrdc.org%2Fresources%2Fgreen-edge-how-commercial-property-investment-green-infrastructure-creates-value&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASustainable+drainage+system" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_drainage_system&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bgs.ac.uk/geology-projects/suds/">SUDS solutions from the British Geological Survey</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bmpdatabase.org/">International Best Management Practices Database</a> – Detailed data sets & summaries on performance of Urban BMPs</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.portlandoregon.gov/bes/34598">Portland Guide to Sustainable Stormwater</a> – City of Portland, Oregon</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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