CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link rel="preload" as="style" href="/Magazine/core.css?p=7605401671944776"> <link rel="preload" as="script" href="/Magazine/core.js?p=7605401671944776"> <link rel="preload" as="image" href="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/3/3/5/512335_thumbnailvideo1_190935.jpg" imagesrcset="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/3/3/5/512335_thumbnailvideo1_190935.jpg 460w,https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/780x520/3/3/5/512335_thumbnailvideo1_190935.jpg 780w" imagesizes="(max-width: 480px) 33vw, (max-width: 768px) 50vw, (max-width: 1024px) 65vw, (max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 100vw" />  <script type="text/javascript" src="https://cdn-ukwest.onetrust.com/consent/f013b414-d5e1-4738-9c99-993a91ab87c6/OtAutoBlock.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn-ukwest.onetrust.com/scripttemplates/otSDKStub.js" type="text/javascript" charset="UTF-8" data-domain-script="f013b414-d5e1-4738-9c99-993a91ab87c6"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> function OptanonWrapper() { otShowCookieFooter(); if (otCookieCheck("Targeting")) { OneTrust.InsertScript("https://securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/tag/js/gpt.js", "head", null, null, "4"); } else { OneTrust.InsertScript("https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/tag/js/gpt.js", "head", null, null, "1"); } } </script>  <script type="text/javascript"> if (window.location.href.indexOf("/account/MyAccountNavigationIFrame.aspx") !== -1) { document.write("<style>#onetrust-consent-sdk { display: none }</style>"); } </script>  <title>Practical teaching resources | RSC Education</title> <meta name="description" content="Tried and tested resources for teaching chemistry practicals and delivering engaging demonstrations. Includes screen experiments to reinforce or prepare students for practicals as well mapped practicals which fulfill the required activities in your exam specification" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" /> <meta name="momentnowdate" content="2025-02-21 14:02:02.614"/> <meta name="momentlocale" content="en-gb"/> <meta name="momentlocaleformat" content="D MMMM YYYY"/> <meta name="momentrelative" content="false"/> <meta name="momentrelativeformat" content="YYYY,MM,DD"/> <meta name="momentrelativemorethan" content="10"/> <meta name="robots" content="noarchive" /> <meta name="blockthis" content="blockGA" /> <meta name="showwallpaper" content="true" /> <meta name="navcode" content="101554" /> <meta name="primarynavigation" content="Practical,Resources" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/practical" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="RSC Education" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Practical teaching resources | RSC Education"/> <meta property="og:description" content="Tried and tested resources for teaching chemistry practicals and delivering engaging demonstrations. Includes screen experiments to reinforce or prepare students for practicals as well mapped practicals which fulfill the required activities in your exam specification" /> <meta property="twitter:title" content="Practical teaching resources | RSC Education"/> <meta property="twitter:description" content="Tried and tested resources for teaching chemistry practicals and delivering engaging demonstrations. Includes screen experiments to reinforce or prepare students for practicals as well mapped practicals which fulfill the required activities in your exam specification"/> <meta property="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1024" /> <meta property="og:image:height" content="536" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/1024x536/P/web/n/o/d/pipetteandtesttubes_375539.jpg" /> <meta property="og:image:alt" content="Pipette and test tubes" /> <meta property="twitter:image:src" content="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/1024x536/P/web/n/o/d/pipetteandtesttubes_375539.jpg" /> <meta property="twitter:image:alt" content="Pipette and test tubes" /> <link rel="icon" href="/magazine/dest/graphics/favicons/favicon-32x32.png" />  <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" href="/magazine/dest/graphics/favicons/apple-touch-icon-precomposed.png" /> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="/magazine/dest/graphics/favicons/mstile-144x144.png" /> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#ffffff" /> <link href="/Magazine/core.css?p=7605401671944776" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"> <link href="/Magazine/print.css?p=7605401671944776" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="print"> <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.4.1/jquery.min.js" integrity="sha256-CSXorXvZcTkaix6Yvo6HppcZGetbYMGWSFlBw8HfCJo=" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></script> <script>var newLang={"more":{"default":"Show more","searchtype":"Show more","searchdates":"Show more"},"less":{"default":"Show fewer","searchtype":"Show fewer","searchdates":"Show fewer"},"show":{"default":"show"},"hide":{"default":"hide"},"caption":{"show":"show caption","hide":"hide caption"},"carousel":{"play":"play slideshow","pause":"pause slideshow"}};</script> <script type="text/javascript"> var IPState = { useripstate: false, useripname: '' }; </script> <script type="text/javascript"> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; window.dataLayer.push({'StoryID':undefined}); window.dataLayer.push({'StoryFormatProperty':undefined}); window.dataLayer.push({'StoryCategories':'null'}); window.dataLayer.push({'StoryLayout':undefined}); window.dataLayer.push({'StoryWidth':undefined}); window.dataLayer.push({'StoryLayoutCode':undefined}); window.dataLayer.push({'StoryFormatCode':'null'}); window.dataLayer.push({'StoryTypeCode':'null'}); window.dataLayer.push({'StoryCategoriesCodes':'null'}); window.dataLayer.push({'StoryFullNavPath':'null'}); window.dataLayer.push({'UserID':undefined}); window.dataLayer.push({'NavCode':'101554'}); window.dataLayer.push({'MicrositeNavCode':'-1'}); window.dataLayer.push({'NavKey':'100175'}); window.dataLayer.push({'NavigationAreaNavCode':'101783'}); </script> <script type="text/javascript"> window.dataLayer.push({'UserStateLoggedIn':'False'}); window.dataLayer.push({'FullNavPath':'|100001|101783|101554|'}); // For RSC use window.dataLayer.push({'LoggedIn':'False'}); window.dataLayer.push({'AccessStatus':'Granted'}); window.dataLayer.push({'Template':'SPIN'}); window.dataLayer.push({'Format':undefined}); window.dataLayer.push({'StoryType':undefined}); window.dataLayer.push({'PrimaryNavCurrent':'Practical'}); window.dataLayer.push({ 'CategoriesCodes':undefined, 'event': 'category_push' }); window.dataLayer.push({'Tags':undefined}); window.dataLayer.push({'Bylines':undefined}); window.dataLayer.push({'PublishDate':undefined}); // Exclude categories if StoryCategories contains |Exclude from most popular| if (window.dataLayer.filter(function(x) {return x['StoryCategories'];})[0].StoryCategories.indexOf("|Exclude from most popular|")!= -1) { window.dataLayer.push({"StoryCategoriesExclude":"|Exclude from most popular|"}); } else { window.dataLayer.push({"StoryCategoriesExclude":"null"}); } window.dataLayer.push({'grecaptcha':'6LdF8vonAAAAAD7o_GFdZx7ScY1_ggHdHUmijbXX'}); </script>  <link href="https://www.rsc-cdn.org/oxygen/assets/webfonts/fonts.css?cache=20190604" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Bree+Serif&display=swap" rel="stylesheet">  <style> /*RSCCS-703 : Enhanced ads spacing on empty placholders*/ .storytext div:empty { display: none; } /*RSCCS-889 : Hide inline placeholder containing empty EME response */ .storytext div.story-inlinecontent-placeholder:has(.nl-signup-bucket:empty) { display: none; } /* Access denied li font size fix */ .accessContainer .accessMessage .middleBlock ol li, .accessContainer .accessMessage .middleBlock ul li { font-size: 1rem; } /* RSC OneTrust styles */ .rsc-onetrust-cookie-policy { background-color: #FFFFFF; } .rsc-onetrust-cookie-policy #ot-sdk-btn.ot-sdk-show-settings { background-color: #f3e500 !important; border: 0 !important; color: #000 !important; font-size: 0.889rem !important; line-height: 1.802rem !important; } .rsc-onetrust-cookie-policy #ot-sdk-btn.ot-sdk-show-settings:hover { background-color: #fcf800 !important; } .rsc-onetrust-cookie-policy a { color: #147098 !important; text-decoration: none !important; } .rsc-onetrust-cookie-policy a:hover { color: #004976 !important; text-decoration: underline !important; } .ot-settings-btn-container { margin-bottom: 30px; } .rsc-onetrust-cookie-footer { background-color: #252729; padding: 1em; padding-bottom: 2em; color: #E5E5E5; text-align: center; font-size: 0.9em; } .rsc-onetrust-cookie-footer a { color: #78D9EA; } .rsc-onetrust-cookie-footer a:focus, .rsc-onetrust-cookie-footer a:hover { color: #FFFFFF; text-decoration: underline; } /* EDU OneTrust overrides */ #onetrust-pc-sdk button { text-transform: uppercase !important; } #onetrust-banner-sdk.ot-iab-2 #onetrust-policy { height: 250px; overflow-y: scroll; } #onetrust-banner-sdk #onetrust-policy-title { font-size: 1rem !important; } #onetrust-banner-sdk #onetrust-policy-text { font-size: 0.889rem !important; } #onetrust-consent-sdk #onetrust-pc-sdk button:not(#clear-filters-handler):not(.ot-close-icon):not(#filter-btn-handler):not(.ot-remove-objection-handler):not(.ot-obj-leg-btn-handler):not([aria-expanded]):not(.ot-link-btn), #onetrust-consent-sdk #onetrust-pc-sdk .ot-leg-btn-container .ot-active-leg-btn, #onetrust-consent-sdk #onetrust-accept-btn-handler, #onetrust-banner-sdk #onetrust-reject-all-handler { background-color: #f3e500 !important; border-color: #f3e500 !important; color: #000 !important; border-radius: 5px !important; } #onetrust-banner-sdk #onetrust-accept-btn-handler { text-transform: uppercase !important; font-size: .889rem !important; font-weight: 700 !important; letter-spacing: 0 !important; } #onetrust-banner-sdk #onetrust-reject-all-handler { text-transform: uppercase !important; font-size: .889rem !important; font-weight: 700 !important; letter-spacing: 0 !important; } #onetrust-banner-sdk #onetrust-pc-btn-handler { font-size: .889rem !important; font-weight: 700 !important; text-decoration: none !important; letter-spacing: 0 !important; } #onetrust-pc-sdk .ot-vs-list .ot-always-active, #onetrust-pc-sdk .ot-cat-grp .ot-always-active { color: #147098 !important; } #onetrust-consent-sdk #onetrust-banner-sdk :not(.ot-dpd-desc)>.ot-b-addl-desc { font-size: 0.9rem; margin-bottom: 0; } #onetrust-consent-sdk #onetrust-banner-sdk .ot-dpd-title, #onetrust-consent-sdk #onetrust-banner-sdk .ot-b-addl-desc h3 { font-size: 0.8rem; line-height: 1rem; font-weight: 600; padding-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0.6rem; } #onetrust-consent-sdk #onetrust-banner-sdk.ot-iab-2 #onetrust-policy-text, #onetrust-consent-sdk #onetrust-banner-sdk .ot-dpd-desc { font-size: 0.8rem !important; line-height: 1.2rem; } #onetrust-banner-sdk #onetrust-pc-btn-handler { text-decoration: underline !important; text-transform: uppercase !important; font-weight: normal !important; } .ot-embed-overlayed { position: relative; } .ot-embed-overlay { z-index: 1; position: absolute; left: 0; width: 100%; height: 100%; background-color: rgba(0,0,0,0.3); top: 0; display: flex; justify-content: center; align-items: center; font-family: Source Sans Pro,sans-serif; flex-direction: column; } .ot-embed-container { background-color: #fff; padding: 1rem; width: 75%; max-width: 425px; border: 1px solid #222; box-shadow: 0 4px 8px 0 rgb(0 0 0 / 20%), 0 6px 20px 0 rgb(0 0 0 / 19%); } .ot-embed-container div { display: flex; justify-content: space-evenly; flex-direction: column; align-items: center; text-align: center; } .ot-embed-container p { font-size: 0.9rem; line-height: 1.2rem; margin-bottom: 0.8rem; font-style: normal; } .ot-embed-container p:last-child { margin-bottom: 0; color: #147098; text-decoration: none; cursor: pointer; } .tiktok-embed .ot-embed-button { text-transform: uppercase; } .edu-eb-container, div[id^="eventbrite-widget-container"] { height: 790px; background-image: url("https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/600xAny/P/web/u/l/g/eventbritepreviewimageblur_328339.png"); background-size: contain; background-position: center; background-repeat: no-repeat; } .eb-cookie-btn { margin-right: 3px; } .eb-booking-btn { margin-left: 3px; background-color: #fff; border: 2px solid #f3e500; padding: 5px 14px; transition: all .25s ease-in; } .eb-booking-btn:hover, .eb-booking-btn:active { border-color: #fcf800; } @media only screen and (max-width: 767px) { .ot-embed-overlay p { font-size: .889rem; line-height: 1.1rem; } .eb-cookie-btn, .eb-booking-btn { margin: 0; } .eb-cookie-btn { margin-bottom: 6px; } } /* Sustainable development goal (SDG) resource fact files */ .sdgMobile { display: inline-block; width: 100%; padding-bottom: 10px; } .sdgMobile img { float: left; width: 15%; } .sdgTable { display: table; } .sdgTableRow { display: table-row; } .sdgTableCell { display: table-cell; vertical-align: middle; } .sdgTableCell p { margin-bottom: 20px; } .sdgTableImg { display: table-cell; padding: 0px 20px 20px 0px; width: 140px; vertical-align: middle; } /* Hide on mobile devices */ @media only screen and (max-device-width: 767px) { .sdgTableImg { display: none; } } /* Only show on mobile devices */ @media only screen and (min-device-width: 768px) { .sdgMobile { display: none; } } /* Multiple buttons in media containers */ .media-container li .button { margin-top:5px; } /* Lists inside media containers */ .media-container ul.mc-inner-list { list-style: disc; list-style-position: outside; margin: 0 0 16px 20px; } .mc-inner-list li { display: list-item; border: 0 !important; margin-bottom: 0 !important; padding-bottom: 0 !important; font-size: 1.125rem !important; line-height: 1.802rem !important; } /* Simple newsletter signup 'widget' */ .nl-signup-container .ad-story-inline { width: 100%; margin: 0; } .edu-nl-signup { padding-bottom: 0!important; margin-bottom: 28px; } .edu-nl-teaser p { margin-bottom: 16px; } .nl-signup-std { color: #fff; border: none; background: rgb(0,47,86); background: linear-gradient(144deg, rgba(0,47,86,1) 0%, rgba(72,169,197,1) 100%); } .nl-signup-eic { color: #fff; border: none; background: rgb(153,30,102); background: linear-gradient(128deg, rgba(153,30,102,1) 0%, rgba(218,24,132,1) 100%); } .nl-signup-sis { color: #fff; border: none !important; background: rgb(122,17,71) !important; background: linear-gradient(144deg, rgba(122,17,71,1) 0%, rgba(218,24,132,1) 100%) !important; } .nl-signup-sis .button { background-color: #FF9E1B; color: #000 !important; } .nl-signup-sis .button:hover, .nl-signup-sis .button:active { background-color: #FFBC27; } .nl-signup-std h2, .nl-signup-eic h2, .nl-signup-sis h2 { color: #fff; } .nl-signup-icon { float: right; margin: -10px 5px 0 0; width: 40px; height: 40px; } .nl-signup-icon .cls-1 { fill: currentColor; } .nl-signup-icon .cls-2 { fill: currentColor; } .nl-signup-icon .cls-3 { fill: #fff; } .nl-signup-std .nl-signup-icon .cls-3 { fill: #48A9C5; } .nl-signup-eic .nl-signup-icon .cls-3 { fill: #DA1884; } .nl-signup-sis .nl-signup-icon .cls-3 { fill: #da1884; } /* Enhanced advertising overrides */ .story-rhccontent-placeholder-ad-extrahtml .ad-notice, .story-inlinecontent-placeholder-ad-extrahtml .ad-notice { display: block; font-family: Source Sans Pro,sans-serif; text-transform: uppercase; text-align: center; color: #888; font-weight: 500; letter-spacing: .05em; font-size: .7rem; line-height: .7rem; margin-bottom: .3rem; } /* BBC video embed */ .bbc-container { position: relative; overflow: hidden; width: 100%; padding-top: 68%; margin-bottom: 32px; } .bbc-responsive-iframe { position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; bottom: 0; right: 0; width: 100%; height: 100%; border: none !important; } /* Throbbing red button */ .throbRed{ animation-name: throbbingRed; animation-duration: 2s; animation-iteration-count: infinite; animation-direction: alternate; animation-timing-function: ease-in-out; } @keyframes throbbingRed{ 0% { background-color: #54585a;} 100% { background-color: #EB1F52;} } /* Throbbing green button */ .throbGreen{ animation-name: throbbingGreen; animation-duration: 2s; animation-iteration-count: infinite; animation-direction: alternate; animation-timing-function: ease-in-out; } @keyframes throbbingGreen{ 0% { background-color: #54585a;} 100% { background-color: #97D700;} } /* Updated share icons */ .share-toolbar { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; justify-content: left; width: 100%; } .share-toolbar a { align-items: center; background-color: #fff; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 1px solid #ececec; border-radius: 50%; cursor: pointer; display: flex; flex: none; font-size: .6rem; height: 36px; justify-content: center; margin-right: .5rem; margin-bottom: .5rem; width: 36px; } .share-toolbar a:hover { background-color: #f0f0f0; } .share-toolbar a[data-source="linkedin"] { padding: 0 0.1rem 0 0.2rem } .social-share svg { width: 60%; } .social-share[data-medium="email"] svg, .social-share[data-source="navigator"] svg { fill: #48A9C5; } /* Hide default email icon */ .pageOptions ul:first-of-type li:not(.pageoptions-rating):not(.social-share-container) { display: none; } @media screen and (max-width: 480px) { .not-mobile-share { display: none !important; } } /* Hide byline on spin page */ .hide-byline span.author { display:none; } /* Fix sizes of MPU adverts */ .mpu-fix-size { min-height:266px !important; max-height:266px !important; } /* Hide on desktop devices */ @media only screen and (min-device-width: 1024px) { .not-desktop { display: none; } } /* Only show on desktop devices */ @media only screen and (max-device-width: 1023px) { .only-desktop { display: none; } } /* Only show on mobile devices */ @media only screen and (min-device-width: 768px) { .only-mobile { display: none; } } /* Hide from desktop mega menu */ .desktopNavigation .hide-desktop-mega-menu { display: none; } /* Shrink bottom of factfile */ .factfile { padding-bottom: 15px; } /* Spin Promo Microsite */ .spinPromoEiC { background-color: #CE389E; } /* Additional buttons */ .btn-light { background-color: #EFEFEF; border-color: #EFEFEF; color: #000000; text-shadow: none; } /* Grey out sub navigation items */ ul.main li.highlightdeadsubnav > span { color: grey; } /* Override MyAccountNavigation item text */ .myAccountNavigation ul li { text-transform: none; font-weight: 500; } /* Highlight navigation item in yellow */ ul.main>li.nav-item.highlightnav { background: #EEDC00; } ul.main>li.nav-item.highlightnav a span { color: #54585a; } ul.main>li.nav-item.highlightnav:hover { background: #54585a; } ul.main>li.nav-item.highlightnav a span:hover { color: #ffffff; } ul.main>li.nav-item.highlightnav.current a span { color: #000000; } /* Highlight navigation item in purple */ ul.main>li.nav-item.highlightnavpurple { background: #991E66; } ul.main>li.nav-item.highlightnavpurple a span { color: #ffffff; } ul.main>li.nav-item.highlightnavpurple:hover { background: #ffffff; } ul.main>li.nav-item.highlightnavpurple a span:hover { color: #54585a; } ul.main>li.nav-item.highlightnavpurple.current a span { color: #ffffff; } /* De-button storyType links */ div.sleeve div.subSleeve span.story-type a.storyType, /* spin page */ .grid .gridLayout ul li div.subSleeve span.story-type a.storyType, /* spin page hero block */ div.storyDetails a.storyType /* solr results */ { background-color: transparent; color: #868686; padding: 0px; } /* Adjust the cookie policy */ div#cookiePolicy.show { padding-top: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; z-index: 3000000000; bottom: 10px; } /* Make Google Map embeds responsive */ .google-map-responsive{ overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 56.25%; position: relative; height: 0; } .google-map-responsive iframe{ left: 0; top: 0; height: 100%; width: 100%; position: absolute; } /* Image/caption/credit styles for SPIN pages */ .spin-credit { color: #888; font-size: .889rem; line-height: 1.266rem; font-family: Source Sans Pro,sans-serif; font-style: normal; } .spin-caption { color: #444; font-size: .889rem; line-height: 1.266rem; margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 0; font-family: Source Sans Pro,sans-serif; } .spin-image-centre { display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; } /* Remove camera icon overlay on picture layout story */ .layoutIcon.pictureLayout:before { background-image:none; } /* Message block styles */ .message-block-wrapper { width: 100vw; position: relative; padding: 0; border: 1px solid #1D749A; background: #78D9EA; } .message-block-content { max-width: 900px; padding: 12px; margin: 0 auto; height: auto; text-align: center; } .message-block-content p { font-family: Gotham Medium; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.424rem; color: #222; font-weight: 500; margin: 1rem 0rem; } .message-block-content h1 { font-family: Gotham Medium; font-size: 1.4rem; line-height: 2rem; margin-bottom: 1rem; font-weight: 700; } .message-block-content .button a:last-child { /* positions 'Close this message' link after main button */ position: inherit; } .message-block-content br { /* on small screens doesn't display <br> so text flows */ display: none; } @media screen and (min-width: 768px) { /* on large screens will break lines where <br> is placed */ .message-block-content br { display: initial; } } /* Advertisement label */ .ad-mpu>div:not(:empty)::before { /* if the div with the parent 'ad-mpu' is not empty, eg advert content has been loaded */ content: 'Advertisement'; display: block; font-family: Source Sans Pro,sans-serif; text-transform: uppercase; text-align: center; color: #888; font-weight: 500; letter-spacing: .05em; font-size: .7rem; line-height: .7rem; margin-bottom: .3rem; } /* Mega menu image resizing RSC-1119 */ .desktopNavigation .htmlBlock .column.span-2 { width: 48.82117420%; margin-right: 0; } .desktopNavigation .htmlBlock .column.span-3 { width: 74.41058710%; margin-right: 0; } /* Image scaling - see https://www.abacuscloud.info/72.article */ .embedImage img{ width: 100%; height: auto; } /* Accordion */ .accordion { background-color: #eee; color: #444; cursor: pointer; padding: 18px; width: 100%; border: none; text-align: left; outline: none; font-size: 15px; transition: 0.4s; border-radius: 6px; position: relative; display: -webkit-box; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -webkit-box-align: center; -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; } .accordion:after { content: ''; position: absolute; right: 20px; transform: rotate(0deg); transition: transform 250ms; width: 0; height: 0; border-style: solid; border-width: 8px 0 8px 9px; border-color: transparent transparent transparent #888; } .accordion.active:after { transform: rotate(90deg); } .accordion.active + .panel { max-height: 600px; overflow: auto; } .accordion.active .vector-icon { transform: rotate(90deg); } .accordion.active, .accordion:hover { background-color: #ccc; } .accordion+.panel { padding: 0 18px; max-height: 0; background-color: white; overflow: hidden; transition: max-height linear 250ms; } /* YouTube embed box */ .embed-container { position: relative; margin-top: 35px; padding-bottom: 56.25%; height: 0; overflow: hidden; max-width: 100%; } .embed-container iframe, .embed-container object, .embed-container embed { position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; width: 100%; height: 100%; } /* Don't show on tablet devices */ @media only screen and (min-device-width: 768px) and (max-device-width: 1023px) { .not-tablet { display: none; } } /* Don't show on mobile and tablet device menus */ #mobilemenu .desktop-only { display: none; } /* Change colour of group story header bar */ .groupTopBox { background-color: #78C600; } /* Sharing Toolbar */ .shareHidden { display: none !important; } /* Starter slide preview */ .starter-slide-preview { position: relative; display: inline-block; float:right; } .starter-slide-preview:hover { opacity: 0.65; transition: opacity 0.3s; } .starter-slide-preview img { border:1px #ADADAD solid; margin-left: 10px; box-shadow: 5px 5px 5px lightgrey; } .starter-slide-preview:after { content: ""; position: absolute; bottom: 12px; right: 10px; background-image: url("https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/web/x/s/e/sprite.css03b34d89_252753.svgz"); background-position: 0px -568.31px; background-repeat: no-repeat; width: 30px; height: 30px; transform: rotate(90deg); } /* Hide nav items */ .hide-nav-item { display: none; } /* Fix anchor scroll / header issue */ #mainnav { scroll-margin-top: 72px; } .microsite.eic-microsite .media-container.mc-links-only li .button:after { display: none !important; } .media-container.mc-links-only li .button { padding-right: 16px; } /* EME testing and experience styles */ .eme-hidden-default { display: none; } .eic-promo-container>.ad-story-inline, .nl-signup-container-v3>.ad-story-inline { margin-bottom: 0; min-height: auto; } /* Fix access denied image preview */ .accessContainer .storyPreview .access-denied-index-img.picture { max-width: 50%; } @media only screen and (max-width: 1023px) { .accessContainer .storyPreview .byline { width: 100%; } } /* New newsletter widget */ .nl-signup-container-v2 .ad-story-inline { width: 100%; margin: 0; } .nl-signup-block { overflow: hidden; border-radius: 10px; background-color: #fafafa; box-shadow: 0px 2px 6px #0000002b; margin-bottom: 28px; } .nl-signup-inner { display: flex; flex-direction: row; position: relative; } .nl-signup-img { max-width: 300px; height: auto; object-fit: cover; } .nl-signup-block[data-nl-id=EDUChemEdWeekly] .nl-signup-img { object-position: left; } .nl-signup-content { display: flex; flex-direction: column; padding: 20px; } .nl-signup-content h2 { font-size: 1.266rem; line-height: 1.802rem; margin-bottom: 4px; color: inherit; } .nl-signup-teaser p { font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.5rem; margin-bottom: 18px; } .nl-signup-content > p:last-child { margin-bottom: 0; } .nl-signup-tag { display: flex; flex-direction: row; align-items: center; margin-bottom: 6px; } .nl-signup-tag svg { margin-right: 6px; } .nl-signup-tag p { font-size: .89rem; line-height: 1rem; margin-bottom: 0; text-transform: uppercase; color: #54585A; } .nl-signup-tag a { color: inherit; } @media only screen and (max-width: 619px) { .nl-signup-inner { flex-direction: column; } .nl-signup-img { max-width: 100%; width: 100%; max-height: 300px; min-height: 200px; } .nl-signup-content { padding-bottom: 28px; text-align: center; } .nl-signup-content > p:last-child a.button { width: 100%; } .nl-signup-tag { justify-content: center; } } /* Force caption visibility on full-width tables */ .table-wrapper .datatable caption.show-caption { display: table-caption; } /* EME-AB3 test styles */ .media-container.mc-fixed { position: fixed; width: 100vw; height: 100px; max-height: 100px; left: 50%; right: 50%; margin-left: -50vw; margin-right: -50vw; z-index: 500; margin-bottom: 0; bottom: 0; padding: 10px 0; box-shadow: 0px -2px 7px 0px #0000003d; border-top: 1px solid #ffffff63; background: rgb(0, 73, 118); background: -moz-linear-gradient(90deg, rgba(0, 73, 118, 1) 0%, rgb(72 169 197 / 80%) 100%); background: -webkit-linear-gradient(90deg, rgba(0, 73, 118, 1) 0%, rgb(72 169 197 / 80%) 100%); background: linear-gradient(90deg, rgba(0, 73, 118, 1) 0%, rgb(72 169 197 / 80%) 100%); filter: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(startColorstr="#004976",endColorstr="#48a9c5",GradientType=1); backdrop-filter: blur(5px); -webkit-backdrop-filter: blur(5px); transform: translateY(0); transition: transform 1s; } .media-container.mc-fixed.mc-hidden { transform: translateY(160px); } .media-container.mc-fixed li>div { flex-direction: row; align-items: center; width: 60%; text-align: right; margin-bottom: 10px; right: 0; position: absolute; bottom: 0; } .media-container.mc-fixed li p { display: none; } .media-container.mc-fixed li img { width: 200px; box-shadow: 0 -4px 10px #00000038; padding-right: 0; bottom: 0; position: absolute; border: 2px solid #ffffff; border-radius: 5px; margin-bottom: 0; } .media-container.mc-fixed li { align-items: center; justify-content: space-between; position: absolute; bottom: 0; max-height: 100%; width: 65.8%; } .media-container.mc-fixed li h2 { margin-bottom: 0; margin-right: 20px; color: white; } .media-container.mc-fixed li .button { margin-top: 0; padding: 16px 39px 16px 16px; width: 100%; } .media-container.mc-fixed ul { max-width: 1180px; margin: auto; height: 100%; position: relative; } .media-container.mc-fixed .close-btn { position: absolute; right: 10px; top: -36px; height: 26px; width: 26px; display: block; z-index: 300; overflow: visible; border-radius: 50%; background: #00000078; transform: rotate(0deg); transition: transform 0.5s ease-in-out; } .media-container.mc-fixed .close-btn:hover { transform: rotate(180deg); cursor: pointer; } .media-container.mc-fixed .close-btn-inner { background-repeat: no-repeat; background-image: url(/magazine/dest/graphics/output/sprite.css-03b34d89.svg); display: inline-block; width: 100%; height: 100%; background-position: -12px -358.2px; } @media only screen and (min-width: 1130px) and (max-width: 1279px) { .media-container.mc-fixed {padding-left: 26px;} .media-container.mc-fixed ul { width: 64.3%; margin-left: 0; } .media-container.mc-fixed li { width: 100%; } .media-container.mc-fixed li>div { width: 460px; } } @media only screen and (min-width: 1024px) { .media-container.mc-fixed .close-btn { right: 40px; } } @media only screen and (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1129px) { .media-container.mc-fixed { padding-left: 38px; padding-right: 38px; } .media-container.mc-fixed ul { width: 100%; } .media-container.mc-fixed li { width: 100%; } .media-container.mc-fixed li>div { width: 460px; } } @media only screen and (max-width: 767px) { .media-container.mc-fixed { padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px; } .media-container.mc-fixed li { width: 100%; } .media-container.mc-fixed li img { max-width: 200px; width: 50%; min-width: 160px; } .media-container.mc-fixed li>div { width: 100%; justify-content: end; } .media-container.mc-fixed li h2 { display: none; } } </style>  <style> .curriculum-explorer header ol { min-height: 40px; } @media screen and (min-width: 768px) { .curriculum-explorer header .button { color: #48a9c5; } } </style>  <style> @media screen and (-ms-high-contrast: active), (-ms-high-contrast: none), screen and (min-width: 1024px) { /* IE10+ specific styles go here */ .curriculum-explorer { min-height: 345px; } } </style>   <style> #my-lcp-section .column2 { float: none; width: auto; margin-top: 24px; } @media screen and (min-width: 768px) { #my-lcp-section .column2 { float: left; width: 380px; } } @media screen and (min-width: 1024px) { #my-lcp-section .column2 { margin-top: 0; } } </style>   <style> @media screen and (min-width: 1024px) { #curriculum-and-resources .twoColumns .column2 .container, #curriculum-and-resources .twoColumns .column2 .container .inner-sleeve { display: block; } } </style>   <style> @media screen and (min-width: 768px){ .storyAuthorComponent .storyAuthor .storyAuthorDetails .socialMediaLinks ul { margin-bottom: 31px; } } </style>  <style type="text/css">.inline_image img[width][height]:not(.zoomable-image) {contain: unset;}</style>   <script> /* Get dataLayer values */ function getDataLayerVal(keyVal) { if(window.dataLayer!=undefined && window.dataLayer!=null){ for (var i = 0; i < window.dataLayer.length; i++) { if (dataLayer[i][keyVal] !== undefined) { return dataLayer[i][keyVal]; } } } } /* Now work out the user state */ var userSubscriber = getDataLayerVal('Products') !== undefined; var userLoggedIn = getDataLayerVal('LoggedIn') == 'True'; var userMember = getDataLayerVal('IMIS_Active') == "|true|"; var userIP = IPState.useripstate === true; var userIPName = IPState.useripname; var userSubState = ((!userLoggedIn && userIP) ? 'IP signed out' : (!userLoggedIn) ? 'Casual' : (userMember) ? 'Member' : (userSubscriber) ? 'Subscriber' : (userLoggedIn && userIP) ? 'IP signed in' : 'Registered'); var userState = getDataLayerVal('LoggedIn') == 'True' ? 'Signed in' : 'Signed out'; window.dataLayer.push({'UserState':userState}); window.dataLayer.push({'UserSubState':userSubState}); </script>   <script> function getCookie(cname) { var name = cname + "="; var ca = document.cookie.split(";"); for(var i = 0; i < ca.length; i++) { var c = ca[i]; while (c.charAt(0) == " ") { c = c.substring(1); } if (c.indexOf(name) == 0) { return c.substring(name.length, c.length); } } return ""; } function otGetCodes(names) { const categoryCodes = { "Essential": "C0001", "Analytical": "C0002", "Functional": "C0003", "Targeting": "C0004", "Social": "C0005" }; let codes; if (names === "All") { codes = Object.values(categoryCodes); } else { if (!Array.isArray(names)) { names = [names]; } codes = names.map(name => categoryCodes[name]); } return codes; } function otCookieCheck(categories) { const codes = otGetCodes(categories); const otCookie = decodeURIComponent(getCookie("OptanonConsent")); for (code of codes) { if (otCookie.indexOf(code+":1") === -1) { return false; } } return true; } function otHideOverlays() { var overlayedDivs = document.querySelectorAll(".ot-embed-overlay"); for (let overlay of overlayedDivs) { overlay.remove(); } } function otTagEmbeds() { var networkList = {"youtube": "YouTube", "eventbrite": "Eventbrite", "twitter": "Twitter", "padlet": "Padlet", "tiktok": "TikTok", "vimeo": "Vimeo"}; var frames = document.querySelectorAll(".storytext iframe, .videoTop .videoblock iframe, #wrapper_sleeve .grid .htmlContent iframe") for (var key in networkList) { if (networkList.hasOwnProperty(key)) { frames.forEach(function(element) { var src = element.getAttribute("src") || element.getAttribute("data-src") || ""; if (src.indexOf(key) > -1) { if (element.getAttribute("title") === "Twitter settings iframe") { return; } element.parentNode.classList.add("ot-embed-content"); element.parentNode.setAttribute("data-provider", networkList[key]); if (!otCookieCheck("All") && (element.parentNode.tagName.toLowerCase() != "body")) { element.parentNode.classList.add("ot-embed-overlayed"); var cookieMessage = document.createElement("div"); cookieMessage.classList.add("ot-embed-overlay"); if (networkList[key] === "Eventbrite") { var eventRx = /.+\-(\d+)$/; var eventUrl = "https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/" + eventRx.exec(element.parentNode.id)[1]; cookieMessage.innerHTML = "<div class='ot-embed-container'><div><p>We use Eventbrite to manage event bookings. If you view or interact with this content, Eventbrite may store cookies on your device for functional, analytical or targeting purposes. Please accept cookies to book your place, or visit the event listing at Eventbrite.</p><p><button class='ot-embed-button eb-cookie-btn' onclick='otHideOverlays(); OneTrust.AllowAll();'>Accept cookies</button><a href='" + eventUrl + "'><button class='eb-booking-btn'>Book via Eventbrite</button></a></p><p onclick='OneTrust.ToggleInfoDisplay()'>Cookie settings</p></div></div>" } else { cookieMessage.innerHTML = "<div class='ot-embed-container'><div><p>This content is provided by " + networkList[key] + ". If you view or interact with this content " + networkList[key] + " may store cookies on your device for functional, analytical or targeting purposes. Please accept cookies to use this content.</p><p><button class='ot-embed-button' onclick='otHideOverlays(); OneTrust.AllowAll();'>Accept cookies</button></p><p onclick='OneTrust.ToggleInfoDisplay()'>Cookie settings</p></div></div>"; } element.parentNode.appendChild(cookieMessage); } } }); } } } function otAllAccepted() { if (document.getElementById("accept-recommended-btn-handler").style.display == "none") { return true; } else { return false; } } function otCookieAcceptance(event) { var element = event.target; if (element.id === "onetrust-accept-btn-handler" || element.id === "accept-recommended-btn-handler") { otHideOverlays(); } else if (element.classList.contains("save-preference-btn-handler") && element.classList.contains("onetrust-close-btn-handler")) { var allAccepted = otAllAccepted(); if (allAccepted === true) { otHideOverlays(); } } } $(window).on("load", function() { otTagEmbeds(); document.addEventListener("click", otCookieAcceptance); }); </script>   <script> var googletag = googletag || {}; googletag.cmd = googletag.cmd || []; </script> <script> var gptLimitedAds = !(otCookieCheck("Targeting")); console.log("Limited ads is " + gptLimitedAds); googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.defineSlot("/97414310/EIC_MPU_Middle", [300, 250], "div-gpt-ad-1478612564129-1").addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.defineSlot("/97414310/EIC_MPU_Spotlight", [300, 250], "div-gpt-ad-1478612564129-2").addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.defineSlot("/97414310/EIC_MPU_Top", [300, 250], "div-gpt-ad-1478612564129-3").addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.pubads().collapseEmptyDivs(); googletag.pubads().setPrivacySettings({"limitedAds": gptLimitedAds}); googletag.pubads().enableLazyLoad({ fetchMarginPercent: 5, // Fetch slots within 5 viewports. renderMarginPercent: 5, // Render slots within 2 viewports. mobileScaling: 0 // Double the above values on mobile. }); googletag.enableServices(); }); </script>   <script data-ad-client="ca-pub-7021279776415627" async src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>   <script> function sessionDurationConverter(threshold, id) { var startName = "gtm_session_start_" + id; var thresholdName = "gtm_session_threshold_" + id; var startCookie = decodeURIComponent(getCookie(startName)); var thresholdCookie = decodeURIComponent(getCookie(thresholdName)); var d1 = new Date(); var now = d1.getTime(); var durationThreshold = threshold * 1000 - 1; var cookieExpiry = new Date(); cookieExpiry.setTime(cookieExpiry.getTime() + 30 * 60 * 1000); var expires = "expires=" + cookieExpiry.toUTCString(); if (!startCookie) { document.cookie = startName + "=" + now + ";" + expires + ";path=/"; } else if (!thresholdCookie){ var startTime = startCookie; var elapsedTime = now - startTime; if (elapsedTime > durationThreshold) { window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; dataLayer.push({ "event": "session_duration_conv", "sessionTargetHit": { "targetDuration": threshold, "campaignId": id } }); document.cookie = thresholdName + "=true;" + expires + ";path=/"; }; }; } </script>   <script> jQuery(function($) { $('.accordion').each(function(i, el) { $(el).on('click', function() { $(this).toggleClass('active') }); }); }); </script>   <meta name="robots" content="max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1"/>   <script> function pushEMEImpression(testName, testVal) { localStorage.setItem(testName, testVal); } function fetchEMEImpression(testName) { return localStorage.getItem(testName); } function isObject(obj) { return obj !== null && typeof obj === 'object' && !Array.isArray(obj); } function pushToDataLayer(key, value) { window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (isObject(key)) { window.dataLayer.push(key); } else { let object = {}; object[key] = value; window.dataLayer.push(object); } } function flagExperienceImpression(expId, expVar) { const expStr = `${expId}-${expVar}`; const expObj = { "event": "experienceImpression", "experience": expStr }; pushToDataLayer(expObj); console.log("Experience impression recorded as: " + expStr); } function populateTestParam(testId, numVars, checkIfFound, overrideGen) { let testVar = fetchEMEImpression(testId); testVar = testVar ? decodeURIComponent(testVar) : testVar; let isFound = testVar ? true : false; if (!testVar && !overrideGen) { testVar = Math.floor(Math.random() * (numVars - 1 + 1)) + 1; console.log("New testVar generated."); pushEMEImpression(testId, testVar); pushToDataLayer(testId, testVar); } else if (testVar) { console.log("testVar accessed from localStorage."); pushToDataLayer(testId, testVar); } if (testVar) { flagExperienceImpression(testId, testVar); } if (checkIfFound) { return isFound; } } function createTestHandler(selector, testId, callback) { return function() { const testContainer = document.querySelector(selector); const testEl = testContainer.querySelector(".edu_ab_test[data-variant]"); const testVar = testEl.getAttribute("data-variant"); pushEMEImpression(testId, testVar); flagExperienceImpression(testId, testVar); if (callback) { callback(); } }; } function recordExperienceDeployment() { pushToDataLayer("EME_Experience_Deployed", true); } function handleEMEInit(selector, testId, numVars, callback = null) { window.addEventListener("eme:itemapplied", recordExperienceDeployment); if (populateTestParam(testId, numVars, true, true)) { if (callback) { callback(); } return; }; const testHandler = createTestHandler(selector, testId, callback); window.addEventListener("eme:itemapplied", testHandler); } </script>   <script type="text/plain" class="optanon-category-C0002"> (function(h,o,t,j,a,r){ h.hj=h.hj||function(){(h.hj.q=h.hj.q||[]).push(arguments)}; h._hjSettings={hjid:963557,hjsv:6}; a=o.getElementsByTagName('head')[0]; r=o.createElement('script');r.async=1; r.src=t+h._hjSettings.hjid+j+h._hjSettings.hjsv; a.appendChild(r); })(window,document,'https://static.hotjar.com/c/hotjar-','.js?sv='); </script>   <script type='text/javascript'> (function(e,t,n){if(e.snaptr)return;var a=e.snaptr=function() {a.handleRequest?a.handleRequest.apply(a,arguments):a.queue.push(arguments)}; a.queue=[];var s='script';r=t.createElement(s);r.async=!0; r.src=n;var u=t.getElementsByTagName(s)[0]; u.parentNode.insertBefore(r,u);})(window,document, 'https://sc-static.net/scevent.min.js'); snaptr('init', '7335e2fb-47aa-441c-aaf9-e7c2837ad3f4', { }); snaptr('track', 'PAGE_VIEW'); </script>   <div id="_A102CC95-69B6-4005-B612-2E654940FC9A"></div> <script> const testCategoryLookup = { "EME-AB3": [ "116115", // Ad-hoc testing "116104", // Johnstone's triangle "115853", // Structure strips "115719" // Review my learning ] } function abCategoryChecker(id, test = "any") { let categoryCodes = getDataLayerVal("CategoriesCodes"); if (!categoryCodes) { return null; } else { categoryCodes = categoryCodes.split("|"); } categoryCodes.shift(); categoryCodes.pop(); const categoryLookup = testCategoryLookup[id]; for (const c of categoryLookup) { if (test === "all") { if (!categoryCodes.includes(c)) { return false; } } else { if (categoryCodes.includes(c)) { return true; } } } return test === "all" ? true : false; } function checkMCFormat(mc) { const buttons = mc.querySelectorAll(".button"); if (buttons.length !== 1) { return false; } const a = buttons[0].parentElement; if (a.hasAttribute("href")) { const rx = /.+edu\.rsc\.org\/download\?.*story\=\d+($|\&ac\=\d+$)/i; if (!rx.test(a.href)) { return false; } } return true; } function labelDefaultMC() { const defaultMC = document.querySelector(".media-container:not(.mc-fixed)"); if (!defaultMC) { return; } else { const mcCheck = checkMCFormat(defaultMC); if (!mcCheck) { return; } } defaultMC.classList.add("eme-target-div"); } function handleMCTargeting() { const currentURL = window.location.href; if (currentURL.indexOf(".article") < 0 || !abCategoryChecker("EME-AB3")) { return; } const defaultMC = document.querySelector(".media-container:not(.mc-fixed)"); if (!defaultMC) { document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", labelDefaultMC); } else { labelDefaultMC(); } } (function(w,d,t,u,c,b,m,s,n,i,e,p){(w[n]=w[n]||[]).push(arguments);e=d.createElement(t);p=d.getElementsByTagName(t)[0];e.async=1;e.src=u+'/scripts/eme.js';p.parentNode.insertBefore(e,p);handleEMEInit(s,'EME-AB3',2,handleMCTargeting);})(window,document,'script','https://emeapi.abacusemedia.com','RSCEDU','TAL','styles','#_A102CC95-69B6-4005-B612-2E654940FC9A','EMEObject','EME-AB3, AccessStatus'); function throttleForMC(callback, delay) { let lastTime = 0; return function (...args) { const now = Date.now(); if (now - lastTime >= delay) { lastTime = now; callback(...args); } }; } function createStickyMC() { const currentURL = window.location.href; const access = getDataLayerVal("AccessStatus"); if (access !== "Granted" || currentURL.indexOf(".article") < 0 || !abCategoryChecker("EME-AB3")) { return; } const mc = document.querySelector(".media-container"); if (!mc) { return; } else { const mcCheck = checkMCFormat(mc); if (!mcCheck) { return; } } const newMC = document.createElement("div"); newMC.classList.add("media-container"); newMC.classList.add("mc-fixed"); newMC.classList.add("mc-hidden"); newMC.innerHTML = mc.innerHTML; const paras = newMC.querySelectorAll("p"); for (const p of paras) { p.remove(); } const heading = newMC.querySelector("h2"); heading.textContent = "Download all resources from this page"; const button = newMC.querySelector(".button"); button.textContent = "Download now"; const a = button.parentElement; if (a.hasAttribute("href")) { a.classList.add("tv-ab3-2"); } const closeButton = document.createElement("div"); closeButton.classList.add("close-btn"); closeButton.innerHTML = "<div class='close-btn-inner'></div>"; newMC.appendChild(closeButton); function handleMCClose() { window.removeEventListener("scroll", throttledMCScroll); newMC.classList.add("closed"); newMC.classList.add("mc-hidden"); setTimeout(() => { newMC.remove(); }, 2000); } closeButton.addEventListener("click", handleMCClose); const body = document.querySelector("body"); body.appendChild(newMC); function handleMCScroll() { if (newMC.classList.contains("closed")) { return; } const mcBottom = mc.getBoundingClientRect().bottom; if (mcBottom < 50) { newMC.classList.remove("mc-hidden"); } else { newMC.classList.add("mc-hidden"); } } const throttledMCScroll = throttleForMC(handleMCScroll, 100); window.addEventListener("scroll", throttledMCScroll); return function removeMCListener() { window.removeEventListener("scroll", throttledMCScroll); } } document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", createStickyMC); </script>  <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://analytics.rsc.org/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K4SD5X9');</script>   <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K4SD5X9');</script>   <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MG794W9');</script>  </head> <body id="spin2" class="SPIN2-master js-disabled enhanced-advertising enhanced-advertising-rhc-empty">  <noscript><iframe src="https://analytics.rsc.org/ns.html?id=GTM-K4SD5X9" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>   <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-K4SD5X9" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>   <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-MG794W9" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>   <script type="text/javascript">document.body.className = document.body.className.replace('js-disabled', ''); document.cookie="_js=1; path=/";</script> <div id="wrapper"> <ul id="skiplinks"><li><a href="#wrapper_sleeve">Skip to main content</a></li><li><a href="#mainnav">Skip to navigation</a></li></ul> <header id="masthead" class="masthead"> <div class="htmlContent"> </div>  <div class="gateway-container"> </div> <div class="mast container full" role="banner" data-multi-toggle-menu> <div class="inner-sleeve" data-menu-open-pushed>  <style> #edu-logo { width: 109px; height: 25px; } @media screen and (min-width: 1024px) { #edu-logo { width: 314px; height: 72px; } } </style> <a href="https://www.rsc.org" style="float: left;"> <svg id="rsc-marke" data-name="Layer 1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="29.88" height="34.54" viewBox="0 0 29.88 34.54"><g id="rsc-marke"><path id="Path_1863" data-name="Path 1863" d="M29.78,6.91a18.53,18.53,0,0,0-2.42-2A12.16,12.16,0,0,0,24.6,3.45a17.58,17.58,0,0,0-3-.95,13.65,13.65,0,0,0-3.28-.35V8.55a14.17,14.17,0,0,1,2,.17,6.4,6.4,0,0,1,1.81.6,6.25,6.25,0,0,1,1.64.95,9.94,9.94,0,0,1,1.47,1.21Z" transform="translate(0 0)" fill="#004976"/><path id="Path_1864" data-name="Path 1864" d="M25.3,25.29a9.94,9.94,0,0,1-1.47,1.21,16,16,0,0,1-1.64,1,14.88,14.88,0,0,1-1.81.6,7.41,7.41,0,0,1-2,.17,14.17,14.17,0,0,1-2-.17,6.41,6.41,0,0,1-1.81-.6,6.25,6.25,0,0,1-1.64-1,9.94,9.94,0,0,1-1.47-1.21L6.91,29.78a18.53,18.53,0,0,0,2.42,2,12.17,12.17,0,0,0,2.76,1.47,17.58,17.58,0,0,0,3,1,13.65,13.65,0,0,0,3.28.35,13.65,13.65,0,0,0,3.28-.35,17.58,17.58,0,0,0,3-1,28,28,0,0,0,2.76-1.47,12.84,12.84,0,0,0,2.42-2Z" transform="translate(0 0)" fill="#004976"/><path id="Path_1865" data-name="Path 1865" d="M11.4,25.29a9.94,9.94,0,0,1-1.21-1.47,16,16,0,0,1-1-1.64,11.16,11.16,0,0,1-.6-1.81,7.41,7.41,0,0,1-.17-2H2.07a13.65,13.65,0,0,0,.35,3.28,17.58,17.58,0,0,0,.95,3,28,28,0,0,0,1.47,2.76,17.36,17.36,0,0,0,2,2.42Z" transform="translate(0 0)" fill="#eedc00"/><path id="Path_1866" data-name="Path 1866" d="M8.46,18.39a14.17,14.17,0,0,1,.17-2,11.16,11.16,0,0,1,.6-1.81,8,8,0,0,1,1-1.64c.43-.52.78-1,1.21-1.47L6.91,6.91a10.59,10.59,0,0,0-2,2.42,12.17,12.17,0,0,0-1.47,2.76,17.58,17.58,0,0,0-.95,3,13.65,13.65,0,0,0-.35,3.28Z" transform="translate(0 0)" fill="#97d700"/><path id="Path_1867" data-name="Path 1867" d="M11.4,11.4a9.94,9.94,0,0,1,1.47-1.21,16,16,0,0,1,1.64-.95,14.88,14.88,0,0,1,1.81-.6,7.41,7.41,0,0,1,2-.18V2.16A13.65,13.65,0,0,0,15,2.5a17.58,17.58,0,0,0-3,.95A28,28,0,0,0,9.24,4.92a12.84,12.84,0,0,0-2.42,2Z" transform="translate(0 0)" fill="#48a9c5"/><path id="Path_1868" data-name="Path 1868" d="M21.84.35A15.89,15.89,0,0,0,18.3,0a17.47,17.47,0,0,0-3.71.35,22.82,22.82,0,0,0-3.45,1A13.64,13.64,0,0,0,8,3.11,16.77,16.77,0,0,0,5.35,5.35,33.46,33.46,0,0,0,3.11,8l8.81,6a5.94,5.94,0,0,1,1-1.12A5.94,5.94,0,0,1,14,11.91a9.44,9.44,0,0,1,1.3-.69,7.29,7.29,0,0,1,1.47-.43,9.51,9.51,0,0,1,1.55-.17,7.6,7.6,0,0,1,1.47.17Z" transform="translate(0 0)" fill="#48a9c5" opacity="0.5" style="isolation:isolate"/><path id="Path_1869" data-name="Path 1869" d="M12.86,23.83a5.94,5.94,0,0,1-1-1.12,9.44,9.44,0,0,1-.69-1.3,7.29,7.29,0,0,1-.43-1.47,9.51,9.51,0,0,1-.17-1.55,7.6,7.6,0,0,1,.17-1.47L.35,14.85A15.89,15.89,0,0,0,0,18.39,17.47,17.47,0,0,0,.35,22.1a22.82,22.82,0,0,0,1,3.45,13.64,13.64,0,0,0,1.73,3.11,16.76,16.76,0,0,0,2.24,2.68A21.69,21.69,0,0,0,8,33.58l6-8.81C13.64,24.43,13.21,24.17,12.86,23.83Z" transform="translate(0 0)" fill="#eedc00" opacity="0.5" style="isolation:isolate"/></g></svg> <svg class="global-marker" aria-hidden="true" id="Layer_1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="144.1" height="40" viewBox="0 0 144.1 40"><g id="rsc_logo" data-name="rsc logo"><g id="Group_733" data-name="Group 733"><g id="Group_731" data-name="Group 731"><path id="Path_1840" data-name="Path 1840" d="M39.5,10.2h3.9a3.57,3.57,0,0,1,2.6.9,2.67,2.67,0,0,1,.7,1.8h0a2.71,2.71,0,0,1-2.5,2.7L47,19.3H45.7l-2.6-3.5H40.5v3.5h-1Zm3.8,4.6c1.4,0,2.3-.7,2.3-1.9h0c0-1.1-.9-1.8-2.3-1.8H40.5v3.7Z" transform="translate(0 0)" fill="#004976"/><path id="Path_1841" data-name="Path 1841" d="M48.3,14.8h0a4.63,4.63,0,0,1,4.56-4.7H53a4.55,4.55,0,0,1,4.6,4.49q0,.1,0,.21h0A4.63,4.63,0,0,1,53,19.5H52.9A4.55,4.55,0,0,1,48.3,15Q48.3,14.9,48.3,14.8Zm8.2,0h0a3.6,3.6,0,1,0-7.2-.1h0a3.6,3.6,0,0,0,7.2.1Z" transform="translate(0 0)" fill="#004976"/><path id="Path_1842" data-name="Path 1842" d="M61.6,15.7l-3.8-5.5H59l3.1,4.6,3.1-4.6h1.2l-3.8,5.5v3.6h-1Z" transform="translate(0 0)" fill="#004976"/><path id="Path_1843" data-name="Path 1843" d="M69.7,10.1h1l4.2,9.2H73.8l-1.1-2.4h-5l-1.1,2.4H65.5ZM72.3,16l-2.1-4.7L68.1,16Z" transform="translate(0 0)" fill="#004976"/><path id="Path_1844" data-name="Path 1844" d="M76.4,10.2h1v8.2h5.1v1H76.3V10.2Z" transform="translate(0 0)" fill="#004976"/><path id="Path_1845" data-name="Path 1845" d="M87.2,18l.6-.8a4.32,4.32,0,0,0,3.1,1.3c1.2,0,2-.7,2-1.6h0c0-.8-.5-1.3-2.4-1.7-2.1-.5-3.1-1.1-3.1-2.6h0a2.74,2.74,0,0,1,3-2.5h0a5,5,0,0,1,3.2,1.1L93,12a3.88,3.88,0,0,0-2.6-1c-1.2,0-1.9.7-1.9,1.5h0c0,.9.5,1.3,2.5,1.8s3,1.2,3,2.6h0c0,1.6-1.3,2.6-3.1,2.6A6.38,6.38,0,0,1,87.2,18Z" transform="translate(0 0)" fill="#004976"/><path id="Path_1846" data-name="Path 1846" d="M95.5,14.8h0a4.63,4.63,0,0,1,4.56-4.7h.14a4.55,4.55,0,0,1,4.6,4.49q0,.1,0,.21h0a4.65,4.65,0,1,1-9.3,0Zm8.3,0h0a3.6,3.6,0,1,0-7.2-.1h0a3.6,3.6,0,0,0,7.2.1Z" transform="translate(0 0)" fill="#004976"/><path id="Path_1847" data-name="Path 1847" d="M106.4,14.8h0a4.55,4.55,0,0,1,4.4-4.7h.2a5.14,5.14,0,0,1,3.6,1.4l-.7.8A4.15,4.15,0,0,0,111,11a3.53,3.53,0,0,0-3.5,3.55s0,.1,0,.15h0a3.62,3.62,0,0,0,3.42,3.8H111a3.77,3.77,0,0,0,2.9-1.3l.7.7a4.75,4.75,0,0,1-3.7,1.6,4.53,4.53,0,0,1-4.5-4.55S106.4,14.85,106.4,14.8Z" transform="translate(0 0)" fill="#004976"/><path id="Path_1848" data-name="Path 1848" d="M116.2,10.2h1v9.1h-1Z" transform="translate(0 0)" fill="#004976"/><path id="Path_1849" data-name="Path 1849" d="M119.6,10.2h6.6v.9h-5.6v3.1h5v.9h-5v3.2h5.6v.9h-6.7v-9Z" transform="translate(0 0)" fill="#004976"/><path id="Path_1850" data-name="Path 1850" d="M130.5,11.1h-3.1v-1h7.2v1h-3.1v8.2h-1V11.1Z" transform="translate(0 0)" fill="#004976"/><path id="Path_1851" data-name="Path 1851" d="M139.2,15.7l-3.8-5.5h1.3l3.1,4.6,3.1-4.6h1.2l-3.8,5.5v3.6h-1V15.7Z" transform="translate(0 0)" fill="#004976"/><path id="Path_1852" data-name="Path 1852" d="M39.1,27.8h0a4.63,4.63,0,0,1,4.56-4.7h.14a4.55,4.55,0,0,1,4.6,4.49q0,.1,0,.21h0a4.65,4.65,0,0,1-9.3,0Zm8.2,0h0a3.6,3.6,0,0,0-7.2-.1h0a3.63,3.63,0,0,0,3.46,3.8h.14A3.55,3.55,0,0,0,47.3,28Q47.3,27.9,47.3,27.8Z" transform="translate(0 0)" fill="#004976"/><path id="Path_1853" data-name="Path 1853" d="M50.8,23.2h6.6v1H51.9v3.3h4.9v.9H51.9v4h-1V23.2Z" transform="translate(0 0)" fill="#004976"/><path id="Path_1854" data-name="Path 1854" d="M67.4,32.5a4.63,4.63,0,0,1-4.7-4.56s0-.09,0-.14h0a4.66,4.66,0,0,1,4.61-4.7h.19a4.79,4.79,0,0,1,3.6,1.4L69.8,26a3.45,3.45,0,0,0-2.3-1,2.69,2.69,0,0,0-2.6,2.78v0h0a2.72,2.72,0,0,0,2.54,2.9h.06a3.19,3.19,0,0,0,2.4-1.1l1.3,1.3A4.81,4.81,0,0,1,67.4,32.5Z" transform="translate(0 0)" fill="#004976"/><path id="Path_1855" data-name="Path 1855" d="M78.8,32.3V28.6H75.1v3.7h-2V23.2h2v3.6h3.7V23.2h2v9.1Z" transform="translate(0 0)" fill="#004976"/><path id="Path_1856" data-name="Path 1856" d="M83.4,32.3V23.2h6.9V25H85.4v1.8h4.3v1.8H85.4v1.9h5v1.8Z" transform="translate(0 0)" fill="#004976"/><path id="Path_1857" data-name="Path 1857" d="M99.7,32.3v-6l-2.6,3.9H97l-2.5-3.9v5.9h-2V23.1h2.2L97.1,27l2.4-3.9h2.2v9.1h-2Z" transform="translate(0 0)" fill="#004976"/><path id="Path_1858" data-name="Path 1858" d="M104.4,32.3V23.2h2v9.1Z" transform="translate(0 0)" fill="#004976"/><path id="Path_1859" data-name="Path 1859" d="M112.3,32.5a5.79,5.79,0,0,1-3.9-1.5l1.2-1.4a4,4,0,0,0,2.7,1.1c.8,0,1.3-.3,1.3-.9h0c0-.5-.3-.8-1.8-1.2-1.8-.5-3-1-3-2.8h0c0-1.7,1.3-2.8,3.2-2.8a5,5,0,0,1,3.4,1.2l-1,1.5a4,4,0,0,0-2.4-.9c-.8,0-1.2.4-1.2.8h0c0,.6.4.8,2,1.2,1.9.5,2.9,1.1,2.9,2.7h0a3.06,3.06,0,0,1-3.09,3Z" transform="translate(0 0)" fill="#004976"/><path id="Path_1860" data-name="Path 1860" d="M121.7,25.1v7.3h-2V25.1h-2.8V23.2h7.6v1.9Z" transform="translate(0 0)" fill="#004976"/><path id="Path_1861" data-name="Path 1861" d="M132,32.3l-2-2.9h-1.6v2.9h-2V23.2h4.2c2.2,0,3.4,1.1,3.4,3h0a2.74,2.74,0,0,1-2,2.8l2.2,3.3Zm0-6c0-.9-.6-1.3-1.6-1.3h-2v2.6h2C131.4,27.6,132,27.1,132,26.3Z" transform="translate(0 0)" fill="#004976"/><path id="Path_1862" data-name="Path 1862" d="M140.5,28.7v3.6h-2V28.7L135,23.2h2.3l2.2,3.7,2.2-3.7H144Z" transform="translate(0 0)" fill="#004976"/></g><g id="Group_732" data-name="Group 732"><path id="Path_1863" data-name="Path 1863" d="M34.5,8a21.46,21.46,0,0,0-2.8-2.3A14.09,14.09,0,0,0,28.5,4,20.36,20.36,0,0,0,25,2.9a15.81,15.81,0,0,0-3.8-.4V9.9a16.41,16.41,0,0,1,2.3.2,7.42,7.42,0,0,1,2.1.7,7.24,7.24,0,0,1,1.9,1.1,11.51,11.51,0,0,1,1.7,1.4Z" transform="translate(0 0)" fill="#004976"/><path id="Path_1864" data-name="Path 1864" d="M29.3,29.3a11.51,11.51,0,0,1-1.7,1.4,18.58,18.58,0,0,1-1.9,1.1,17.23,17.23,0,0,1-2.1.7,8.58,8.58,0,0,1-2.3.2,16.41,16.41,0,0,1-2.3-.2,7.42,7.42,0,0,1-2.1-.7A7.24,7.24,0,0,1,15,30.7a11.51,11.51,0,0,1-1.7-1.4L8,34.5a21.46,21.46,0,0,0,2.8,2.3A14.09,14.09,0,0,0,14,38.5a20.36,20.36,0,0,0,3.5,1.1,15.81,15.81,0,0,0,3.8.4,15.81,15.81,0,0,0,3.8-.4,20.36,20.36,0,0,0,3.5-1.1,32.39,32.39,0,0,0,3.2-1.7,14.87,14.87,0,0,0,2.8-2.3Z" transform="translate(0 0)" fill="#004976"/></g><path id="Path_1865" data-name="Path 1865" d="M13.2,29.3a11.51,11.51,0,0,1-1.4-1.7,18.58,18.58,0,0,1-1.1-1.9,12.93,12.93,0,0,1-.7-2.1,8.58,8.58,0,0,1-.2-2.3H2.4a15.81,15.81,0,0,0,.4,3.8,20.36,20.36,0,0,0,1.1,3.5,32.39,32.39,0,0,0,1.7,3.2,20.11,20.11,0,0,0,2.3,2.8Z" transform="translate(0 0)" fill="#eedc00"/><path id="Path_1866" data-name="Path 1866" d="M9.8,21.3A16.41,16.41,0,0,1,10,19a12.93,12.93,0,0,1,.7-2.1A9.3,9.3,0,0,1,11.8,15c.5-.6.9-1.2,1.4-1.7L8,8a12.27,12.27,0,0,0-2.3,2.8A14.09,14.09,0,0,0,4,14a20.36,20.36,0,0,0-1.1,3.5,15.81,15.81,0,0,0-.4,3.8Z" transform="translate(0 0)" fill="#97d700"/><path id="Path_1867" data-name="Path 1867" d="M13.2,13.2a11.51,11.51,0,0,1,1.7-1.4,18.58,18.58,0,0,1,1.9-1.1,17.23,17.23,0,0,1,2.1-.7,8.58,8.58,0,0,1,2.3-.2V2.5a15.81,15.81,0,0,0-3.8.4A20.36,20.36,0,0,0,13.9,4a32.39,32.39,0,0,0-3.2,1.7A14.87,14.87,0,0,0,7.9,8Z" transform="translate(0 0)" fill="#48a9c5"/><path id="Path_1868" data-name="Path 1868" d="M25.3.4A18.4,18.4,0,0,0,21.2,0a20.24,20.24,0,0,0-4.3.4,26.43,26.43,0,0,0-4,1.2,15.8,15.8,0,0,0-3.6,2A19.42,19.42,0,0,0,6.2,6.2,38.76,38.76,0,0,0,3.6,9.3l10.2,6.9a6.88,6.88,0,0,1,1.1-1.3,6.88,6.88,0,0,1,1.3-1.1,10.93,10.93,0,0,1,1.5-.8,8.45,8.45,0,0,1,1.7-.5,11,11,0,0,1,1.8-.2,8.81,8.81,0,0,1,1.7.2Z" transform="translate(0 0)" fill="#48a9c5" opacity="0.5" style="isolation:isolate"/><path id="Path_1869" data-name="Path 1869" d="M14.9,27.6a6.88,6.88,0,0,1-1.1-1.3,10.93,10.93,0,0,1-.8-1.5,8.45,8.45,0,0,1-.5-1.7,11,11,0,0,1-.2-1.8,8.81,8.81,0,0,1,.2-1.7L.4,17.2A18.4,18.4,0,0,0,0,21.3a20.24,20.24,0,0,0,.4,4.3,26.43,26.43,0,0,0,1.2,4,15.8,15.8,0,0,0,2,3.6,19.42,19.42,0,0,0,2.6,3.1,25.13,25.13,0,0,0,3.1,2.6l6.9-10.2C15.8,28.3,15.3,28,14.9,27.6Z" transform="translate(0 0)" fill="#eedc00" opacity="0.5" style="isolation:isolate"/></g></g></svg> </a> <div class="mastheadLogo"> <a href="/"> <svg id="edu-logo" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 313.7 72"><g id="edu-logo-main"><path d="M24.83,38.71a2.9,2.9,0,0,1-.32,1.66c-.24.32-.71.47-1.5.47H12.21V28.38H27.58V21.6H12.22V10.17h9.85c.87,0,1.34.16,1.58.47A2.77,2.77,0,0,1,24,12.22V14.9l6.78-.47v-11H.32V9.07L4.1,9.3v31c0,1.1-.63,1.73-2,1.89L0,42.25v5.44H31.69V35.79l-6.78-.47v3.39Z" fill="#48a9c5"/><path d="M62.44,40.68V.16H50V5.44l2.84.24c1.18.08,1.73.63,1.73,1.58V14a17.86,17.86,0,0,0-5.44-.79c-5.12,0-9.07,1.73-12,5.2s-4.34,8.12-4.34,13.87a21.19,21.19,0,0,0,2.84,11.27c2,3.39,5.6,5,10.64,5a10,10,0,0,0,9.07-4.89l.24.08v3.94h10.8V42.33L64,42.17A1.32,1.32,0,0,1,62.44,40.68Zm-7.81-3.39a5.12,5.12,0,0,1-1.81,3.86,6.72,6.72,0,0,1-4.57,1.58c-4.81,0-7.17-3.71-7.17-11.19a18.06,18.06,0,0,1,2-9A6.84,6.84,0,0,1,49.59,19a12.13,12.13,0,0,1,5,1.1Z" fill="#48a9c5"/><path d="M97.83,41.7a2.07,2.07,0,0,1-.32-1.42V14.11H85.77v5.52l2.13.16a2.17,2.17,0,0,1,1.26.47,2.43,2.43,0,0,1,.39,1.5V35.87a6.37,6.37,0,0,1-1.89,4.65,6.84,6.84,0,0,1-5.05,2c-2.13,0-3.47-.63-4.1-1.81a11.74,11.74,0,0,1-1-5.36V14.11H65.75v5.52l2.13.16c1.1.08,1.66.63,1.66,1.89V37c0,7.73,3.47,11.51,10.33,11.51,4.73,0,8.36-1.73,10.8-5.2V47.7h10.8V42.42l-2.37-.24A2.35,2.35,0,0,1,97.83,41.7Z" fill="#48a9c5"/><path d="M117.38,42.49a6.9,6.9,0,0,1-6.15-3.15c-1.42-2.13-2.13-5-2.13-8.83,0-7.57,2.68-11.43,8-11.43a10.27,10.27,0,0,1,2.68.39,2.08,2.08,0,0,1,1.34,2.21v3.23l6.15-.47V15.77a22.89,22.89,0,0,0-11-2.76,15.34,15.34,0,0,0-10.64,4.41c-3.15,3-4.73,7.33-4.73,13.24S102.32,41,105.08,44s6.46,4.49,11.27,4.49a18.15,18.15,0,0,0,11.9-3.86l-2.84-5.12A13.13,13.13,0,0,1,117.38,42.49Z" fill="#48a9c5"/><path d="M158.14,41.78a2.27,2.27,0,0,1-.39-1.5V15.45a33.23,33.23,0,0,0-11.9-2.37c-5.83,0-10.25,1.66-13.24,5.05s-4.41,8.12-4.41,14.11c0,5,1.1,9,3.23,11.9s5.52,4.34,10.09,4.34a10.47,10.47,0,0,0,9.14-4.81l.24.08v3.86h10.64V42.25l-2.13-.16A1.41,1.41,0,0,1,158.14,41.78ZM150,37a5.38,5.38,0,0,1-1.89,4,6.69,6.69,0,0,1-4.81,1.73c-4.65,0-6.94-3.63-6.94-10.8,0-3.94.63-7.17,2-9.54a6.9,6.9,0,0,1,6.46-3.63,12.76,12.76,0,0,1,5.12.87V37H150Z" fill="#48a9c5"/><path d="M176.27,42.57A4.23,4.23,0,0,1,173,41.39a6.08,6.08,0,0,1-1.1-4.1V19.71h8.2l.63-5.6h-8.83V7h-4.34a21.41,21.41,0,0,1-2.92,5.6,6.44,6.44,0,0,1-4.73,2.21l-.63,4.89H164V37.53c0,1.34,0,2.37.08,3.07a13.83,13.83,0,0,0,.63,2.84,7,7,0,0,0,1.5,2.76,9.06,9.06,0,0,0,3.07,1.73,15.46,15.46,0,0,0,5.05.79,14.22,14.22,0,0,0,8.44-2.37l-2-5.12A9,9,0,0,1,176.27,42.57Z" fill="#48a9c5"/><path d="M191.72,9.78a5.34,5.34,0,0,0,3.71-1.34A4.63,4.63,0,0,0,196.85,5a4.81,4.81,0,0,0-1.42-3.55,5.56,5.56,0,0,0-7.42,0A4.81,4.81,0,0,0,186.59,5,4.51,4.51,0,0,0,188,8.44,5.26,5.26,0,0,0,191.72,9.78Z" fill="#48a9c5"/><path d="M196.45,14.11h-12v5.52l2.37.16a1.75,1.75,0,0,1,1.26.39,2.27,2.27,0,0,1,.39,1.5V40.21a2,2,0,0,1-2,2.13l-2.21.24v5h15.92V42.27L196.45,42V14.11Z" fill="#48a9c5"/><path d="M227.83,17.42a14.45,14.45,0,0,0-4.34-3,15.73,15.73,0,0,0-6.78-1.26,16.57,16.57,0,0,0-10.48,3.63,12.47,12.47,0,0,0-3.94,5.6,23.47,23.47,0,0,0-1.5,8.59c0,5.83,1.34,10.33,3.94,13.32s6.23,4.49,10.88,4.49A15,15,0,0,0,227,44.06q4.48-4.72,4.49-14a24.47,24.47,0,0,0-1.1-7.65A14.42,14.42,0,0,0,227.83,17.42ZM216.16,42.81a6.47,6.47,0,0,1-3.78-1.1c-2.29-1.58-3.47-5.52-3.47-11.83a15.59,15.59,0,0,1,1.81-8,6,6,0,0,1,5.6-2.92A5.63,5.63,0,0,1,221.76,22c1.1,2,1.66,5.05,1.66,9C223.41,38.94,221.05,42.81,216.16,42.81Z" fill="#48a9c5"/><path d="M265,42.18V24.75c0-3.86-1-6.78-2.76-8.67s-4.49-2.92-7.8-2.92a14.08,14.08,0,0,0-6.23,1.42,12.31,12.31,0,0,0-4.57,3.86V14.1H232.4v5.36l2.84.24c1.1.08,1.66.71,1.66,2V40.2a2.35,2.35,0,0,1-.47,1.66,2.39,2.39,0,0,1-1.5.55l-2.21.24v5h15.85V42.34l-3.78-.24V26a6.68,6.68,0,0,1,1.89-4.73,6.54,6.54,0,0,1,5.05-2c2.13,0,3.55.55,4.34,1.73s1.1,3,1.1,5.44V40.21a2.35,2.35,0,0,1-.47,1.66,2.39,2.39,0,0,1-1.5.55l-2.21.24v5h15.85V42.35Z" fill="#48a9c5"/></g><g id="edu-text"><path d="M.52,55.67H2.85V68.92H.52Z" fill="#004976"/><path d="M5.35,58.93H7.64v1.53a3.61,3.61,0,0,1,3.12-1.74c2.25,0,3.56,1.51,3.56,3.82v6.38H12V63.24c0-1.55-.78-2.44-2.14-2.44a2.23,2.23,0,0,0-2.25,2.48v5.64H5.35Z" fill="#004976"/><path d="M15.49,67.61l1-1.55a5.68,5.68,0,0,0,3.27,1.23c1,0,1.55-.42,1.55-1.08v0c0-.78-1.06-1-2.23-1.4-1.48-.42-3.12-1-3.12-2.93v0c0-1.89,1.57-3,3.56-3a6.92,6.92,0,0,1,3.67,1.13l-.91,1.63a5.8,5.8,0,0,0-2.82-1c-.89,0-1.4.42-1.4,1v0c0,.74,1.08,1,2.25,1.42,1.46.45,3.1,1.12,3.1,2.91v0c0,2.1-1.63,3.14-3.71,3.14A6.9,6.9,0,0,1,15.49,67.61Z" fill="#004976"/><path d="M25,58.93h2.29V60.6a4,4,0,0,1,3.41-1.87c2.35,0,4.64,1.85,4.64,5.19v0c0,3.31-2.27,5.18-4.64,5.18a4.07,4.07,0,0,1-3.41-1.76V72H25Zm8,5v0a3,3,0,0,0-2.86-3.2,3,3,0,0,0-2.91,3.2v0a3,3,0,0,0,2.91,3.2A2.93,2.93,0,0,0,33,63.94Z" fill="#004976"/><path d="M37,55.22h2.46V57.4H37Zm.1,3.71h2.29v10H37.06Z" fill="#004976"/><path d="M41.56,58.93h2.29v2.25a3.53,3.53,0,0,1,3.54-2.44v2.42h-.13c-2,0-3.41,1.31-3.41,3.95v3.8H41.56Z" fill="#004976"/><path d="M48.63,55.22h2.46V57.4H48.63Zm.1,3.71H51v10H48.73Z" fill="#004976"/><path d="M53.23,58.93h2.29v1.53a3.61,3.61,0,0,1,3.12-1.74c2.25,0,3.56,1.51,3.56,3.82v6.38H59.91V63.24c0-1.55-.78-2.44-2.14-2.44a2.23,2.23,0,0,0-2.25,2.48v5.64H53.23Z" fill="#004976"/><path d="M64.17,70.79,65,69.07a6.56,6.56,0,0,0,3.56,1.06c2,0,3.16-1.06,3.16-3.07v-.78a4.18,4.18,0,0,1-3.52,1.84,4.49,4.49,0,0,1-4.54-4.67v0a4.5,4.5,0,0,1,4.54-4.69,4.34,4.34,0,0,1,3.5,1.7V58.93H74v8a5.15,5.15,0,0,1-1.27,3.77A5.62,5.62,0,0,1,68.63,72,8.65,8.65,0,0,1,64.17,70.79Zm7.59-7.36v0a2.78,2.78,0,0,0-2.93-2.74A2.7,2.7,0,0,0,66,63.39v0a2.72,2.72,0,0,0,2.84,2.74A2.79,2.79,0,0,0,71.76,63.43Z" fill="#004976"/><path d="M87.93,58.93h2.38l-4,10.27c-.79,2-1.68,2.8-3.29,2.8a4.71,4.71,0,0,1-2.37-.61l.78-1.7a2.8,2.8,0,0,0,1.34.38c.64,0,1-.28,1.42-1.13l-4.16-10h2.46l2.82,7.42Z" fill="#004976"/><path d="M90.39,64v0a5.33,5.33,0,0,1,10.66,0v0a5.33,5.33,0,0,1-10.66,0Zm8.36,0v0a3.09,3.09,0,0,0-3.07-3.22,3,3,0,0,0-3,3.18v0a3.08,3.08,0,0,0,3.05,3.2A3,3,0,0,0,98.75,64Z" fill="#004976"/><path d="M102.48,65.28V58.92h2.29V64.6c0,1.55.78,2.42,2.14,2.42a2.21,2.21,0,0,0,2.25-2.46V58.92h2.31v10h-2.31V67.36A3.58,3.58,0,0,1,106,69.12C103.79,69.12,102.48,67.61,102.48,65.28Z" fill="#004976"/><path d="M113.55,58.93h2.29v2.25a3.53,3.53,0,0,1,3.54-2.44v2.42h-.13c-2,0-3.41,1.31-3.41,3.95v3.8h-2.29Z" fill="#004976"/><path d="M126,66.15V60.89h-1.27v-2H126V56.18h2.29v2.74h2.69v2h-2.69v4.9A1.09,1.09,0,0,0,129.48,67a3,3,0,0,0,1.42-.34v1.87a4,4,0,0,1-2.06.51C127.15,69.09,126,68.35,126,66.15Z" fill="#004976"/><path d="M131.65,64v0a5,5,0,0,1,4.88-5.2c3.18,0,4.79,2.5,4.79,5.37,0,.21,0,.42,0,.64h-7.34a2.79,2.79,0,0,0,2.88,2.54,3.66,3.66,0,0,0,2.71-1.19l1.34,1.19a5.07,5.07,0,0,1-4.09,1.87A5,5,0,0,1,131.65,64Zm7.4-.74a2.59,2.59,0,0,0-2.54-2.63,2.7,2.7,0,0,0-2.59,2.63Z" fill="#004976"/><path d="M142.19,66v0c0-2.16,1.68-3.22,4.12-3.22a8.25,8.25,0,0,1,2.69.42v-.25c0-1.42-.87-2.18-2.48-2.18a7.1,7.1,0,0,0-2.86.62l-.61-1.8a8.58,8.58,0,0,1,3.77-.81,4.48,4.48,0,0,1,3.31,1.12A4.14,4.14,0,0,1,151.21,63V68.9H149V67.65a4.07,4.07,0,0,1-3.25,1.46C143.86,69.12,142.19,68.05,142.19,66Zm6.85-.72v-.68a6.28,6.28,0,0,0-2.27-.4c-1.48,0-2.35.62-2.35,1.67v0c0,1,.85,1.51,1.95,1.51C147.89,67.46,149,66.59,149,65.32Z" fill="#004976"/><path d="M152.64,64v0a5.15,5.15,0,0,1,5.2-5.22,5,5,0,0,1,4,1.72L160.39,62a3.35,3.35,0,0,0-2.57-1.25,3,3,0,0,0-2.89,3.18v0a3,3,0,0,0,3,3.2,3.48,3.48,0,0,0,2.59-1.23l1.38,1.36A5.24,5.24,0,0,1,152.64,64Z" fill="#004976"/><path d="M163.21,55.1h2.29v5.36a3.61,3.61,0,0,1,3.12-1.74c2.25,0,3.56,1.51,3.56,3.82v6.38h-2.29V63.24c0-1.55-.78-2.44-2.14-2.44a2.23,2.23,0,0,0-2.25,2.48v5.64h-2.29Z" fill="#004976"/><path d="M174.21,55.22h2.46V57.4h-2.46Zm.09,3.71h2.29v10H174.3Z" fill="#004976"/><path d="M178.8,58.93h2.29v1.53a3.61,3.61,0,0,1,3.12-1.74c2.25,0,3.56,1.51,3.56,3.82v6.38h-2.29V63.24c0-1.55-.78-2.44-2.14-2.44a2.23,2.23,0,0,0-2.25,2.48v5.64H178.8Z" fill="#004976"/><path d="M189.74,70.79l.85-1.72a6.56,6.56,0,0,0,3.56,1.06c2,0,3.16-1.06,3.16-3.07v-.78a4.18,4.18,0,0,1-3.52,1.84,4.49,4.49,0,0,1-4.54-4.67v0a4.5,4.5,0,0,1,4.54-4.69,4.33,4.33,0,0,1,3.5,1.7V58.93h2.29v8a5.15,5.15,0,0,1-1.27,3.77A5.62,5.62,0,0,1,194.2,72,8.67,8.67,0,0,1,189.74,70.79Zm7.59-7.36v0a2.78,2.78,0,0,0-2.93-2.74,2.7,2.7,0,0,0-2.84,2.74v0a2.72,2.72,0,0,0,2.84,2.74A2.79,2.79,0,0,0,197.33,63.43Z" fill="#004976"/><path d="M205.91,66v0c0-2.16,1.68-3.22,4.12-3.22a8.25,8.25,0,0,1,2.69.42v-.25c0-1.42-.87-2.18-2.48-2.18a7.1,7.1,0,0,0-2.86.62l-.61-1.8a8.58,8.58,0,0,1,3.77-.81,4.46,4.46,0,0,1,3.31,1.12A4.14,4.14,0,0,1,214.93,63V68.9H212.7V67.65a4.07,4.07,0,0,1-3.25,1.46C207.58,69.12,205.91,68.05,205.91,66Zm6.85-.72v-.68a6.28,6.28,0,0,0-2.27-.4c-1.48,0-2.35.62-2.35,1.67v0c0,1,.85,1.51,1.95,1.51C211.61,67.46,212.76,66.59,212.76,65.32Z" fill="#004976"/><path d="M216.91,58.93h2.29v1.53a3.61,3.61,0,0,1,3.12-1.74c2.25,0,3.56,1.51,3.56,3.82v6.38h-2.29V63.24c0-1.55-.78-2.44-2.14-2.44a2.23,2.23,0,0,0-2.25,2.48v5.64h-2.29Z" fill="#004976"/><path d="M227.35,63.94v0c0-3.31,2.25-5.19,4.64-5.19a4.08,4.08,0,0,1,3.41,1.76V55.1h2.29V68.91H235.4V67.24A4,4,0,0,1,232,69.11C229.64,69.12,227.35,67.25,227.35,63.94Zm8.08,0v0a3,3,0,0,0-2.9-3.2,2.93,2.93,0,0,0-2.88,3.2v0a3,3,0,0,0,2.88,3.2A3,3,0,0,0,235.43,63.94Z" fill="#004976"/><path d="M244.81,55.1h2.29V68.91h-2.29Z" fill="#004976"/><path d="M248.77,64v0a5,5,0,0,1,4.88-5.2c3.18,0,4.79,2.5,4.79,5.37,0,.21,0,.42,0,.64h-7.34a2.79,2.79,0,0,0,2.88,2.54,3.66,3.66,0,0,0,2.71-1.19L258,67.27a5.07,5.07,0,0,1-4.09,1.87A5,5,0,0,1,248.77,64Zm7.4-.74a2.59,2.59,0,0,0-2.54-2.63A2.7,2.7,0,0,0,251,63.22Z" fill="#004976"/><path d="M259.31,66v0c0-2.16,1.68-3.22,4.12-3.22a8.25,8.25,0,0,1,2.69.42v-.25c0-1.42-.87-2.18-2.48-2.18a7.1,7.1,0,0,0-2.86.62l-.61-1.8a8.57,8.57,0,0,1,3.76-.81,4.46,4.46,0,0,1,3.31,1.12A4.14,4.14,0,0,1,268.32,63V68.9h-2.23V67.65a4.07,4.07,0,0,1-3.25,1.46C261,69.12,259.31,68.05,259.31,66Zm6.85-.72v-.68a6.28,6.28,0,0,0-2.27-.4c-1.48,0-2.35.62-2.35,1.67v0c0,1,.85,1.51,2,1.51C265,67.46,266.16,66.59,266.16,65.32Z" fill="#004976"/><path d="M270.3,58.93h2.29v2.25a3.53,3.53,0,0,1,3.54-2.44v2.42H276c-2,0-3.41,1.31-3.41,3.95v3.8H270.3Z" fill="#004976"/><path d="M277.34,58.93h2.29v1.53a3.61,3.61,0,0,1,3.12-1.74c2.25,0,3.56,1.51,3.56,3.82v6.38H284V63.24c0-1.55-.78-2.44-2.14-2.44a2.23,2.23,0,0,0-2.25,2.48v5.64h-2.29v-10Z" fill="#004976"/><path d="M288.33,55.22h2.46V57.4h-2.46Zm.09,3.71h2.29v10h-2.29Z" fill="#004976"/><path d="M292.93,58.93h2.29v1.53a3.61,3.61,0,0,1,3.12-1.74c2.25,0,3.56,1.51,3.56,3.82v6.38h-2.29V63.24c0-1.55-.78-2.44-2.14-2.44a2.23,2.23,0,0,0-2.25,2.48v5.64h-2.29v-10Z" fill="#004976"/><path d="M303.86,70.79l.85-1.72a6.59,6.59,0,0,0,3.56,1.06c2,0,3.16-1.06,3.16-3.07v-.78a4.18,4.18,0,0,1-3.52,1.84,4.49,4.49,0,0,1-4.54-4.67v0a4.5,4.5,0,0,1,4.54-4.69,4.33,4.33,0,0,1,3.5,1.7V58.93h2.29v8a5.11,5.11,0,0,1-1.27,3.77A5.62,5.62,0,0,1,308.32,72,8.67,8.67,0,0,1,303.86,70.79Zm7.59-7.36v0a2.78,2.78,0,0,0-2.93-2.74,2.7,2.7,0,0,0-2.84,2.74v0a2.72,2.72,0,0,0,2.84,2.74A2.78,2.78,0,0,0,311.45,63.43Z" fill="#004976"/></g></svg> </a> </div> <div id="print_logo"> <img src="/magazine/dest/graphics/logo/print_logo.png" alt="" /> </div> <div class="mastControls"> <nav data-multi-toggle-item="" class="mastNav loggedout hide"><span class="toggleIcon"><a href="#mastnav" data-toggle-button=""><span class="assistive">Mast navigation</span></a></span><ul id="mastnav" data-toggle-element=""><li><a class="mastreglink" href="https://edu.rsc.org/register">Register</a></li><li><a class="popup" href="https://edu.rsc.org/sign-in">Sign In</a></li></ul></nav> <div class="mastheadSearch hide" data-multi-toggle-item=""> <span class="toggleIcon"> <a href="#search" data-toggle-button=""> <span class="assistive">Search our site</span> </a> </span> <form action="https://edu.rsc.org/searchresults" method="get" id="mastsearch" data-toggle-element=""> <fieldset> <div> <div class="filter-search"> <button tabindex="0" type="button" class="dropdown-toggle" id="dropdownMenuOffset" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-live="assertive">All</button> <ul aria-labelledby="dropdownMenuOffset" aria-hidden="true"> <li class="selected" data-filter-search="" aria-label="All">All</li> <li data-filter-search="WVFACET5|115500" aria-label="Resources">Resources</li> <li data-filter-search="WVFACET5|115501" aria-label="Articles">Articles</li> </ul> <input type="hidden" name="parametrics" id="parametrics" value="" /> </div> <label for="search">Search our site</label> <input type="text" id="search" value="" name="qkeyword" class="text autocomplete" autocomplete="off" placeholder="Search our site" data-minlength="0" data-autoselect="false" data-autoselectonblur="true" /> <button class="mastSearch" type="submit">Search</button> </div> </fieldset> </form> </div> <div class="menuToggle"> <span class="toggleIcon"><a href="#mobilemenu" data-menu-toggle-button=""><span class="assistive">Menu</span></a></span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="menuContainer"> <div class="mobileMenu" id="mobilemenu"> <div class="sleeve"> <a class="menuClose" href="#wrapper"> <span>Close<span class="assistive"> menu</span></span> </a> <ul class="main"> <li class="home-icon"> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/"> <span>Home</span> </a> </li> <li class="hasChildren "> <a href="#"> <span>I am a …</span> </a> <ul aria-hidden="true" class="subMenu hide"> <li class="parentBack"> <a class="toolbar" href="#"> <span class="header">Back<span class="assistive"> to parent navigation item</span></span> <span class="btn backBtn"> <i></i> </span> </a> </li> <li class="parentNav"> <span>I am a …</span> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/primary-science"> <span>Primary teacher</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/secondary-fe-teacher"> <span>Secondary/FE teacher</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/early-career-or-student-teacher"> <span>Early career or student teacher</span> </a> </li> <li class="highlightdeadsubnav"> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/technician"> <span>Technician</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/he-teacher"> <span>HE teacher</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/student"> <span>Student</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="hasChildren "> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources" aria-expanded="false"> <span>Resources</span> </a> <ul aria-hidden="true" class="subMenu hide"> <li class="parentBack"> <a class="toolbar" href="#"> <span class="header">Back<span class="assistive"> to parent navigation item</span></span> <span class="btn backBtn"> <i></i> </span> </a> </li> <li class="parentNav"> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources"> <span>Resources</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/primary-science"> <span>Primary</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/secondary"> <span>Secondary</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/higher-education"> <span>Higher education</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/curriculum-support"> <span>Curriculum support</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/practical"> <span>Practical</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/analysis"> <span>Analysis</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections/literacy-in-science-teaching"> <span>Literacy in science teaching</span> </a> </li> <li class="hasChildren "> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/periodic-table" aria-expanded="false"> <span>Periodic table</span> </a> <ul aria-hidden="true" class="subMenu hide"> <li class="parentBack"> <a class="toolbar" href="#"> <span class="header">Back<span class="assistive"> to parent navigation item</span></span> <span class="btn backBtn"> <i></i> </span> </a> </li> <li class="parentNav"> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/periodic-table"> <span>Periodic table</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="http://www.rsc.org/periodic-table"> <span>Interactive periodic table</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections/climate-change-and-sustainability"> <span>Climate change and sustainability</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/future-in-chemistry/teachers-and-careers-advisers"> <span>Careers</span> </a> </li> <li class="break hide-desktop-mega-menu"> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/resources-shop"> <span>Resources shop</span> </a> </li> <li class="hasChildren "> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections" aria-expanded="false"> <span>Collections</span> </a> <ul aria-hidden="true" class="subMenu hide"> <li class="parentBack"> <a class="toolbar" href="#"> <span class="header">Back<span class="assistive"> to parent navigation item</span></span> <span class="btn backBtn"> <i></i> </span> </a> </li> <li class="parentNav"> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections"> <span>Collections</span> </a> </li> <li class="highlightnavpurple"> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections/remote-teaching-support"> <span>Remote teaching support</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections/starters-for-ten"> <span>Starters for ten</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections/screen-experiments"> <span>Screen experiments</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections/assessment-for-learning"> <span>Assessment for learning</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections/microscale-chemistry"> <span>Microscale chemistry</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections/faces-of-chemistry"> <span>Faces of chemistry</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections/classic-chemistry-experiments"> <span>Classic chemistry experiments</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections/nuffield-practical-collection"> <span>Nuffield practical collection</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections/anecdotes-for-chemistry-teachers"> <span>Anecdotes for chemistry teachers</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections/literacy-in-science-teaching"> <span>Literacy in science teaching</span> </a> </li> <li class="desktop-only"> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections"> <span>More …</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections/climate-change-and-sustainability"> <span>Climate change and sustainability</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections/alchemy"> <span>Alchemy</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections/on-this-day-in-chemistry"> <span>On this day in chemistry</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections/global-experiments"> <span>Global experiments</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections/phet-interactive-simulations"> <span>PhET interactive simulations</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections/chemistry-vignettes"> <span>Chemistry vignettes</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections/context-and-problem-based-learning"> <span>Context and problem based learning</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections/journal-of-the-month"> <span>Journal of the month</span> </a> </li> <li class="hasChildren "> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections/chemistry-and-art" aria-expanded="false"> <span>Chemistry and art</span> </a> <ul aria-hidden="true" class="subMenu hide"> <li class="parentBack"> <a class="toolbar" href="#"> <span class="header">Back<span class="assistive"> to parent navigation item</span></span> <span class="btn backBtn"> <i></i> </span> </a> </li> <li class="parentNav"> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections/chemistry-and-art"> <span>Chemistry and art</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections/chemistry-and-art/techniques"> <span>Techniques</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections/chemistry-and-art/art-analysis"> <span>Art analysis</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections/chemistry-and-art/pigments-and-colours"> <span>Pigments and colours</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections/chemistry-and-art/ancient-art-todays-technology"> <span>Ancient art: today's technology</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections/chemistry-and-art/psychology-and-art-theory"> <span>Psychology and art theory</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections/chemistry-and-art/art-and-archaeology"> <span>Art and archaeology</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections/chemistry-and-art/artists-as-chemists"> <span>Artists as chemists</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections/chemistry-and-art/the-physics-of-restoration-and-conservation"> <span>The physics of restoration and conservation </span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections/chemistry-and-art/cave-art"> <span>Cave art</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections/chemistry-and-art/ancient-egyptian-art"> <span>Ancient Egyptian art</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections/chemistry-and-art/ancient-greek-art"> <span>Ancient Greek art</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections/chemistry-and-art/ancient-roman-art"> <span>Ancient Roman art</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections/classic-chemistry-demonstrations"> <span>Classic chemistry demonstrations</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections/in-search-of-solutions"> <span>In search of solutions</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections/in-search-of-more-solutions"> <span>In search of more solutions</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections/creative-problem-solving-in-chemistry"> <span>Creative problem-solving in chemistry</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/the-solar-spark-solar-energy-resources/1296.article"> <span>Solar spark</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections/chemistry-for-non-specialists"> <span>Chemistry for non-specialists</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections/health-and-safety-in-higher-education"> <span>Health and safety in higher education</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections/analytical-chemistry-introductions"> <span>Analytical chemistry introductions</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/eic/section/exhibition-chemistry"> <span>Exhibition chemistry</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections/introductory-maths-for-higher-education"> <span>Introductory maths for higher education</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections/commercial-skills-for-chemists"> <span>Commercial skills for chemists</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections/kitchen-chemistry"> <span>Kitchen chemistry</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections/journals-how-to-guides"> <span>Journals how to guides</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections/chemistry-in-health"> <span>Chemistry in health</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections/chemistry-in-sport"> <span>Chemistry in sport</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections/chemistry-in-your-cupboard"> <span>Chemistry in your cupboard</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections/chocolate-chemistry"> <span>Chocolate chemistry</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections/adnoddau-addysgu-cemeg-cymraeg"> <span>Adnoddau addysgu cemeg Cymraeg</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections/the-chemistry-of-fireworks"> <span>The chemistry of fireworks</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections/festive-chemistry"> <span>Festive chemistry</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/eic"> <span>Education in Chemistry</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/teach-chemistry"> <span>Teach Chemistry</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/events"> <span>Events</span> </a> </li> <li class="hasChildren "> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/teacher-pd" aria-expanded="false"> <span>Teacher PD</span> </a> <ul aria-hidden="true" class="subMenu hide"> <li class="parentBack"> <a class="toolbar" href="#"> <span class="header">Back<span class="assistive"> to parent navigation item</span></span> <span class="btn backBtn"> <i></i> </span> </a> </li> <li class="parentNav"> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/teacher-pd"> <span>Teacher PD</span> </a> </li> <li class="hasChildren "> <a href="#"> <span>Courses</span> </a> <ul aria-hidden="true" class="subMenu hide"> <li class="parentBack"> <a class="toolbar" href="#"> <span class="header">Back<span class="assistive"> to parent navigation item</span></span> <span class="btn backBtn"> <i></i> </span> </a> </li> <li class="parentNav"> <span>Courses</span> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/teacher-pd/on-demand-online-courses"> <span>On-demand online</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/teacher-pd/live-online-courses"> <span>Live online</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/teacher-pd/course-resources"> <span>Resources</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/teacher-pd/articles"> <span>Selected PD articles</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/primary-science/boost-your-knowledge"> <span>PD for primary teachers</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/teacher-pd/professional-development-for-secondary-science-teachers"> <span>PD for secondary teachers</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/teacher-pd/what-we-offer"> <span>What we offer</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/teacher-pd/chartered-science-teacher-csciteach"> <span>Chartered Science Teacher (CSciTeach)</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/teacher-pd/teacher-mentoring"> <span>Teacher mentoring</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="hasChildren "> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/enrichment" aria-expanded="false"> <span>Enrichment</span> </a> <ul aria-hidden="true" class="subMenu hide"> <li class="parentBack"> <a class="toolbar" href="#"> <span class="header">Back<span class="assistive"> to parent navigation item</span></span> <span class="btn backBtn"> <i></i> </span> </a> </li> <li class="parentNav"> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/enrichment"> <span>Enrichment</span> </a> </li> <li class="hasChildren "> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/enrichment/uk-chemistry-olympiad" aria-expanded="false"> <span>UK Chemistry Olympiad</span> </a> <ul aria-hidden="true" class="subMenu hide"> <li class="parentBack"> <a class="toolbar" href="#"> <span class="header">Back<span class="assistive"> to parent navigation item</span></span> <span class="btn backBtn"> <i></i> </span> </a> </li> <li class="parentNav"> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/enrichment/uk-chemistry-olympiad"> <span>UK Chemistry Olympiad</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/enrichment/uk-chemistry-olympiad#who"> <span>Who can enter?</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/enrichment/uk-chemistry-olympiad#how"> <span>How does it work?</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/enrichment/uk-chemistry-olympiad#resources"> <span>Resources and past papers</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/enrichment/uk-chemistry-olympiad#FAQ"> <span>FAQs</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/enrichment/top-of-the-bench"> <span>Top of the Bench</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/enrichment/schools-analyst"> <span>Schools' Analyst</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="hasChildren "> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/our-work" aria-expanded="false"> <span>Our work</span> </a> <ul aria-hidden="true" class="subMenu hide"> <li class="parentBack"> <a class="toolbar" href="#"> <span class="header">Back<span class="assistive"> to parent navigation item</span></span> <span class="btn backBtn"> <i></i> </span> </a> </li> <li class="parentNav"> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/our-work"> <span>Our work</span> </a> </li> <li class="hasChildren "> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/our-work/regional-support" aria-expanded="false"> <span>Regional support</span> </a> <ul aria-hidden="true" class="subMenu hide"> <li class="parentBack"> <a class="toolbar" href="#"> <span class="header">Back<span class="assistive"> to parent navigation item</span></span> <span class="btn backBtn"> <i></i> </span> </a> </li> <li class="parentNav"> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/our-work/regional-support"> <span>Regional support</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/our-work/regional-support/education-coordinators"> <span>Education coordinators</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/our-work/regional-support/rsc-yusuf-hamied-inspirational-science-programme"> <span>RSC Yusuf Hamied Inspirational Science Programme</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="hasChildren "> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/our-work/policy" aria-expanded="false"> <span>Policy</span> </a> <ul aria-hidden="true" class="subMenu hide"> <li class="parentBack"> <a class="toolbar" href="#"> <span class="header">Back<span class="assistive"> to parent navigation item</span></span> <span class="btn backBtn"> <i></i> </span> </a> </li> <li class="parentNav"> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/our-work/policy"> <span>Policy</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/our-work/policy/science-education-policy-alliance"> <span>Science Education Policy Alliance</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/our-work/rsc-education-news"> <span>RSC Education News</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/our-work/supporting-teacher-training"> <span>Supporting teacher training</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/our-work/interest-groups"> <span>Interest groups</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="mobileMenuClose"></div> <div id="mainnav" class="desktopNavigation container" data-menu-open-pushed=""><div class="dropdown vanityPanel"><div class="inner-sleeve"></div></div><div class="inner-sleeve"><ul class="main preJS"><li data-navcode="101765" data-rootnavcode="101765" class="home-icon"><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/"><span>Home</span></a></li><li data-navcode="100037" data-rootnavcode="100037" class="hasChildren oneSubNav"><span>I am a …</span><div class="dropdown"><div class="inner-sleeve"><ul><li class="subnav"><ul><li data-navcode="101002" data-rootnavcode="100037" class=""><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/primary-science"><span>Primary teacher</span></a></li><li data-navcode="100189" data-rootnavcode="100037" class=""><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/secondary-fe-teacher"><span>Secondary/FE teacher</span></a></li><li data-navcode="101057" data-rootnavcode="100037" class=""><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/early-career-or-student-teacher"><span>Early career or student teacher</span></a></li><li data-navcode="100191" data-rootnavcode="100037" class="highlightdeadsubnav"><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/technician"><span>Technician</span></a></li><li data-navcode="100491" data-rootnavcode="100037" class=""><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/he-teacher"><span>HE teacher</span></a></li><li data-navcode="100492" data-rootnavcode="100037" class=""><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/student"><span>Student</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="htmlBlock"><div><div class="column megamenuad"> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/primary-science"> <div class="image embedImage"> <img loading="lazy" alt="A primary school child raises their hand in a classroom" src="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/480xAny/P/web/w/w/h/m_education_primary_webimage275pxx315px_web_186544.jpg" srcset="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/480xAny/P/web/w/w/h/m_education_primary_webimage275pxx315px_web_186544.jpg 480w, https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/780xAny/P/web/w/w/h/m_education_primary_webimage275pxx315px_web_186544.jpg 780w, https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/1000xAny/P/web/w/w/h/m_education_primary_webimage275pxx315px_web_186544.jpg 1000w" sizes="(max-width: 480px) 33vw, (max-width: 768px) 50vw, (max-width: 1024px) 65vw, (max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 100vw"/> </div> </a> </div> <div class="column megamenuad"> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/secondary-fe-teacher"> <div class="image embedImage"> <img loading="lazy" alt="A teacher sitting at a desk with students using a tablet device" src="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/480xAny/P/web/w/w/h/m_education_secondary_webimage275pxx315px_web_371420.jpg" srcset="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/480xAny/P/web/w/w/h/m_education_secondary_webimage275pxx315px_web_371420.jpg 480w, https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/780xAny/P/web/w/w/h/m_education_secondary_webimage275pxx315px_web_371420.jpg 780w, https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/1000xAny/P/web/w/w/h/m_education_secondary_webimage275pxx315px_web_371420.jpg 1000w" sizes="(max-width: 480px) 33vw, (max-width: 768px) 50vw, (max-width: 1024px) 65vw, (max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 100vw"/> </div> </a> </div> <div class="column megamenuad"> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/technician"> <div class="image embedImage"> <img loading="lazy" alt="A teacher in a classroom talking to a student wearing a lab coat and using a laptop computer" src="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/480xAny/P/web/w/w/h/m_education_technician_webimage275pxx315px_web_472201.jpg" srcset="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/480xAny/P/web/w/w/h/m_education_technician_webimage275pxx315px_web_472201.jpg 480w, https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/780xAny/P/web/w/w/h/m_education_technician_webimage275pxx315px_web_472201.jpg 780w, https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/1000xAny/P/web/w/w/h/m_education_technician_webimage275pxx315px_web_472201.jpg 1000w" sizes="(max-width: 480px) 33vw, (max-width: 768px) 50vw, (max-width: 1024px) 65vw, (max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 100vw"/> </div> </a> </div></div></li></ul></div></div></li><li data-navcode="101783" data-rootnavcode="101783" class="current hasChildren twoSubNav"><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources"><span>Resources</span></a><div class="dropdown"><div class="inner-sleeve"><ul><li class="subnav"><ul><li data-navcode="101000" data-rootnavcode="101783" class=""><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/primary-science"><span>Primary</span></a></li><li data-navcode="101759" data-rootnavcode="101783" class=""><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/secondary"><span>Secondary</span></a></li><li data-navcode="101653" data-rootnavcode="101783" class=""><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/higher-education"><span>Higher education</span></a></li><li data-navcode="100456" data-rootnavcode="101783" class=""><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/curriculum-support"><span>Curriculum support</span></a></li><li data-navcode="101554" data-rootnavcode="101783" class=""><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/practical"><span>Practical</span></a></li><li data-navcode="100230" data-rootnavcode="101783" class=""><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/analysis"><span>Analysis</span></a></li><li data-navcode="101020" data-rootnavcode="101783" class=""><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections/literacy-in-science-teaching"><span>Literacy in science teaching</span></a></li><li data-navcode="297" data-rootnavcode="101783" class=""><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/periodic-table"><span>Periodic table</span></a><ul><li data-navcode="100232" data-rootnavcode="101783" class=""><a href="http://www.rsc.org/periodic-table"><span>Interactive periodic table</span></a></li></ul></li><li data-navcode="101021" data-rootnavcode="101783" class=""><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections/climate-change-and-sustainability"><span>Climate change and sustainability</span></a></li><li data-navcode="101637" data-rootnavcode="101783" class=""><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/future-in-chemistry/teachers-and-careers-advisers"><span>Careers</span></a></li><li data-navcode="100340" data-rootnavcode="101783" class="break hide-desktop-mega-menu"><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/resources-shop"><span>Resources shop</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="subnav"><ul><li data-navcode="100271" data-rootnavcode="101783" class=""><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections"><span>Collections</span></a><ul><li data-navcode="100974" data-rootnavcode="101783" class="highlightnavpurple"><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections/remote-teaching-support"><span>Remote teaching support</span></a></li><li data-navcode="100268" data-rootnavcode="101783" class=""><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections/starters-for-ten"><span>Starters for ten</span></a></li><li data-navcode="101069" data-rootnavcode="101783" class=""><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections/screen-experiments"><span>Screen experiments</span></a></li><li data-navcode="100286" data-rootnavcode="101783" class=""><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections/assessment-for-learning"><span>Assessment for learning</span></a></li><li data-navcode="101212" data-rootnavcode="101783" class=""><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections/microscale-chemistry"><span>Microscale chemistry</span></a></li><li data-navcode="100604" data-rootnavcode="101783" class=""><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections/faces-of-chemistry"><span>Faces of chemistry</span></a></li><li data-navcode="100596" data-rootnavcode="101783" class=""><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections/classic-chemistry-experiments"><span>Classic chemistry experiments</span></a></li><li data-navcode="100327" data-rootnavcode="101783" class=""><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections/nuffield-practical-collection"><span>Nuffield practical collection</span></a></li><li data-navcode="100269" data-rootnavcode="101783" class=""><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections/anecdotes-for-chemistry-teachers"><span>Anecdotes for chemistry teachers</span></a></li><li data-navcode="101254" data-rootnavcode="101783" class=""><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections/literacy-in-science-teaching"><span>Literacy in science teaching</span></a></li><li data-navcode="100956" data-rootnavcode="101783" class="desktop-only"><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections"><span>More …</span></a></li><li data-navcode="101750" data-rootnavcode="101783" class=""><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections/climate-change-and-sustainability"><span>Climate change and sustainability</span></a></li><li data-navcode="100591" data-rootnavcode="101783" class=""><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections/alchemy"><span>Alchemy</span></a></li><li data-navcode="100231" data-rootnavcode="101783" class=""><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections/on-this-day-in-chemistry"><span>On this day in chemistry</span></a></li><li data-navcode="101205" data-rootnavcode="101783" class=""><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections/global-experiments"><span>Global experiments</span></a></li><li data-navcode="100270" data-rootnavcode="101783" class=""><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections/phet-interactive-simulations"><span>PhET interactive simulations</span></a></li><li data-navcode="100281" data-rootnavcode="101783" class=""><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections/chemistry-vignettes"><span>Chemistry vignettes</span></a></li><li data-navcode="100282" data-rootnavcode="101783" class=""><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections/context-and-problem-based-learning"><span>Context and problem based learning</span></a></li><li data-navcode="100279" data-rootnavcode="101783" class=""><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections/journal-of-the-month"><span>Journal of the month</span></a></li><li data-navcode="100310" data-rootnavcode="101783" class=""><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections/chemistry-and-art"><span>Chemistry and art</span></a></li><li data-navcode="100326" data-rootnavcode="101783" class=""><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections/classic-chemistry-demonstrations"><span>Classic chemistry demonstrations</span></a></li><li data-navcode="100329" data-rootnavcode="101783" class=""><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections/in-search-of-solutions"><span>In search of solutions</span></a></li><li data-navcode="100331" data-rootnavcode="101783" class=""><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections/in-search-of-more-solutions"><span>In search of more solutions</span></a></li><li data-navcode="100337" data-rootnavcode="101783" class=""><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections/creative-problem-solving-in-chemistry"><span>Creative problem-solving in chemistry</span></a></li><li data-navcode="101291" data-rootnavcode="101783" class=""><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/the-solar-spark-solar-energy-resources/1296.article"><span>Solar spark</span></a></li><li data-navcode="101439" data-rootnavcode="101783" class=""><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections/chemistry-for-non-specialists"><span>Chemistry for non-specialists</span></a></li><li data-navcode="100424" data-rootnavcode="101783" class=""><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections/health-and-safety-in-higher-education"><span>Health and safety in higher education</span></a></li><li data-navcode="100482" data-rootnavcode="101783" class=""><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections/analytical-chemistry-introductions"><span>Analytical chemistry introductions</span></a></li><li data-navcode="100499" data-rootnavcode="101783" class=""><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/eic/section/exhibition-chemistry"><span>Exhibition chemistry</span></a></li><li data-navcode="100513" data-rootnavcode="101783" class=""><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections/introductory-maths-for-higher-education"><span>Introductory maths for higher education</span></a></li><li data-navcode="100514" data-rootnavcode="101783" class=""><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections/commercial-skills-for-chemists"><span>Commercial skills for chemists</span></a></li><li data-navcode="100592" data-rootnavcode="101783" class=""><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections/kitchen-chemistry"><span>Kitchen chemistry</span></a></li><li data-navcode="100593" data-rootnavcode="101783" class=""><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections/journals-how-to-guides"><span>Journals how to guides</span></a></li><li data-navcode="100594" data-rootnavcode="101783" class=""><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections/chemistry-in-health"><span>Chemistry in health</span></a></li><li data-navcode="100595" data-rootnavcode="101783" class=""><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections/chemistry-in-sport"><span>Chemistry in sport</span></a></li><li data-navcode="100716" data-rootnavcode="101783" class=""><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections/chemistry-in-your-cupboard"><span>Chemistry in your cupboard</span></a></li><li data-navcode="101008" data-rootnavcode="101783" class=""><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections/chocolate-chemistry"><span>Chocolate chemistry</span></a></li><li data-navcode="101091" data-rootnavcode="101783" class=""><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections/adnoddau-addysgu-cemeg-cymraeg"><span>Adnoddau addysgu cemeg Cymraeg</span></a></li><li data-navcode="101269" data-rootnavcode="101783" class=""><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections/the-chemistry-of-fireworks"><span>The chemistry of fireworks</span></a></li><li data-navcode="101334" data-rootnavcode="101783" class=""><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections/festive-chemistry"><span>Festive chemistry</span></a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class="htmlBlock"><div><div class="column megamenuad"> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/curriculum-support"> <div class="image embedImage"> <img loading="lazy" alt="A student writes on a whiteboard in a school classroom" src="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/480xAny/P/web/w/w/h/m_education_curriculumexplorer_webimage275pxx315px_web_975224.jpg" srcset="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/480xAny/P/web/w/w/h/m_education_curriculumexplorer_webimage275pxx315px_web_975224.jpg 480w, https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/780xAny/P/web/w/w/h/m_education_curriculumexplorer_webimage275pxx315px_web_975224.jpg 780w, https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/1000xAny/P/web/w/w/h/m_education_curriculumexplorer_webimage275pxx315px_web_975224.jpg 1000w" sizes="(max-width: 480px) 33vw, (max-width: 768px) 50vw, (max-width: 1024px) 65vw, (max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 100vw"/> </div> </a> </div> <div class="column megamenuad"> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/resources-shop"><div class="image"><img loading="lazy" alt="Resources shop" src="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/275x315/P/web/e/i/e/resourcesshop_275x315_846604.jpg" /></div></a> </div></div></li></ul></div></div></li><li data-navcode="100305" data-rootnavcode="100305"><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/eic"><span>Education in Chemistry</span></a></li><li data-navcode="101728" data-rootnavcode="101728"><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/teach-chemistry"><span>Teach Chemistry</span></a></li><li data-navcode="101685" data-rootnavcode="101685"><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/events"><span>Events</span></a></li><li data-navcode="101631" data-rootnavcode="101631" class="hasChildren oneSubNav"><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/teacher-pd"><span>Teacher PD</span></a><div class="dropdown"><div class="inner-sleeve"><ul><li class="subnav"><ul><li data-navcode="100890" data-rootnavcode="101631" class=""><span>Courses</span><ul><li data-navcode="100891" data-rootnavcode="101631" class=""><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/teacher-pd/on-demand-online-courses"><span>On-demand online</span></a></li><li data-navcode="100892" data-rootnavcode="101631" class=""><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/teacher-pd/live-online-courses"><span>Live online</span></a></li><li data-navcode="100893" data-rootnavcode="101631" class=""><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/teacher-pd/course-resources"><span>Resources</span></a></li></ul></li><li data-navcode="100904" data-rootnavcode="101631" class=""><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/teacher-pd/articles"><span>Selected PD articles</span></a></li><li data-navcode="101001" data-rootnavcode="101631" class=""><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/primary-science/boost-your-knowledge"><span>PD for primary teachers</span></a></li><li data-navcode="100504" data-rootnavcode="101631" class=""><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/teacher-pd/professional-development-for-secondary-science-teachers"><span>PD for secondary teachers</span></a></li><li data-navcode="100751" data-rootnavcode="101631" class=""><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/teacher-pd/what-we-offer"><span>What we offer</span></a></li><li data-navcode="101739" data-rootnavcode="101631" class=""><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/teacher-pd/chartered-science-teacher-csciteach"><span>Chartered Science Teacher (CSciTeach)</span></a></li><li data-navcode="101655" data-rootnavcode="101631" class=""><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/teacher-pd/teacher-mentoring"><span>Teacher mentoring</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="htmlBlock"><div><div class="column span-2 megamenuad"> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/teacher-pd"> <div class="image embedImage"> <img loading="lazy" alt="A teacher sitting at a desk in a classroom with four secondary school students" src="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/480xAny/P/web/w/w/h/m_education_tpd_webimage275pxx315px_web_135596.jpg" srcset="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/480xAny/P/web/w/w/h/m_education_tpd_webimage275pxx315px_web_135596.jpg 480w, https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/780xAny/P/web/w/w/h/m_education_tpd_webimage275pxx315px_web_135596.jpg 780w, https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/1000xAny/P/web/w/w/h/m_education_tpd_webimage275pxx315px_web_135596.jpg 1000w" sizes="(max-width: 480px) 33vw, (max-width: 768px) 50vw, (max-width: 1024px) 65vw, (max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 100vw"/> </div> </a> </div></div></li></ul></div></div></li><li data-navcode="101387" data-rootnavcode="101387" class="hasChildren oneSubNav"><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/enrichment"><span>Enrichment</span></a><div class="dropdown"><div class="inner-sleeve"><ul><li class="subnav"><ul><li data-navcode="101726" data-rootnavcode="101387" class=""><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/enrichment/uk-chemistry-olympiad"><span>UK Chemistry Olympiad</span></a><ul><li data-navcode="100392" data-rootnavcode="101387" class=""><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/enrichment/uk-chemistry-olympiad#who"><span>Who can enter?</span></a></li><li data-navcode="100393" data-rootnavcode="101387" class=""><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/enrichment/uk-chemistry-olympiad#how"><span>How does it work?</span></a></li><li data-navcode="100394" data-rootnavcode="101387" class=""><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/enrichment/uk-chemistry-olympiad#resources"><span>Resources and past papers</span></a></li><li data-navcode="100396" data-rootnavcode="101387" class=""><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/enrichment/uk-chemistry-olympiad#FAQ"><span>FAQs</span></a></li></ul></li><li data-navcode="101740" data-rootnavcode="101387" class=""><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/enrichment/top-of-the-bench"><span>Top of the Bench</span></a></li><li data-navcode="101294" data-rootnavcode="101387" class=""><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/enrichment/schools-analyst"><span>Schools' Analyst</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="promotedStory"><a href="/uk-chemistry-olympiad/how-to-prepare-for-the-chemistry-olympiad/4012809.article" class="image"><div class="image"><img src="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/274x183/9/0/2/515902_chemicalformulaonblackboard_gettyimages_1181561352_625154.jpg" loading="lazy" class="lazyloaded" alt="A close-up photograph of a chemical formula written in pink chalk on a blackboard, with other chemical structures drawn in different colours in the background"></div><div class="captionBlock"><span class="title">How to prepare for the Chemistry Olympiad</span></div></a></li><li class="promotedStory"><a href="/uk-chemistry-olympiad/chemistry-olympiad-worked-answers/4014037.article" class="image"><div class="image"><img src="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/274x183/8/8/6/515886_studentstudyingathome_gettyimages_949224768_403852.jpg" loading="lazy" class="lazyloaded" alt="A female student wearing a hijab studies at home, using a notebook, pen and laptop"></div><div class="captionBlock"><span class="title">Chemistry Olympiad worked answers</span></div></a></li><li class="promotedStory"><a href="/uk-chemistry-olympiad/chemistry-olympiad-past-papers/1641.article" class="image"><div class="image"><img src="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/274x183/8/8/8/515888_studentcompletingexamorform_gettyimages_1239844481_986790.jpg" loading="lazy" class="lazyloaded" alt="A student's hands holding a pen and writing on an exam paper on a desk; a notebook, mug and laptop are visible in the background"></div><div class="captionBlock"><span class="title">Chemistry Olympiad past papers</span></div></a></li></ul></div></div></li><li data-navcode="100170" data-rootnavcode="100170" class="hasChildren oneSubNav"><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/our-work"><span>Our work</span></a><div class="dropdown"><div class="inner-sleeve"><ul><li class="subnav"><ul><li data-navcode="100477" data-rootnavcode="100170" class=""><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/our-work/regional-support"><span>Regional support</span></a><ul><li data-navcode="101727" data-rootnavcode="100170" class=""><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/our-work/regional-support/education-coordinators"><span>Education coordinators</span></a></li><li data-navcode="101593" data-rootnavcode="100170" class=""><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/our-work/regional-support/rsc-yusuf-hamied-inspirational-science-programme"><span>RSC Yusuf Hamied Inspirational Science Programme</span></a></li></ul></li><li data-navcode="100429" data-rootnavcode="100170" class=""><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/our-work/policy"><span>Policy</span></a><ul><li data-navcode="101778" data-rootnavcode="100170" class=""><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/our-work/policy/science-education-policy-alliance"><span>Science Education Policy Alliance</span></a></li></ul></li><li data-navcode="100435" data-rootnavcode="100170" class=""><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/our-work/rsc-education-news"><span>RSC Education News</span></a></li><li data-navcode="100458" data-rootnavcode="100170" class=""><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/our-work/supporting-teacher-training"><span>Supporting teacher training</span></a></li><li data-navcode="100610" data-rootnavcode="100170" class=""><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/our-work/interest-groups"><span>Interest groups</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="htmlBlock"><div><div class="column megamenuad"> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/our-work/supporting-teacher-training"> <div class="image embedImage"> <img loading="lazy" alt="A teacher trainer and a trainee teacher discussing a chemistry experiment" src="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/480xAny/P/web/w/w/h/m_education_tts_webimage275pxx315px_web_10087.jpg" srcset="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/480xAny/P/web/w/w/h/m_education_tts_webimage275pxx315px_web_10087.jpg 480w, https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/780xAny/P/web/w/w/h/m_education_tts_webimage275pxx315px_web_10087.jpg 780w, https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/1000xAny/P/web/w/w/h/m_education_tts_webimage275pxx315px_web_10087.jpg 1000w" sizes="(max-width: 480px) 33vw, (max-width: 768px) 50vw, (max-width: 1024px) 65vw, (max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 100vw"/> </div> </a> </div> <div class="column span-2"> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/our-work/regional-support/education-coordinators"><div class="image"><img loading="lazy" alt="RSC Education Coordinators" src="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/575x315/P/web/a/v/h/educationcoordinators_575x315_430044.jpg" /></div></a> </div></div></li></ul></div></div></li><li class="more hide"><a href="#mobilemenu" data-menu-toggle-button="" aria-expanded="false"><span> More<span class="assistive"> navigation items</span></span></a></li></ul></div></div><div class="desktopNavigationSpace"></div> </div> </header>  <div id="wrapper_sleeve" role="main" data-menu-open-pushed> <div class="container"> <div class="inner-sleeve"> <div id="section_intro" class="spin-header left"><div class="spin-header-wrapper"><div class="spin-header-content"><h1>Practical resources</h1><div class="standfirst"><p>Resources and inspiration for practical work and demonstrations. See our standard <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/explaining-our-health-and-safety-guidance/1752.article">health and safety guidance</a>.</p></div></div></div></div> <div id="top" class="area"> <div class="grid"> <div class="twoColumnsSmallRight"> <div class="columnContainer"> <div class="column columnOne"> <div id="_114122" class="spinBlock colour1 hastitle"><div class="sleeve"><div class="sectionhead"><h2>Practical videos</h2></div><div class="spinLayout full twocol left item-first item-penultimate hasPicture"><div class="sleeve"><p class="picture"><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/practical/practical-videos-14-16-years/4012090.article" class="image"><img alt="Conical flask with calcium carbonate chips on mass balance" class="lazyloaded" loading="eager" src="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/3/3/5/512335_thumbnailvideo1_190935.jpg" srcset="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/3/3/5/512335_thumbnailvideo1_190935.jpg 460w" width="460" height="307" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><h2><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/practical/practical-videos-14-16-years/4012090.article">Practical videos | 14–16 years</a></h2><p class="intro">Videos of core practical experiments for flipped learning, remote teaching or revision</p></div></div></div><div class="spinLayout full twocol right item-second item-last hasPicture"><div class="sleeve"><p class="picture"><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/practical/practical-videos-16-18-years/4012343.article" class="image"><img alt="The hand of a teacher in a lab coat gestures towards a Liebig condenser used for distillation" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" src="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/0/2/2/516022_organicsynthesisexperiment_309992.jpg" srcset="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/0/2/2/516022_organicsynthesisexperiment_309992.jpg 460w" width="460" height="307" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><h2><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/practical/practical-videos-16-18-years/4012343.article">Practical videos | 16–18 years</a></h2><p class="intro">Videos of key practical techniques and apparatus for revision, flipped learning or remote teaching</p></div></div></div></div></div><div id="_114118" class="spinBlock colour1 hastitle hasdescription"><div class="sleeve"><div class="sectionhead"><h2>Simulations</h2></div><div class="boxDescription"><p>Support practical chemistry with new ways to explore experimental work</p></div><div class="spinLayout full twocol left item-first item-penultimate hasPicture"><div class="sleeve"><p class="picture"><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/aspirin-screen-experiment/1644.article" class="image"><img alt="Aspirin screen experiment" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" src="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/6/5/3/500653_aspirinscreenexperiment_885327_crop.png" srcset="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/6/5/3/500653_aspirinscreenexperiment_885327_crop.png 460w" width="460" height="307" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><h2><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/aspirin-screen-experiment/1644.article">Aspirin screen experiment</a></h2><p class="intro">Get students aged 16–18 running their own organic synthesis on a computer or tablet before taking part in the real thing. This resource also features an in-depth practical guide and a set of worksheets covering the theory.</p></div></div></div><div class="spinLayout full twocol right item-second item-last hasPicture"><div class="sleeve"><p class="picture"><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/titration-screen-experiment/2077.article" class="image"><img alt="Titration screen experiment" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" src="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/6/5/1/500651_titrationscreenexperiment_530438_crop.png" srcset="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/6/5/1/500651_titrationscreenexperiment_530438_crop.png 460w" width="460" height="307" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><h2><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/titration-screen-experiment/2077.article">Titration screen experiment</a></h2><p class="intro">Give students the opportunity to conduct their own titration experiment on a computer or tablet. This resource also includes a redox titration experiment.</p></div></div></div></div></div><div id="_114125" class="spinBlock colour3 hastitle hasdescription"><div class="sleeve"><div class="sectionhead"><h2><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/eic/section/exhibition-chemistry">Exhibition chemistry</a></h2></div><div class="boxDescription"><p>Spectacular demonstrations</p></div><div class="spinLayout full twocol left item-first item-penultimate hasPicture"><div class="sleeve"><p class="picture"><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/exhibition-chemistry/experiment-with-surface-tension-and-convection-currents/4020324.article" class="image layoutIcon videoLayout"><img alt="A dish with a mottled pattern of a milky cream liquid in a clear brown liquid" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" src="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/0/2/3/538023_img_6656_335071.jpg" srcset="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/0/2/3/538023_img_6656_335071.jpg 460w" width="460" height="307" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><h2><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/exhibition-chemistry/experiment-with-surface-tension-and-convection-currents/4020324.article">Experiment with surface tension and convection currents</a></h2><p class="intro">Use this demonstration when teaching concentration gradients, diffusion and convection at 11–16</p></div></div></div><div class="spinLayout full twocol right item-second item-last hasPicture"><div class="sleeve"><p class="picture"><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/exhibition-chemistry/dissolve-coloured-sweets-to-create-a-rainbow/4020145.article" class="image layoutIcon videoLayout"><img alt="A glass dish with sweets around the edge whose colours have bled into the middle" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" src="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/1/1/8/537118_img_5042_115568.jpg" srcset="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/1/1/8/537118_img_5042_115568.jpg 460w" width="460" height="307" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><h2><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/exhibition-chemistry/dissolve-coloured-sweets-to-create-a-rainbow/4020145.article">Dissolve coloured sweets to create a rainbow</a></h2><p class="intro">Demonstrate diffusion, density and the particle model to your 14–16 learners in this easy experiment</p></div></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="column columnTwo"> <div id="_114116" class="spinBlock colour2 hasmorelink hastitle"><div class="sleeve"><div class="sectionhead"><h2><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/searchresults?qkeyword=&PageSize=10&parametrics=WVSECTIONCODE%7C2015%2CWVFACET2%7C115154%2CWVFACET2%7C115155%2CWVFACET2%7C115156&cmd=AddPm&val=WVFACET3%7C115160">Demonstrations</a></h2></div><div class="spinLayout half onecol left item-first hasPicture"><div class="sleeve"><p class="picture"><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/outreach/investigating-the-sugar-content-and-ph-of-fizzy-drinks-11-14-years/4015945.article" class="image"><img alt="Preview of Fizzy drinks PowerPoint presentation slides, student workbook, teacher and technician notes" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width:479px) 100vw, (max-width:767px) 50vw, (max-width:1023px) 306px, 174px" src="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/4/7/3/526473_fizzydrinksindeximage_37558.jpg" srcset="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/4/7/3/526473_fizzydrinksindeximage_37558.jpg 460w,https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/306x204/4/7/3/526473_fizzydrinksindeximage_37558.jpg 306w,https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/360x240/4/7/3/526473_fizzydrinksindeximage_37558.jpg 360w,https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/4/7/3/526473_fizzydrinksindeximage_37558.jpg 100w" width="460" height="307" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><h2><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/outreach/investigating-the-sugar-content-and-ph-of-fizzy-drinks-11-14-years/4015945.article">Investigating the sugar content and pH of fizzy drinks | 11–14 years</a></h2><p class="intro">Compare fizzy drinks’ ingredients, acidities and health implications</p></div></div></div><div class="spinLayout half onecol right item-second hasPicture"><div class="sleeve"><p class="picture"><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/outreach/salt-for-cooking-activities-11-14-years/4015947.article" class="image"><img alt="Preview of Salt (for cooking) PowerPoint presentation slides, student workbook, teacher and technician notes" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width:479px) 100vw, (max-width:767px) 50vw, (max-width:1023px) 306px, 174px" src="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/8/4/9/526849_saltforcookingindeximage_553985_crop.jpg" srcset="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/8/4/9/526849_saltforcookingindeximage_553985_crop.jpg 460w,https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/306x204/8/4/9/526849_saltforcookingindeximage_553985_crop.jpg 306w,https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/360x240/8/4/9/526849_saltforcookingindeximage_553985_crop.jpg 360w,https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/8/4/9/526849_saltforcookingindeximage_553985_crop.jpg 100w" width="460" height="307" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><h2><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/outreach/salt-for-cooking-activities-11-14-years/4015947.article">Salt (for cooking) activities | 11–14 years</a></h2><p class="intro">Uncover the properties and health implications of salt in our diets</p></div></div></div><div class="spinLayout half onecol left item-third hasPicture"><div class="sleeve"><p class="picture"><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/outreach/custard-experiment-11-14-years/4015952.article" class="image"><img alt="Preview of the Custard PowerPoint presentation slides, student workbook, teacher and technician notes" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width:479px) 100vw, (max-width:767px) 50vw, (max-width:1023px) 306px, 174px" src="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/8/4/8/526848_custardindeximage_170478_crop.jpg" srcset="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/8/4/8/526848_custardindeximage_170478_crop.jpg 460w,https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/306x204/8/4/8/526848_custardindeximage_170478_crop.jpg 306w,https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/360x240/8/4/8/526848_custardindeximage_170478_crop.jpg 360w,https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/8/4/8/526848_custardindeximage_170478_crop.jpg 100w" width="460" height="307" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><h2><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/outreach/custard-experiment-11-14-years/4015952.article">Custard experiment | 11–14 years</a></h2><p class="intro">Introduce your learners to Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids as well as the explosive nature of powders</p></div></div></div><div class="spinLayout half onecol right item-fourth hasPicture"><div class="sleeve"><p class="picture"><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/outreach/investigating-cold-reactions-11-14-years/4015955.article" class="image"><img alt="Preview of the Cold reactions PowerPoint presentation slides, student workbook, teacher and technician notes" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width:479px) 100vw, (max-width:767px) 50vw, (max-width:1023px) 306px, 174px" src="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/8/5/2/526852_coldreactionsindeximage_386513_crop.jpg" srcset="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/8/5/2/526852_coldreactionsindeximage_386513_crop.jpg 460w,https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/306x204/8/5/2/526852_coldreactionsindeximage_386513_crop.jpg 306w,https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/360x240/8/5/2/526852_coldreactionsindeximage_386513_crop.jpg 360w,https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/8/5/2/526852_coldreactionsindeximage_386513_crop.jpg 100w" width="460" height="307" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><h2><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/outreach/investigating-cold-reactions-11-14-years/4015955.article">Investigating cold reactions | 11–14 years</a></h2><p class="intro">Explore what is meant by ‘cold’ and the applications of endothermic reactions</p></div></div></div><div class="spinLayout half onecol left hasPicture"><div class="sleeve"><p class="picture"><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/outreach/extracting-dna-experiment-11-14-years/4015960.article" class="image"><img alt="Preview of the DNA PowerPoint presentation slides, student workbook, teacher and technician notes" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width:479px) 100vw, (max-width:767px) 50vw, (max-width:1023px) 306px, 174px" src="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/5/8/1/526581_dnaindeximage_721529.jpg" srcset="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/5/8/1/526581_dnaindeximage_721529.jpg 460w,https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/306x204/5/8/1/526581_dnaindeximage_721529.jpg 306w,https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/360x240/5/8/1/526581_dnaindeximage_721529.jpg 360w,https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/5/8/1/526581_dnaindeximage_721529.jpg 100w" width="460" height="307" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><h2><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/outreach/extracting-dna-experiment-11-14-years/4015960.article">Extracting DNA experiment | 11–14 years</a></h2><p class="intro">Remove and compare genetic material in different plant cells </p></div></div></div><div class="spinLayout half onecol right item-penultimate hasPicture"><div class="sleeve"><p class="picture"><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/outreach/emulsifiers-in-cleaning-11-14-years/4015961.article" class="image"><img alt="Preview of the Emulsifiers PowerPoint presentation slides, student workbook, teacher and technician notes" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width:479px) 100vw, (max-width:767px) 50vw, (max-width:1023px) 306px, 174px" src="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/8/4/6/526846_emulsifierindeximage_147348_crop.jpg" srcset="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/8/4/6/526846_emulsifierindeximage_147348_crop.jpg 460w,https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/306x204/8/4/6/526846_emulsifierindeximage_147348_crop.jpg 306w,https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/360x240/8/4/6/526846_emulsifierindeximage_147348_crop.jpg 360w,https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/8/4/6/526846_emulsifierindeximage_147348_crop.jpg 100w" width="460" height="307" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><h2><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/outreach/emulsifiers-in-cleaning-11-14-years/4015961.article">Emulsifiers in cleaning | 11–14 years</a></h2><p class="intro">Investigate and explain what emulsions are and their applications in cleaning</p></div></div></div><div class="spinLayout half onecol left item-last hasPicture"><div class="sleeve"><p class="picture"><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/teach-functional-groups/2393.article" class="image"><img alt="Image" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width:479px) 100vw, (max-width:767px) 50vw, (max-width:1023px) 306px, 174px" src="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/0/6/3/16063_res00002393-l.jpg" srcset="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/0/6/3/16063_res00002393-l.jpg 460w,https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/306x204/0/6/3/16063_res00002393-l.jpg 306w,https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/360x240/0/6/3/16063_res00002393-l.jpg 360w,https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/0/6/3/16063_res00002393-l.jpg 100w" width="460" height="307" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><h2><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/teach-functional-groups/2393.article">Teach functional groups</a></h2><p class="intro">To illustrate the differences in reactivity of isomeric alcohols, try using the iodoform demonstration in the video. Follow the discussion scenario in sequence for tips to help your students understand a difficult concept in carbon chemistry. </p></div></div></div><p class="more"><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/searchresults?qkeyword=&PageSize=10&parametrics=WVSECTIONCODE%7C2015%2CWVFACET2%7C115154%2CWVFACET2%7C115155%2CWVFACET2%7C115156&cmd=AddPm&val=WVFACET3%7C115160">View more demonstrations</a></p></div></div><div id="_114121" class="picCarousel colour1"><div class="sleeve"><div class="sectionhead"><h2><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections/global-experiments">Global experiments</a></h2></div><div class="boxDescription"><p>Engaging hands-on group activities, adaptable for all ages and fully resourced</p></div><div class="swiper-container galleryItems"><div class="swiper-wrapper"><div class="swiper-slide"><div class="sleeve"><div class="display"><div class="picture haspicture"><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/measuring-vitamin-c-in-food/1280.article" tabindex="-1" class="image"><img alt="Image" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 480px) 33vw, (max-width: 768px) 55vw, (max-width: 1024px) 20vw, 100vw" src="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/8/0/6/13806_res00001280-l.jpg" srcset="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/8/0/6/13806_res00001280-l.jpg 460w,https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/748x502/8/0/6/13806_res00001280-l.jpg 748w,https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/780x520/8/0/6/13806_res00001280-l.jpg 780w,https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/374x249/8/0/6/13806_res00001280-l.jpg 374w" width="460" height="307" /></a></div><div class="caption"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/measuring-vitamin-c-in-food/1280.article">Measuring vitamin C in food</a></h2></div></div></div></div><div class="swiper-slide"><div class="sleeve"><div class="display"><div class="picture haspicture"><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/the-art-of-crystallisation/1379.article" tabindex="-1" class="image"><img alt="RES00001379" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 480px) 33vw, (max-width: 768px) 55vw, (max-width: 1024px) 20vw, 100vw" src="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/3/6/6/17366_res00001379l_488069_crop.jpg" srcset="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/3/6/6/17366_res00001379l_488069_crop.jpg 460w,https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/748x502/3/6/6/17366_res00001379l_488069_crop.jpg 748w,https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/780x520/3/6/6/17366_res00001379l_488069_crop.jpg 780w,https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/374x249/3/6/6/17366_res00001379l_488069_crop.jpg 374w" width="460" height="307" /></a></div><div class="caption"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/the-art-of-crystallisation/1379.article">The art of crystallisation</a></h2></div></div></div></div><div class="swiper-slide"><div class="sleeve"><div class="display"><div class="picture haspicture"><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/water-and-hydrogels/1703.article" tabindex="-1" class="image"><img alt="Image" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 480px) 33vw, (max-width: 768px) 55vw, (max-width: 1024px) 20vw, 100vw" src="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/7/2/7/14727_res00001703-l.jpg" srcset="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/7/2/7/14727_res00001703-l.jpg 460w,https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/748x502/7/2/7/14727_res00001703-l.jpg 748w,https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/780x520/7/2/7/14727_res00001703-l.jpg 780w,https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/374x249/7/2/7/14727_res00001703-l.jpg 374w" width="460" height="307" /></a></div><div class="caption"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/water-and-hydrogels/1703.article">Water and hydrogels</a></h2></div></div></div></div><div class="swiper-slide"><div class="sleeve"><div class="display"><div class="picture haspicture"><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/chemistry-in-sport/2084.article" tabindex="-1" class="image"><img alt="Image" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 480px) 33vw, (max-width: 768px) 55vw, (max-width: 1024px) 20vw, 100vw" src="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/3/7/6/15376_res00002084-l.jpg" srcset="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/3/7/6/15376_res00002084-l.jpg 460w,https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/748x502/3/7/6/15376_res00002084-l.jpg 748w,https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/780x520/3/7/6/15376_res00002084-l.jpg 780w,https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/374x249/3/7/6/15376_res00002084-l.jpg 374w" width="460" height="307" /></a></div><div class="caption"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/chemistry-in-sport/2084.article">Chemistry in sport</a></h2></div></div></div></div><div class="swiper-slide"><div class="sleeve"><div class="display"><div class="picture haspicture"><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/mission-starlight/2073.article" tabindex="-1" class="image"><img alt="RES00002073-L" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 480px) 33vw, (max-width: 768px) 55vw, (max-width: 1024px) 20vw, 100vw" src="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/3/6/7/17367_res00002073l_284020.jpg" srcset="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/3/6/7/17367_res00002073l_284020.jpg 460w,https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/748x502/3/6/7/17367_res00002073l_284020.jpg 748w,https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/780x520/3/6/7/17367_res00002073l_284020.jpg 780w,https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/374x249/3/6/7/17367_res00002073l_284020.jpg 374w" width="460" height="307" /></a></div><div class="caption"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/mission-starlight/2073.article">Mission starlight</a></h2></div></div></div></div></div><div class="thumbs"><ul><li tabindex="0" class="first selected"><div class="caption"><h2 class="heading">Measuring vitamin C in food</h2></div></li><li tabindex="0"><div class="caption"><h2 class="heading">The art of crystallisation</h2></div></li><li tabindex="0"><div class="caption"><h2 class="heading">Water and hydrogels</h2></div></li><li tabindex="0"><div class="caption"><h2 class="heading">Chemistry in sport</h2></div></li><li tabindex="0" class="last"><div class="caption"><h2 class="heading">Mission starlight</h2></div></li></ul></div><div class="carouselPaging"><ul><li class="previous">Previous</li><li class="next">Next</li></ul></div></div><p class="more"><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections/global-experiments">View more global experiments</a></p></div></div></div> </div> </div> <div class="oneColumn"> <div class="columnContainer"> <div class="column columnOne"> <div id="_114123" class="spinBlock colour2 hasmorelink hastitle"><div class="sleeve"><div class="sectionhead"><h2><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/searchresults?qkeyword=&PageSize=10&parametrics=WVSECTIONCODE%7C2015%2CWVFACET2%7C115156%2CWVFACET2%7C115155%2CWVFACET2%7C115154%2CWVFACET3%7C115159&cmd=AddPm&val=WVSECTIONCODE%7C2049">Class practicals</a></h2></div><div class="spinLayout half twocol left item-first hasPicture"><div class="sleeve"><p class="picture"><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/a-practical-investigation-of-cis-trans-isomerism-in-transition-metal-complexes/4020781.article" class="image"><img alt="Example slides and pages from teacher and technician notes and the student sheet that make up this resource" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width:479px) 100vw, (max-width:767px) 50vw, 375px" src="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/173x115/7/4/6/538746_post16isomerismindeximage_76880.jpg" srcset="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/173x115/7/4/6/538746_post16isomerismindeximage_76880.jpg 173w,https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/275x184/7/4/6/538746_post16isomerismindeximage_76880.jpg 275w,https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/7/4/6/538746_post16isomerismindeximage_76880.jpg 460w" width="173" height="115" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><h2><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/a-practical-investigation-of-cis-trans-isomerism-in-transition-metal-complexes/4020781.article">A practical investigation of cis-trans isomerism in transition metal complexes</a></h2><p class="intro">Investigate isomerism in transition metal complexes with this experiment, including pre- and post-lab questions</p></div></div></div><div class="spinLayout half twocol right item-second hasPicture"><div class="sleeve"><p class="picture"><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/chromatography-challenge-16-18-years/4018925.article" class="image"><img alt="Composite image showing tubes of flourescent spheres and organic molcules and previews of the Chromatography challenge student worksheet and teacher notes, all on a blue background" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width:479px) 100vw, (max-width:767px) 50vw, 375px" src="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/173x115/6/8/1/532681_post16chromatographyresourceindeximage_357830.jpg" srcset="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/173x115/6/8/1/532681_post16chromatographyresourceindeximage_357830.jpg 173w,https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/275x184/6/8/1/532681_post16chromatographyresourceindeximage_357830.jpg 275w,https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/6/8/1/532681_post16chromatographyresourceindeximage_357830.jpg 460w" width="173" height="115" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><h2><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/chromatography-challenge-16-18-years/4018925.article">Chromatography challenge | 16–18 years</a></h2><p class="intro">Explore analytical techniques and their applications with a chromatography investigation and research activity</p></div></div></div><div class="spinLayout half twocol left item-third hasPicture"><div class="sleeve"><p class="picture"><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/paracetamol-book-using-thin-layer-chromatography-to-investigate-the-reactions/4018943.article" class="image"><img alt="Chromatography cover image" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width:479px) 100vw, (max-width:767px) 50vw, 375px" src="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/173x115/1/6/9/532169_chromatographycoverimage_668739_crop.jpg" srcset="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/173x115/1/6/9/532169_chromatographycoverimage_668739_crop.jpg 173w,https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/275x184/1/6/9/532169_chromatographycoverimage_668739_crop.jpg 275w,https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/1/6/9/532169_chromatographycoverimage_668739_crop.jpg 460w" width="173" height="115" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><h2><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/paracetamol-book-using-thin-layer-chromatography-to-investigate-the-reactions/4018943.article">Paracetamol book | Using thin-layer chromatography to investigate the reactions</a></h2><p class="intro">In this activity you investigate the purity and identity of your laboratory prepared samples of nitrophenol or paracetamol using thin-layer chromatography</p></div></div></div><div class="spinLayout half twocol right item-fourth hasPicture"><div class="sleeve"><p class="picture"><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/paracetamol-book-the-reduction-of-a-nitro-group-to-an-amine/4018941.article" class="image"><img alt="The reduction of a nitro cover image" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width:479px) 100vw, (max-width:767px) 50vw, 375px" src="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/173x115/1/6/5/532165_thereductionofanitrocoverimage_915947_crop.jpg" srcset="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/173x115/1/6/5/532165_thereductionofanitrocoverimage_915947_crop.jpg 173w,https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/275x184/1/6/5/532165_thereductionofanitrocoverimage_915947_crop.jpg 275w,https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/1/6/5/532165_thereductionofanitrocoverimage_915947_crop.jpg 460w" width="173" height="115" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><h2><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/paracetamol-book-the-reduction-of-a-nitro-group-to-an-amine/4018941.article">Paracetamol book | The reduction of a nitro group to an amine</a></h2><p class="intro"> Nitro group reduction into an amine is covered in this practical class experiment. </p></div></div></div><div class="spinLayout half twocol left hasPicture"><div class="sleeve"><p class="picture"><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/paracetamol-book-the-quantitative-analysis-of-various-formulations-of-paracetamol/4018940.article" class="image"><img alt="The quantitative analysis of various formulations of paracetamol cover image" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width:479px) 100vw, (max-width:767px) 50vw, 375px" src="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/173x115/1/5/9/532159_thequantitativeanalysisofvariousformulationsofparacetamolcoverimage_509671_crop.jpg" srcset="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/173x115/1/5/9/532159_thequantitativeanalysisofvariousformulationsofparacetamolcoverimage_509671_crop.jpg 173w,https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/275x184/1/5/9/532159_thequantitativeanalysisofvariousformulationsofparacetamolcoverimage_509671_crop.jpg 275w,https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/1/5/9/532159_thequantitativeanalysisofvariousformulationsofparacetamolcoverimage_509671_crop.jpg 460w" width="173" height="115" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><h2><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/paracetamol-book-the-quantitative-analysis-of-various-formulations-of-paracetamol/4018940.article">Paracetamol book | The quantitative analysis of various formulations of paracetamol</a></h2><p class="intro">An experiment to show learners to analyse several different formulations of paracetamol and create and quantitative judgment of them.</p></div></div></div><div class="spinLayout half twocol right hasPicture"><div class="sleeve"><p class="picture"><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/paracetamol-book-the-preparation-of-paracetamol/4018939.article" class="image"><img alt="The preparation of paracetamol cover image" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width:479px) 100vw, (max-width:767px) 50vw, 375px" src="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/173x115/1/4/1/532141_thepreparationofparacetamolcoverimage_368163_crop.jpg" srcset="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/173x115/1/4/1/532141_thepreparationofparacetamolcoverimage_368163_crop.jpg 173w,https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/275x184/1/4/1/532141_thepreparationofparacetamolcoverimage_368163_crop.jpg 275w,https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/1/4/1/532141_thepreparationofparacetamolcoverimage_368163_crop.jpg 460w" width="173" height="115" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><h2><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/paracetamol-book-the-preparation-of-paracetamol/4018939.article">Paracetamol book | The preparation of paracetamol</a></h2><p class="intro"> The first of three steps, in practical experiments, that show learners how to prepare paracetamol</p></div></div></div><div class="spinLayout half twocol left item-penultimate hasPicture"><div class="sleeve"><p class="picture"><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/changing-the-properties-of-polymers-and-plastics/4018490.article" class="image"><img alt="changing properties of polymer cover" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width:479px) 100vw, (max-width:767px) 50vw, 375px" src="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/173x115/5/0/9/530509_changingpropertiesofpolymercover_303739.jpg" srcset="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/173x115/5/0/9/530509_changingpropertiesofpolymercover_303739.jpg 173w,https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/275x184/5/0/9/530509_changingpropertiesofpolymercover_303739.jpg 275w,https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/5/0/9/530509_changingpropertiesofpolymercover_303739.jpg 460w" width="173" height="115" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><h2><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/changing-the-properties-of-polymers-and-plastics/4018490.article">Changing the properties of polymers and plastics</a></h2><p class="intro">Learners consider how changes to polymers, for example adding plasticisers or cross-linking, affects the properties of the objects made from the polymers.</p></div></div></div><div class="spinLayout half twocol right item-last hasPicture"><div class="sleeve"><p class="picture"><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/polylactic-acid/4018499.article" class="image"><img alt="polylactic acid polymer cover" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width:479px) 100vw, (max-width:767px) 50vw, 375px" src="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/173x115/5/2/8/530528_polylacticacidpolymercover_387820_crop.jpg" srcset="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/173x115/5/2/8/530528_polylacticacidpolymercover_387820_crop.jpg 173w,https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/275x184/5/2/8/530528_polylacticacidpolymercover_387820_crop.jpg 275w,https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/5/2/8/530528_polylacticacidpolymercover_387820_crop.jpg 460w" width="173" height="115" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><h2><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/polylactic-acid/4018499.article">Polylactic acid</a></h2><p class="intro">Explore an example of condensation polymerisation with this practical activity where lactic acid is reacted to make short strands of polylactic acid.</p></div></div></div><p class="more"><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/searchresults?qkeyword=&PageSize=10&parametrics=WVSECTIONCODE%7C2015%2CWVFACET2%7C115156%2CWVFACET2%7C115155%2CWVFACET2%7C115154%2CWVFACET3%7C115159&cmd=AddPm&val=WVSECTIONCODE%7C2049">View more class practicals</a></p></div></div><div id="_114119" class="spinNavigation spin2scroller colour1"> <div class="sleeve"> <div class="scrollHead"> <div class="sectionhead"> <h2>Practical collections</h2> </div> <ul class="scrollerControls"> <li class="previous disabled"> <span>Previous</span> </li> <li class="next"> <span>Next</span> </li> </ul> </div><div class="sliderContent"><div class="thumbs"><div class="swiper-container"><ul class="swiper-wrapper"><li class="swiper-slide first selected"><div class="sleeve"><div class="sleeve-wrapper"><div class="picture"><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections/microscale-chemistry" class="image"><img alt="shutterstock_74485540" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" src="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/380x259/P/web/e/f/n/shutterstock_74485540_363869.jpg" srcset="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/380x259/P/web/e/f/n/shutterstock_74485540_363869.jpg 380w" width="380" height="259" /></a></div><div class="sleeve-inner-text"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections/microscale-chemistry">Microscale chemistry</a></h2></div></div></div></li><li class="swiper-slide "><div class="sleeve"><div class="sleeve-wrapper"><div class="picture"><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections/classic-chemistry-experiments" class="image"><img alt="Classic chem exp" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" src="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/380x259/P/web/e/f/n/classicchemexp_958361.jpg" srcset="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/380x259/P/web/e/f/n/classicchemexp_958361.jpg 380w" width="380" height="259" /></a></div><div class="sleeve-inner-text"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections/classic-chemistry-experiments">Classic chemistry experiments</a></h2></div></div></div></li><li class="swiper-slide "><div class="sleeve"><div class="sleeve-wrapper"><div class="picture"><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections/nuffield-practical-collection" class="image"><img alt="Test tubes" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" src="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/380x259/P/web/y/x/o/test_tubes_shutterstock_124722094_799492.jpg" srcset="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/380x259/P/web/y/x/o/test_tubes_shutterstock_124722094_799492.jpg 380w" width="380" height="259" /></a></div><div class="sleeve-inner-text"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections/nuffield-practical-collection">Nuffield practical collection</a></h2></div></div></div></li><li class="swiper-slide "><div class="sleeve"><div class="sleeve-wrapper"><div class="picture"><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections/global-experiments" class="image"><img alt="Primary school children with clipboards" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" src="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/380x259/P/web/p/u/r/primaryschoolchildrenwithclipboards_608534.jpg" srcset="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/380x259/P/web/p/u/r/primaryschoolchildrenwithclipboards_608534.jpg 380w" width="380" height="259" /></a></div><div class="sleeve-inner-text"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections/global-experiments">Global experiments</a></h2></div></div></div></li><li class="swiper-slide "><div class="sleeve"><div class="sleeve-wrapper"><div class="picture"><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections/classic-chemistry-demonstrations" class="image"><img alt="Smoking conical flask" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" src="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/380x259/P/web/w/k/o/smokingconicalflask_196553.jpg" srcset="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/380x259/P/web/w/k/o/smokingconicalflask_196553.jpg 380w" width="380" height="259" /></a></div><div class="sleeve-inner-text"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections/classic-chemistry-demonstrations">Classic chemistry demonstrations</a></h2></div></div></div></li><li class="swiper-slide "><div class="sleeve"><div class="sleeve-wrapper"><div class="picture"><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections/in-search-of-solutions" class="image"><img alt="Candles" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" src="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/380x259/P/web/w/k/o/candles_742190.jpg" srcset="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/380x259/P/web/w/k/o/candles_742190.jpg 380w" width="380" height="259" /></a></div><div class="sleeve-inner-text"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections/in-search-of-solutions">In search of solutions</a></h2></div></div></div></li><li class="swiper-slide "><div class="sleeve"><div class="sleeve-wrapper"><div class="picture"><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections/in-search-of-more-solutions" class="image"><img alt="Eggs" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" src="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/380x259/P/web/w/k/o/eggs_794919.jpg" srcset="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/380x259/P/web/w/k/o/eggs_794919.jpg 380w" width="380" height="259" /></a></div><div class="sleeve-inner-text"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections/in-search-of-more-solutions">In search of more solutions</a></h2></div></div></div></li><li class="swiper-slide "><div class="sleeve"><div class="sleeve-wrapper"><div class="picture"><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections/chemistry-for-non-specialists" class="image"><img alt="Top of test tubes containing liquid with pipette releasing a drop of liquid into one" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" src="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/380x259/P/web/p/j/w/testtubesshutterstock_341968610_673473_crop.jpg" srcset="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/380x259/P/web/p/j/w/testtubesshutterstock_341968610_673473_crop.jpg 380w" width="380" height="259" /></a></div><div class="sleeve-inner-text"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/collections/chemistry-for-non-specialists">Chemistry for non-specialists</a></h2></div></div></div></li><li class="swiper-slide last"><div class="sleeve"><div class="sleeve-wrapper"><div class="picture"><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/eic/section/exhibition-chemistry" class="image"><img alt="Six beakers with different coloured flames in a row" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" src="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/380x259/P/web/b/q/u/stitch.jpg" srcset="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/380x259/P/web/b/q/u/stitch.jpg 380w" width="380" height="259" /></a></div><div class="sleeve-inner-text"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/eic/section/exhibition-chemistry">Exhibition chemistry</a></h2></div></div></div></li></ul></div></div></div></div> </div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="columns" class="container"> <div id="colwrapper" class="inner-sleeve"> <div id="colmain"> <div id="content"> <div id="content_sleeve"> <div id="main" class="area"> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="rightcolumn" class="fluidrightcolumn rightcolumn"> <div id="rightcolumn_sleeve"> <div id="mainright" class="area"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container"> <div class="inner-sleeve"> <div id="foot" class="area"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="footer_ad"> <div class="footer_ad_strip"> <div class="ad"> </div> </div> </div> <div id="footer" class="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="container footerTopNavPageText"> <div class="inner-sleeve">  </div> </div> <div class="container bottomNav"><div class="inner-sleeve"><ul><li class="first"><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/contact-us">Contact us</a></li><li><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/topics">Topics</a></li><li><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/issues">Issues</a></li><li><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/contributors">Contributors</a></li><li><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/email-alerts">Email alerts</a></li><li><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/faqs">FAQs</a></li><li class="last"><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/explaining-our-health-and-safety-guidance/1752.article">Safety</a></li></ul></div></div> <div class="bottom"> <div class="container footerBottomNavPageText"> <div class="inner-sleeve"> <style> /* CSS Document */ /* OVERRIDES AND REQUIRED STYLES FROM OLD OXYGEN */ .rsc-ui hr { clear: both; } .rsc-ui hr.clear { box-shadow: none; border-color: transparent; -webkit-margin-before: 0px; height: 0px; margin-bottom: -1px; } /* END OVERRIDES AND REQUIRED STYLES FROM OLD OXYGEN */ .rsc-ui footer.rsc-footer { background-color: #252729; clear: both; width: 100%; margin-top: 0px; font-weight: 500; } .rsc-ui footer.rsc-footer .breadcrumbs { background-color: #383B3D; border-bottom: 1px solid #54585A; border-top: 1px solid #54585A; height: 40px; } .rsc-ui footer.rsc-footer .breadcrumbs ul { margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 8px; -webkit-margin-before: 8px; -webkit-margin-after: 8px; -webkit-padding-start: 8px; } .rsc-ui footer.rsc-footer .breadcrumbs li { display: inline-block; list-style-type: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; } .rsc-ui footer.rsc-footer .breadcrumbs li a { color: #ADADAD; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; } .rsc-ui footer.rsc-footer .breadcrumbs li a:hover, .rsc-ui footer.rsc-footer .breadcrumbs li a:focus .rsc-ui footer.rsc-footer .breadcrumbs li a.selected { color: #FFFFFF; -moz-transition: all 0.2s ease-in-out; -o-transition: all 0.2s ease-in-out; -webkit-transition: all 0.2s ease-in-out; transition: all 0.2s ease-in-out; } .rsc-ui footer.rsc-footer .breadcrumbs li.extra { display: none; } .rsc-ui footer.rsc-footer .rsc-logo { box-sizing: border-box; -moz-box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; width: 50%; float: left; text-align: center; padding: 32px 0 0 16px; } .rsc-ui footer.rsc-footer .rsc-logo img { width: 100%; max-width: 320px; height: auto; } .rsc-ui footer.rsc-footer .links { box-sizing: border-box; -moz-box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; padding: 32px 0; width: 100%; float: right; } .rsc-ui footer.rsc-footer .links ul { margin: 0 8px; padding: 0; } .rsc-ui footer.rsc-footer .links ul li { box-sizing: border-box; -moz-box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; width: 100%; float: left; list-style-type: none; line-height: 24px; padding: 0 0 0 16px; margin: 0; border-left: 1px solid #383B3D; } .rsc-ui footer.rsc-footer .links ul li a { color: #ADADAD; display: block; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 300; text-decoration: none; -moz-transition: all 0.2s ease-in-out; -o-transition: all 0.2s ease-in-out; -webkit-transition: all 0.2s ease-in-out; transition: all 0.2s ease-in-out; } .rsc-ui footer.rsc-footer .links ul li a:hover, .rsc-ui footer.rsc-footer .links ul li a:focus { color: #FFFFFF; -moz-transition: all 0.2s ease-in-out; -o-transition: all 0.2s ease-in-out; -webkit-transition: all 0.2s ease-in-out; transition: all 0.2s ease-in-out; } .rsc-ui footer.rsc-footer .baseline { border-top: 1px solid #383B3D; box-sizing: border-box; -moz-box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; width: auto; min-height: 96px; height: 100%; } .rsc-ui footer.rsc-footer .baseline .copyright { box-sizing: border-box; -moz-box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; color: #ADADAD; font-size: 13px; padding: 8px; width: 100%; float: left; text-align: center; font-weight: 300; line-height: 24px; } .rsc-ui footer.rsc-footer .social-icons { display: block; height: 64px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box; -moz-box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; } .rsc-ui footer.rsc-footer .social-icons a { display:inline-block; height:48px; width:48px; } .rsc-ui footer.rsc-footer .social-icons a img { box-sizing: content-box; -moz-box-sizing: content-box; -webkit-box-sizing: content-box; padding: 8px; } .rsc-ui footer.rsc-footer .facebook { background-color: #346da6; } .rsc-ui footer.rsc-footer .facebook:hover { background-color: transparent; } .rsc-ui footer.rsc-footer .twitter { background-color: #429ecc; } .rsc-ui footer.rsc-footer .twitter:hover { background-color:transparent; } .rsc-ui footer.rsc-footer .linkedin { background-color:#346da6; } .rsc-ui footer.rsc-footer .linkedin:hover { background-color:transparent; } .rsc-ui footer.rsc-footer .youtube { background-color:#ca4638; } .rsc-ui footer.rsc-footer .youtube:hover { background-color:transparent; } .rsc-ui footer.rsc-footer .social-icons span { display: none; } /* Responsive classes */ /* Small viewports */ @media only screen and (min-width: 480px) { .rsc-ui footer.rsc-footer .links ul li { width: 50%; } .rsc-ui footer.rsc-footer .social-icons { margin-right: 8px; } } /* Mid viewports */ @media only screen and (min-width: 640px) { .rsc-ui footer.rsc-footer .social-icons { float: right; } .rsc-ui footer.rsc-footer .baseline .copyright { width: auto; text-align: left; padding: 8px; } } /* ipad specific viewports */ @media only screen and (min-width: 768px) { .rsc-ui footer.rsc-footer .links ul li { width: 33.33%; } .rsc-ui footer.rsc-footer .rsc-logo { padding: 64px 0; width: 320px; } .rsc-ui footer.rsc-footer .breadcrumbs li.extra { display: inline-block; } .rsc-ui footer.rsc-footer .social-icons { margin-right: 16px; } } /* Full viewports */ @media only screen and (min-width: 960px) { } /* Wide viewports */ @media only screen and (min-width: 1168px) { .rsc-ui footer.rsc-footer .rsc-logo { width: 35%; } .rsc-ui footer.rsc-footer .links { width: 65%; margin-top: 20px; } .rsc-ui footer.rsc-footer .links ul li { width: 33.333%; } } /* Super wide viewports */ @media only screen and (min-width: 1460px) { .rsc-ui footer.rsc-footer .rsc-logo { width: 35%; } .rsc-ui footer.rsc-footer .links { width: 65%; margin-top: 40px; } .rsc-ui footer.rsc-footer .links ul li { width: 33.333%; } } </style> <div data-id="pnlGlobalFooter"> <div class="rsc-ui">  <footer class="rsc-footer"> <div class="nav" id="pnlSiteMap"> <div class="inner-sleeve"> <div class="rsc-logo"> <img alt="Royal Society of Chemistry homepage" src="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/web/o/k/l/rsc_logo_rev_rgb_961695.svg" /> </div> <div class="links"> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.rsc.org/">Home</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.rsc.org/about-us/">About us</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.rsc.org/membership-and-community/">Membership & professional community</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.rsc.org/campaigning-outreach/">Campaigning & outreach</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.rsc.org/journals-books-databases/">Journals, books & databases</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.rsc.org/news-events/">News & events</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.rsc.org/locations-contacts/">Locations & contacts</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.rsc.org/careers/">Careers</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.rsc.org/teaching-and-learning/">Teaching & learning</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.rsc.org/prizes-funding/">Awards & funding</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.rsc.org/advertise">Advertise</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.rsc.org/help-legal/">Help & legal</a></li> <li><a href="https://rsc.li/privacy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.rsc.org/help-legal/">Terms & conditions</a></li> </ul> </div> <hr class="clear"> </div> </div> <div class="baseline"> <div class="inner-sleeve"> <div class="social-icons"> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/RoyalSocietyofChemistry" class="facebook"><span>Facebook</span><img src="https://www.rsc-cdn.org/oxygen/v2/images/icons/facebook.png" height="32" width="32" alt=""></a> <a href="https://twitter.com/RoySocChem" class="twitter"><span>Twitter</span><img src="https://www.rsc-cdn.org/oxygen/v2/images/icons/twitter.png" height="32" width="32" alt="Twitter logo"></a> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/23105" class="linkedin"><span>LinkedIn</span><img src="https://www.rsc-cdn.org/oxygen/v2/images/icons/linkedin.png" height="32" width="32" alt="LinkedIn logo"></a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/wwwRSCorg" class="youtube"><span>Youtube</span><img src="https://www.rsc-cdn.org/oxygen/v2/images/icons/youtube.png" height="32" width="32" alt="YouTube logo"></a> </div> <div class="copyright"> © Royal Society of Chemistry <script type="text/javascript"> document.write(new Date().getFullYear()); </script> <br> Registered charity number: 207890 </div> </div> </div> <hr class="clear"> <div class="rsc-onetrust-cookie-footer"> <div id="rsc-onetrust-cookie-footer-non-br">This website collects cookies to deliver a better user experience. <span id="rsc-onetrust-cookie-footer-global"> See how this site uses <a href="/cookies">cookies</a>. </span> <span id="rsc-onetrust-cookie-footer-ca" style="display: none;"> <a href="/cookies">Do not sell my personal data</a>. </span> </div> <div id="rsc-onetrust-cookie-footer-br" style="display: none;"> Este site coleta cookies para oferecer uma melhor experiência ao usuário. <span> Veja como este site usa <a href="/cookies">cookies</a>. </span> </div> </div> </footer>  </div> </div> <p class="webvision">Site powered by <a href="https://www.abacusemedia.com/webvisioncloud">Webvision Cloud</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <script src="/Magazine/core.js?p=7605401671944776" defer></script>    <script> $(document).on("click", ".social-share", socialShare); function socialShare() { var shareTitle = $(this).closest(".videoPreview-details").length > 0 ? $(this).closest(".videoPreview-details").find("h2").find("a")[0].innerText : document.querySelector("meta[property='og:title']") ? document.querySelector("meta[property='og:title']").content : document.title; var shareDesc = $(this).closest(".videoPreview-details").length > 0 ? $(this).closest(".videoPreview-details").find(".intro")[0].innerText : document.querySelector("meta[name=description]") ? document.querySelector("meta[name=description]").content : ""; var shareUrl = $(this).closest(".videoPreview-details").length > 0 ? $(this).closest(".videoPreview-details").find("h2").find("a")[0].href : document.querySelector("link[rel=canonical]") ? document.querySelector("link[rel=canonical]").href : document.location.href; var medium = this.getAttribute("data-medium"); var source = this.getAttribute("data-source"); var utm = "?utm_campaign=share_btn&utm_medium=" + medium + "&utm_source=" + source; switch (source) { case "facebook": window.open( "https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=" + shareUrl + utm ); break; case "bluesky": window.open( "https://bsky.app/intent/compose?text=" + encodeURIComponent(shareTitle) + "%0A" + encodeURIComponent(shareUrl + utm) ); break; case "twitter": window.open( "https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=" + encodeURIComponent(shareTitle) + ":%20" + encodeURIComponent(shareUrl + utm) ); break; case "linkedin": window.open( "https://www.linkedin.com/sharing/share-offsite/?url=" + shareUrl + utm ); break; case "reddit": window.open( "http://www.reddit.com/r/chemistry/submit?title=" + encodeURIComponent(shareTitle) + "&text=" + encodeURIComponent(shareDesc) + "&url=" + encodeURIComponent(shareUrl + utm) ); break; case "whatsapp": window.open( "https://wa.me?text=" + encodeURIComponent(shareTitle) + "%0D%0A" + encodeURIComponent(shareUrl + utm) ); break; case "website": window.open( "mailto:?subject=" + encodeURIComponent(shareTitle) + "&body=" + shareDesc + "%0D%0A" + encodeURIComponent(shareUrl + utm) ); break; case "navigator": navigator.share({ title: shareTitle, text: shareDesc, url: shareUrl + utm }); }; } </script>   <script> function otShowCookieFooter() { var geo = OneTrust.getGeolocationData(); if (geo.state == "ca") { document.getElementById("rsc-onetrust-cookie-footer-global").style.display = "none"; document.getElementById("rsc-onetrust-cookie-footer-ca").style.display = "block"; } else if (geo.country == "br") { document.getElementById("rsc-onetrust-cookie-footer-non-br").style.display = "none"; document.getElementById("rsc-onetrust-cookie-footer-br").style.display = "block"; } } </script>  </body> </html>