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multiaxial</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: multiaxial"> <meta name="keywords" content="multiaxial"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler 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id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="multiaxial"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 15</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: multiaxial</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">15</span> Investigation of the Multiaxial Pedicle Screw Tulip Design Using Finite Element Analysis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Daqiqeh%20Rezaei">S. Daqiqeh Rezaei</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Mohajerzadeh"> S. Mohajerzadeh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20R.%20Sharifi"> M. R. Sharifi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Pedicle screws are used to stabilize vertebrae and treat several types of spinal diseases and injuries. Multiaxial pedicle screws are a type of pedicle screw that increase surgical versatility, but they also increase design complexity. Failure of multiaxial pedicle screws caused by static loading, dynamic loading and fatigue can lead to irreparable damage to the patient. Inappropriate deformation of the multiaxial pedicle screw tulip can cause system failure. Investigation of deformation and stress in these tulips can be employed to optimize multiaxial pedicle screw design. The sensitivity of this matter necessitates precise analyzing and modeling of pedicle screws. In this work, three commercial multiaxial pedicle screw tulips and a newly designed tulip are investigated using finite element analysis. Employing video measuring machine (VMM), tulips are modeled. Afterwards, utilizing ANSYS, static analysis is performed on these models. In the end, stresses and displacements of the models are compared. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pedicle%20screw" title="pedicle screw">pedicle screw</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multiaxial%20pedicle%20screw" title=" multiaxial pedicle screw"> multiaxial pedicle screw</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=finite%20element%20analysis" title=" finite element analysis"> finite element analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=static%20analysis" title=" static analysis"> static analysis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29320/investigation-of-the-multiaxial-pedicle-screw-tulip-design-using-finite-element-analysis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29320.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">368</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">14</span> The Multiaxial Load Proportionality Effect on the Fracture Surface Topography of Forged Magnesium Alloys</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Andrew%20Grygu%C4%87">Andrew Gryguć</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seyed%20Behzad%20Behravesh"> Seyed Behzad Behravesh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hamid%20Jahed"> Hamid Jahed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mary%20Wells"> Mary Wells</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wojciech%20Macek"> Wojciech Macek</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bruce%20Williams"> Bruce Williams</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This extended abstract investigates the influence of the multiaxial loading on the fatigue behavior of forged magnesium through quantitative analysis of its fracture surface topography and mesoscopic cracking orientation. Fatigue tests were performed on hollow tubular sample geometries extracted from closed-die forged AZ80 Mg components, with three different multiaxial strain paths (axial/shear), proportional, 45° out of phase, and 90° out of phase. Regardless of the strain path, fatigue cracks are initiated at the outer surface of the specimen where the combined stress state is largest. Depending on the salient mode of deformation, distinctive features in the fracture surface manifested themselves with different topographic amplitudes, surface roughness, and mesoscopic cracking orientation in the vicinity of the initiation site. The dominant crack propagation path was in the circumferential direction of the hollow tubular specimen (i.e., cracking transverse to the sample axis, with little to no branching), which is congruent with previous findings of low to moderate shear strain energy density (SED) multiaxial loading. For proportional loading, the initiation zone surface morphology was largely flat and striated, whereas, at phase angles of 45° and 90°, the initiation surface became more faceted and inclined. Overall, both a qualitative and quantitative link was developed between the fracture surface morphology and the level of non-proportionality in the loading providing useful insight into the fracture mechanics of forged magnesium as a relevant focus for future study. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fatigue" title="fatigue">fatigue</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fracture" title=" fracture"> fracture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=magnesium" title=" magnesium"> magnesium</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=forging" title=" forging"> forging</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fractography" title=" fractography"> fractography</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anisotropy" title=" anisotropy"> anisotropy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=strain%20energy%20density" title=" strain energy density"> strain energy density</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=asymmetry" title=" asymmetry"> asymmetry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multiaxial%20fatigue" title=" multiaxial fatigue"> multiaxial fatigue</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/162670/the-multiaxial-load-proportionality-effect-on-the-fracture-surface-topography-of-forged-magnesium-alloys" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/162670.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">82</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">13</span> Perfectly Matched Layer Boundary Stabilized Using Multiaxial Stretching Functions</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adriano%20Trono">Adriano Trono</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Federico%20Pinto"> Federico Pinto</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Diego%20Turello"> Diego Turello</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marcelo%20A.%20Ceballos"> Marcelo A. Ceballos</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Numerical modeling of dynamic soil-structure interaction problems requires an adequate representation of the unbounded characteristics of the ground, material non-linearity of soils, and geometrical non-linearities such as large displacements due to rocking of the structure. In order to account for these effects simultaneously, it is often required that the equations of motion are solved in the time domain. However, boundary conditions in conventional finite element codes generally present shortcomings in fully absorbing the energy of outgoing waves. In this sense, the Perfectly Matched Layers (PML) technique allows a satisfactory absorption of inclined body waves, as well as surface waves. However, the PML domain is inherently unstable, meaning that it its instability does not depend upon the discretization considered. One way to stabilize the PML domain is to use multiaxial stretching functions. This development is questionable because some Jacobian terms of the coordinate transformation are not accounted for. For this reason, the resulting absorbing layer element is often referred to as "uncorrected M-PML” in the literature. In this work, the strong formulation of the "corrected M-PML” absorbing layer is proposed using multiaxial stretching functions that incorporate all terms of the coordinate transformation. The results of the stable model are compared with reference solutions obtained from extended domain models. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mixed%20finite%20elements" title="mixed finite elements">mixed finite elements</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multiaxial%20stretching%20functions" title=" multiaxial stretching functions"> multiaxial stretching functions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=perfectly%20matched%20layer" title=" perfectly matched layer"> perfectly matched layer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soil-structure%20interaction" title=" soil-structure interaction"> soil-structure interaction</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/174073/perfectly-matched-layer-boundary-stabilized-using-multiaxial-stretching-functions" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/174073.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">70</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">12</span> Multiaxial Fatigue Analysis of a High Performance Nickel-Based Superalloy</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20Selva">P. Selva</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20Lorraina"> B. Lorraina</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20Alexis"> J. Alexis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Seror"> A. Seror</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Longuet"> A. Longuet</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C.%20Mary"> C. Mary</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F.%20Denard"> F. Denard</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Over the past four decades, the fatigue behavior of nickel-based alloys has been widely studied. However, in recent years, significant advances in the fabrication process leading to grain size reduction have been made in order to improve fatigue properties of aircraft turbine discs. Indeed, a change in particle size affects the initiation mode of fatigue cracks as well as the fatigue life of the material. The present study aims to investigate the fatigue behavior of a newly developed nickel-based superalloy under biaxial-planar loading. Low Cycle Fatigue (LCF) tests are performed at different stress ratios so as to study the influence of the multiaxial stress state on the fatigue life of the material. Full-field displacement and strain measurements as well as crack initiation detection are obtained using Digital Image Correlation (DIC) techniques. The aim of this presentation is first to provide an in-depth description of both the experimental set-up and protocol: the multiaxial testing machine, the specific design of the cruciform specimen and performances of the DIC code are introduced. Second, results for sixteen specimens related to different load ratios are presented. Crack detection, strain amplitude and number of cycles to crack initiation vs. triaxial stress ratio for each loading case are given. Third, from fractographic investigations by scanning electron microscopy it is found that the mechanism of fatigue crack initiation does not depend on the triaxial stress ratio and that most fatigue cracks initiate from subsurface carbides. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cruciform%20specimen" title="cruciform specimen">cruciform specimen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multiaxial%20fatigue" title=" multiaxial fatigue"> multiaxial fatigue</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nickel-based%20superalloy" title=" nickel-based superalloy"> nickel-based superalloy</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22039/multiaxial-fatigue-analysis-of-a-high-performance-nickel-based-superalloy" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22039.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">295</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">11</span> Fatigue Life Evaluation of Al6061/Al2O3 and Al6061/SiC Composites under Uniaxial and Multiaxial Loading Conditions</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C.%20E.%20Sutton">C. E. Sutton</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Varvani-Farahani"> A. Varvani-Farahani</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Fatigue damage and life prediction of particle metal matrix composites (PMMCs) under uniaxial and multiaxial loading conditions were investigated. Three PMM composite materials of Al6061/Al2O3/20p-T6, Al6061/Al2O3/22p-T6 and Al6061/SiC/17w-T6 tested under tensile, torsion, and combined tension-torsion fatigue cycling were evaluated with various fatigue damage models. The fatigue damage models of Smith-Watson-Topper (S. W. T.), Ellyin, Brown-Miller, Fatemi-Socie, and Varvani were compared for their capability to assess the fatigue damage of materials undergoing various loading conditions. Fatigue life predication results were then evaluated by implementing material-dependent coefficients that factored in the effects of the particle reinforcement in the earlier developed Varvani model. The critical plane-energy approach incorporated the critical plane as the plane of crack initiation and early stage of crack growth. The strain energy density was calculated on the critical plane incorporating stress and strain components acting on the plane. This approach successfully evaluated fatigue damage values versus fatigue lives within a narrower band for both uniaxial and multiaxial loading conditions as compared with other damage approaches studied in this paper. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fatigue%20damage" title="fatigue damage">fatigue damage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=life%20prediction" title=" life prediction"> life prediction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=critical%20plane%20approach" title=" critical plane approach"> critical plane approach</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy%20approach" title=" energy approach"> energy approach</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PMM%20composites" title=" PMM composites"> PMM composites</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18743/fatigue-life-evaluation-of-al6061al2o3-and-al6061sic-composites-under-uniaxial-and-multiaxial-loading-conditions" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18743.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">403</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10</span> Multiaxial Stress Based High Cycle Fatigue Model for Adhesive Joint Interfaces</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Martin%20Alexander%20Eder">Martin Alexander Eder</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sergei%20Semenov"> Sergei Semenov</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Many glass-epoxy composite structures, such as large utility wind turbine rotor blades (WTBs), comprise of adhesive joints with typically thick bond lines used to connect the different components during assembly. Performance optimization of rotor blades to increase power output by simultaneously maintaining high stiffness-to-low-mass ratios entails intricate geometries in conjunction with complex anisotropic material behavior. Consequently, adhesive joints in WTBs are subject to multiaxial stress states with significant stress gradients depending on the local joint geometry. Moreover, the dynamic aero-elastic interaction of the WTB with the airflow generates non-proportional, variable amplitude stress histories in the material. Empiricism shows that a prominent failure type in WTBs is high cycle fatigue failure of adhesive bond line interfaces, which in fact over time developed into a design driver as WTB sizes increase rapidly. Structural optimization employed at an early design stage, therefore, sets high demands on computationally efficient interface fatigue models capable of predicting the critical locations prone for interface failure. The numerical stress-based interface fatigue model presented in this work uses the Drucker-Prager criterion to compute three different damage indices corresponding to the two interface shear tractions and the outward normal traction. The two-parameter Drucker-Prager model was chosen because of its ability to consider shear strength enhancement under compression and shear strength reduction under tension. The governing interface damage index is taken as the maximum of the triple. The damage indices are computed through the well-known linear Palmgren-Miner rule after separate rain flow-counting of the equivalent shear stress history and the equivalent pure normal stress history. The equivalent stress signals are obtained by self-similar scaling of the Drucker-Prager surface whose shape is defined by the uniaxial tensile strength and the shear strength such that it intersects with the stress point at every time step. This approach implicitly assumes that the damage caused by the prevailing multiaxial stress state is the same as the damage caused by an amplified equivalent uniaxial stress state in the three interface directions. The model was implemented as Python plug-in for the commercially available finite element code Abaqus for its use with solid elements. The model was used to predict the interface damage of an adhesively bonded, tapered glass-epoxy composite cantilever I-beam tested by LM Wind Power under constant amplitude compression-compression tip load in the high cycle fatigue regime. Results show that the model was able to predict the location of debonding in the adhesive interface between the webfoot and the cap. Moreover, with a set of two different constant life diagrams namely in shear and tension, it was possible to predict both the fatigue lifetime and the failure mode of the sub-component with reasonable accuracy. It can be concluded that the fidelity, robustness and computational efficiency of the proposed model make it especially suitable for rapid fatigue damage screening of large 3D finite element models subject to complex dynamic load histories. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adhesive" title="adhesive">adhesive</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fatigue" title=" fatigue"> fatigue</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=interface" title=" interface"> interface</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multiaxial%20stress" title=" multiaxial stress"> multiaxial stress</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/100342/multiaxial-stress-based-high-cycle-fatigue-model-for-adhesive-joint-interfaces" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/100342.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">169</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9</span> Modeling of Anisotropic Hardening Based on Crystal Plasticity Theory and Virtual Experiments</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bekim%20Berisha">Bekim Berisha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sebastian%20Hirsiger"> Sebastian Hirsiger</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pavel%20Hora"> Pavel Hora</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Advanced material models involving several sets of model parameters require a big experimental effort. As models are getting more and more complex like e.g. the so called “Homogeneous Anisotropic Hardening - HAH” model for description of the yielding behavior in the 2D/3D stress space, the number and complexity of the required experiments are also increasing continuously. In the context of sheet metal forming, these requirements are even more pronounced, because of the anisotropic behavior or sheet materials. In addition, some of the experiments are very difficult to perform e.g. the plane stress biaxial compression test. Accordingly, tensile tests in at least three directions, biaxial tests and tension-compression or shear-reverse shear experiments are performed to determine the parameters of the macroscopic models. Therefore, determination of the macroscopic model parameters based on virtual experiments is a very promising strategy to overcome these difficulties. For this purpose, in the framework of multiscale material modeling, a dislocation density based crystal plasticity model in combination with a FFT-based spectral solver is applied to perform virtual experiments. Modeling of the plastic behavior of metals based on crystal plasticity theory is a well-established methodology. However, in general, the computation time is very high and therefore, the computations are restricted to simplified microstructures as well as simple polycrystal models. In this study, a dislocation density based crystal plasticity model – including an implementation of the backstress – is used in a spectral solver framework to generate virtual experiments for three deep drawing materials, DC05-steel, AA6111-T4 and AA4045 aluminum alloys. For this purpose, uniaxial as well as multiaxial loading cases, including various pre-strain histories, has been computed and validated with real experiments. These investigations showed that crystal plasticity modeling in the framework of Representative Volume Elements (RVEs) can be used to replace most of the expensive real experiments. Further, model parameters of advanced macroscopic models like the HAH model can be determined from virtual experiments, even for multiaxial deformation histories. It was also found that crystal plasticity modeling can be used to model anisotropic hardening more accurately by considering the backstress, similar to well-established macroscopic kinematic hardening models. It can be concluded that an efficient coupling of crystal plasticity models and the spectral solver leads to a significant reduction of the amount of real experiments needed to calibrate macroscopic models. This advantage leads also to a significant reduction of computational effort needed for the optimization of metal forming process. Further, due to the time efficient spectral solver used in the computation of the RVE models, detailed modeling of the microstructure are possible. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anisotropic%20hardening" title="anisotropic hardening">anisotropic hardening</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crystal%20plasticity" title=" crystal plasticity"> crystal plasticity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=micro%20structure" title=" micro structure"> micro structure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spectral%20solver" title=" spectral solver"> spectral solver</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/91272/modeling-of-anisotropic-hardening-based-on-crystal-plasticity-theory-and-virtual-experiments" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/91272.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">315</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8</span> Effect of Non-Crimp Fabric Structure on Mechanical Properties of Laminates</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hireni%20R.%20Mankodi">Hireni R. Mankodi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20J.%20Chudasama"> D. J. Chudasama</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The textile preforms play a key role in providing the mechanical properties and gives the idea about selection parameter of preforms to improve the quality and performance of laminates. The main objectives of this work are to study the effect of non-crimp fabric preform structure in final properties of laminates. It has been observed that the multi-axial preform give better mechanical properties of laminates as compared to woven and biaxial fabrics. This study investigated the effect of different non-crimp glass preform structure on tensile strength, bending and compression properties of glass laminates. The different woven, bi-axial and multi-axial fabrics with similar GSM used to manufacture the laminates using polyester resin. The structural and mechanical properties of preform and laminates were studied using standard methods. It has been observed that the glass fabric geometry, including type of weaves, warps and filling density and number of layer plays significant role in deciding mechanical properties of laminates. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=preform" title="preform">preform</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=non-crimp%20structure" title=" non-crimp structure"> non-crimp structure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=laminates" title=" laminates"> laminates</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bi-axial" title=" bi-axial"> bi-axial</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multiaxial" title=" multiaxial"> multiaxial</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/26770/effect-of-non-crimp-fabric-structure-on-mechanical-properties-of-laminates" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/26770.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">493</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7</span> Interaction Diagrams for Symmetrically Reinforced Concrete Square Sections Under 3 Dimensional Multiaxial Loading Conditions</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Androniki-Anna%20Doulgeroglou">Androniki-Anna Doulgeroglou</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Panagiotis%20Kotronis"> Panagiotis Kotronis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Giulio%20Sciarra"> Giulio Sciarra</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Catherine%20Bouillon"> Catherine Bouillon</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The interaction diagrams are functions that define ultimate states expressed in terms of generalized forces (axial force, bending moment and shear force). Two characteristic states for reinforced concrete (RC) sections are proposed: the first characteristic state corresponds to the yield of the reinforcement bars and the second to the peak values of the generalized forces generalized displacements curves. 3D numerical simulations are then conducted for RC columns and the global responses are compared to experimental results. Interaction diagrams for combined flexion, shear and axial force loading conditions are numerically produced for symmetrically RC square sections for different reinforcement ratios. Analytical expressions of the interaction diagrams are also proposed, satisfying the condition of convexity. Comparison with interaction diagrams from the Eurocode is finally presented for the study cases. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=analytical%20convex%20expressions" title="analytical convex expressions">analytical convex expressions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=finite%20element%20method" title=" finite element method"> finite element method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=interaction%20diagrams" title=" interaction diagrams"> interaction diagrams</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reinforced%20concrete" title=" reinforced concrete"> reinforced concrete</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/150050/interaction-diagrams-for-symmetrically-reinforced-concrete-square-sections-under-3-dimensional-multiaxial-loading-conditions" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/150050.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">147</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6</span> Modeling of Ductile Fracture Using Stress-Modified Critical Strain Criterion for Typical Pressure Vessel Steel</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Carlos%20Cuenca">Carlos Cuenca</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Diego%20Sarzosa"> Diego Sarzosa</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Ductile fracture occurs by the mechanism of void nucleation, void growth and coalescence. Potential sites for initiation are second phase particles or non-metallic inclusions. Modelling of ductile damage at the microscopic level is very difficult and complex task for engineers. Therefore, conservative predictions of ductile failure using simple models are necessary during the design and optimization of critical structures like pressure vessels and pipelines. Nowadays, it is well known that the initiation phase is strongly influenced by the stress triaxiality and plastic deformation at the microscopic level. Thus, a simple model used to study the ductile failure under multiaxial stress condition is the Stress Modified Critical Strain (SMCS) approach. Ductile rupture has been study for a structural steel under different stress triaxiality conditions using the SMCS method. Experimental tests are carried out to characterize the relation between stress triaxiality and equivalent plastic strain by notched round bars. After calibration of the plasticity and damage properties, predictions are made for low constraint bending specimens with and without side grooves. Stress/strain fields evolution are compared between the different geometries. Advantages and disadvantages of the SMCS methodology are discussed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=damage" title="damage">damage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SMSC" title=" SMSC"> SMSC</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SEB" title=" SEB"> SEB</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=steel" title=" steel"> steel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=failure" title=" failure"> failure</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/83255/modeling-of-ductile-fracture-using-stress-modified-critical-strain-criterion-for-typical-pressure-vessel-steel" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/83255.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">297</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5</span> Understanding Surface Failures in Thick Asphalt Pavement: A 3-D Finite Element Model Analysis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hana%20Gebremariam%20Liliso">Hana Gebremariam Liliso</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study investigates the factors contributing to the deterioration of thick asphalt pavements, such as rutting and cracking. We focus on the combined influence of traffic loads and pavement structure. This study uses a three-dimensional finite element model with a Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion to analyze the stress levels near the pavement's surface under realistic conditions. Our model considers various factors, including tire-pavement contact stresses, asphalt properties, moving loads, and dynamic analysis. This research suggests that cracking tends to occur between dual tires. Some key discoveries include the risk of cracking increases as temperatures rise; surface cracking at high temperatures is associated with distortional deformation; using a uniform contact stress distribution underestimates the risk of failure compared to realistic three-dimensional tire contact stress, particularly at high temperatures; the risk of failure is higher near the surface when there is a negative temperature gradient in the asphalt layer; and debonding beneath the surface layer leads to increased shear stress and premature failure around the interface. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=asphalt%20pavement" title="asphalt pavement">asphalt pavement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=surface%20failure" title=" surface failure"> surface failure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=3d%20finite%20element%20model" title=" 3d finite element model"> 3d finite element model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multiaxial%20stress%20states" title=" multiaxial stress states"> multiaxial stress states</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohr-Coulomb%20failure%20criterion" title=" Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion"> Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/182482/understanding-surface-failures-in-thick-asphalt-pavement-a-3-d-finite-element-model-analysis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/182482.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">59</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4</span> Breaking Stress Criterion that Changes Everything We Know About Materials Failure</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20Nour%20El%20Hajj">Ali Nour El Hajj</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: The perennial deficiencies of the failure models in the materials field have profoundly and significantly impacted all associated technical fields that depend on accurate failure predictions. Many preeminent and well-known scientists from an earlier era of groundbreaking discoveries attempted to solve the issue of material failure. However, a thorough understanding of material failure has been frustratingly elusive. Objective: The heart of this study is the presentation of a methodology that identifies a newly derived one-parameter criterion as the only general failure theory for noncompressible, homogeneous, and isotropic materials subjected to multiaxial states of stress and various boundary conditions, providing the solution to this longstanding problem. This theory is the counterpart and companion piece to the theory of elasticity and is in a formalism that is suitable for broad application. Methods: Utilizing advanced finite-element analysis, the maximum internal breaking stress corresponding to the maximum applied external force is identified as a unified and universal material failure criterion for determining the structural capacity of any system, regardless of its geometry or architecture. Results: A comparison between the proposed criterion and methodology against design codes reveals that current provisions may underestimate the structural capacity by 2.17 times or overestimate the capacity by 2.096 times. It also shows that existing standards may underestimate the structural capacity by 1.4 times or overestimate the capacity by 2.49 times. Conclusion: The proposed failure criterion and methodology will pave the way for a new era in designing unconventional structural systems composed of unconventional materials. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=failure%20criteria" title="failure criteria">failure criteria</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=strength%20theory" title=" strength theory"> strength theory</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=failure%20mechanics" title=" failure mechanics"> failure mechanics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=materials%20mechanics" title=" materials mechanics"> materials mechanics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rock%20mechanics" title=" rock mechanics"> rock mechanics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=concrete%20strength" title=" concrete strength"> concrete strength</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=finite-element%20analysis" title=" finite-element analysis"> finite-element analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mechanical%20engineering" title=" mechanical engineering"> mechanical engineering</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aeronautical%20engineering" title=" aeronautical engineering"> aeronautical engineering</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=civil%20engineering" title=" civil engineering"> civil engineering</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/167552/breaking-stress-criterion-that-changes-everything-we-know-about-materials-failure" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/167552.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">78</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3</span> Triplet Shear Tests on Retrofitted Brickwork Masonry Walls</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Berna%20Istegun">Berna Istegun</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Erkan%20Celebi"> Erkan Celebi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The main objective of this experimental study is to assess the shear strength and the crack behavior of the triplets built of perforated brickwork masonry elements. In order to observe the influence of shear resistance and energy dissipating before and after retrofitting applications by using the reinforcing system, static-cyclic shear tests were employed in the structural mechanics laboratory of Sakarya University. The reinforcing system is composed of hybrid multiaxial seismic fabric consisting of alkali resistant glass and polypropylene fibers. The plaster as bonding material used in the specimen’s retrofitting consists of expanded glass granular. In order to acquire exact measuring data about the failure behavior of the two mortar joints under shear stressing, vertical load-controlled cylinder having force capacity of 50 kN and loading rate of 1.5 mm/min. with an internal inductive displacement transducers is carried out perpendicular to the triplet specimens. In this study, a total of six triplet specimens with textile reinforcement were prepared for these shear bond tests. The three of them were produced as single-sided reinforced triplets with seismic fabric, while the others were strengthened on both sides. In addition, three triplet specimens without retrofitting and plaster were also tested as reference samples. The obtained test results were given in the manner of force-displacement relationships, ductility coefficients and shear strength parameters comparatively. It is concluded that two-side seismic textile applications on masonry elements with relevant plaster have considerably increased the sheer force resistance and the ductility capacity. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=expanded%20glass%20granular" title="expanded glass granular">expanded glass granular</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=perforated%20brickwork" title=" perforated brickwork"> perforated brickwork</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=retrofitting" title=" retrofitting"> retrofitting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=seismic%20fabric" title=" seismic fabric"> seismic fabric</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=triplet%20shear%20tests" title=" triplet shear tests"> triplet shear tests</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/75476/triplet-shear-tests-on-retrofitted-brickwork-masonry-walls" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/75476.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">205</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2</span> Component Test of Martensitic/Ferritic Steels and Nickel-Based Alloys and Their Welded Joints under Creep and Thermo-Mechanical Fatigue Loading</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Daniel%20Osorio">Daniel Osorio</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Andreas%20Klenk"> Andreas Klenk</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Stefan%20Weihe"> Stefan Weihe</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Andreas%20Kopp"> Andreas Kopp</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Frank%20R%C3%B6diger"> Frank Rödiger</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Future power plants currently face high design requirements due to worsening climate change and environmental restrictions, which demand high operational flexibility, superior thermal performance, minimal emissions, and higher cyclic capability. The aim of the paper is, therefore, to investigate the creep and thermo-mechanical material behavior of improved materials experimentally and welded joints at component scale under near-to-service operating conditions, which are promising for application in highly efficient and flexible future power plants. These materials promise an increase in flexibility and a reduction in manufacturing costs by providing enhanced creep strength and, therefore, the possibility for wall thickness reduction. At the temperature range between 550°C and 625°C, the investigation focuses on the in-phase thermo-mechanical fatigue behavior of dissimilar welded joints of conventional materials (ferritic and martensitic material T24 and T92) to nickel-based alloys (A617B and HR6W) by means of membrane test panels. The temperature and external load are varied in phase during the test, while the internal pressure remains constant. At the temperature range between 650°C and 750°C, it focuses on the creep behavior under multiaxial stress loading of similar and dissimilar welded joints of high temperature resistant nickel-based alloys (A740H, A617B, and HR6W) by means of a thick-walled-component test. In this case, the temperature, the external axial load, and the internal pressure remain constant during testing. Numerical simulations are used for the estimation of the axial component load in order to induce a meaningful damage evolution without causing a total component failure. Metallographic investigations after testing will provide support for understanding the damage mechanism and the influence of the thermo-mechanical load and multiaxiality on the microstructure change and on the creep and TMF- strength. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=creep" title="creep">creep</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=creep-fatigue" title=" creep-fatigue"> creep-fatigue</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=component%20behaviour" title=" component behaviour"> component behaviour</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=weld%20joints" title=" weld joints"> weld joints</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=high%20temperature%20material%20behaviour" title=" high temperature material behaviour"> high temperature material behaviour</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nickel-alloys" title=" nickel-alloys"> nickel-alloys</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=high%20temperature%20resistant%20steels" title=" high temperature resistant steels"> high temperature resistant steels</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/156827/component-test-of-martensiticferritic-steels-and-nickel-based-alloys-and-their-welded-joints-under-creep-and-thermo-mechanical-fatigue-loading" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/156827.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">119</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1</span> Multiaxial Fatigue in Thermal Elastohydrodynamic Lubricated Contacts with Asperities and Slip</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Carl-Magnus%20Everitt">Carl-Magnus Everitt</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bo%20Alfredsson"> Bo Alfredsson</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Contact mechanics and tribology have been combined with fundamental fatigue and fracture mechanics to form the asperity mechanism which supplies an explanation for the surface-initiated rolling contact fatigue damage, called pitting or spalling. The cracks causing the pits initiates at one surface point and thereafter they slowly grow into the material before chipping of a material piece to form the pit. In the current study, the lubrication aspects on fatigue initiation are simulated by passing a single asperity through a thermal elastohydrodynamic lubricated, TEHL, contact. The physics of the lubricant was described with Reynolds equation and the lubricants pressure-viscosity relation was modeled by Roelands equation, formulated to include temperature dependence. A pressure dependent shear limit was incorporated. To capture the full phenomena of the sliding contact the temperature field was resolved through the incorporation of the energy flow. The heat was mainly generated due to shearing of the lubricant and from dry friction where metal contact occurred. The heat was then transported, and conducted, away by the solids and the lubricant. The fatigue damage caused by the asperities was evaluated through Findley’s fatigue criterion. The results show that asperities, in the size of surface roughness found in applications, may cause surface initiated fatigue damage and crack initiation. The simulations also show that the asperities broke through the lubricant in the inlet, causing metal to metal contact with high friction. When the asperities thereafter moved through the contact, the sliding provided the asperities with lubricant releasing the metal contact. The release of metal contact was possible due to the high viscosity the lubricant obtained from the high pressure. The metal contact in the inlet caused higher friction which increased the risk of fatigue damage. Since the metal contact occurred in the inlet it increased the fatigue risk more for asperities subjected to negative slip than positive slip. Therefore the fatigue evaluations showed that the asperities subjected to negative slip yielded higher fatigue stresses than the asperities subjected to positive slip of equal magnitude. This is one explanation for why pitting is more common in the dedendum than the addendum on pinion gear teeth. The simulations produced further validation for the asperity mechanism by showing that asperities cause surface initiated fatigue and crack initiation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fatigue" title="fatigue">fatigue</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rolling" title=" rolling"> rolling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sliding" title=" sliding"> sliding</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermal%20elastohydrodynamic" title=" thermal elastohydrodynamic"> thermal elastohydrodynamic</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/101169/multiaxial-fatigue-in-thermal-elastohydrodynamic-lubricated-contacts-with-asperities-and-slip" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/101169.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">121</span> </span> </div> </div> </div> </main> <footer> <div id="infolinks" class="pt-3 pb-2"> <div class="container"> <div style="background-color:#f5f5f5;" class="p-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> About <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">About Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support#legal-information">Legal</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/WASET-16th-foundational-anniversary.pdf">WASET celebrates its 16th foundational anniversary</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Account <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile">My Account</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Explore <li><a href="https://waset.org/disciplines">Disciplines</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conferences">Conferences</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conference-programs">Conference Program</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/committees">Committees</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Publications</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Research <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts">Abstracts</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Periodicals</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/archive">Archive</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Open Science <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Philosophy.pdf">Open Science Philosophy</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Award.pdf">Open Science Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Society-Open-Science-and-Open-Innovation.pdf">Open Innovation</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Postdoctoral-Fellowship-Award.pdf">Postdoctoral Fellowship Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Scholarly-Research-Review.pdf">Scholarly Research Review</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Support <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">Support</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Contact Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Report Abuse</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container text-center"> <hr style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.3rem;"> <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank" class="text-muted small">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a> <div id="copy" class="mt-2">© 2024 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology</div> </div> </footer> <a href="javascript:" id="return-to-top"><i class="fas fa-arrow-up"></i></a> <div class="modal" id="modal-template"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="row m-0 mt-1"> <div class="col-md-12"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button> </div> </div> <div class="modal-body"></div> </div> </div> </div> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/jquery-3.3.1.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/js/site.js?v=150220211556"></script> <script> jQuery(document).ready(function() { /*jQuery.get("https://publications.waset.org/xhr/user-menu", function (response) { jQuery('#mainNavMenu').append(response); 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