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Chemochine - Wikipedia
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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collegamenti_esterni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Collegamenti esterni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Indice" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mostra/Nascondi l'indice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button 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Disponibile in 29 lingue" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 lingue</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%88%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%86" title="كيموكين - arabo" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كيموكين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemokinl%C9%99r" title="Hemokinlər - azerbaigiano" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hemokinlər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaigiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemokin" title="Hemokin - bosniaco" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Hemokin" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quimiocina" title="Quimiocina - catalano" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Quimiocina" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemokin" title="Chemokin - ceco" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Chemokin" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="ceco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemokin" title="Chemokin - tedesco" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Chemokin" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tedesco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemokine" title="Chemokine - inglese" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Chemokine" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quimiocina" title="Quimiocina - spagnolo" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Quimiocina" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemokiinid" title="Kemokiinid - estone" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kemokiinid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%88%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86" title="کموکین - persiano" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کموکین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimiokine" title="Chimiokine - francese" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chimiokine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quimiocinas" title="Quimiocinas - galiziano" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Quimiocinas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%9F" title="כימוקין - ebraico" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כימוקין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemokin" title="Kemokin - indonesiano" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kemokin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B1%E3%83%A2%E3%82%AB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3" title="ケモカイン - giapponese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ケモカイン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="giapponese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BC%80%EB%AA%A8%EC%B9%B4%EC%9D%B8" title="케모카인 - coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="케모카인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemokin" title="Kemokin - malese" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kemokin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemokine" title="Chemokine - olandese" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Chemokine" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="olandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemokiny" title="Chemokiny - polacco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Chemokiny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quimiocina" title="Quimiocina - portoghese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Quimiocina" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portoghese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="voce consigliata"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Хемокины - russo" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хемокины" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemokin" title="Hemokin - serbo-croato" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hemokin" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croato" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemokin" title="Kemokin - sloveno" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kemokin" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="sloveno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemokini" title="Hemokini - serbo" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Hemokini" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemokiner" title="Kemokiner - svedese" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kemokiner" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svedese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Хемокін - ucraino" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хемокін" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemokinlar" title="Hemokinlar - uzbeco" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Hemokinlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbeco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B6%8B%E5%8C%96%E5%9B%A0%E5%AD%90" title="趋化因子 - cinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="趋化因子" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="cinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B6%A8%E5%90%91%E7%B4%A0" title="趨向素 - cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="趨向素" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q421866#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifica collegamenti interlinguistici" class="wbc-editpage">Modifica collegamenti</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespace"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Chemochine" title="Vedi la voce [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Voce</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon 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</div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Strumenti pagine"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aspetto"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aspetto</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">sposta nella barra laterale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">nascondi</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Da Wikipedia, l'enciclopedia libera.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="it" dir="ltr"><p>Le <b>chemochine</b> sono un grande gruppo di <a href="/wiki/Proteina" class="mw-redirect" title="Proteina">proteine</a> a basso <a href="/wiki/Massa_molecolare" title="Massa molecolare">peso molecolare</a> della famiglia delle <a href="/wiki/Citochine" class="mw-redirect" title="Citochine">citochine</a> caratterizzate da una buona omologia di struttura. La loro funzione principale consiste nell'attivazione e nel reclutamento (<a href="/wiki/Chemiotassi" title="Chemiotassi">chemiotassi</a>) dei <a href="/wiki/Leucociti" class="mw-redirect" title="Leucociti">leucociti</a> nei siti di <a href="/wiki/Flogosi" class="mw-redirect" title="Flogosi">flogosi</a> anche se alcune di esse svolgono e vengono prodotte in assenza di infiammazione o infezione per regolare il traffico dei leucociti nell'organismo. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Struttura">Struttura</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemochine&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la sezione Struttura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemochine&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Struttura"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Le chemochine sono proteine a basso peso molecolare (8-12 kD) tutte strutturalmente omologhe e provviste di uno o due ponti disolfuro, possono essere monomeri, dimeri o oligomeri. Se ne conoscono all'incirca 50 e vengono di norma divise in quattro classi in base al numero e alla posizione dei residui di <a href="/wiki/Cisteina" title="Cisteina">cisteina</a> collocati nella regione N-terminale, responsabili della formazione dei <a href="/wiki/Ponti_disolfuro" class="mw-redirect" title="Ponti disolfuro">ponti disolfuro</a>. Le quattro famiglie sono le chemochine CC, che possiedono i residui di cisteina adiacenti l'uno all'altro, la famiglia CXC, in cui sono separati da un amminoacido qualsiasi, la famiglia C, che possiede un solo residuo di cisteina e la famiglia CX<sub>3</sub>C, dove i due residui sono separati da tre amminoacidi qualsiasi. La maggior parte delle chemochine conosciute forma la famiglia CC e la famiglia CXC, la famiglia C ha pochi rappresentanti e della famiglia CX<sub>3</sub>C è nota solo la fractalchina. Le cellule che secernono chemochine, principalmente <a href="/wiki/Fibroblasti" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibroblasti">fibroblasti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cellule_endoteliali" class="mw-redirect" title="Cellule endoteliali">cellule endoteliali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cellule_epiteliali" class="mw-redirect" title="Cellule epiteliali">cellule epiteliali</a> e <a href="/wiki/Leucociti" class="mw-redirect" title="Leucociti">leucociti</a> lo fanno in particolare in seguito ad attivazione dei <a href="/wiki/Toll-like_receptor" title="Toll-like receptor">TLR</a> e all'attivazione di fattori di trascrizione come <a href="/wiki/NF-%CE%BAB" title="NF-κB">NF-κB</a> o AP-1 in seguito ad <a href="/wiki/Infezione" title="Infezione">infezione</a> o <a href="/wiki/Infiammazione" title="Infiammazione">infiammazione</a>, alcune chemochine però sono prodotte costitutivamente. Alcune chemochine legano eparan-solfato presente all'interno del <a href="/wiki/Glicocalice" title="Glicocalice">glicocalice</a> di alcune cellule, come quelle endoteliali, in questo modo è più facile per i leucociti circolanti venire a contatto con loro durante il rotolamento e l'<a href="/wiki/Extravasazione_leucocitaria" title="Extravasazione leucocitaria">extravasazione leucocitaria</a>. </p><p>I recettori per le chemochine fanno parte della famiglia dei <a href="/wiki/Recettori_accoppiati_a_proteine_G" title="Recettori accoppiati a proteine G">GPCR</a> (<i>G-Protein Coupled Receptors</i>), strutturalmente sono perciò formati da una regione extracellulare che lega la chemochina, da sette α-eliche transmembrana e associati ad una proteina G sul versante citoplasmatico. Il legame della chemochina attiva il recettore ma al contempo ne diminuisce l'espressione sulla superficie cellulare. Sinora si conoscono 10 recettori CCR che legano le chemochine CC, 7 recettori CXCR che legano le chemochine CXC, 2 recettori XCL che legano le chemochine C e un solo recettore CX<sub>3</sub>CR che lega le chemochine CX<sub>3</sub>R. Di alcune chemochine, però, non si conosce il recettore corrispondente. I recettori per le chemochine sono presenti su tutti i leucociti, le cellule che ne sono più ricche sono i linfociti T. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tipologia">Tipologia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemochine&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la sezione Tipologia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemochine&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Tipologia"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Chemochina</th> <th>Nome alternativo</th> <th>Recettore</th> <th>Funzioni </th></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>Chemochine CC</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>CCL1</td> <td>I-309, TCA-3</td> <td>CCR8</td> <td>Reclutamento di monociti e migrazione di cellule endoteliali </td></tr> <tr> <td>CCL2</td> <td>MCP-1</td> <td>CCR2</td> <td>Reclutamento di diversi tipi di leucociti </td></tr> <tr> <td>CCL3</td> <td>MIP-1α</td> <td>CCR1, <a href="/wiki/CCR5" title="CCR5">CCR5</a></td> <td>Reclutamento di diversi tipi di leucociti </td></tr> <tr> <td>CCL4</td> <td>MIP-1β</td> <td>CCR5</td> <td>Reclutamento di linfociti T, cellule dendritiche, monociti, cellule NK, corecettore per HIV </td></tr> <tr> <td>CCL5</td> <td>RANTES</td> <td>CCR1, CCR3, CCR5</td> <td>Reclutamento di diversi tipi di leucociti </td></tr> <tr> <td>CCL6</td> <td>C10, MRP2</td> <td>CCR1</td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>CCL7</td> <td>MCP-3, MARC</td> <td>CCR1, CCR2, CCR3</td> <td>Reclutamento di diversi tipi di leucociti </td></tr> <tr> <td>CCL8</td> <td>MCP-2</td> <td>CCR3, CCR5</td> <td>Reclutamento di diversi tipi di leucociti </td></tr> <tr> <td>CCL9/CCL10</td> <td>MRP-2, CCF18</td> <td>CCR1</td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>CCL11</td> <td>Eotassina</td> <td>CCR3</td> <td>Reclutamento di eosinofili, basofili e linfociti TH2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>CCL12</td> <td>MCP-5</td> <td>CCR2</td> <td>Reclutamento di diversi tipi di leucociti </td></tr> <tr> <td>CCL13</td> <td>MCP-4, NCC-1, Ckβ10</td> <td>CCR2, CCR3</td> <td>Reclutamento di diversi tipi di leucociti </td></tr> <tr> <td>CCL14</td> <td>HCC-1, MCIF, Ckβ1, NCC-2, CCL</td> <td>CCR1, CCR5</td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>CCL15</td> <td>MIP-1δ, Leucotactina-1, HCC-2, NCC-3</td> <td>CCR1, CCR3</td> <td>Reclutamento di diversi tipi di leucociti </td></tr> <tr> <td>CCL16</td> <td>HCC-4, NCC-4, LMC, Ckβ12</td> <td>CCR1, CCR2</td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>CCL17</td> <td>TARC, Dendrochina, ABCD-2</td> <td>CCR4</td> <td>Reclutamento di linfociti T e basofili </td></tr> <tr> <td>CCL18</td> <td>DC-CK1, PARC, AMAC-1, Ckβ7, MIP-4</td> <td>?</td> <td>Homing dei linfociti e delle cellule dendritiche </td></tr> <tr> <td>CCL19</td> <td>MIP-3β/ELC, Exodus-3, Ckβ11</td> <td>CCR7</td> <td>Migrazione di linfociti T e di cellule dendritiche nei linfonodi </td></tr> <tr> <td>CCL20</td> <td>MIP-3α, Exodus-1, Ckβ4</td> <td>CCR6</td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>CCL21</td> <td>SLC, 6Ckine, Exodus-2, Ckβ9, TCA-4</td> <td>CCR7</td> <td>Migrazione di linfociti T e di cellule dendritiche nei linfonodi </td></tr> <tr> <td>CCL22</td> <td>MDC, DC/β-CK</td> <td>CCR4</td> <td>Reclutamento di linfociti T e basofili </td></tr> <tr> <td>CCL23</td> <td>MPIF-1, Ckβ8, MIP-3</td> <td>CCR1</td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>CCL24</td> <td>Eotassina-2, MPIF-2, Ckβ6</td> <td>CCR3</td> <td>Reclutamento di eosinofili, basofili e linfociti T<sub>H</sub>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>CCL25</td> <td>TECK, Ckβ15</td> <td>CCR9</td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>CCL26</td> <td>Eotassina-3, MIP-4α, IMAC, TSC-1</td> <td>CCR3</td> <td>Reclutamento di eosinofili, basofili e linfociti T<sub>H</sub>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>CCL27</td> <td>CTACK, ILC, Eschina, Skinchina, PESKY</td> <td>CCR10</td> <td>Migrazione nel derma </td></tr> <tr> <td>CCL28</td> <td>MEC</td> <td>CCR10</td> <td>Migrazione nel derma </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>Chemochine CXC</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>CXCL1</td> <td>GROα, GRO1, NAP-3, KC</td> <td>CXCR2</td> <td>Reclutamento di neutrofili </td></tr> <tr> <td>CXCL2</td> <td>GROβ, GRO2, MIP-2α</td> <td>CXCR2</td> <td>Reclutamento di neutrofili </td></tr> <tr> <td>CXCL3</td> <td>GROγ, GRO3, MIP-2β</td> <td>CXCR2</td> <td>Reclutamento di neutrofili </td></tr> <tr> <td>CXCL4</td> <td>PF4</td> <td>CXCR3B</td> <td>Aggregazione piastrinica </td></tr> <tr> <td>CXCL5</td> <td>ENA-78</td> <td>CXCR2</td> <td>Reclutamento di neutrofili </td></tr> <tr> <td>CXCL6</td> <td>GCP-2</td> <td>CXCR1, CXCR2</td> <td>Reclutamento di neutrofili </td></tr> <tr> <td>CXCL7</td> <td>NAP-2, CTAPIII, β-Ta, PEP</td> <td>CXCR2</td> <td>Reclutamento di neutrofili </td></tr> <tr> <td>CXCL8</td> <td>IL-8, NAP-1, MDNCF, GCP-1</td> <td>CXCR1, CXCR2</td> <td>Reclutamento di neutrofili </td></tr> <tr> <td>CXCL9</td> <td>MIG, CRG-10</td> <td>CXCR3</td> <td>Reclutamento di linfociti T effettori </td></tr> <tr> <td>CXCL10</td> <td>IP-10, CRG-2</td> <td>CXCR3, CXCR3B</td> <td>Reclutamento di linfociti T effettori </td></tr> <tr> <td>CXCL11</td> <td>I-TAC, β-R1, IP-9</td> <td>CXCR3, CXCR7</td> <td>Reclutamento di linfociti T effettori </td></tr> <tr> <td>CXCL12</td> <td>SDF-1α/β, PBSF</td> <td>CXCR4, CXCR7</td> <td>Reclutamento di diversi tipi di leucociti, corecettore per HIV </td></tr> <tr> <td>CXCL13</td> <td>BCA-1, BLC</td> <td>CXCR5</td> <td>Migrazione dei linfociti B nei follicoli </td></tr> <tr> <td>CXCL14</td> <td>BRAK, Bolechina</td> <td>-</td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>CXCL15</td> <td>WECHE, Lungchina</td> <td>-</td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>CXCL16</td> <td>SRPSOX</td> <td>CXCR6, CXCR5</td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>CXCL17</td> <td>DMC, VCC-1</td> <td>-</td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>Chemochine C</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>XCL1</td> <td>Linfotactina-α, SCM-1α, ATAC</td> <td>XCR-1</td> <td>Reclutamento di linfociti T e cellule NK </td></tr> <tr> <td>XCL2</td> <td>Linfotactina-β, SCM-1β</td> <td>XCR-1</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>Chemochine CX<sub>3</sub>C</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>CX<sub>3</sub>CL1</td> <td>Fractalchina, Neurotactina, ABCD-3</td> <td>CX3CR1</td> <td>Reclutamento di linfociti T, cellule NK e macrofagi, attivazione delle cellule NK e dei CTL </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Funzioni">Funzioni</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemochine&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la sezione Funzioni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemochine&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Funzioni"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chemokine_function.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Chemokine_function.svg/400px-Chemokine_function.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Chemokine_function.svg/600px-Chemokine_function.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Chemokine_function.svg/800px-Chemokine_function.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="920" data-file-height="615" /></a><figcaption>Esempio di come l'azione delle chemochine permetta un cambio di affinità nelle integrine, causando il rallentamento dei leucociti</figcaption></figure> <p>In caso di infiammazione o di infezione le chemochine esposte sul <a href="/wiki/Glicocalice" title="Glicocalice">glicocalice</a> delle <a href="/wiki/Cellule_endoteliali" class="mw-redirect" title="Cellule endoteliali">cellule endoteliali</a> aumentano l'affinità delle integrine espresse sulla membrana plasmatica di alcuni leucociti come i <a href="/wiki/Granulociti_neutrofili" class="mw-redirect" title="Granulociti neutrofili">granulociti neutrofili</a> o i <a href="/wiki/Linfociti" class="mw-redirect" title="Linfociti">linfociti</a> che ne vengono a contatto rotolando a contatto con la superficie luminale delle cellule endoteliali. L'espressione di queste chemochine è spesso causata dall'azione di <a href="/wiki/Fattore_di_necrosi_tumorale" title="Fattore di necrosi tumorale">TNF</a> e <a href="/wiki/IL-1" class="mw-redirect" title="IL-1">IL-1</a>, due citochine comunemente secrete dai <a href="/wiki/Macrofagi" class="mw-redirect" title="Macrofagi">macrofagi</a> e dei <a href="/wiki/Linfociti_NK" class="mw-redirect" title="Linfociti NK">linfociti NK</a>. L'aumento dell'affinità delle integrine rallenta il rotolamento dei leucociti che in questo modo aderiscono all'endotelio e possono iniziare il processo di <a href="/wiki/Extravasazione_leucocitaria" title="Extravasazione leucocitaria">extravasazione leucocitaria</a> mediante il quale lo oltrepassano per poi migrare nel sito di infezione o flogosi in base alla concentrazione delle chemochine che legano i loro recettori. </p><p>Ciascun recettore delle chemochine può legare di norma differenti tipi di chemochine che possono avere funzioni diverse o sovrapponibili per cui la specificità della risposta dipende più dall'assortimento dei recettori sulla superficie del leucocita che non dalla singola chemochina. Questo è anche un modo per indirizzare i leucociti ai tessuti corretti. Ad esempio la cute infiammata produce CCL17 e CCL27 e le cellule effettrici T dirette in quella direzione esporranno CCR4 e CCR10. Ancora, nell'intestino viene prodotta prevalentemente CCL25 che legherà con CCR9 espresso sui linfociti diretti lì. </p><p>In condizioni normali le chemochine regolano il traffico dei leucociti negli organi linfoidi e verso tessuti non-linfoidi sempre in base alla loro concentrazione. Questo principio è alla base della segregazione di alcune popolazioni linfocitarie in determinate porzioni dell'organo linfoide ed è fondamentale per la maturazione linfocitaria. Nei linfonodi, infatti, vengono prodotte le chemochine CCL19 e CCL21 che riconoscono il recettore CCR7 espresso nei linfociti T che non hanno ancora incontrato l'antigene e nelle cellule dendritiche (DC) che, invece, lo hanno appena catturato. Questo permette alle DC e ai linfociti T di incontrarsi nel linfonodo per dare inizio all'attivazione linfocitaria. </p><p>Le chemochine sono coinvolte anche nell'<a href="/wiki/Angiogenesi" title="Angiogenesi">angiogenesi</a> sia come pro-angiogenetici che come inibitori dell'angiogenesi; in questo processo sono coinvolte in particolare le chemochine CXC. Altre chemochine, come CXCR4, sono importanti nell'<a href="/wiki/Embriogenesi" class="mw-redirect" title="Embriogenesi">embriogenesi</a> per la migrazione di alcune cellule dei foglietti embrionali che portano alla formazione di cuore e cervelletto. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemochine&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifica la sezione Bibliografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemochine&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Bibliografia"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Abbas, Lichtman, Pillai; <i>Immunologia cellulare e molecolare</i>, 7ª edizione 2012, ELSEVIER</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voci_correlate">Voci correlate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemochine&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifica la sezione Voci correlate" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemochine&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Voci correlate"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citochine" class="mw-redirect" title="Citochine">Citochine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diapedesi" class="mw-redirect" title="Diapedesi">Diapedesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extravasazione_leucocitaria" title="Extravasazione leucocitaria">Extravasazione leucocitaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infiammazione" title="Infiammazione">Infiammazione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leucociti" class="mw-redirect" title="Leucociti">Leucociti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linfocita" title="Linfocita">Linfocita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrofago" title="Macrofago">Macrofago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistema_immunitario" title="Sistema immunitario">Sistema immunitario</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collegamenti_esterni">Collegamenti esterni</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemochine&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifica la sezione Collegamenti esterni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemochine&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Collegamenti esterni"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/chemochina/">Chemochina</a>, su Treccani.it <i>– Enciclopedie on line,</i> <a href="/wiki/Istituto_dell%27Enciclopedia_Italiana" title="Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana">Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana</a>, 15 marzo 2011.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biopills.net/citochine-chemochine-e-mediatori-lipidici/">Citochine, chemochine e mediatori lipidici</a>, su Biopills.net</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFTreccani.it" class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/chemochina"><span style="font-style:italic;">chemochina</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">Treccani.it – Enciclopedie on line</span>, <a href="/wiki/Istituto_dell%27Enciclopedia_Italiana" title="Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana">Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana</a>.</cite> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q421866#P3365" title="Modifica su Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica su Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBritannica.com" class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; 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