Mills' Error Seeding Model - Software Engineering

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<span>Share</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="article--viewer_report tooltip"> <div class="three_dot_dropdown_div three_dot_dropdown_reportarticle"> <div class="three_dot_dropdown_inner_div" data-gfg-action="report-article" onclick="report_article();"> <i class="gfg-icon gfg-icon_report"></i> <span>Report</span> </div> </div>  </div> <div class="article--viewer_Gnews tooltip"> <a class="three_dot_dropdown_inner_div Gnews_wrapper" href ='https://news.google.com/publications/CAAqBwgKMLTrzwsw44bnAw?hl=en-IN&gl=IN&ceid=IN%3Aen' target="_blank"> <img class="gfg-icon_Gnews no-zoom-in-cursor" src=https://media.geeksforgeeks.org/auth-dashboard-uploads/Google-news.svg loading="lazy" alt="News"></img> <span class='kebab_menu_news_text'>Follow</span> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="text"> <p dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify"><b><strong>Mills’error seeding model</strong></b><span> proposed an error seeding method to estimate the number of errors in a program by introducing seeded errors into the program. From the debugging data, which consists of inherent errors and induced errors, the unknown number of inherent errors could be estimated. If both inherent errors and induced errors are equally likely to be detected, then the probability of k induced errors in r removed errors follows a hypergeometric distribution which is given by</span><p class="ql-center-displayed-equation" style="line-height: 77px;"><span class="ql-right-eqno">   </span><span class="ql-left-eqno">   </span><img src="https://quicklatex.com/cache3/f5/ql_ad6512eb93034fd6b36654f1676531f5_l3.png" height="77" width="473" class="ql-img-displayed-equation quicklatex-auto-format" alt="$$ P(k;N, n_1, r)=\frac{\binom{n_1}{k}\binom{N}{r-k}}{\binom{N+n_1}{r}}, \; k=1, 2, ...., r$$     " title="Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com"/></p><span>where N = total number of inherent errors n1 = total number of induced errors r = total number of errors removed during debugging k = total number of induced errors in r removed errors r – k = total number of inherent errors in r removed errors Since n1, r, and k are known, the MLE of N can be shown to be</span><p class="ql-center-displayed-equation" style="line-height: 32px;"><span class="ql-right-eqno">   </span><span class="ql-left-eqno">   </span><img src="https://quicklatex.com/cache3/7d/ql_2fe637c960043f2e75664e4b9b53607d_l3.png" height="32" width="149" class="ql-img-displayed-equation quicklatex-auto-format" alt="$$\hat{N} = [N_0]+1$$     " title="Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com"/></p><div id="GFG_AD_gfg_mobile_336x280" style="margin: 5px 0;"></div><span>where </span><p class="ql-center-displayed-equation" style="line-height: 56px;"><span class="ql-right-eqno">   </span><span class="ql-left-eqno">   </span><img src="https://quicklatex.com/cache3/67/ql_bacd56975df718406a78be90011b6967_l3.png" height="56" width="223" class="ql-img-displayed-equation quicklatex-auto-format" alt="$$N_0=\frac{n_1(r-k)}{k}-1$$     " title="Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com"/></p><span>If </span><img src="https://quicklatex.com/cache3/e4/ql_65eb0bd02736e2168cf60537ae9525e4_l3.png" class="ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format" alt="$N_0$     " title="Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com" height="22" width="30" style="vertical-align: 29px;"/><span>is an integer, then </span><img src="https://quicklatex.com/cache3/e4/ql_65eb0bd02736e2168cf60537ae9525e4_l3.png" class="ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format" alt="$N_0$     " title="Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com" height="22" width="30" style="vertical-align: 29px;"/><span>and </span><img src="https://quicklatex.com/cache3/38/ql_7d6928e3258e8013a424067e961b5338_l3.png" class="ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format" alt="$N_0 + I$     " title="Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com" height="22" width="77" style="vertical-align: 29px;"/><span>are both the MLEs of N. </span></p> <p dir="ltr"><b><strong>Drawbacks:</strong></b></p> <ol><li value="1"><span>It is expensive to conduct testing of the software and at the same time, it increases the testing effort.</span></li><li value="2"><span>This method was also criticized for its inability to determine the type, location, and difficulty level of the induced errors such that they would be detected equally likely as the inherent errors.</span></li></ol><p dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify"><span>Another realistic method for estimating the residual errors in a program is based on two independent groups of programmers testing the program for errors using independent sets of test cases. Suppose that out of a total number of N initial errors, the first programmer detects n1 errors (and does not remove them at all) and the second independently detects r errors from the same program. Assume that k common errors are found by both programmers. If all errors have an equal chance of being detected, then the fraction detected by the first programmer (k) of a randomly selected subset of errors (e.g., r) should equal the fraction that the first programmer detects (n1) of the total number of initial errors N. In other words, </span><p class="ql-center-displayed-equation" style="line-height: 54px;"><span class="ql-right-eqno">   </span><span class="ql-left-eqno">   </span><img src="https://quicklatex.com/cache3/fb/ql_e49d7c2130465b91c5c545a04dfa34fb_l3.png" height="54" width="84" class="ql-img-displayed-equation quicklatex-auto-format" alt="$$\frac{k}{r}=\frac{n_1}{N}$$     " title="Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com"/></p><span>so that an estimate of the total number of initial errors, N, is </span><p class="ql-center-displayed-equation" style="line-height: 48px;"><span class="ql-right-eqno">   </span><span class="ql-left-eqno">   </span><img src="https://quicklatex.com/cache3/a9/ql_b369df0a6461bd48cb60cebcec7ad3a9_l3.png" height="48" width="101" class="ql-img-displayed-equation quicklatex-auto-format" alt="$$\hat{N}=\frac{n_1r}{k}$$     " title="Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com"/></p><span>The probability of exactly N initial errors with k common errors in r detected errors by the second programmer can be obtained using a hypergeometric distribution as follows: </span><p class="ql-center-displayed-equation" style="line-height: 77px;"><span class="ql-right-eqno">   </span><span class="ql-left-eqno">   </span><img src="https://quicklatex.com/cache3/c8/ql_9bea478a90b18e0c3438a30b48929dc8_l3.png" height="77" width="314" class="ql-img-displayed-equation quicklatex-auto-format" alt="$$ P(k;N, n_1, r)=\frac{\binom{n_1}{k}\binom{N-m}{r-k}}{\binom{N}{r}} $$     " title="Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com"/></p><div id="_GFG_ABP_Incontent_728x90" style="text-align:center;"></div><span>and the MLE of N is </span><p class="ql-center-displayed-equation" style="line-height: 48px;"><span class="ql-right-eqno">   </span><span class="ql-left-eqno">   </span><img src="https://quicklatex.com/cache3/a9/ql_b369df0a6461bd48cb60cebcec7ad3a9_l3.png" height="48" width="101" class="ql-img-displayed-equation quicklatex-auto-format" alt="$$\hat{N}=\frac{n_1r}{k}$$     " title="Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com"/></p><span>which is the same as the above.</span></p> <p dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify"><span>The Mills’ Error Seeding Model, also known as the Mills’ Model, is a software testing technique that was developed by E.K. Mills in the early 1980s. The model is based on the idea that faults, or errors, are intentionally introduced into the software code in order to test the effectiveness of the software’s testing process.</span></p> <h2><span>Mills’ Error Seeding Model consists of the following steps:</span></h2><ol><li value="1"><b><strong>Introduce Errors: </strong></b><span>Errors are intentionally introduced into the software code, in a controlled and systematic manner.</span></li><li value="2"><b><strong>Conduct Testing: </strong></b><span>The software is then tested to see if the introduced errors are detected.</span></li><li value="3"><b><strong>Measure Results:</strong></b><span> The results of the testing process are measured and analyzed to determine the effectiveness of the software testing process.</span></li><li value="4"><b><strong>Improve Testing Process:</strong></b><span> Based on the results of the testing process, the testing process can be improved to increase its effectiveness in detecting errors.</span></li><li value="5"><span>The Mills’ Error Seeding Model is useful for improving the software testing process and for evaluating the effectiveness of the testing process. It can help to identify weaknesses in the testing process and to make improvements that will result in a more effective and efficient testing process.</span></li></ol><h2><span>Objectives of Mills’ Error Seeding Model</span></h2><ol><li value="1"><span>Defect Prediction: Using the known error seeds, estimate the total number of flaws or faults in a software system.</span></li><li value="2"><span>Software Quality Assessment: Test the software’s quality by purposefully inserting known flaws into the code and gauging how well defect detection techniques work.</span></li><li value="3"><span>Metric Establishment: By measuring the frequency of faults in the code, establish metrics for evaluating the software’s robustness and dependability.</span></li><li value="4"><span>Process Improvement: Lead efforts towards continuous improvement by offering insights into the efficacy and efficiency of the software development and testing processes.</span></li><li value="5"><span>Cost Estimation: Extrapolate from the found error seeds to estimate the possible expenses related to repairing software flaws.</span></li><li value="6"><span>Benchmarking: Establishing a benchmark will help in the selection of best practices for upcoming projects by allowing comparisons between various software development and testing methods.</span></li><li value="7"><span>Improved Debugging: By concentrating on particular error-prone regions, you can facilitate more effective debugging methods that result in faster issue discovery and resolution.</span></li></ol><h2><span>Advantages of Mills’ Error Seeding Model</span></h2><ol><li value="1"><b><strong>Improved Testing Process: </strong></b><span>The Mills’ Error Seeding Model helps to improve the software testing process by intentionally introducing errors into the code and evaluating the effectiveness of the testing process in detecting those errors.</span></li><li value="2"><b><strong>Increased Confidence in Software Quality: </strong></b><span>By detecting and correcting errors in the software, the Mills’ Error Seeding Model can increase confidence in the software’s quality and reliability.</span></li><li value="3"><b><strong>Improved Efficiency: </strong></b><span>By identifying weaknesses in the testing process and making improvements, the Mills’ Error Seeding Model can lead to a more efficient and effective testing process.</span></li><li value="4"><b><strong>Early Detection of Errors: </strong></b><span>The Mills’ Error Seeding Model allows for early detection of errors in the software development process, reducing the likelihood that these errors will be discovered by users or customers after release.</span></li><li value="5"><b><strong>Objective Evaluation: </strong></b><span>The model provides an objective evaluation of the testing process, allowing for the identification of specific areas that need improvement.</span></li><li value="6"><b><strong>Cost-effective: </strong></b><span>The Mills’ Error Seeding Model can be a cost-effective way to improve the testing process, as it allows for the identification of potential issues early in the development process, which can prevent more expensive fixes later on.</span></li><li value="7"><b><strong>Increased Customer Satisfaction:</strong></b><span> By improving software quality and reliability, the Mills’ Error Seeding Model can increase customer satisfaction and loyalty, leading to improved business outcomes.</span></li><li value="8"><b><strong>Iterative Improvement: </strong></b><span>The Mills’ Error Seeding Model allows for iterative improvement of the testing process, with each iteration leading to further improvements and refinements in the testing process.</span></li><li value="9"><b><strong>Better Resource Allocation: </strong></b><span>By identifying areas of the software that require more testing and debugging, the Mills’ Error Seeding Model can lead to better allocation of testing resources, reducing the likelihood of errors slipping through the testing process undetected.</span></li></ol><h2><span>Disadvantages of Mills’ Error Seeding Model</span></h2><ol><li value="1"><b><strong>Increased Development Time:</strong></b><span> Introducing errors into the software code and conducting thorough testing can increase the time required to develop the software.</span></li><li value="2"><b><strong>Limited Scope:</strong></b><span> The Mills’ Error Seeding Model is limited in scope to the testing process and does not address other aspects of software development such as design or coding.</span></li><li value="3"><b><strong>Artificial Introduction of Errors: </strong></b><span>The Mills’ Error Seeding Model involves artificially introducing errors into the software code, which may not accurately reflect the types of errors that could occur in real-world usage scenarios.</span></li><li value="4"><b><strong>Risk of False Positives/Negatives: </strong></b><span>The model may not accurately identify all errors in the software, leading to the risk of false positives (identifying errors that do not actually exist) or false negatives (failing to identify existing errors).</span></li><li value="5"><b><strong>Inaccurate Results: </strong></b><span>The accuracy of the model’s results can be impacted by the selection of errors to be seeded, the testing methodology, and other factors, which can lead to inaccurate results and undermine the effectiveness of the model.</span></li><li value="6"><b><strong>Difficulty in Interpreting Results: </strong></b><span>The Mills’ Error Seeding Model can produce large amounts of data and metrics, which can be difficult to interpret and act on effectively.</span></li><li value="7"><b><strong>Resistance to Change: </strong></b><span>The model may be met with resistance from developers or other stakeholders who may be resistant to the idea of intentionally introducing errors into the software, even for testing purposes.</span></li><li value="8"><b><strong>Difficulty in Implementing:</strong></b><span> Implementing the Mills’ Error Seeding Model requires significant expertise in software testing and quality assurance, making it difficult to implement for organizations without a dedicated testing team or resources.</span></li></ol><h2><span>Conclusion</span></h2><p dir="ltr"><span>A structured framework for assessing the dependability of testing processes and spotting any flaws early in the development lifecycle is provided by Mills’ Error Seeding Model for organizations. 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What is Traditional SDLC?In the traditional</div> </div> <div class="reading-time"> <i class="reading-time-icon" data-gfg-action="readingtime"></i> <span style="color: var(--recommendation-card-text-color);font-size: 14px;font-weight: 500;line-height: 17px;">6 min read</span> </div> </a><hr style="background:var(--gfg-selected-color); width:70%; margin: 0 auto;"></hr></li></ul></div><div class="leftbar-dropdown"><h2 class="dropdown-title">Agile Software Development<span class="gfg-icon gfg-icon_arrow-down-thin"></span></h2><ul style="display: none;"><li class="similarReadDropdownItem"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/software-engineering-agile-software-development/?ref=lbp"><div class="gfg-similar-read-item-content"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-heading">Agile Software Development - Software Engineering </div> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-subheading">Agile Software Development is a software development methodology that values flexibility, collaboration, and customer satisfaction. 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The main difficulties included handling customer change requests during project development and the high cost and time required</div> </div> <div class="reading-time"> <i class="reading-time-icon" data-gfg-action="readingtime"></i> <span style="color: var(--recommendation-card-text-color);font-size: 14px;font-weight: 500;line-height: 17px;">11 min read</span> </div> </a><hr style="background:var(--gfg-selected-color); width:70%; margin: 0 auto;"></hr></li><li class="similarReadDropdownItem"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/agile-methodology-advantages-and-disadvantages/?ref=lbp"><div class="gfg-similar-read-item-content"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-heading">Agile Methodology Advantages and Disadvantages </div> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-subheading">Agile Software Development Methodology is a process of software development similar to other software development methodologies like waterfall models, V-models, iterative models, etc. Agile methodology follows the iterative as well as incremental approach that emphasizes the importance of delivering</div> </div> <div class="reading-time"> <i class="reading-time-icon" data-gfg-action="readingtime"></i> <span style="color: var(--recommendation-card-text-color);font-size: 14px;font-weight: 500;line-height: 17px;">4 min read</span> </div> </a><hr style="background:var(--gfg-selected-color); width:70%; margin: 0 auto;"></hr></li><li class="similarReadDropdownItem"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/agile-sdlc-software-development-life-cycle/?ref=lbp"><div class="gfg-similar-read-item-content"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-heading">Agile SDLC (Software Development Life Cycle) </div> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-subheading">Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is a process of maintaining or building software applications/services/systems. Generally, it includes various levels, from initial development plan and analysis to post-development software testing and evaluation. It also consists of the models and methodologi</div> </div> <div class="reading-time"> <i class="reading-time-icon" data-gfg-action="readingtime"></i> <span style="color: var(--recommendation-card-text-color);font-size: 14px;font-weight: 500;line-height: 17px;">8 min read</span> </div> </a><hr style="background:var(--gfg-selected-color); width:70%; margin: 0 auto;"></hr></li><li class="similarReadDropdownItem"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/difference-between-traditional-and-agile-software-development/?ref=lbp"><div class="gfg-similar-read-item-content"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-heading">Difference between Traditional and Agile Software Development </div> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-subheading">Traditional Software Development and Agile Software Development are the ways of the designing and developing system software. Both are important types of the software designing. Traditional Software DevelopmentTraditional Software Development is the software development process used to design and de</div> </div> <div class="reading-time"> <i class="reading-time-icon" data-gfg-action="readingtime"></i> <span style="color: var(--recommendation-card-text-color);font-size: 14px;font-weight: 500;line-height: 17px;">5 min read</span> </div> </a><hr style="background:var(--gfg-selected-color); width:70%; margin: 0 auto;"></hr></li><li class="similarReadDropdownItem"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/software-engineering-comparison-between-agile-model-and-other-models/?ref=lbp"><div class="gfg-similar-read-item-content"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-heading">Comparison between Agile model and other models in Software Engineering </div> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-subheading">Software development models are various processes or methods that are chosen for project development depending on the objectives and goals of the project. Agile is a popular model among these development models because it is flexible and adapts quickly to changes. It focuses on delivering small, usa</div> </div> <div class="reading-time"> <i class="reading-time-icon" data-gfg-action="readingtime"></i> <span style="color: var(--recommendation-card-text-color);font-size: 14px;font-weight: 500;line-height: 17px;">8 min read</span> </div> </a><hr style="background:var(--gfg-selected-color); width:70%; margin: 0 auto;"></hr></li></ul></div><div class="leftbar-dropdown"><h2 class="dropdown-title">Software Requirements Specification<span class="gfg-icon gfg-icon_arrow-down-thin"></span></h2><ul style="display: none;"><li class="similarReadDropdownItem"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/software-requirement-specification-srs-format/?ref=lbp"><div class="gfg-similar-read-item-content"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-heading">Software Requirement Specification (SRS) Format </div> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-subheading">In order to form a good SRS, here you will see some points that can be used and should be considered to form a structure of good Software Requirements Specification (SRS). These are below mentioned in the table of contents and are well explained below. Table of ContentIntroductionGeneral description</div> </div> <div class="reading-time"> <i class="reading-time-icon" data-gfg-action="readingtime"></i> <span style="color: var(--recommendation-card-text-color);font-size: 14px;font-weight: 500;line-height: 17px;">5 min read</span> </div> </a><hr style="background:var(--gfg-selected-color); width:70%; margin: 0 auto;"></hr></li><li class="similarReadDropdownItem"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/software-engineering-parts-of-a-srs-document/?ref=lbp"><div class="gfg-similar-read-item-content"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-heading">Parts of a SRS document - Software Engineering </div> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-subheading">The important parts of the聽Software Requirements Specification (SRS)聽document are: Functional requirements of the systemNon-functional requirements of the system, andGoals of implementationThese are explained as follows. Functional RequirementsThe purposeful requirements part discusses the functiona</div> </div> <div class="reading-time"> <i class="reading-time-icon" data-gfg-action="readingtime"></i> <span style="color: var(--recommendation-card-text-color);font-size: 14px;font-weight: 500;line-height: 17px;">2 min read</span> </div> </a><hr style="background:var(--gfg-selected-color); width:70%; margin: 0 auto;"></hr></li><li class="similarReadDropdownItem"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/software-engineering-classification-of-software-requirements/?ref=lbp"><div class="gfg-similar-read-item-content"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-heading">Classification of Software Requirements - Software Engineering </div> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-subheading">Classification of Software Requirements is important in the software development process. It organizes our requirements into different categories that make them easier to manage, prioritize, and track. The main types of Software Requirements are functional, non-functional, and domain requirements. T</div> </div> <div class="reading-time"> <i class="reading-time-icon" data-gfg-action="readingtime"></i> <span style="color: var(--recommendation-card-text-color);font-size: 14px;font-weight: 500;line-height: 17px;">8 min read</span> </div> </a><hr style="background:var(--gfg-selected-color); width:70%; margin: 0 auto;"></hr></li><li class="similarReadDropdownItem"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/how-to-write-a-good-srs-for-your-project/?ref=lbp"><div class="gfg-similar-read-item-content"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-heading">How to write a good SRS for your Project </div> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-subheading">What is SRS? A software requirements specification (SRS) is a description of a software system to be developed. It lays out functional and non-functional requirements and may include a set of use cases that describe user interactions that the software must provide. The output of requirement engineer</div> </div> <div class="reading-time"> <i class="reading-time-icon" data-gfg-action="readingtime"></i> <span style="color: var(--recommendation-card-text-color);font-size: 14px;font-weight: 500;line-height: 17px;">8 min read</span> </div> </a><hr style="background:var(--gfg-selected-color); width:70%; margin: 0 auto;"></hr></li><li class="similarReadDropdownItem"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/software-engineering-quality-characteristics-of-a-good-srs/?ref=lbp"><div class="gfg-similar-read-item-content"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-heading">Software Engineering | Quality Characteristics of a good SRS </div> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-subheading">Related Article: Writing a good SRS for your project Quality characteristics of a good Software Requirements Specification (SRS) document include:Complete: The SRS should include all the requirements for the software system, including both functional and non-functional requirements.Consistent: The S</div> </div> <div class="reading-time"> <i class="reading-time-icon" data-gfg-action="readingtime"></i> <span style="color: var(--recommendation-card-text-color);font-size: 14px;font-weight: 500;line-height: 17px;">7 min read</span> </div> </a><hr style="background:var(--gfg-selected-color); width:70%; margin: 0 auto;"></hr></li><li class="similarReadDropdownItem"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/difference-between-srs-and-frs/?ref=lbp"><div class="gfg-similar-read-item-content"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-heading">Difference between SRS and FRS </div> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-subheading">The role of formulating a document is to understand requirements that will be compelled to develop a robust software. Type of document required depends upon business type, their criteria, how company processes, and what class of software is to be developed. Let us understand common documents which a</div> </div> <div class="reading-time"> <i class="reading-time-icon" data-gfg-action="readingtime"></i> <span style="color: var(--recommendation-card-text-color);font-size: 14px;font-weight: 500;line-height: 17px;">3 min read</span> </div> </a><hr style="background:var(--gfg-selected-color); width:70%; margin: 0 auto;"></hr></li></ul></div><div class="leftbar-dropdown" style="background-color:var(--leftbar-background-color); border-bottom:1px solid #CCC;"><h2 class="dropdown-title active">Software Project Management(SPM)<span class="gfg-icon gfg-icon_arrow-down-thin upside"></span></h2><ul><li class="similarReadDropdownItem"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/software-engineering-software-project-management-spm/?ref=lbp"><div class="gfg-similar-read-item-content"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-heading">Software Project Management (SPM) - Software Engineering </div> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-subheading">Software Project Management (SPM) is a proper way of planning and leading software projects. It is a part of project management in which software projects are planned, implemented, monitored, and controlled. This article focuses on discussing Software Project Management (SPM). Table of Content Types</div> </div> <div class="reading-time"> <i class="reading-time-icon" data-gfg-action="readingtime"></i> <span style="color: var(--recommendation-card-text-color);font-size: 14px;font-weight: 500;line-height: 17px;">7 min read</span> </div> </a><hr style="background:var(--gfg-selected-color); width:70%; margin: 0 auto;"></hr></li><li class="similarReadDropdownItem"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/software-engineering-project-size-estimation-techniques/?ref=lbp"><div class="gfg-similar-read-item-content"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-heading">Project Size Estimation Techniques - Software Engineering </div> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-subheading">In the fast-paced world of Software Engineering, accurately estimating the size of a project is key to its success. Understanding how big a project will be helps predict the resources, time, and cost needed, ensuring the project starts off on the right foot. Project Size Estimation Techniques are vi</div> </div> <div class="reading-time"> <i class="reading-time-icon" data-gfg-action="readingtime"></i> <span style="color: var(--recommendation-card-text-color);font-size: 14px;font-weight: 500;line-height: 17px;">12 min read</span> </div> </a><hr style="background:var(--gfg-selected-color); width:70%; margin: 0 auto;"></hr></li><li class="similarReadDropdownItem"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/software-engineering-system-configuration-management/?ref=lbp"><div class="gfg-similar-read-item-content"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-heading">System configuration management - Software Engineering </div> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-subheading">Whenever software is built, there is always scope for improvement and those improvements bring picture changes. Changes may be required to modify or update any existing solution or to create a new solution for a problem. Requirements keep on changing daily so we need to keep on upgrading our systems</div> </div> <div class="reading-time"> <i class="reading-time-icon" data-gfg-action="readingtime"></i> <span style="color: var(--recommendation-card-text-color);font-size: 14px;font-weight: 500;line-height: 17px;">7 min read</span> </div> </a><hr style="background:var(--gfg-selected-color); width:70%; margin: 0 auto;"></hr></li><li class="similarReadDropdownItem"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/software-engineering-cocomo-model/?ref=lbp"><div class="gfg-similar-read-item-content"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-heading">COCOMO Model - Software Engineering </div> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-subheading">The Constructive Cost Model (COCOMO) is a software cost estimation model that helps predict the effort, cost, and schedule required for a software development project. Developed by Barry Boehm in 1981, COCOMO uses a mathematical formula based on the size of the software project, typically measured i</div> </div> <div class="reading-time"> <i class="reading-time-icon" data-gfg-action="readingtime"></i> <span style="color: var(--recommendation-card-text-color);font-size: 14px;font-weight: 500;line-height: 17px;">15+ min read</span> </div> </a><hr style="background:var(--gfg-selected-color); width:70%; margin: 0 auto;"></hr></li><li class="similarReadDropdownItem"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/software-engineering-capability-maturity-model-cmm/?ref=lbp"><div class="gfg-similar-read-item-content"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-heading">Capability Maturity Model (CMM) - Software Engineering </div> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-subheading">The Capability Maturity Model (CMM) is a tool used to improve and refine software development processes. It provides a structured way for organizations to assess their current practices and identify areas for improvement. CMM consists of five maturity levels: initial, repeatable, defined, managed, a</div> </div> <div class="reading-time"> <i class="reading-time-icon" data-gfg-action="readingtime"></i> <span style="color: var(--recommendation-card-text-color);font-size: 14px;font-weight: 500;line-height: 17px;">11 min read</span> </div> </a><hr style="background:var(--gfg-selected-color); width:70%; margin: 0 auto;"></hr></li><li class="similarReadDropdownItem"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/integrating-risk-management-in-sdlc-set-1/?ref=lbp"><div class="gfg-similar-read-item-content"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-heading">Integrating Risk Management in SDLC | Set 1 </div> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-subheading">The Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is a conceptual model for defining the tasks performed at each step of the software development process. This model gives you a brief about the life cycle of Software in the development phase. In this particular article, we are going to discuss risk managem</div> </div> <div class="reading-time"> <i class="reading-time-icon" data-gfg-action="readingtime"></i> <span style="color: var(--recommendation-card-text-color);font-size: 14px;font-weight: 500;line-height: 17px;">8 min read</span> </div> </a><hr style="background:var(--gfg-selected-color); width:70%; margin: 0 auto;"></hr></li><li class="similarReadDropdownItem"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/integrating-risk-management-in-sdlc-set-2/?ref=lbp"><div class="gfg-similar-read-item-content"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-heading">Integrating Risk Management in SDLC | Set 2 </div> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-subheading">Prerequisite: Integrating Risk Management in SDLC | Set 1 We have seen the Risk Management Techniques in SDLC which we have discussed Preliminary Analysis, System Analysis, and Requirement Definition part. In this article, we will be discussing the System Design and Development phase of the Software</div> </div> <div class="reading-time"> <i class="reading-time-icon" data-gfg-action="readingtime"></i> <span style="color: var(--recommendation-card-text-color);font-size: 14px;font-weight: 500;line-height: 17px;">9 min read</span> </div> </a><hr style="background:var(--gfg-selected-color); width:70%; margin: 0 auto;"></hr></li><li class="similarReadDropdownItem"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/integrating-risk-management-in-sdlc-set-3/?ref=lbp"><div class="gfg-similar-read-item-content"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-heading">Integrating Risk Management in SDLC | Set 3 </div> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-subheading">Prerequisite - Integrating Risk Management in SDLC | Set 1, and Set 2. We have already discussed the first four steps of the Software Development Life Cycle. In this article, we will be discussing the remaining four steps: Integration and System Testing, Installation, Operation and Acceptance Testin</div> </div> <div class="reading-time"> <i class="reading-time-icon" data-gfg-action="readingtime"></i> <span style="color: var(--recommendation-card-text-color);font-size: 14px;font-weight: 500;line-height: 17px;">9 min read</span> </div> </a><hr style="background:var(--gfg-selected-color); width:70%; margin: 0 auto;"></hr></li><li class="similarReadDropdownItem"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/software-engineering-software-project-management-complexities/?ref=lbp"><div class="gfg-similar-read-item-content"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-heading">Software Project Management Complexities | Software Engineering </div> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-subheading">Software project management complexities refer to the various challenges and difficulties involved in managing software development projects. The primary goal of software project management is to guide a team of developers to complete a project successfully within a given timeframe. However, this ta</div> </div> <div class="reading-time"> <i class="reading-time-icon" data-gfg-action="readingtime"></i> <span style="color: var(--recommendation-card-text-color);font-size: 14px;font-weight: 500;line-height: 17px;">12 min read</span> </div> </a><hr style="background:var(--gfg-selected-color); width:70%; margin: 0 auto;"></hr></li><li class="similarReadDropdownItem"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/software-engineering-quasi-renewal-processes/?ref=lbp"><div class="gfg-similar-read-item-content"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-heading">Quasi renewal processes - Software Engineering </div> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-subheading">Let {N(t), t > 0} be a counting process and let [Tex]$X_n$ [/Tex]be the time between the [Tex]$(n-1)_{th}$ [/Tex]and the [Tex]$n_{th}$ [/Tex]event of this process, [Tex]n\geq 1 [/Tex] Definition: If the sequence of non-negative random variables {X1, X2, ....} is independent and [Tex]$$X_i=aX_{i-1</div> </div> <div class="reading-time"> <i class="reading-time-icon" data-gfg-action="readingtime"></i> <span style="color: var(--recommendation-card-text-color);font-size: 14px;font-weight: 500;line-height: 17px;">7 min read</span> </div> </a><hr style="background:var(--gfg-selected-color); width:70%; margin: 0 auto;"></hr></li><li class="similarReadDropdownItem"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/software-engineering-reliability-growth-models/?ref=lbp"><div class="gfg-similar-read-item-content"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-heading">Reliability Growth Models - Software Engineering </div> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-subheading">The reliability growth group of models measures and predicts the improvement of reliability programs through the testing process. The growth model represents the reliability or failure rate of a system as a function of time or the number of test cases. Models included in this group are as follows. C</div> </div> <div class="reading-time"> <i class="reading-time-icon" data-gfg-action="readingtime"></i> <span style="color: var(--recommendation-card-text-color);font-size: 14px;font-weight: 500;line-height: 17px;">5 min read</span> </div> </a><hr style="background:var(--gfg-selected-color); width:70%; margin: 0 auto;"></hr></li><li class="similarReadDropdownItem"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/software-engineering-jelinski-moranda-software-reliability-model/?ref=lbp"><div class="gfg-similar-read-item-content"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-heading">Jelinski Moranda software reliability model - Software Engineering </div> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-subheading">The Jelinski-Moranda (JM) Software Reliability Model is a mathematical model developed in 1972 by M.A. Jelinski and P.A. Moranda. It is used to predict the reliability of software systems, particularly during the testing and debugging phases. This model assumes that software failures occur randomly</div> </div> <div class="reading-time"> <i class="reading-time-icon" data-gfg-action="readingtime"></i> <span style="color: var(--recommendation-card-text-color);font-size: 14px;font-weight: 500;line-height: 17px;">10 min read</span> </div> </a><hr style="background:var(--gfg-selected-color); width:70%; margin: 0 auto;"></hr></li><li class="similarReadDropdownItem"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/software-engineering-schick-wolverton-software-reliability-model/?ref=lbp"><div class="gfg-similar-read-item-content"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-heading">Software Engineering | Schick-Wolverton software reliability model </div> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-subheading">Prerequisite - Jelinski Moranda software reliability model The Schick-Wolverton (S-W) model is a modification to the J-M model. It is similar to the J-M model except that it further assumes that the failure rate at the ith time interval increases with time ti since the last debugging. In the model,</div> </div> <div class="reading-time"> <i class="reading-time-icon" data-gfg-action="readingtime"></i> <span style="color: var(--recommendation-card-text-color);font-size: 14px;font-weight: 500;line-height: 17px;">4 min read</span> </div> </a><hr style="background:var(--gfg-selected-color); width:70%; margin: 0 auto;"></hr></li><li class="similarReadDropdownItem"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/software-engineering-goel-okumoto-model/?ref=lbp"><div class="gfg-similar-read-item-content"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-heading">Goel-Okumoto Model - Software Engineering </div> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-subheading">The Goel-Okumoto Model is a reliable software prediction tool based on simple principles: bugs are independent, bug detection is related to existing bugs, and bugs are fixed promptly. Through mathematical estimation, it helps predict bug counts and manage software development effectively, offering e</div> </div> <div class="reading-time"> <i class="reading-time-icon" data-gfg-action="readingtime"></i> <span style="color: var(--recommendation-card-text-color);font-size: 14px;font-weight: 500;line-height: 17px;">7 min read</span> </div> </a><hr style="background:var(--gfg-selected-color); width:70%; margin: 0 auto;"></hr></li><li class="currentpage similarReadDropdownItem"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/software-engineering-mills-error-seeding-model/?ref=lbp"><div class="gfg-similar-read-item-content"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-heading">Mills' Error Seeding Model - Software Engineering </div> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-subheading">Mills'error seeding model proposed an error seeding method to estimate the number of errors in a program by introducing seeded errors into the program. From the debugging data, which consists of inherent errors and induced errors, the unknown number of inherent errors could be estimated. If both inh</div> </div> <div class="reading-time"> <i class="reading-time-icon" data-gfg-action="readingtime"></i> <span style="color: var(--recommendation-card-text-color);font-size: 14px;font-weight: 500;line-height: 17px;">7 min read</span> </div> </a><hr style="background:var(--gfg-selected-color); width:70%; margin: 0 auto;"></hr></li><li class="similarReadDropdownItem"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/basic-fault-tolerant-software-techniques/?ref=lbp"><div class="gfg-similar-read-item-content"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-heading">Basic Fault Tolerant Software Techniques </div> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-subheading">Fault tolerance is a critical property of software systems, ensuring they can continue operating even when faced with failures or errors. 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