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href="#Utilizare_medicală"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Utilizare medicală </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Utilizare_medicală-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Utilizare medicală subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Utilizare_medicală-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Schizofrenie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schizofrenie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Schizofrenie </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Schizofrenie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prevenția_psihozei_și_ameliorarea_simptomelor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevenția_psihozei_și_ameliorarea_simptomelor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.1 Prevenția psihozei și ameliorarea simptomelor </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prevenția_psihozei_și_ameliorarea_simptomelor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primul_episod_de_psihoză" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primul_episod_de_psihoză"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.2 Primul episod de psihoză </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primul_episod_de_psihoză-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Episoade_psihotice_recurente" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Episoade_psihotice_recurente"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.3 Episoade psihotice recurente </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Episoade_psihotice_recurente-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terapia_de_mentenanță" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terapia_de_mentenanță"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.4 Terapia de mentenanță </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terapia_de_mentenanță-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tulburare_bipolară" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tulburare_bipolară"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Tulburare bipolară </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tulburare_bipolară-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demență" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demență"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Demență </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demență-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Depresie_unipolară" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Depresie_unipolară"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Depresie unipolară </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Depresie_unipolară-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Altele" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Altele"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Altele </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Altele-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tipice_versus_atipice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tipice_versus_atipice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Tipice versus atipice </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tipice_versus_atipice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Efecte_adverse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Efecte_adverse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Efecte adverse </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Efecte_adverse-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Efecte adverse subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Efecte_adverse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-După_rată" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#După_rată"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 După rată </div> </a> <ul id="toc-După_rată-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Efecte_pe_termen_lung" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Efecte_pe_termen_lung"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Efecte pe termen lung </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Efecte_pe_termen_lung-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Întreruperea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Întreruperea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Întreruperea </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Întreruperea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Listă_de_agenți" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Listă_de_agenți"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Listă de agenți </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Listă_de_agenți-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Listă de agenți subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Listă_de_agenți-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prima_generație_(tipice)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prima_generație_(tipice)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Prima generație (tipice) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prima_generație_(tipice)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Butirofenone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Butirofenone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Butirofenone </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Butirofenone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Difenilbutilpiperidine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Difenilbutilpiperidine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.2 Difenilbutilpiperidine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Difenilbutilpiperidine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fenotiazine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fenotiazine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.3 Fenotiazine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fenotiazine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tioxantene" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tioxantene"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.4 Tioxantene </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tioxantene-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clasare_disputată/necunoscută" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clasare_disputată/necunoscută"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Clasare disputată/necunoscută </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clasare_disputată/necunoscută-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Benzamide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Benzamide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 Benzamide </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Benzamide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Triciclice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Triciclice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2 Triciclice </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Triciclice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Altele_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Altele_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.3 Altele </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Altele_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-A_doua_generație_(atipice)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A_doua_generație_(atipice)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 A doua generație (atipice) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A_doua_generație_(atipice)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Benzamide_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Benzamide_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.1 Benzamide </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Benzamide_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Benzisoxazole/benzisotiazole" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Benzisoxazole/benzisotiazole"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.2 Benzisoxazole/benzisotiazole </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Benzisoxazole/benzisotiazole-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Butirofenoni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Butirofenoni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.3 Butirofenoni </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Butirofenoni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fenilpiperazine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fenilpiperazine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.4 Fenilpiperazine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fenilpiperazine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Triciclice_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Triciclice_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.5 Triciclice </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Triciclice_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Altele_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Altele_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.6 Altele </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Altele_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mecanism_de_acțiune" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mecanism_de_acțiune"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Mecanism de acțiune </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mecanism_de_acțiune-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compararea_medicațiilor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compararea_medicațiilor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Compararea medicațiilor </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compararea_medicațiilor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Istorie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Istorie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Istorie </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Istorie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Societate_și_cultură" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Societate_și_cultură"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Societate și cultură </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Societate_și_cultură-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Societate și cultură subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Societate_și_cultură-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Terminologie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminologie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Terminologie </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terminologie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controverse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controverse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Controverse </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controverse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Populații_speciale" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Populații_speciale"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Populații speciale </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Populații_speciale-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referințe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referințe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Referințe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referințe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Cuprins" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Comută cuprinsul" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Comută cuprinsul </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Antipsihotic</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Mergeți la un articol în altă limbă. Disponibil în 52 limbi" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-52" aria-hidden="true" > 52 limbi </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipsigotikum" title="Antipsigotikum – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Antipsigotikum" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="articol bun"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86" title="مضاد الذهان – arabă" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مضاد الذهان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabă" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9%E2%80%8C" title="آنتی‌سایکوتیک‌ – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آنتی‌سایکوتیک‌" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Антипсихотик – bulgară" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Антипсихотик" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgară" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurol%C3%A8ptic" title="Neurolèptic – catalană" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Neurolèptic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalană" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipsychotikum" title="Antipsychotikum – cehă" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Antipsychotikum" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="cehă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipsykotikum" title="Antipsykotikum – daneză" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Antipsykotikum" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daneză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroleptikum" title="Neuroleptikum – germană" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Neuroleptikum" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="germană" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%88%CF%85%CF%87%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C" title="Αντιψυχωσικό – greacă" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αντιψυχωσικό" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greacă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipsychotic" title="Antipsychotic – engleză" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Antipsychotic" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleză" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ne%C5%ADrolepto" title="Neŭrolepto – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Neŭrolepto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurol%C3%A9ptico" title="Neuroléptico – spaniolă" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Neuroléptico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spaniolă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antips%C3%BChhootikumid" title="Antipsühhootikumid – estonă" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Antipsühhootikumid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroleptiko" title="Neuroleptiko – bască" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Neuroleptiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="bască" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B6%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="داروهای ضدروان‌پریشی – persană" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="داروهای ضدروان‌پریشی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persană" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipsykoottiset_l%C3%A4%C3%A4kkeet" title="Antipsykoottiset lääkkeet – finlandeză" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Antipsykoottiset lääkkeet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroleptique" title="Neuroleptique – franceză" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Neuroleptique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franceză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99-%D7%A4%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%98%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="תרופות אנטי-פסיכוטיות – ebraică" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תרופות אנטי-פסיכוטיות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraică" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipsihotik" title="Antipsihotik – croată" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Antipsihotik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croată" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipszichotikum" title="Antipszichotikum – maghiară" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Antipszichotikum" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="maghiară" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B8%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%BF_%D5%A4%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Հոգեմետ դեղեր – armeană" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հոգեմետ դեղեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeană" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipsikotik" title="Antipsikotik – indoneziană" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Antipsikotik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indoneziană" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroleptiko" title="Neuroleptiko – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Neuroleptiko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ge%C3%B0rofslyf" title="Geðrofslyf – islandeză" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Geðrofslyf" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurolettico" title="Neurolettico – italiană" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Neurolettico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiană" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8A%97%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E7%97%85%E8%96%AC" title="抗精神病薬 – japoneză" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="抗精神病薬" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%AD%EC%A0%95%EC%8B%A0%EB%B3%91%EC%A0%9C%EC%A0%9C" title="항정신병제제 – coreeană" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="항정신병제제" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreeană" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Нейролептик каражаттар – kârgâză" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Нейролептик каражаттар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kârgâză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipsychoticum" title="Antipsychoticum – latină" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Antipsychoticum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latină" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroleptikai" title="Neuroleptikai – lituaniană" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Neuroleptikai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniană" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neiroleptiskie_l%C4%ABdzek%C4%BCi" title="Neiroleptiskie līdzekļi – letonă" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Neiroleptiskie līdzekļi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letonă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Антипсихотик – macedoneană" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Антипсихотик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoneană" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipsikotik" title="Antipsikotik – malaeză" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Antipsikotik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaeză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipsychotica" title="Antipsychotica – neerlandeză" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Antipsychotica" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipsykotika" title="Antipsykotika – norvegiană bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Antipsykotika" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegiană bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%95" title="ଆଣ୍ଟିସାଇକୋଟିକ – odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଆଣ୍ଟିସାଇକୋଟିକ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leki_przeciwpsychotyczne" title="Leki przeciwpsychotyczne – poloneză" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Leki przeciwpsychotyczne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloneză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipsic%C3%B3tico" title="Antipsicótico – portugheză" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Antipsicótico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugheză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Антипсихотические препараты – rusă" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Антипсихотические препараты" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rusă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipsihotik" title="Antipsihotik – sârbo-croată" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Antipsihotik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="sârbo-croată" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipsychotic" title="Antipsychotic – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Antipsychotic" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroleptikum" title="Neuroleptikum – slovacă" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Neuroleptikum" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovacă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipsihotik" title="Antipsihotik – slovenă" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Antipsihotik" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipsikotik%C3%ABt" title="Antipsikotikët – albaneză" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Antipsikotikët" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Антипсихотик – sârbă" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Антипсихотик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="sârbă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroleptikum" title="Neuroleptikum – suedeză" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Neuroleptikum" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suedeză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95" title="ยาระงับอาการทางจิต – thailandeză" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ยาระงับอาการทางจิต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipsikotik" title="Antipsikotik – turcă" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Antipsikotik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turcă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Антипсихотичні препарати – ucraineană" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Антипсихотичні препарати" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraineană" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neyroleptik_moddalar" title="Neyroleptik moddalar – uzbecă" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Neyroleptik moddalar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbecă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thu%E1%BB%91c_ch%E1%BB%91ng_lo%E1%BA%A1n_th%E1%BA%A7n" title="Thuốc chống loạn thần – vietnameză" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thuốc chống loạn thần" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnameză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8A%97%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E7%97%85%E8%8D%AF" title="抗精神病药 – chineză" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="抗精神病药" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chineză" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q208144#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifică legăturile interlinguale" 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.mw-parser-output .mw-lag-warn-high,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mw-cascadeprotectedwarning,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output #mw-protect-cascadeon{background:#300!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mw-warning-with-logexcerpt,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mw-lag-warn-high,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mw-cascadeprotectedwarning,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output #mw-protect-cascadeon{background:#300!important}}</style><table class="plainlinks fmbox fmbox-system" style="background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f9f9f9); color:var(--color-base, #000); background: transparent; border-color:red; border-style:line; border-width: 0,25em; width:"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"> <a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:P_medicine_caution.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/P_medicine_caution.svg/60px-P_medicine_caution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/P_medicine_caution.svg/90px-P_medicine_caution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/P_medicine_caution.svg/120px-P_medicine_caution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="261" data-file-height="305" /></a></td> <td class="mbox-text" style="color:black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"> <div style="text-align:center">ATENȚIE !</div> <div style="text-align:center">Vă rugăm să aveți în vedere faptul că <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avertizare_despre_riscuri" title="Wikipedia:Avertizare despre riscuri">Wikipedia nu prezintă nicio garanție</a> în privința corectitudinii datelor pe care le conține.</div> <div style="text-align:center">Cu toate că depunem mult efort în a îmbunătăți informațiile din articole, acestea nu pot înlocui un <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avertizare_medical%C4%83" title="Wikipedia:Avertizare medicală">sfat medical</a> de specialitate.</div> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Zyprexa.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Zyprexa.PNG/220px-Zyprexa.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Zyprexa.PNG/330px-Zyprexa.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Zyprexa.PNG/440px-Zyprexa.PNG 2x" data-file-width="908" data-file-height="681" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Olanzapin%C4%83" title="Olanzapină">Olanzapina</a>, exemplu de antipsihotic de a doua generație</figcaption></figure> Antipsihoticele, cunoscute și ca neuroleptice sau tranchilizanți majori,<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> sunt o clasă de <a href="/wiki/Medicament" title="Medicament">medicamente</a> utilizate pentru rezolvarea problemelor cauzate de <a href="/wiki/Psihoz%C4%83" title="Psihoză">psihoze</a> (inclusiv <a href="/wiki/Delir" title="Delir">delirurile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halucina%C8%9Bie" title="Halucinație">halucinațiile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paranoia" title="Paranoia">paranoia</a> și gândirea dezorganizată), în principal pentru cazurile de <a href="/wiki/Schizofrenie" title="Schizofrenie">schizofrenie</a> și <a href="/wiki/Tulburare_bipolar%C4%83" title="Tulburare bipolară">tulburare bipolară</a>. Antipsihoticele sunt de obicei eficiente în ameliorarea simptomelor psihozei pe termen scurt. Utilizarea pe termen lung a antipsihoticelor este asociată cu efecte adverse precum tulburările de mișcări involuntare, ginecomastia, <a href="/wiki/Impoten%C8%9B%C4%83_sexual%C4%83" title="Impotență sexuală">impotența</a>, creșterea în greutate și sindromul metabolic. Prima generație de antipsihotice, cunoscute ca antipsihotice tipice, au fost descoperit în anii 1950. Cele mai multe medicamente din generația a doua, cunoscute ca antipsihotice atipice, au fost dezvoltate mai recent, deși primul antipsihotic atipic, clozapina, a fost descoperit în anii 1960 și introdus în practica medicală în anii 1970.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Ambele generații de medicamente tind să blocheze receptorii din căile dopaminergice ale creirului, dar atipicele tind să acționeze asupra receptorilor de <a href="/wiki/Serotonin%C4%83" title="Serotonină">serotonină</a> de asemenea. Neuroleptic, originar din <a href="/wiki/Limba_greac%C4%83" title="Limba greacă">greacă</a>: <a href="https://ro.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BD%CE%B5%E1%BF%A6%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BD" class="extiw" title="wikt:νεῦρον">νεῦρον</a> (neuron) și <a href="https://ro.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%B2%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%89" class="extiw" title="wikt:λαμβάνω">λαμβάνω</a> (a pune stăpânire pe/a apuca) – așadar însemnând „care preia/pune mâna pe nervul” – se referă atât la efectele <a href="/wiki/Neurologic" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurologic">neurologice</a> cât și la efectele adverse obișnuite.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> <div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Utilizare_medicală">Utilizare medicală</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsihotic&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifică secțiunea: Utilizare medicală" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsihotic&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Utilizare medicală">modificare sursă</a>]</div> Antipsihoticele sunt cel mai frecvent utilizate pentru următoarele condiții: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schizofrenie" title="Schizofrenie">Schizofrenie</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tulburare_schizoafectiv%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tulburare schizoafectivă — pagină inexistentă">Tulburare schizoafectivă</a> - de obicei alături de fie un antidepresiv (în cazul subtipului depresiv) sau un stabilizator de dispoziție (în cazul subtipului bipolar).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulburare_bipolar%C4%83" title="Tulburare bipolară">Tulburare bipolară</a> (manie acută sau episoade mixte) - poate fi tratată fie cu antipsihotice tipice, fie cu cele atipice, deși antipsihoticele atipice tind să fie mai preferate deoarece tind să aibă profiluri de efect advers mai favorabile<a href="#cite_note-Lancet2009-4">[4]</a> și, potrivit unei meta-analize recente, tind să fie mai puțin înclinate să cauzeze conversia maniei în depresie.<a href="#cite_note-Haldep-5">[5]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depresie_psihotic%C4%83" title="Depresie psihotică">Depresie psihotică</a>. În acest caz, este o practică obișnuită ca psihiatrul să prescrie o combinație dintre un antipsihotic atipic și un antidepresiv întrucât această practică este susținută de evidență.<a href="#cite_note-Maudsley-6">[6]</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Depresie_rezistent%C4%83_la_tratament&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Depresie rezistentă la tratament — pagină inexistentă">Depresie majoră rezistentă la tratament</a> (nu neapărat psihotică) - ca adaos la terapia antidepresivă standard.<a href="#cite_note-Maudsley-6">[6]</a></li></ul> Nu sunt recomandate pentru <a href="/wiki/Demen%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Demență">demență</a> sau <a href="/wiki/Insomnie" title="Insomnie">insomnie</a> decât dacă alte tratamente nu au funcționat.<a href="#cite_note-Choose2013-7">[7]</a> Nu sunt recomandate pentru copii decât dacă alte tratamente nu s-au dovedit eficiente sau copilul are psihoză.<a href="#cite_note-Choose2013-7">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/Organiza%C8%9Bia_Mondial%C4%83_a_S%C4%83n%C4%83t%C4%83%C8%9Bii" title="Organizația Mondială a Sănătății">Organizația Mondială a Sănătății</a> furnizează o descriere a recomandărilor pentru prescripția de antipsihotice în scopul tratamentului psihozelor.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Schizofrenie">Schizofrenie</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsihotic&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifică secțiunea: Schizofrenie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsihotic&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Schizofrenie">modificare sursă</a>]</div> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso">Articol principal: <a href="/wiki/Schizofrenie" title="Schizofrenie">Schizofrenie</a>.</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16505893">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .rellink{display:flex}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .rellink{display:flex}}</style> Tratamentul cu medicamente antipsihotice este un element cheie al algoritmelor de tratament al schizofreniei recomandate de <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Institute_of_Health_and_Care_Excellence&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Institute of Health and Care Excellence — pagină inexistentă">National Institute of Health and Care Excellence</a> (NICE) din Regatul Unit,<a href="#cite_note-NICE-9">[9]</a> Asociația Psihiatrică Americană,<a href="#cite_note-APA-10">[10]</a> și Societatea Britanică de Psihofarmacologie.<a href="#cite_note-BAP-11">[11]</a> Principalul efect al tratamentului cu antipsihotice este reducerea așa-numitor simptome „pozitive”, inclusiv delirurile și halucinațiile. Există argumente eterogene care susțin un impact semnificativ al utilizării antipsihoticelor asupra simptomelor negative (precum apatia, lipsa afectului emoțional și lipsa interesului pentru interacțiunile sociale) sau asupra simptomelor cognitive (gândirea dezorganizată, abilitatea redusă de a planifica și executa sarcini) ale schizofreniei.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-13">[13]</a> În general, eficiența tratamentului antipsihotic în reducerea simptomelor pozitive și negative prezintă o creștere odată cu creșterea severității simptomelor de bază.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Toate medicamentele antipsihotice lucrează relativ în același mod, antagonizând receptorii de dopamină D2. În orice caz, sunt anumite diferențe când vine vorba de antipsihotice tipice și atipice. De exemplu, s-a observat că antipsihoticele atipice scad deteriorările neurocognitive asociate cu schizofrenia mai mult decât antipsihoticele convenționale. Cu toate acestea, raționamentul și tehnica concretă din spatele acestui fapt sunt încă neclare pentru cercetători.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Aplicarea de medicamente antipsihotice în tratamentul schizofreniei include profilaxia la cei care prezintă simptome care sugerează că au mare risc de dezvoltare a psihozei, tratamentul primului episod de psihoză, terapia de mentenanță și tratamentul episoadelor recurente de psihoză acută.<a href="#cite_note-BAP-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Prevenția_psihozei_și_ameliorarea_simptomelor">Prevenția psihozei și ameliorarea simptomelor</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsihotic&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifică secțiunea: Prevenția psihozei și ameliorarea simptomelor" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsihotic&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Prevenția psihozei și ameliorarea simptomelor">modificare sursă</a>]</div> Teste precum PACE (Clinica de Evaluare a Crizei și Examinare Personală) și COPS (Criteriile Sindromului Prodromal), care măsoară simptomele psihotice cu nivel scăzut, și altele focusate pe perturbări cognitive (simptome de bază), sunt utilizate pentru evaluarea persoanelor cu simptome timpurii, scăzute de psihoză. Utilizate în combinație cu informațiile despre istoria de familie, aceste teste pot identifica un grup de „mare risc” ce are un risc de 20-40% de progres spre psihoză clară în cadrul unei perioade de 2 ani.<a href="#cite_note-BAP-11">[11]</a> Acești pacienți sunt adesea tratați cu doze scăzute de medicamente antipsihotice în scopul reducerii simptomelor și prevenirii evoluării în psihoză clară. Deși sunt în general utile pentru reducerea simptomelor, evaluările clinice efectuate la zi furnizează puțină evidență că utilizarea timpurie de antipsihotice, singure sau în combinație cu terapia cognitiv-comportamentală, furnizează rezultate mai bune pe termen lung la cei cu simptome prodromale.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Primul_episod_de_psihoză">Primul episod de psihoză</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsihotic&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifică secțiunea: Primul episod de psihoză" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsihotic&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Primul episod de psihoză">modificare sursă</a>]</div> NICE recomandă ca toate persoanele care au un prim episod de psihoză clară să fie tratate atât cu un medicament antipsihotic cât și cu terapie cognitiv-comportamentală (TEC). NICE recomandă în continuare ca cei care exprimă preferință numai pentru TEC să fie informați că tratamentul combinat este mai eficace.<a href="#cite_note-NICE-9">[9]</a> În mod normal, un diagnostic cu schizofrenie nu este pus în acest moment, întrucât până la 25% din cei care prezintă primul episod de psihoză se constată că suferă de tulburare bipolară în loc. Scopurile tratamentului acestor pacienți sunt reducerea simptomelor și dezvoltarea unor rezultate pe termen lung a tratamentului. Cercetări clinice aleatoare au furnizat evidență în favoarea eficienței medicamentelor antipsihotice în obținerea primului scop, prima și a doua generație de antipsihotice prezentând eficiență egală. Evidența că tratamentul timpuriu are efect favorabil asupra rezultatelor pe termen lung este ambiguă.<a href="#cite_note-NICE-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-BAP-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Episoade_psihotice_recurente">Episoade psihotice recurente</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsihotic&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifică secțiunea: Episoade psihotice recurente" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsihotic&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Episoade psihotice recurente">modificare sursă</a>]</div> Analize făcute pe prima și a doua generație de medicamente antipsihotice au demonstrat în mod consistent că medicamentul activ este superior placebo în suprimarea simptomelor psihotice.<a href="#cite_note-BAP-11">[11]</a> O meta-analiză largă a 38 de probe de utilizare a medicamentelor antipsihotice pentru episoade psihotice acute de schizofrenie au arătat o dimensiune a efectului de aproximativ 0.5.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Există o diferență mică sau inexistentă între medicamentele antipsihotice aprobate, inclusiv atât prima cât și a doua generație de agenți.<a href="#cite_note-NICE-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Leucht_2013-18">[18]</a> Eficiența unor asemenea medicamente este suboptimă. Puțin pacienți obțin soluționarea completă a simptomelor. Ratele de reacție, calculate utilizându-se variate valori limitate pentru reducerea simptomelor sunt mici, iar interpretarea acestora este complicată atât de ratele de reacție înaltă la placebo cât și de publicarea selectivă a rezultatelor examinărilor clinice.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Terapia_de_mentenanță">Terapia de mentenanță</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsihotic&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifică secțiunea: Terapia de mentenanță" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsihotic&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Terapia de mentenanță">modificare sursă</a>]</div> Majoritatea pacienților tratați cu un medicament antipsihotic vor experimenta o reacție în cadrul unei perioade de 4 săptămâni. Scopurile continuării tratamentului sunt menținerea suprimării simptomelor, prevenirea recidivării, dezvoltarea calității vieții și susținerea angajării în terapia psihosocială.<a href="#cite_note-BAP-11">[11]</a> Terapia de mentenanță cu medicamente antipsihotice este în mod clar superioară placebo în prevenirea recidivării, dar este asociată cu creștere în greutate, tulburări de mișcare și rate mari de nonconformism.<a href="#cite_note-Leucht_S,_Tardy_M,_Komossa_K,_Heres_S,_Kissling_W,_Davis_JM_2012_CD008016-20">[20]</a> O cercetare de 3 ani făcută pe persoane care primesc terapie de mentenanță după un episod psihotic acut a constatat că 33% au obținut o reducere pe termen lung a simptomelor, 13% au obținut remisiune și numai 27% au experimentat o calitate satisfăcătoare a vieții. Efectul prevenirii recidivării pe termen lung este nesigur, întrucât studiile istorice prezintă diferențe mici în ce privește rezultatele pe termen lung înainte și după introducerea de medicamente antipsihotice.<a href="#cite_note-BAP-11">[11]</a> O provocare semnificativă în utilizarea de medicamente antipsihotice pentru prevenirea recidivării este rata scăzută de complianță. În ciuda ratelor relativ mari la alte de efecte adverse asociate cu aceste medicamente, anumite argumente, inclusiv ratele mai înalte de nonconformism în caz de placebo în comparație cu cazurile de tratament în cercetările clinice aleatoare, sugerează că cei mai mulți pacienți care întrerup tratamentul o fac din cauza eficienței suboptime.<a href="#cite_note-Leucht_S,_Tardy_M,_Komossa_K,_Heres_S,_Kissling_W,_Davis_JM_2012_CD008016-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tulburare_bipolară">Tulburare bipolară</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsihotic&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifică secțiunea: Tulburare bipolară" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsihotic&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Tulburare bipolară">modificare sursă</a>]</div> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso">Articol principal: <a href="/wiki/Tulburare_bipolar%C4%83" title="Tulburare bipolară">Tulburare bipolară</a>.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16505893"> Antipsihoticele sunt utilizate în mod obișnuit, adesea împreună cu stabilizatori de dispoziție, cum este cazul litiu/valproat, ca tratament de primă linie pentru episoadele maniacale și mixte asociate cu tulburarea bipolară.<a href="#cite_note-Maudsley-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Young-22">[22]</a> Rațiunea acestei combinații este întârzierea terapeutică a stabilizatorilor de dispoziție menționați anterior (efectele terapeutice ale valproatului sunt observate la aproximativ cinci zile după începutul tratamentului, în timp ce litiului de obicei îi ia cel puțin o săptămână<a href="#cite_note-Young-22">[22]</a> înainte ca efectele terapeutice complete să fie observate) și efectele antimaniacale rapide prin comparație a medicamentelor antipsihotice.<a href="#cite_note-pmid20402706-23">[23]</a> Antipsihoticele au o eficiență documentată când sunt utilizate singure pentru episoadele acute de manie sau mixte.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet2009-4">[4]</a> S-a constatat că trei antipsihotice atipice (lurasidona,<a href="#cite_note-Lur-24">[24]</a> <a href="/wiki/Olanzapin%C4%83" title="Olanzapină">olanzapina</a><a href="#cite_note-OLD-25">[25]</a> și <a href="/wiki/Quetiapin%C4%83" title="Quetiapină">quetiapina</a><a href="#cite_note-QuetD-26">[26]</a>) posedă eficiență în tratamentul depresiei bipolare ca monoterapie. În timp ce numai olanzapina<a href="#cite_note-OlanM-27">[27]</a> și quetiapina<a href="#cite_note-QuetM1-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-QuetM2-29">[29]</a> s-a dovenit că sunt eficiente pe spectru larg (i.e. împotriva tuturor celor trei tipuri de recidivare— maniacală, mixtă și depresivă) ca tratamente profilactice (sau de mentenanță) la pacienții cu tulburare bipolară. De asemenea, o recentă analiză Cochrane a constatat că olanzapina are un raport risc/beneficiu mai puțin favorabil decât litiul ca tratament de mentenață pentru tulburarea bipolară.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asocia%C8%9Bia_Psihiatric%C4%83_American%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asociația Psihiatrică Americană — pagină inexistentă">Asociația Psihiatrică Americană</a> și <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Institute_for_Health_and_Care_Excellence&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Institute for Health and Care Excellence — pagină inexistentă">National Institute for Health and Care Excellence</a> din Regatul Unit recomandă antipsihoticele pentru managementul episoadelor psihotice acute din schizofrenie și tulburare bipolară, și ca tratament de mentenanță pe termen lung pentru reducerea probabilității unor episoade ulterioare.<a href="#cite_note-pmid15000267-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Ele afirmă că reacția la orice antipsihotic dat pot varia așa că examinările pot fi necesare și că dozele mai mici sunt mai preferate atunci este posibil. Un număr de studii au cercetat nivelurile de „complianță” și „aderență” ce țin de regimurile antipsihotice și au constatat că încetarea consumului acestora de către pacienți este asociată cu rate mai mari de recidivare, inclusiv spitalizare. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demență">Demență</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsihotic&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifică secțiunea: Demență" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsihotic&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Demență">modificare sursă</a>]</div> O evaluare a cauzelor care au stat la baza comportamentului este necesară înainte de prescrierea de medicație antipsihotică pentru simptomele de <a href="/wiki/Demen%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Demență">demență</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Antipsihoticele în caz de demență la bătrânețe au arătat beneficii modeste în comparație cu placebo în managementul agresiunii sau psihozei, iar aici se adaugă o sporire foarte largă a întâmplărilor adverse serioase. Așadar, antipsihoticele nu trebuie utilizate în mod obișnuit pentru tratarea demenței care manifestă agresiune sau psihoză, dar poat fi o opțiune în puține cazuri de suferință extremă sau risc de vătămare fizică a altora.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Intervențiile psihosociale pot reduce nevoia de antipsihotice.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Depresie_unipolară">Depresie unipolară</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsihotic&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifică secțiunea: Depresie unipolară" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsihotic&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Depresie unipolară">modificare sursă</a>]</div> Un număr de antipsihotice atipice prezintă anumite beneficii când sunt utilizate ca adaos la alte tratamente pentru <a href="/wiki/Tulburare_depresiv%C4%83_major%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulburare depresivă majoră">tulburarea depresivă majoră</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cochrane_Dep-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-Plos-37">[37]</a> Aripiprazolul, quetiapina și olanzapina (când sunt utilizate alături de fluoxetină) au primit calificarea <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA) ca indicație în acest sens.<a href="#cite_note-DrugPoint-38">[38]</a> În orice caz, există un mai mare risc de efecte adverse în privința utilizării lor.<a href="#cite_note-Cochrane_Dep-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Altele">Altele</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsihotic&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modifică secțiunea: Altele" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsihotic&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Altele">modificare sursă</a>]</div> Pe lângă utilizările menționate mai sus, antipsihoticele pot fi utilizate pentru <a href="/wiki/Tulburare_obsesiv-compulsiv%C4%83" title="Tulburare obsesiv-compulsivă">tulburare obsesiv-compulsivă</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tulburare_de_stres_posttraumatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulburare de stres posttraumatic">tulburare de stres posttraumatic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tulbur%C4%83ri_de_personalitate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulburări de personalitate">tulburări de personalitate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sindromul_Tourette" title="Sindromul Tourette">sindromul Tourette</a>, <a href="/wiki/Autism" title="Autism">autism</a> și agitație la cei cu demență.<a href="#cite_note-Rand2012-39">[39]</a> În orice caz, evidența nu susține utilizarea de antipsihotice atipice la cei cu tulburări de alimentație sau tulburare de personalitate.<a href="#cite_note-Off-Label_Use-40">[40]</a> <a href="/wiki/Risperidon%C4%83" title="Risperidonă">Risperidona</a> poate fi utilă pentru <a href="/wiki/Tulburare_obsesiv-compulsiv%C4%83" title="Tulburare obsesiv-compulsivă">tulburarea obsesiv-compulsivă</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rand2012-39">[39]</a> Utilizarea de doze scăzute de antipsihotice pentru <a href="/wiki/Insomnie" title="Insomnie">insomnie</a>, deși este obișnuită, nu este recomandată din cauza evidenței slabe a beneficiului și a îngrijorărilor legate de efecte adverse.<a href="#cite_note-Off-Label_Use-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> O doză scăzută de antipsihotice poate fi de asemenea utilizată pentru tratarea simptomelor impulsiv-comportamentale și cognitv-perceptive ale <a href="/wiki/Tulburarea_de_personalitate_borderline" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulburarea de personalitate borderline">tulburării de personalitate borderline</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> La copii, pot fi utilizate pentru cei cu tulburări de comportament disruptiv, tulburări de dispoziție și tulburări generalizate de comportament sau dizabilități intelectuale.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Antipsihoticele sunt numai slab recomandate pentru sindromul Tourette, întrucât deși sunt eficiente, efectele adverse sunt obișnuite.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Situația este similară în cazul celor cu spectru autist.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Mult din evidența în favoarea utilizării neoficiale de antipsihotice (de exemplu, pentru demență, TOC, TSPT, tulburări de personalitate, sindromul Tourette) este de o calitate științifică insuficientă pentru a se susține o asemenea utilizare, în special întrucât există o evidență puternică a riscurilor crescute de accident vascular cerebral, tremur, creștere semnificativă în greutate, sedare și probleme gastrointestinale.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> O analiză britanică a utilizării nelicențiate pentru copii și adolescenți a prezentat un amestec similar de constatări și îngrijorări.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Un studiu făcut pe copiii cu tulburare pervazivă de dezvoltare a constatat că 16.5% consumă medicamente antipsihotice, cel mai adesea pentru iritabilitate, agresivitate și agitație. Risperidona a fost aprobată de FDA din SUA pentru tratarea copiilor și adolescenților autiști.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Comportamentul provocator agresiv la adulții cu dizabilități intelectuale este adesea tratat cu medicamente antipsihotice în ciuda lipsei unei baze evidente în acest sens. O recentă cercetare aleatorie de control, în orice caz, a constatat că nu sunt beneficii superioare celor ale <a href="/wiki/Placebo" title="Placebo">placebo</a> și a recomandat ca utilizarea de antipsihotice în acest mod să nu mai fie văzută ca un tratament acceptabil de rutină.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Antipsihoticele pot fi o opțiune, alături de stimulanți, la persoanele cu ADHD și comportament agresiv atunci când alte tratamente nu au efect.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tipice_versus_atipice">Tipice versus atipice</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsihotic&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Modifică secțiunea: Tipice versus atipice" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsihotic&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Tipice versus atipice">modificare sursă</a>]</div> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso">Articole principale: <a href="/wiki/Antipsihotic_tipic" title="Antipsihotic tipic">Antipsihotic tipic</a> și <a href="/wiki/Antipsihotic_atipic" title="Antipsihotic atipic">Antipsihotic atipic</a>.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16505893"> Este neclar dacă <a href="/wiki/Antipsihotic_atipic" title="Antipsihotic atipic">antipsihoticele atipice (a doua generație)</a> oferă mai multe avantaje decât prima generație de antipsihotice.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-13">[13]</a> Amisulprida, <a href="/wiki/Olanzapin%C4%83" title="Olanzapină">olanzapina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Risperidon%C4%83" title="Risperidonă">risperidona</a> și clozapina pot fi mai eficiente, dar sunt asociate cu mai mari efecte adverse.<a href="#cite_note-barry_2012-52">[52]</a> Antipsihoticele tipice au rate egale de drop-out și recidivare a simptomelor cu cele atipice atunci când sunt utilizate în doze mici sau moderate.<a href="#cite_note-AFP07-53">[53]</a> Clozapina este un tratament eficace pentru cei care răspund slab la alte medicamente (schizofrenie „rezistentă la tratament” sau „refractară”),<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> dar manifestă un potențial efect advers serios de <a href="/wiki/Agranulocitoz%C4%83" title="Agranulocitoză">agranulocitoză</a> (scădere a numărului de <a href="/wiki/Leucocit%C4%83" title="Leucocită">globule albe</a>) la mai puțin de 4% din oameni.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Din cauza părtinirii în cercetare, acuratețea comparațiilor cu antipsihotice atipice continuă să fie o îngrijorare.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> În 2005, corpul guvernamental american, Institutul Național de Sănătate Mentală a publicat rezultatele unui studiu independent major (proiectul CATIE).<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Nici un alt atipic studiat (<a href="/wiki/Risperidon%C4%83" title="Risperidonă">risperidonă</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quetiapin%C4%83" title="Quetiapină">quetiapină</a> și <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ziprasidon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ziprasidon — pagină inexistentă">ziprasidon</a>) n-a făcut mai bine decât tipicul perfenazină potrivit măsurătorilor utilizate, nici n-a produs mai puține efecte adverse decât perfenazina, deși mai mulți pacienți au încetat să consume perfenazină din cauza efectelor extrapiramidale decât consumatorii de agenți atipici (8% vs. 2-4%).<a href="#cite_note-Lancet2009-4">[4]</a> Nu s-au observat diferențe în ce privește complianța la tratamentul cu cele două tipuri.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Mulți cercetători pun la îndoială prescripția de primă linie a atipicelor în detrimentul tipicelor și unii chiar pun la îndoială distincția între cele două clase.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Din contră, alți cercetători fac referire la riscul semnificativ mai mare de dischinezie tardivă și alte simptome extrapiramidale în cazul utilizării tipicelor și din acest motiv recomandă tratamentul de primă linie cu atipice, în ciuda unei mai mari înclinații spre efecte adverse metabolice în cazul acestor din urmă.<a href="#cite_note-pmid10190226-62">[62]</a> Organizația guvernamentală britanică <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Institute_for_Health_and_Care_Excellence&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Institute for Health and Care Excellence — pagină inexistentă">NICE</a> și-a revizuit recent recomandările favorabile atipicelor și a recomandat ca alegerea să fie una individuală având la bază profilurile particulare ale medicamentului individual și preferințele pacientului. Re-evaluarea evidenței nu este neapărat încetinită de tendențiozitatea în favoarea prescrierii de atipice.<a href="#cite_note-pmid20098227-63">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Efecte_adverse">Efecte adverse</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsihotic&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Modifică secțiunea: Efecte adverse" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsihotic&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Efecte adverse">modificare sursă</a>]</div> Biperidena este prescrisă pentru efecte adverse extrapiramidale acute ale terapiei antipsihotice, precum akathisia.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> În general, mai mult de un medicament antipsihotic nu trebuie utilizate în același timp din cauza efectelor adverse crescute.<a href="#cite_note-APAfive_polypharmacy-65">[65]</a> Foarte rar antipsihoticele pot cauza psihoză tardivă.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="După_rată">După rată</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsihotic&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Modifică secțiunea: După rată" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsihotic&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: După rată">modificare sursă</a>]</div> <dl><dt>Efecte adverse comune (≥ 1% și până la 50% incidență în cazul celor mai multe medicamente antipsihotice)</dt> <dd><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a></dd></dl> <ul><li>Sedare (obișnuită mai ales în cazul asenapinei, clozapinei, olanzapinei, quetiapinei, clorpromazinei și zotepinei<a href="#cite_note-Leucht_2013-18">[18]</a>)</li> <li>Dureri de cap</li> <li>Amețeală</li> <li>Diaree</li> <li>Anxietate</li> <li>Efecte adverse extrapiramidale (obișnuite mai ales în rândul primei generații de antipsihotice) precum:</li></ul> <dl><dd>- Akathisia — simț adesea dureros de agitație interioară.</dd> <dd>- <a href="/wiki/Distonie" title="Distonie">Distonie</a></dd> <dd>- Parkinsonism</dd> <dd>- Tremur</dd></dl> <ul><li>Hiperprolactinemie (rară în cazul celor tratați cu clozapină, quetiapină și aripiprazol<a href="#cite_note-Maudsley-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Leucht_2013-18">[18]</a>), care poate cauza:</li></ul> <dl><dd>- Galactoree — secreție neobișnuită de lapte matern.</dd> <dd>- Ginecomastie</dd> <dd>- Disfuncție sexuală (la ambele sexe)</dd> <dd>- Osteoporoză</dd></dl> <ul><li>Hipotensiune ortostatică</li> <li>Creștere în greutate (proeminentă mai ales în cazul utilizării clozapinei, olanzapinei, quetiapinei și zotepinei<a href="#cite_note-Leucht_2013-18">[18]</a>)</li> <li>Efecte adverse anticolinergice (comune pentru olanzapină, clozapină; mai puțin probabilă în cazul folosirii de risperidonă <a href="#cite_note-Lieberman,_2004-68">[68]</a>) precum:</li></ul> <dl><dd>- Vedere neclară</dd> <dd>- Constipație</dd> <dd>- Gură uscată (deși hipersalivarea poate de asemenea avea lor)</dd> <dd>- Transpirație redusă</dd></dl> <ul><li>Dischinezia tardivă se arată a fi mai frecventă în cazul antipsihoticelor de primă generație cu impact mare, precum haloperidol, și tinde să apară după tratament cronic și nu acut.<a href="#cite_note-Stahl-69">[69]</a> Se caracterizează prin mișcări încete (așadar întârziate), repetitive, involuntare și fără scop, cel mai adesea ale feței, buzelor, picioarelor sau trunchiului, care tind să reziste tratamentului și sunt adesea ireversibile. Rata de apariție a dischineziei tardive este de aproximativ 5% pe an din utilizările de medicamente antipsihotice (indiferent de medicamentul utilizat).</li></ul> <dl><dt>Efecte adverse rare/neobișnuite (<1% incidență în cazul celor celor mai multe medicamente antipsihotice)</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li>Discrazii sanguine (e.g., agranulocitoză, leucopenie și neutropenie), care sunt mai obișnuite la pacienții tratați cu clozapină.</li> <li>Sindromul metabolic și alte probleme metabolice precum <a href="/wiki/Diabet_zaharat_de_tipul_2" title="Diabet zaharat de tipul 2">diabetul zaharat de tipul 2</a> — obișnuit mai ales în cazul utilizării de clozapină, olanzapină și zotepină. Potrivit studiilor americane, <a href="/wiki/Afro-americani" title="Afro-americani">afro-americanii</a> au cel mai mare risc de dezvoltare a diabetului zaharat tipul II.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Evidența sugerează că femeile sunt mai sensibile la efectele adverse metabolice a primei generații de medicamente antipsihotice decât bărbații.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Efectele adverse metabolice par să fie mediate de următoarele mecanisme:</li></ul> <dl><dd>- Cauzarea de creștere în greutate de antagonizarea receptorilor de histamină H1 și serotonină 5-HT2C<a href="#cite_note-GG-72">[72]</a> și poate de interacțiunea cu alte căi neurochimice din <a href="/wiki/Sistemul_nervos_central" title="Sistemul nervos central">sistemul nervos central</a>.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a></dd></dl> <ul><li>Sindromul neuroleptic malign - condiție potențial fatală caracterizată prin:</li></ul> <dl><dd>- Instabilitate vegetativă, care se poate manifesta prin tahicardie, greață, vomă, diaforeză, etc.</dd> <dd>- Hipertermie — temperatură crescută a corpului.</dd> <dd>- Schimbare a stării mentale (confuzie, halucianții, comă, etc.)</dd> <dd>- Rigiditate musculară</dd> <dd>- Anomalii de laborator (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Creatinfosfokinaz%C4%83" title="Creatinfosfokinază">creatinfosfokinază</a> crescută, niveluri reduse de plasmă feroasă, anomalii ale electroliților etc.)</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pancreatit%C4%83" title="Pancreatită">Pancreatită</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid14524644-74">[74]</a></li> <li>Prelungirea intervalului QT — mai proemintă la cei tratați cu amisulpridă, pimozid, sertindol, tioridazină și ziprasidon.<a href="#cite_note-Maudsley-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Leucht_2013-18">[18]</a></li> <li>Torsades de Pointes</li> <li>Accese epileptice, mai ales la persoanele tratate cu clorpromazină și clozapină.</li> <li>Tromboembolism</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infarct_miocardic" title="Infarct miocardic">Infarct miocardic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accident_vascular_cerebral" title="Accident vascular cerebral">Accident vascular cerebral</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Efecte_pe_termen_lung">Efecte pe termen lung</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsihotic&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Modifică secțiunea: Efecte pe termen lung" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsihotic&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Efecte pe termen lung">modificare sursă</a>]</div> Unele studii au constatat o speranță de viață scăzută asociată cu utilizarea de antipsihotice și au susținut că mai multe studii sunt necesare.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Antipsihoticele pot de asemenea crește riscul de <a href="/wiki/Deces" class="mw-redirect" title="Deces">deces</a> prematur la indivizii cu <a href="/wiki/Demen%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Demență">demență</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> În mod tipic, antipsihoticele înrăutățesc simptomele la personale care suferă de tulburare de depersonalizare.<a href="#cite_note-utdp-78">[78]</a> Polifarmacia antipsihotică (prescrierea de două sau mai multe antipsihotice în acelaști timp pentru individ) este o practică obișnuită, dar nebazată pe evidență și nerecomandată, și există inițiative de a o reduce.<a href="#cite_note-APAfive_polypharmacy-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> În mod similar, utilizarea de doze excesiv de mari (adesea rezultat al polifarmaciei) continuă în ciuda instrucțiunilor clinice și evidenței care indică că nu sunt mai eficiente, dar de obicei mai dăunătoare.<a href="#cite_note-APAfive_polypharmacy-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Pierderea de materie cenușie și alte schimbări structurale ale creierului de-a lungul timpului sunt observate în cazurile de schizofrenie. Meta-analizele efectelor tratamentului cu antipsihotice asupra cursului pierderii de materie cenușie și a schimbărilor structurale au atins concluzii contradictorii. O meta-analiză din 2012 a concluzionat că pierderea de materie cenușie este mai mare la pacienții tratați cu prima generație de antipsihotice în raport cu cei tratați cu atipice și a emis ipoteza că un efect protector al atipicelor ar fi o explicație posibilă.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> O a doua meta-analiză a sugerat că tratamentul cu antipsihotice este asociat cu pierderea de materie cenușie.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Formele de akathisie care durează mult timp sunt adesea trecute cu vederea sau confundate cu depresia post-psihotică, mai ales atunci când le lipsește aspectul extra-piramidal pe care psihiatrii l-au învățat să-l aștepte atunci când caută semne ale akathisiei.<a href="#cite_note-pmid14609248-83">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Întreruperea">Întreruperea</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsihotic&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Modifică secțiunea: Întreruperea" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsihotic&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Întreruperea">modificare sursă</a>]</div> <a href="/w/index.php?title=British_National_Formulary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="British National Formulary — pagină inexistentă">British National Formulary</a> recomandă o înlăturare treptată atunci când se urmărește întreruperea consumului de antipsihotice pentru a se evita sindromul acut de înlăturare sau o recidivare rapidă.<a href="#cite_note-Group_2009_192-84">[84]</a> Printre simptomele înlăturării sunt în mod obișnuit greața, voma și pierderea apetitului.<a href="#cite_note-Had2004-85">[85]</a> Alte simptome pot fi agitația, transpirația crescută și probleme cu somnul.<a href="#cite_note-Had2004-85">[85]</a> Mai puțin obișnuite pot fi senzația că lumea se învârtește, apatia sau durerile musculare.<a href="#cite_note-Had2004-85">[85]</a> În general, simptomele trec după o scurtă perioadă de timp.<a href="#cite_note-Had2004-85">[85]</a> Există o evidență preliminară potrivit căreia înlăturarea antipsihoticelor poate duce la psihoză.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-86">[86]</a> Ar putea duce de asemenea la recurența condiției care este tratată.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Rar, dischinezia tardivă poate avea loc atunci când se încetează luarea medicației.<a href="#cite_note-Had2004-85">[85]</a> Episoade psihotice neașteptate se observă la pacienții care renunță la clozapină. Aceasta mai este numită psihoză supersensibilă și nu trebuie echivalată cu psihoza tardivă.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-86">[86]</a> Dischinezia tardivă se poate atenua în urma înlăturării agentului antipsihotic sau poate persista.<a href="#cite_note-Glazer-2000-88">[88]</a> Efecte ale înlăturării pot de asemenea avea loc în urma schimbării unui antipsihotic cu altul (se presupune că din variațiilor capacității de influență și a activității receptorului). Asemenea efecte ale înlăturării pot fi un rebound colinergic, un sindrom de activare și sindroame motoare precum dischineziile. Aceste efecte adverse pot fi mai probabile în timpul schimbărilor rapide de la un agent antipsihotic la altul, întrucât schimbarea treptată a antipsihoticelor minimalizează aceste efecte ale înlăturării.<a href="#cite_note-Lambert-2007-89">[89]</a> O metodă este creșterea treptată a dozei noii medicații în timp ce diminuează treptat doza celei vechi.<a href="#cite_note-Stahl-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Listă_de_agenți">Listă de agenți</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsihotic&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Modifică secțiunea: Listă de agenți" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsihotic&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Listă de agenți">modificare sursă</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Chlorpromazine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Chlorpromazine.svg/220px-Chlorpromazine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Chlorpromazine.svg/330px-Chlorpromazine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Chlorpromazine.svg/440px-Chlorpromazine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="504" /></a><figcaption>Clorpromazină.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Haloperidol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Haloperidol.svg/220px-Haloperidol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Haloperidol.svg/330px-Haloperidol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Haloperidol.svg/440px-Haloperidol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="330" /></a><figcaption>Haloperidol.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Quetiapine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Quetiapine.svg/220px-Quetiapine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Quetiapine.svg/330px-Quetiapine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Quetiapine.svg/440px-Quetiapine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></a><figcaption>Quetiapină.</figcaption></figure> Medicamentele antipsihotice utilizate la nivel clinic sunt enumerate mai jos, fiind clasificate după numele grupei de medicamente. O analiză din 2013 a afirmat că împărțirea antipsihoticelor în prima și a doua generație este probabil inexactă.<a href="#cite_note-Leucht_2013-18">[18]</a> Note: † medicamente care nu mai sunt (sau n-au fost niciodată) pe piață în țările vorbitoare de limbă engleză. ‡ medicamente care nu mai sunt (sau n-au fost niciodată) pe piață în Statele Unite. Unele antipsihotice nu sunt plasate clar într-o clasă prima sau a doua generație. # medicamente care au fost scoase de pe piață la nivel mondial. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prima_generație_(tipice)">Prima generație (tipice)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsihotic&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Modifică secțiunea: Prima generație (tipice)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsihotic&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Prima generație (tipice)">modificare sursă</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Butirofenone">Butirofenone</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsihotic&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Modifică secțiunea: Butirofenone" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsihotic&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Butirofenone">modificare sursă</a>]</div> <ul><li>Benperidol‡</li> <li>Bromperidol†</li> <li>Droperidol‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haloperidol" title="Haloperidol">Haloperidol</a></li> <li>Moperone (înrerupt)†</li> <li>Pipamperonă (întrupt)†</li> <li>Timiperonă †</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Difenilbutilpiperidine">Difenilbutilpiperidine</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsihotic&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Modifică secțiunea: Difenilbutilpiperidine" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsihotic&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: Difenilbutilpiperidine">modificare sursă</a>]</div> <ul><li>Fluspiril ‡</li> <li>Penfluridol ‡</li> <li>Pimozid</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fenotiazine">Fenotiazine</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsihotic&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Modifică secțiunea: Fenotiazine" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsihotic&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section's source code: Fenotiazine">modificare sursă</a>]</div> <ul><li>Acepromazină † — deși este utilizat cel mai mult în medicina veterinară.</li> <li>Clorpromazină</li> <li>Ciamemazină †</li> <li>Dixirazină †</li> <li>Flufenazină</li> <li>Levomepromazin‡</li> <li>Mesoridazină (întrerupt)†</li> <li>Perazină</li> <li>Periciazină‡</li> <li>Perfenazină</li> <li>Pipotiazină ‡</li> <li>Proclorperazină</li> <li>Promazină (întrerupt)</li> <li>Prometazină</li> <li>Protipendil †</li> <li>Tioproperazină‡ (singura țară vorbitoare de limbă engleză unde este valabilă este Canada)</li> <li>Tioridazină (întrerupt)</li> <li>Trifluoperazină</li> <li>Triflupromazină (întrerupt)†</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tioxantene">Tioxantene</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsihotic&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Modifică secțiunea: Tioxantene" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsihotic&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section's source code: Tioxantene">modificare sursă</a>]</div> <ul><li>Clorprotixen †</li> <li>Clopentixol</li> <li>Flupentixol ‡</li> <li>Tiotixenă</li> <li>Zuclopenthixol‡</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clasare_disputată/necunoscută">Clasare disputată/necunoscută</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsihotic&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Modifică secțiunea: Clasare disputată/necunoscută" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsihotic&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section's source code: Clasare disputată/necunoscută">modificare sursă</a>]</div> Această categorie cuprinde medicamentele care au fost incluse atât în prima cât și în a doua generație, în funcție de literatură. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Benzamide">Benzamide</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsihotic&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Modifică secțiunea: Benzamide" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsihotic&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section's source code: Benzamide">modificare sursă</a>]</div> <ul><li>Sulpiridă ‡</li> <li>Sultopridă †</li> <li>Veralipride †</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Triciclice">Triciclice</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsihotic&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Modifică secțiunea: Triciclice" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsihotic&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section's source code: Triciclice">modificare sursă</a>]</div> <ul><li>Carpipramină †</li> <li>Clocapramină †</li> <li>Clorotepină †</li> <li>Clotiapină ‡</li> <li>Loxapină</li> <li>Mosapramină †</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Altele_2">Altele</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsihotic&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Modifică secțiunea: Altele" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsihotic&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section's source code: Altele">modificare sursă</a>]</div> <ul><li>Molindone #</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="A_doua_generație_(atipice)">A doua generație (atipice)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsihotic&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Modifică secțiunea: A doua generație (atipice)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsihotic&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section's source code: A doua generație (atipice)">modificare sursă</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Benzamide_2">Benzamide</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsihotic&veaction=edit&section=27" title="Modifică secțiunea: Benzamide" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsihotic&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section's source code: Benzamide">modificare sursă</a>]</div> <ul><li>Amisulprida ‡ – antidopaminergic selectiv. Dozele mai mari (mai mari de 400 mg) acționează asupra receptorilor post-sinaptici de dopamină rezultând în reducerea simptomelor pozitive ale schizofreniei, precum psihoza. Dozele mai mici, în orice caz, acționează asupra autoreceptorilor de dopamină, rezultând în transmisia de dopamină, ameliorând simptomele negative ale schizofreniei. Dozele mai scăzute de amisulpridă au arătat de asemenea că au efecte <a href="/wiki/Antidepresiv" title="Antidepresiv">antidepresive</a> și <a href="/wiki/Anxiolitic" title="Anxiolitic">anxiolitice</a> la pacienții non-schizofrenici, ceea ce a dus la utilizarea sa pentru <a href="/wiki/Distimie" title="Distimie">distimie</a> și <a href="/wiki/Fobie_social%C4%83" title="Fobie socială">fobii sociale</a>.</li> <li>Nemonapride † – utilizat în Japonia.</li> <li>Remoxipridă# – Are riscul de a cauza anemie aplastică și din acest motiv a fost înlăturată de pe piața mondială. De asemenea, s-a constatat că posedă un potențial relativ mic (aproape absent) de a induce hiperprolactinemie și simptome extrapiramidale, care pot fi atribuite legăturii relativ slabe (și, de aici, disocierea rapidă de) cu receptorul D2 receptor.<a href="#cite_note-atyp-90">[90]</a></li> <li>Sultopridă – antipsihotic atipic din clasa chimică a benzamidelor utilizat în Europa, Japonia și Hong Kong pentru tratarea schizofreniei. A fost lansat de Sanofi-Aventis în 1976. Sultoprida acționează ca antagonist selectiv al receptorilor D2 și D3.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Benzisoxazole/benzisotiazole">Benzisoxazole/benzisotiazole</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsihotic&veaction=edit&section=28" title="Modifică secțiunea: Benzisoxazole/benzisotiazole" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsihotic&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section's source code: Benzisoxazole/benzisotiazole">modificare sursă</a>]</div> <ul><li>Iloperidonă – aprobat de FDA din SUA în 2009, este foarte tolerat, deși <a href="/wiki/Hipotensiune" title="Hipotensiune">hipotensiunea</a>, amețeala și somnolența sunt efecte adverse foarte obșnuite. În orice caz, n-a primit aprobare normativă în alte țări.</li> <li>Lurasidonă – aprobat de FDA din SUA pentru a fi utilizat pentru schizofrenie și tulburare bipolară. Consumat o dată pe zi, a prezentat rezultate eficiente mixte în Faza III, dar are un profil bine tolerat de efecte adverse. Este de asemenea licențiat pentru a fi utilizat pentru tratarea schizofreniei în Canada. În orice caz, nu este licențiat în alte părți. Are efecte procognitive prin faptul că antagonizează receptorul 5-HT7.</li> <li>Paliperidonă – Metabolit Primar al risperidonei care a fost aprobat în 2006.</li> <li>Palmitat de paliperidonă – versiune cu acțiune lungă a paliperidonei pentru injectare o dată pe lună.</li> <li>Perospirone † – are o incidență mai mare de efecte adverse extrapiramidale decât alte antipsihotice atipice.<a href="#cite_note-CNS_Drugs-91">[91]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risperidon%C4%83" title="Risperidonă">Risperidonă</a> – doza împărțită este recomandată până când titrarea inițială este terminată, după care medicamentul poate fi administrat o dată pe zi. Este prescris fără recomandări oficiale pentru a se trata <a href="/wiki/Sindromul_Tourette" title="Sindromul Tourette">sindromul Tourette</a> și <a href="/wiki/Tulburare_de_anxietate" title="Tulburare de anxietate">tulburarea de anxietate</a>.</li> <li>Ziprasidonă – Aprobat în 2004<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> pentru tratarea tulburării bipolare. Printre efectele adverse este un interval QT prelungit în inimă, care poate fi periculos pentru pacienții cu <a href="/wiki/Boli_cardiovasculare" title="Boli cardiovasculare">boală de inimă</a> sau cei care iau alte medicamente care prelungesc intervalul QT.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Butirofenoni">Butirofenoni</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsihotic&veaction=edit&section=29" title="Modifică secțiunea: Butirofenoni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsihotic&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section's source code: Butirofenoni">modificare sursă</a>]</div> <ul><li>Melperon † – utilizat numai în câteva țări europene. Nici o țară vorbitoare de limbă engleză nu l-a licențiat.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fenilpiperazine">Fenilpiperazine</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsihotic&veaction=edit&section=30" title="Modifică secțiunea: Fenilpiperazine" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsihotic&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section's source code: Fenilpiperazine">modificare sursă</a>]</div> <ul><li>Aripiprazol – spre deosebire de aproape toate celelalte antipsihotice utilizate clinic, este un agonist parțial al receptorului D2.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a></li> <li>Aripiprazol lauroxil – Versiune injectibilă cu acțiune îndelungată a aripiprazolului.</li> <li>Brexpiprazol – agonist parțial al receptorului D2. Succesor al aripiprazolului.</li> <li>Cariprazină – agonist parțial al în primul rând al D3, dar și al D2/D3.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Triciclice_2">Triciclice</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsihotic&veaction=edit&section=31" title="Modifică secțiunea: Triciclice" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsihotic&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section's source code: Triciclice">modificare sursă</a>]</div> <ul><li>Asenapină – utilizată pentru tratarea schizofreniei și maniei acute asociată cu tulburarea bipolară.</li> <li>Clozapină – necesită <a href="/wiki/Hemogram%C4%83" title="Hemogramă">hemograme</a> la fiecare 1-4 săptămâni din cauza riscului de <a href="/wiki/Agranulocitoz%C4%83" title="Agranulocitoză">agranulocitoză</a>. Are eficiență incomparabilă în tratarea schizofreniei rezistente la tratament.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olanzapin%C4%83" title="Olanzapină">Olanzapină</a> – utilizată pentru tratarea tulburărilor psihotice precum schizofrenia, episoadele <a href="/wiki/Manie" title="Manie">maniacale</a> acute și ca mententanță pentru <a href="/wiki/Tulburare_bipolar%C4%83" title="Tulburare bipolară">tulburarea bipolară</a>. Utilizată ca ajutor la terapia antidepresivă, fie singură, fie în combinație cu fluoxetina ca Symbyax.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quetiapin%C4%83" title="Quetiapină">Quetiapină</a> – utilizată în primul rând pentru tratarea tulburării bipolare și schizofreniei. De asemenea, utilizată și licențiată în câteva țări (inclusiv Australia, Regatul Unit și Statele Unit) ca ajutor la terapia antidepresivă la pacienții cu <a href="/wiki/Tulburare_depresiv%C4%83_major%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulburare depresivă majoră">tulburare depresivă majoră</a>. Este singurul antipsihotic care și-a demonstrat eficiența ca monoterapie pentru tratarea <a href="/wiki/Tulburare_depresiv%C4%83_major%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulburare depresivă majoră">tulburării depresive majore</a>. Servește indirect ca inhibitor al recaptării noradrenalinei cu ajutorul metabolitului său activ, norquetiapină.</li> <li>Zotepină – antipsihotic atipic indicat pentru schizofrenie acută și cronică. Este încă utilizat în Japonia și a fost utilizat în Germania, dar a încetată să mai fie vândut.†</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Altele_3">Altele</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsihotic&veaction=edit&section=32" title="Modifică secțiunea: Altele" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsihotic&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section's source code: Altele">modificare sursă</a>]</div> <ul><li>Blonanserin – aprobat de PMDA în 2008. Utilizat în Japonia și Coreea de Sud.</li> <li>Pimavanserin – antagonist selectiv al receptorului 5-HT2A aprobat pentru tratarea psihozei bolii Parkinson în 2016.</li> <li>Sertindol ‡ – dezvoltat de compania farmaceutică daneză <a href="/wiki/Lundbeck" title="Lundbeck">H. Lundbeck</a>. Asemenea altor antipsihotice atipice, se crede că are o activitate de antagonist al receptorilor de dopamină și serotonină din creier.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mecanism_de_acțiune">Mecanism de acțiune</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsihotic&veaction=edit&section=33" title="Modifică secțiunea: Mecanism de acțiune" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsihotic&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section's source code: Mecanism de acțiune">modificare sursă</a>]</div> Medicamente antipsihotice precum <a href="/wiki/Haloperidol" title="Haloperidol">haloperidol</a> și <a href="/wiki/Clorpromazin%C4%83" title="Clorpromazină">clorpromazină</a> tind să blocheze receptorii D2 de <a href="/wiki/Dopamin%C4%83" title="Dopamină">dopamină</a> din căile dopaminergice ale <a href="/wiki/Creier" title="Creier">creierului</a>. Aceasta înseamnă că dopamina lansată în aceste căi are mai puține efecte. S-a făcut legătură între eliberarea excesivă de dopamină în calea mezolimbică și experiențele psihotice. Eliberarea scăzută de dopamină în cortexul prefrontal și excesul de eliberare de dopamină în alte căi sunt asociate cu episoade psihotice în schizofrenie și tulburare bipolară.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Pe lângă efectele antagoniste ale dopaminei, antipsihoticele (mai ales neurolepticele atipice) antagnozează de asemenea receptorii 5-HT2A. Diferite <a href="/wiki/Alel%C4%83" title="Alelă">alele</a> ale receptorului 5-HT2A au fost asociate cu <a href="/wiki/Schizofrenie" title="Schizofrenie">schizofrenie</a> și alte psihoze, inclusiv depresie.<a href="#cite_note-McDonald_41–63-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Concentrații mai mari ale receptorilor 5-HT2A în zonele corticale și subcorticale, mai ales în dreapta <a href="/wiki/Nucleul_caudat" title="Nucleul caudat">nucleului caudat</a> au fost înregistrate istoric.<a href="#cite_note-McDonald_41–63-96">[96]</a> Antipsihoticele tipice nu sunt foarte selective și de asemenea blochează receptorii de dopamină din calea mezocorticală, calea tuberoinfundibulară și calea nigrostriatală. Se crede că blocarea receptorilor D2 în aceste alte căi produce anumite efecte adverse nedorite pe care antipsihoticele tipice le pot produce (vezi mai sus). Ele au fost adesea clasificate pe un spectru de potență scăzută și potență ridicată, unde prin potență se înțelege abilitatea medicamentului de a se lega de receptorii de dopamină și nu eficiența medicamentului. Antipsihoticele cu potență ridicată precum <a href="/wiki/Haloperidol" title="Haloperidol">haloperidol</a>, în general, au doze de câteva miligrame și pot cauza mai puțin somnolență și efecte calmante decât antipsihoticele cu potență scăzută precum clorpromazina și tioridazina, care au doze de câteva sute de miligrame. Ultima are un mai mare nivel de activitate anticolinergică și antihistamingergică, care poate contraataca efectele adverse legate de dopamină. Medicamentele antipsihotice atipice au un efect blocant similar asupra receptorilor D2, în orice caz, cei mai mulți de asemenea acționează asupra receptorilor de serotonină, în special a receptorilor 5-HT2A și 5-HT2C. Atât clozapina cât și quetiapina par să se lege suficient de lung astfel încât să provoace efecte antipsihotice, dar nu suficient de lung încât să inducă efecte adverse extrapiramidale și hipersecreție de prolactină.<a href="#cite_note-Atypicality-98">[98]</a> Antagonismul 5-HT2A crește activitatea dopaminergică în calea nigrostratală, ducând la înclinație scăzută spre efecte adverse extrapiramidale printre antipsihoticele atipice.<a href="#cite_note-Atypicality-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Compararea_medicațiilor">Compararea medicațiilor</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsihotic&veaction=edit&section=34" title="Modifică secțiunea: Compararea medicațiilor" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsihotic&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section's source code: Compararea medicațiilor">modificare sursă</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="font-size:small; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="6">Eficiență </th></tr> <tr> <th>Numele generic al medicamentului</th> <th>Schizofrenie<a href="#cite_note-Lancet2009-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Leucht_2013-18">[18]</a></th> <th>Manie<a href="#cite_note-Lancet_11-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a></th> <th>Depresie bipolară<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a></th> <th>Mentenanța bipolarității<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a></th> <th>Ajutător pentru depresie majoră<a href="#cite_note-MDD-105">[105]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Amisulpridă</td> <td>+++</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>? (+++ pentru distimie) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Aripiprazol</td> <td>++</td> <td>++</td> <td>-</td> <td>++ (previne episoadele maniacale și mixte, dar nu pe cele depresive)</td> <td>+++ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Asenapină</td> <td>++/+</td> <td>++</td> <td>?</td> <td>++</td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td>Clorpromazină</td> <td>++</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td>Clozapină</td> <td>+++</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td>Haloperidol</td> <td>++</td> <td>+++</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td>Iloperidonă</td> <td>+</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td>Loxapină</td> <td>+++/++</td> <td>+++ (doar pentru tratamentul agitanției)</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lurasidonă</td> <td>+</td> <td>?</td> <td>+++</td> <td>?</td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td>Melperon</td> <td>+++</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td>Olanzapină</td> <td>+++</td> <td>+++/++</td> <td>++</td> <td>++ (mai eficientă în prevenirea recidivării maniacale/mixte)</td> <td>++ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Paliperidonă</td> <td>++</td> <td>+++/++</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td>Perospirone<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a></td> <td>+</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td>Quetiapină</td> <td>++</td> <td>++</td> <td>+++</td> <td>+++</td> <td>++ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Risperidonă</td> <td>+++</td> <td>+++</td> <td>-</td> <td>++</td> <td>+++ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sertindol</td> <td>++</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ziprasidonă</td> <td>++/+</td> <td>+</td> <td>?</td> <td>+</td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td>Zotepină</td> <td>++</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>? </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Istorie">Istorie</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsihotic&veaction=edit&section=35" title="Modifică secțiunea: Istorie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsihotic&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section's source code: Istorie">modificare sursă</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Thorazine_advert.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Thorazine_advert.jpg/220px-Thorazine_advert.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="340" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Thorazine_advert.jpg/330px-Thorazine_advert.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Thorazine_advert.jpg/440px-Thorazine_advert.jpg 2x" data-file-width="927" data-file-height="1433" /></a><figcaption>Publicitate pentru Thorazine (clorpromazină) din anii 1950, care oglindește percepțiile despre psihoză, inclusiv percepția în prezent compromisă și depășită în legătură cu tendința spre violență, existentă în perioada în care antipsihoticele au fost descoperite<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a></figcaption></figure> Medicamentele antipsihotice inițiale au fost produse adesea întâmplător și apoi li s-a testat eficiența. Primul, clorpromazina, a fost dezvoltat ca <a href="/wiki/Anestezic" title="Anestezic">anestezic</a> chirurgical. A fost utilizat pentru prima dată pe pacienții psihiatrici din cauza puternicului său efect calmant; la acel timp era văzut ca o „<a href="/wiki/Lobotomie" title="Lobotomie">lobotomie</a> farmacologică” non-permanentă.<a href="#cite_note-pieters-108">[108]</a> Lobotomia era utilizată la acel timp pentru tratarea multor tulburări comportamentale, inclusiv psihozele, deși efectul său său consta în reducerea considerabilă a comportamentului și activității mentale de toate tipurile. În orice caz, clorpromazina a demonstrat că reduce efectele psihozei într-o manieră mai eficientă și mai specifică decât lobotomia, chiar dacă se știa că este capabilă să cauzeze sedare severă. <a href="/wiki/Neurochimie" title="Neurochimie">Neurochimia</a> implicată care a stat la bază a fost de atunci studiată în detaliu și ulterioarele medicamente antipsihotice au fost descoperite printr-o abordare care încorporează acest fel de informație. Descoperirea efectelor psihoactive ale clorpromazinei în 1952 au dus la cercetări ulterioare care au avut ca rezultat dezvoltarea <a href="/wiki/Antidepresiv" title="Antidepresiv">antidepresivelor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anxiolitic" title="Anxiolitic">anxioliticelor</a> și a majorității celorlalte medicamente acum utilizate în managementul condițiilor psihiatrice. În 1952, <a href="/wiki/Henri_Laborit" title="Henri Laborit">Henri Laborit</a> a descris clorpromazina doar ca ceva ce induce indiferență față de ceea ce se întâmplă în jurul lor la pacienții non-psihotici și non-maniacali, iar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Delay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean Delay — pagină inexistentă">Jean Delay</a> și <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Deniker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre Deniker — pagină inexistentă">Pierre Deniker</a> au descris-o ca un medicament care controlează agitația maniacală sau psihotică. Primul a susținut că a descoperit tratamentul pentru agitație la oricine, iar ultimul - că a descoperit tratamentul pentru bolile psihotice.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> Până în anii 1970 au existat dezbateri considerabile în cadrul psihiatriei cu privire la cel mai adecvat termen pentru a denumi noile medicamente.<a href="#cite_note-king-110">[110]</a> La sfârșitul anilor 1950, cel utilizat termen era „neuroleptic”, fiind urmat de „tranchilizant major”, iar apoi de „ataraxic.”<a href="#cite_note-king-110">[110]</a> Prima utilizare atestată a termenului tranchilizant datează de la începutul secolului nouăsprezece.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> În 1953, Frederik F. Yonkman, farmacist de la compania farmaceutică <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciba_Specialty_Chemicals" class="extiw" title="en:Ciba Specialty Chemicals">Ciba</a> cu bază în Elveția, a utilizat pentru prima dată termenul tranchilizat pentru a distinge <a href="/wiki/Reserpin%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Reserpină">reserpina</a> de alte sedative mai vechi.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> Cuvântul neuroleptic a fost inventat în 1955 de Delay și Deniker după ce au descoperit (1952) efectele antipsihotice a clorpromazinei.<a href="#cite_note-king-110">[110]</a> Este derivat din <a href="/wiki/Limba_greac%C4%83" title="Limba greacă">greacă</a> "<a href="https://ro.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BD%CE%B5%E1%BF%A6%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BD" class="extiw" title="wikt:νεῦρον">νεῦρον</a>" (neuron, sensul original fiind „<a href="/wiki/Tendon" title="Tendon">tendon</a>”) și "<a href="https://ro.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%B2%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%89" class="extiw" title="wikt:λαμβάνω">λαμβάνω</a>" (lambanō, însemnând „a pune stăpânire pe/a apuca”). Așadar, cuvântul înseamnă a pune mână pe nervii cuiva. A fost adesea folosit pentru a se referi de asemenea la efectele adverse obișnuite pentru activitatea redusă în general, precum și letargia și controlul motor subminat. Deși aceste efecte sunt neplăcute și în anumite cazuri dăunătoare, ele erau la un anumit timp, alături de akathisie, considerate un semn clar că medicamentul funcționează.<a href="#cite_note-pieters-108">[108]</a> Termenul „ataraxie” a fost inventat de neurologul Howard Fabing și clasicistul Alister Cameron pentru a descrie efectul observat de indiferență și detașare psihică la pacienții tratați cu clorpromazină.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Acest termen derivat din adjectivul grecesc „<a href="https://ro.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%80%CF%84%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:ἀτάρακτος">ἀτάρακτος</a>” (<a href="https://ro.wiktionary.org/wiki/ataractic" class="extiw" title="wikt:ataractic">ataraktos</a>), care înseamnă „neperturbat, neexcitat, fără confuzie, stabil, calm”.<a href="#cite_note-king-110">[110]</a> În privința utilizării termenilor „tranchilizant” și „ataractic”, specialiștii medicali au distins între „tranchilizanți majori” sau „ataractici majori”, care se refereau la medicamente utilizate pentru tratarea psihozelor, și „tranchilizanți minori” sau „ataractici minori”, care se refereau la medicamente utilizate pentru tratarea <a href="/wiki/Nevroz%C4%83" title="Nevroză">nevrozelor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-king-110">[110]</a> Deși erau populari în anii 1950, acești termeni astăzi sunt utilizați relativ rar. Au fost abandonați în favoarea lui „antipsihotic”, care se referă la efectele dorite ale medicamentului.<a href="#cite_note-king-110">[110]</a> Astăzi, prin „tranchilizant minor” se poate face referire la medicamente <a href="/wiki/Anxiolitic" title="Anxiolitic">anxiolitice</a> și/sau <a href="/wiki/Hipnotic" title="Hipnotic">hipnotice</a> precum <a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepin%C4%83" title="Benzodiazepină">benzodiazepinele</a> și <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonbenzodiazepin%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nonbenzodiazepină — pagină inexistentă">nonbenzodiazepinele</a>, care au anumite proprietăți antipsihotice și se recomandă să fie utilizate concomintent cu antipsihoticele, și sunt utile pentru psihoză indusă de droguri și insomnie.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Sunt sedative puternice (și cu potențial de creare a dependenței). Antipsihoticele sunt în linii mari împărțite în două grupuri, tipice sau prima generație de antipsihotice și atipice sau a doua generație de antipsihotice. Antipsihoticele tipice sunt clasificate după structura lor chimică, iar antipsihoticele atipice sunt clasificate potrivit proprietăților lor farmacologice. Aici este vorba de antagoniștii de serotonină și dopamină, antipsihoticele multireceptorale (MARTA) și agoniștii parțiali de dopamină, care sunt adesea caracterizați ca atipice.<a href="#cite_note-Horacek2006-115">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Societate_și_cultură">Societate și cultură</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsihotic&veaction=edit&section=36" title="Modifică secțiunea: Societate și cultură" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsihotic&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section's source code: Societate și cultură">modificare sursă</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terminologie">Terminologie</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsihotic&veaction=edit&section=37" title="Modifică secțiunea: Terminologie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsihotic&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section's source code: Terminologie">modificare sursă</a>]</div> Termenul tranchilizat major a fost utilizat pentru medicamentele antipsihotice mai vechi. Termenul neuroleptic este adesea utilizat ca <a href="/wiki/Sinonim" title="Sinonim">sinonim</a> pentru antipsihotic, chiar dacă - strict vorbind - cei doi termeni nu sunt interschimbabili. Medicamentele antipsihotice sunt un subgrup al medicamentelor neuroleptice, deoarece ultimele au un șir mai larg de efecte.<a href="#cite_note-:1-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> Antipsihoticele sunt un tip de medicație psihoactivă sau psihotropă.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> <a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Controverse">Controverse</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsihotic&veaction=edit&section=38" title="Modifică secțiunea: Controverse" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsihotic&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section's source code: Controverse">modificare sursă</a>]</div> Joanna Moncrieff a susținut că tratamentul cu medicamente antipsihotice este adesea luat ca mijloc de a controla mai degrabă decât a trata simptomele specifice experimentate de pacient.<a href="#cite_note-guard_1-120">[120]</a> Utilizarea acestei clase de medicamente are o istorie de critică în centrele de îngrijire. Întrucât medicamentele utilizate îi pot face pe pacienți mai calmi și mai îngăduitori, criticii susțin că medicamentele pot fi suprasocilitate. Medicii externi se pot afla sub presiunea personalului de îngrijire.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Într-o analiză oficială comandată de miniștrii guvernului birtanic s-a afirmat că utilizarea netrebuincioasă a medicației antipsihotice pentru cazurile de demență s-a răspândit și a avut legătură cu 1800 de decese pe an.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> În Statele Unite, guvernul a inițiat o acțiune legală împotriva companiei farmaceutice pe motiv că ar fi plătit mită companiei Omnicare pentru a-și promova antipsihoticul <a href="/wiki/Risperidon%C4%83" title="Risperidonă">risperidonă</a> (Risperdal) în sanatoriile particulare.<a href="#cite_note-Hilzenrath-124">[124]</a> Au existat de asemenea controverse în privința rolului companiilor farmaceutice în punerea pe piață și promovarea antipsihoticelor, inclusiv acuzații de bagatelizare a efectelor adverse, lărgire a numărului de condiții sau promovare ilegală a utilizării neoficiale, precum și de influențare a cercetărilor făcute pe medicamente în încercarea de a arăta că mai noile atipice scumpe și profitabile sunt superioare vechilor tipice mai ieftine. În urma acuzațiilor pe punere ilegală pe piață, amplasamentele a două companii farmaceutice mari din SUA au obținut reputația pentru cele mai mari amenzi penale impuse vreodată corporațiilor.<a href="#cite_note-bied2010-125">[125]</a> Un caz a implicat antipsihoticul Zyprexa (olanzapină) al <a href="/wiki/Eli_Lilly_and_Company" title="Eli Lilly and Company">Eli Lilly and Company</a>, iar celălalt a implicat <a href="/wiki/Bextra" class="mw-redirect" title="Bextra">Bextra</a>. În cazul Bextra, guvernul a acuzat de asemenea <a href="/wiki/Pfizer" title="Pfizer">Pfizer</a> de putenere ilegală pe piață a altui antipsihotic, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Geodon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geodon — pagină inexistentă">Geodon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bied2010-125">[125]</a> În plus, <a href="/wiki/Astrazeneca" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrazeneca">Astrazeneca</a> se confruntă cu numeroase procese legate de vătămare personală inițiate de foști utilizatori ai <a href="/wiki/Seroquel" class="mw-redirect" title="Seroquel">Seroquel</a> (quetiapină), în mijlocul investigațiilor federale a practicilor de marketing.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> Prin lărgirea numărului de condiții pentru care erau indicate, Seroquelul companiei Astrazeneca și Zyprexa companiei Eli Lilly au devenit cele mai mari vânzătoare de antipsihotice în 2008 cu vânzări globale de $5.5 miliarde și respectiv $5.4 miliarde.<a href="#cite_note-healthcarefinancenews.com-127">[127]</a> Profesorul de psihiatrie de la Harvard <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Biederman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Biederman — pagină inexistentă">Joseph Biederman</a> a condus o cercetare despre tulburarea bipolară la copii care a condus la o creștere a numărului unor asemenea diagnostice. O investigație din 2008 a Senatului a constatat că Biederman de asemenea a primit $1.6 milioane ca plată pentru cuvântări și consultații între 2000 și 2007 — unele dintre ele necunoscute Harvardului — de la companii inclusiv care au producători medicamente antipsihotice prescrise pentru copiii cu tulburare bipolară. <a href="/wiki/Johnson_%26_Johnson" title="Johnson & Johnson">Johnson & Johnson</a> a acordat mai mult de $700,000 unui centru de cercetare care a fost condus de Biederman din 2002 până în 2005, unde s-au condus cercetări, în parte, pe <a href="/wiki/Risperdal" class="mw-redirect" title="Risperdal">Risperdal</a>, medicamentul antipsihotic al companiei. Biederman a reacționat spunând că banii nu l-au influențat și că nu a promovat un diagnostic sau tratament specific.<a href="#cite_note-bied2010-125">[125]</a> Companiile farmaceutice au fost de asemenea acuzate de încercare de stabilire a unei agende de sănătate mentală prin activități precum finanțarea grupurilor de protecție a consumatorului.<a href="#cite_note-pmid15278977-128">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Populații_speciale">Populații speciale</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsihotic&veaction=edit&section=39" title="Modifică secțiunea: Populații speciale" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsihotic&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section's source code: Populații speciale">modificare sursă</a>]</div> Se recomandă ca persoanelor cu demență care prezintă simptome comportamentale și psihologice să nu li acorde antipsihotice înainte de a se încerca alte tratamente.<a href="#cite_note-APAfive_dementia-129">[129]</a> Când ia antipsihotice, această categorie de populație are risc crescut de efecte cerebrovasculare, parkinsonism sau simptome extrapiramidale, sedare, confuzie și alte efecte adverse congnitve, creștere în greutate și mortalitate crescută.<a href="#cite_note-APAfive_dementia-129">[129]</a> Medicii și îngrijitorii persoanelor cu demență trebuie să încerce să redreseze simptome precum agitația, agresivitatea, apatia, anxietatea, depresia, iritabilitatea și psihoza cu tratamente alternative atunci când utilizarea de antipsihotice poate fi înlocuită sau redusă.<a href="#cite_note-APAfive_dementia-129">[129]</a> Adesea, demența personelor vârstnice este tratată inițial cu antipsihotice, iar aceasta nu este cea mai bună strategie de management.<a href="#cite_note-AGSfive-130">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referințe">Referințe</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsihotic&veaction=edit&section=40" title="Modifică secțiunea: Referințe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsihotic&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section's source code: Referințe">modificare sursă</a>]</div> <div class="references-small columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Finkel RF, Clark MA, Cubeddu LX (<time datetime="2009">2009</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q4hG2gRhy7oC&pg=PA151">Pharmacology</a> (în engleză). 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Molecular Psychiatry. 17 (12): 1206–27. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fmp.2012.47">10.1038/mp.2012.47</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22584864">22584864</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Pharmacological+treatment+of+schizophrenia%3A+a+critical+review+of+the+pharmacology+and+clinical+effects+of+current+and+future+therapeutic+agents&rft.chron=Decembrie+2012&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1206-27&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fmp.2012.47&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22584864&rft.aulast=Miyamoto&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Miyake%2C+N&rft.au=Jarskog%2C+LF&rft.au=Fleischhacker%2C+WW&rft.au=Lieberman%2C+JA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAntipsihotic" class="Z3988">  Verificați datele pentru: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Ajutor:Erori_CS1#bad_date" title="Ajutor:Erori CS1">ajutor</a>)<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_13-1">b</a> <cite class="citation journal">Hartling L, Abou-Setta AM, Dursun S, Mousavi SS, Pasichnyk D, Newton AS (Octombrie 2012). „Antipsychotics in adults with schizophrenia: comparative effectiveness of first-generation versus second-generation medications: a systematic review and meta-analysis”. Annals of Internal Medicine. 157 (7): 498–511. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7326%2F0003-4819-157-7-201210020-00525">10.7326/0003-4819-157-7-201210020-00525</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22893011">22893011</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Internal+Medicine&rft.atitle=Antipsychotics+in+adults+with+schizophrenia%3A+comparative+effectiveness+of+first-generation+versus+second-generation+medications%3A+a+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis&rft.chron=Octombrie+2012&rft.volume=157&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=498-511&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7326%2F0003-4819-157-7-201210020-00525&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22893011&rft.aulast=Hartling&rft.aufirst=L&rft.au=Abou-Setta%2C+AM&rft.au=Dursun%2C+S&rft.au=Mousavi%2C+SS&rft.au=Pasichnyk%2C+D&rft.au=Newton%2C+AS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAntipsihotic" class="Z3988">  Verificați datele pentru: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Ajutor:Erori_CS1#bad_date" title="Ajutor:Erori CS1">ajutor</a>)<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Furukawa TA, Levine SZ, Tanaka S, Goldberg Y, Samara M, Davis JM, Cipriani A, Leucht S (Ianuarie 2015). „Initial severity of schizophrenia and efficacy of antipsychotics: participant-level meta-analysis of 6 placebo-controlled studies”. 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Current Medicinal Chemistry. 11 (3): 313–27. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2174%2F0929867043456070">10.2174/0929867043456070</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14965234">14965234</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Medicinal+Chemistry&rft.atitle=A+critical+review+of+atypical+antipsychotic+utilization%3A+comparing+monotherapy+with+polypharmacy+and+augmentation&rft.chron=Februarie+2004&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=313-27&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2174%2F0929867043456070&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14965234&rft.aulast=Stahl&rft.aufirst=SM&rft.au=Grady%2C+MM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAntipsihotic" class="Z3988">  Verificați datele pentru: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Ajutor:Erori_CS1#bad_date" title="Ajutor:Erori CS1">ajutor</a>)<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Moore DP, Puri BK (<time datetime="2012">2012</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Sy7OBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA791">Textbook of Clinical Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Third Edition</a> (în engleză). CRC Press. p. 791. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/9781444164947" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/9781444164947">9781444164947</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171125213437/https://books.google.com/books?id=Sy7OBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA791">Arhivat</a> din originalul de la <time datetime="2017-11-25">25 noiembrie 2017</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Textbook+of+Clinical+Neuropsychiatry+and+Behavioral+Neuroscience%2C+Third+Edition&rft.pages=791&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781444164947&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=David+P.&rft.au=Puri%2C+Basant+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSy7OBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA791&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAntipsihotic" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Muench J, Hamer AM (martie 2010). „Adverse effects of antipsychotic medications”. American Family Physician. 81 (5): 617–22. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20187598">20187598</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Family+Physician&rft.atitle=Adverse+effects+of+antipsychotic+medications&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=617-22&rft.date=2010-03&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20187598&rft.aulast=Muench&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Hamer%2C+AM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAntipsihotic" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lieberman,_2004-68"><a href="#cite_ref-Lieberman,_2004_68-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Lieberman JA (<time datetime="2004">2004</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC487008">„Managing anticholinergic side effects”</a>. Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 6 (Suppl 2): 20–3. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC487008">487008</a> <img alt="Accesibil gratuit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16001097">16001097</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Primary+Care+Companion+to+the+Journal+of+Clinical+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Managing+anticholinergic+side+effects&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=Suppl+2&rft.pages=20-3&rft.date=2004&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC487008&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16001097&rft.aulast=Lieberman&rft.aufirst=JA&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC487008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAntipsihotic" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stahl-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stahl_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stahl_69-1">b</a> <cite class="citation book">Stahl SM (<time datetime="2008">2008</time>). 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Regatul UNit: Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. p. 192. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0-85369-845-6" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0-85369-845-6">978-0-85369-845-6</a>. <q>Withdrawal of antipsychotic drugs after long-term therapy should always be gradual and closely monitored to avoid the risk of acute withdrawal syndromes or rapid relapse.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=4.2.1&rft.btitle=British+National+Formulary&rft.place=Regatul+UNit&rft.pages=192&rft.edition=57&rft.pub=Royal+Pharmaceutical+Society+of+Great+Britain&rft.isbn=978-0-85369-845-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAntipsihotic" class="Z3988">  Verificați datele pentru: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Ajutor:Erori_CS1#bad_date" title="Ajutor:Erori CS1">ajutor</a>)<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Had2004-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Had2004_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Had2004_85-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Had2004_85-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Had2004_85-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Had2004_85-4">e</a> <cite class="citation book">Haddad P, Haddad PM, Dursun S, Deakin B (<time datetime="2004">2004</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.ca/books?id=CWR7DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA207">Adverse Syndromes and Psychiatric Drugs: A Clinical Guide</a> (în engleză). OUP Oxford. pp. 207–216. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/9780198527480" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/9780198527480">9780198527480</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adverse+Syndromes+and+Psychiatric+Drugs%3A+A+Clinical+Guide&rft.pages=207-216&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780198527480&rft.aulast=Haddad&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Haddad%2C+Peter+M.&rft.au=Dursun%2C+Serdar&rft.au=Deakin%2C+Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCWR7DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAntipsihotic" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_86-1">b</a> <cite class="citation journal">Moncrieff J (Iulie 2006). „Does antipsychotic withdrawal provoke psychosis? 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Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 114 (1): 3–13. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1600-0447.2006.00787.x">10.1111/j.1600-0447.2006.00787.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16774655">16774655</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Psychiatrica+Scandinavica&rft.atitle=Does+antipsychotic+withdrawal+provoke+psychosis%3F+Review+of+the+literature+on+rapid+onset+psychosis+%28supersensitivity+psychosis%29+and+withdrawal-related+relapse&rft.chron=Iulie+2006&rft.volume=114&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3-13&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1600-0447.2006.00787.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16774655&rft.aulast=Moncrieff&rft.aufirst=J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAntipsihotic" class="Z3988">  Verificați datele pentru: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Ajutor:Erori_CS1#bad_date" title="Ajutor:Erori CS1">ajutor</a>)<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Sacchetti E, Vita A, Siracusano A, Fleischhacker W (<time datetime="2013">2013</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.ca/books?id=odE-AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA85">Adherence to Antipsychotics in Schizophrenia</a> (în engleză). Springer Science & Business Media. p. 85. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/9788847026797" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/9788847026797">9788847026797</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adherence+to+Antipsychotics+in+Schizophrenia&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9788847026797&rft.aulast=Sacchetti&rft.aufirst=Emilio&rft.au=Vita%2C+Antonio&rft.au=Siracusano%2C+Alberto&rft.au=Fleischhacker%2C+Wolfgang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DodE-AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAntipsihotic" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Glazer-2000-88"><a href="#cite_ref-Glazer-2000_88-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Glazer WM (<time datetime="2000">2000</time>). „Expected incidence of tardive dyskinesia associated with atypical antipsychotics”. 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'Thorazine' is especially effective when the psychotic episode is triggered by delusions or hallucinations. At the outset of treatment, Thorazine's combination of antipsychotic and sedative effects provides both emotional and physical calming. Assaultive or destructive behavior is rapidly controlled. As therapy continues, the initial sedative effect gradually disappears. But the antipsychotic effect continues, helping to dispel or modify delusions, hallucinations and confusion, while keeping the patient calm and approachable. SMITH KLINE AND FRENCH LABORATORIES leaders in psychopharmaceutical research." </li> <li id="cite_note-pieters-108">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pieters_108-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pieters_108-1">b</a> <cite class="citation journal">Pieters T, Majerus B (Decembrie 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orbilu.uni.lu/handle/10993/2251">„The introduction of chlorpromazine in Belgium and the Netherlands (1951-1968); tango between old and new treatment features”</a>. Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences. 42 (4): 443–52. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.shpsc.2011.05.003">10.1016/j.shpsc.2011.05.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22035718">22035718</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170709194021/http://orbilu.uni.lu/handle/10993/2251">Arhivat</a> din originalul de la 9 iulie 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+History+and+Philosophy+of+Biological+and+Biomedical+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+introduction+of+chlorpromazine+in+Belgium+and+the+Netherlands+%281951-1968%29%3B+tango+between+old+and+new+treatment+features&rft.chron=Decembrie+2011&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=443-52&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.shpsc.2011.05.003&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22035718&rft.aulast=Pieters&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Majerus%2C+B&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Forbilu.uni.lu%2Fhandle%2F10993%2F2251&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAntipsihotic" class="Z3988">  Verificați datele pentru: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Ajutor:Erori_CS1#bad_date" title="Ajutor:Erori CS1">ajutor</a>)<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> Healy, D. 2005. Psychiatric Drugs Explained. 4th Ed. Britain:Elsevier Limited. P. 8, 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-king-110">^ <a href="#cite_ref-king_110-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-king_110-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-king_110-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-king_110-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-king_110-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-king_110-5">f</a> <cite class="citation journal">King C, Voruganti LN (Mai 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC161646">„What's in a name? The evolution of the nomenclature of antipsychotic drugs”</a>. Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience. 27 (3): 168–75. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC161646">161646</a> <img alt="Accesibil gratuit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12066446">12066446</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Psychiatry+%26+Neuroscience&rft.atitle=What%27s+in+a+name%3F+The+evolution+of+the+nomenclature+of+antipsychotic+drugs&rft.chron=Mai+2002&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=168-75&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC161646&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12066446&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Voruganti%2C+LN&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC161646&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAntipsihotic" class="Z3988">  Verificați datele pentru: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Ajutor:Erori_CS1#bad_date" title="Ajutor:Erori CS1">ajutor</a>)<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/204569">„tranquillizer, n”</a>. Oxford English Dictionary. <time datetime="1989">1989</time>. Accesat în <time datetime="2011-08-09">9 august 2011</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=tranquillizer%2C+n&rft.date=1989&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F204569&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAntipsihotic" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Healy D (<time datetime="2008">2008</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.springerlink.com/content/u7p4436802521tpq">„The intersection of psychopharmacology and psychiatry in the second half of the twentieth century”</a>. În Wallace, Edwin R., Gach, John. History of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology. Boston, MA: Springer US. p. 421. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0-387-34707-3" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0-387-34707-3">978-0-387-34707-3</a>. Accesat în <time datetime="2011-08-09">9 august 2011</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+intersection+of+psychopharmacology+and+psychiatry+in+the+second+half+of+the+twentieth+century&rft.btitle=History+of+Psychiatry+and+Medical+Psychology&rft.place=Boston%2C+MA&rft.pages=421&rft.pub=Springer+US&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-387-34707-3&rft.aulast=Healy&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fu7p4436802521tpq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAntipsihotic" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Leg%C4%83turi_externe" title="Wikipedia:Legături externe">nefuncțională</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Owens DG (<time datetime="1999-04-13">13 aprilie 1999</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RwRSahg71GkC&pg=PA12">A guide to the extrapyramidal side-effects of antipsychotic drugs</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0-521-63353-6" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0-521-63353-6">978-0-521-63353-6</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160318004651/https://books.google.com/books?id=RwRSahg71GkC&pg=PA12">Arhivat</a> din originalul de la <time datetime="2016-03-18">18 martie 2016</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+guide+to+the+extrapyramidal+side-effects+of+antipsychotic+drugs&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999-04-13&rft.isbn=978-0-521-63353-6&rft.aulast=Owens&rft.aufirst=David+Griffith+Cunningham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRwRSahg71GkC%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAntipsihotic" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Tasman A (<time datetime="1997">1997</time>). 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Saunders. p. 956. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0-7216-5257-3" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0-7216-5257-3">978-0-7216-5257-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Psychiatry+Volume+2&rft.pages=956&rft.pub=Saunders&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-7216-5257-3&rft.aulast=Tasman&rft.aufirst=Allan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAntipsihotic" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Horacek2006-115"><a href="#cite_ref-Horacek2006_115-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Horacek J, Bubenikova-Valesova V, Kopecek M, Palenicek T, Dockery C, Mohr P, Höschl C (<time datetime="2006">2006</time>). „Mechanism of action of atypical antipsychotic drugs and the neurobiology of schizophrenia”. CNS Drugs. 20 (5): 389–409. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2165%2F00023210-200620050-00004">10.2165/00023210-200620050-00004</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16696579">16696579</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNS+Drugs&rft.atitle=Mechanism+of+action+of+atypical+antipsychotic+drugs+and+the+neurobiology+of+schizophrenia&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=389-409&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2165%2F00023210-200620050-00004&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16696579&rft.aulast=Horacek&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Bubenikova-Valesova%2C+V&rft.au=Kopecek%2C+M&rft.au=Palenicek%2C+T&rft.au=Dockery%2C+C&rft.au=Mohr%2C+P&rft.au=H%C3%B6schl%2C+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAntipsihotic" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-116"><a href="#cite_ref-:1_116-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Ayd, Frank J. (<time datetime="2000">2000</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ea_QVG2BFy8C&pg=PA675&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiaoYvPs7DNAhUJTSYKHZGZAm0Q6AEIHDAA#v=onepage&f=false">„neuroleptic”</a>. Lexicon of Psychiatry, Neurology, and the Neurosciences (în engleză). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 675. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/9780781724685" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/9780781724685">9780781724685</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=neuroleptic&rft.btitle=Lexicon+of+Psychiatry%2C+Neurology%2C+and+the+Neurosciences&rft.pages=675&rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780781724685&rft.aulast=Ayd&rft.aufirst=Frank+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dea_QVG2BFy8C%26pg%3DPA675%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26ved%3D0ahUKEwiaoYvPs7DNAhUJTSYKHZGZAm0Q6AEIHDAA%23v%3Donepage%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAntipsihotic" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> R. Elliott Ingersoll, Carl F. Rak (2015): Psychopharmacology for Mental Health Professionals: An Integrative Approach, Cengage Learning, Boston, pp. 150-186 and 342-349, <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/9781305537231" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/9781305537231">ISBN: 9781305537231</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Patel SC, Jakopac KA (<time datetime="2011">2011</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fN9932sGu1kC">Manual of Psychiatric Nursing Skills</a> (în engleză). Jones & Bartlett Publishers. p. 317. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/9781449613563" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/9781449613563">9781449613563</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manual+of+Psychiatric+Nursing+Skills&rft.pages=317&rft.pub=Jones+%26+Bartlett+Publishers&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781449613563&rft.aulast=Patel&rft.aufirst=Sudha+C.&rft.au=Jakopac%2C+Kim+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.uk%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfN9932sGu1kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAntipsihotic" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Byur1yIJBaUC&pg=PA329">Drug Policy and the Public Good</a> (în engleză). OUP Oxford. <time datetime="2010">2010</time>. p. 329. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/9780199557127" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/9780199557127">9780199557127</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Drug+Policy+and+the+Public+Good&rft.pages=329&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780199557127&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.uk%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DByur1yIJBaUC%26pg%3DPA329&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAntipsihotic" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> </li> <li id="cite_note-guard_1-120"><a href="#cite_ref-guard_1_120-0">^</a> <cite class="citation news">James, Adam (<time datetime="2008-03-02">2 martie 2008</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2008/mar/02/mythoftheantipsychotic">„Myth of the antipsychotic”</a>. The Guardian. Guardian News and Media Limited. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140108170147/http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2008/mar/02/mythoftheantipsychotic">Arhivat</a> din originalul de la <time datetime="2014-01-08">8 ianuarie 2014</time>. Accesat în <time datetime="2012-07-27">27 iulie 2012</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Myth+of+the+antipsychotic&rft.date=2008-03-02&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2008%2Fmar%2F02%2Fmythoftheantipsychotic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAntipsihotic" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> GPs under 'pressure' to issue neuroleptics, claims professor, Chemist + Druggist, 15 ianuarie 2009 </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <cite class="citation news">Nick Triggle (12 noiembrie 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/8356423.stm">„Dementia drug use 'killing many'”</a>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130426202920/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/8356423.stm">Arhivat</a> din originalul de la 26 aprilie 2013. Accesat în 7 mai 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Dementia+drug+use+%27killing+many%27&rft.date=2009-11-12&rft.au=Nick+Triggle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fhealth%2F8356423.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAntipsihotic" class="Z3988">  Verificați datele pentru: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|access-date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Ajutor:Erori_CS1#bad_date" title="Ajutor:Erori CS1">ajutor</a>)<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/2009/11/12/dementia-drugs-idUSLC44347420091112">„UK study warns against antipsychotics for dementia”</a>. reuters. 12 noiembrie 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140720105333/http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/11/12/dementia-drugs-idUSLC44347420091112">Arhivat</a> din originalul de la 20 iulie 2014. Accesat în 7 mai 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=reuters&rft.atitle=UK+study+warns+against+antipsychotics+for+dementia&rft.date=2009-11-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2F2009%2F11%2F12%2Fdementia-drugs-idUSLC44347420091112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAntipsihotic" class="Z3988">  Verificați datele pentru: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|access-date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Ajutor:Erori_CS1#bad_date" title="Ajutor:Erori CS1">ajutor</a>)<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hilzenrath-124"><a href="#cite_ref-Hilzenrath_124-0">^</a> <cite class="citation news">Hilzenrath, David S. (<time datetime="2010-01-16">16 ianuarie 2010</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/01/15/AR2010011503903.html">„Justice suit accuses Johnson & Johnson of paying kickbacks”</a>. The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121110143259/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/01/15/AR2010011503903.html">Arhivat</a> din originalul de la <time datetime="2012-11-10">10 noiembrie 2012</time>. Accesat în <time datetime="2010-01-17">17 ianuarie 2010</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Justice+suit+accuses+Johnson+%26+Johnson+of+paying+kickbacks&rft.date=2010-01-16&rft.au=Hilzenrath%2C+David+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2010%2F01%2F15%2FAR2010011503903.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAntipsihotic" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bied2010-125">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bied2010_125-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bied2010_125-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bied2010_125-2">c</a> <cite class="citation news">Wilson, Duff (<time datetime="2010-10-02">2 octombrie 2010</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/03/business/03psych.html?_r=3&hp=&pagewanted=all">„Side Effects May Include Lawsuits”</a>. New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170623234334/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/03/business/03psych.html?_r=3&hp=&pagewanted=all">Arhivat</a> din originalul de la <time datetime="2017-06-23">23 iunie 2017</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Side+Effects+May+Include+Lawsuits&rft.date=2010-10-02&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Duff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F10%2F03%2Fbusiness%2F03psych.html%3F_r%3D3%26hp%3D%26pagewanted%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAntipsihotic" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <cite class="citation news">DUFF WILSON (<time datetime="2009-02-27">27 februarie 2009</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/28/business/28drug.html?_r=1">„Drug Maker's E-Mail Released in Seroquel Lawsuit”</a>. The New York Times. The New York Times Company. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110503070012/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/28/business/28drug.html?_r=1">Arhivat</a> din originalul de la <time datetime="2011-05-03">3 mai 2011</time>. Accesat în <time datetime="2012-07-27">27 iulie 2012</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Drug+Maker%27s+E-Mail+Released+in+Seroquel+Lawsuit&rft.date=2009-02-27&rft.au=DUFF+WILSON&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F02%2F28%2Fbusiness%2F28drug.html%3F_r%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAntipsihotic" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> </li> <li id="cite_note-healthcarefinancenews.com-127"><a href="#cite_ref-healthcarefinancenews.com_127-0">^</a> Eroare la citare: Etichetă <code><ref></code> invalidă; niciun text nu a fost furnizat pentru referințele numite <code>healthcarefinancenews.com</code></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid15278977-128"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid15278977_128-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Gosden R, Beder S (<time datetime="2001">2001</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uow.edu.au/~sharonb/pharm-agenda.html">„Pharmaceutical industry agenda setting in mental health policies”</a>. Ethical Human Sciences and Services. 3 (3): 147–59. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15278977">15278977</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100430002638/http://www.uow.edu.au/~sharonb/pharm-agenda.html">Arhivat</a> din originalul de la <time datetime="2010-04-30">30 aprilie 2010</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethical+Human+Sciences+and+Services&rft.atitle=Pharmaceutical+industry+agenda+setting+in+mental+health+policies&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=147-59&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15278977&rft.aulast=Gosden&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Beder%2C+S&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uow.edu.au%2F~sharonb%2Fpharm-agenda.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAntipsihotic" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> </li> <li id="cite_note-APAfive_dementia-129">^ <a href="#cite_ref-APAfive_dementia_129-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-APAfive_dementia_129-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-APAfive_dementia_129-2">c</a> <cite id="CITEREFAmerican_Psychiatric_Association" class="citation"><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Psychiatric_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Psychiatric Association — pagină inexistentă">American Psychiatric Association</a> (Septembrie 2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.choosingwisely.org/doctor-patient-lists/american-psychiatric-association/">„Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question”</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Choosing_Wisely&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Choosing Wisely — pagină inexistentă">Choosing Wisely</a>: an initiative of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=ABIM_Foundation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ABIM Foundation — pagină inexistentă">ABIM Foundation</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Psychiatric_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Psychiatric Association — pagină inexistentă">American Psychiatric Association</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203174206/http://www.choosingwisely.org/doctor-patient-lists/american-psychiatric-association/">arhivat</a> din originalul de la 3 decembrie 2013, accesat în 30 decembrie 2013</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Choosing+Wisely%3A+an+initiative+of+the+ABIM+Foundation&rft.atitle=Five+Things+Physicians+and+Patients+Should+Question&rft.chron=Septembrie+2013&rft.au=American+Psychiatric+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.choosingwisely.org%2Fdoctor-patient-lists%2Famerican-psychiatric-association%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAntipsihotic" class="Z3988">  Verificați datele pentru: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Ajutor:Erori_CS1#bad_date" title="Ajutor:Erori CS1">ajutor</a>)<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537">, care citează <ul><li><cite class="citation book">Association, American Psychiatric (<time datetime="2006">2006</time>). „Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients with Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementias, Second Edition”. APA Practice Guidelines for the Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders: Comprehensive Guidelines and Guideline Watches. 1. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1176%2Fappi.books.9780890423967.152139">10.1176/appi.books.9780890423967.152139</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0-89042-336-3" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0-89042-336-3">978-0-89042-336-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Practice+Guideline+for+the+Treatment+of+Patients+with+Alzheimer%27s+Disease+and+Other+Dementias%2C+Second+Edition&rft.btitle=APA+Practice+Guidelines+for+the+Treatment+of+Psychiatric+Disorders%3A+Comprehensive+Guidelines+and+Guideline+Watches&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1176%2Fappi.books.9780890423967.152139&rft.isbn=978-0-89042-336-3&rft.aulast=Association&rft.aufirst=American+Psychiatric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAntipsihotic" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Aparasu RR, Bhatara V (Decembrie 2006). „Antipsychotic use and expenditure in the United States”. Psychiatric Services. 57 (12): 1693. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1176%2Fappi.ps.57.12.1693">10.1176/appi.ps.57.12.1693</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17158480">17158480</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychiatric+Services&rft.atitle=Antipsychotic+use+and+expenditure+in+the+United+States&rft.chron=Decembrie+2006&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1693&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1176%2Fappi.ps.57.12.1693&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17158480&rft.aulast=Aparasu&rft.aufirst=RR&rft.au=Bhatara%2C+V&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAntipsihotic" class="Z3988">  Verificați datele pentru: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Ajutor:Erori_CS1#bad_date" title="Ajutor:Erori CS1">ajutor</a>)<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Gitlin LN, Kales HC, Lyketsos CG (Noiembrie 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3711645">„Nonpharmacologic management of behavioral symptoms in dementia”</a>. JAMA. 308 (19): 2020–9. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.2012.36918">10.1001/jama.2012.36918</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3711645">3711645</a> <img alt="Accesibil gratuit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23168825">23168825</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JAMA&rft.atitle=Nonpharmacologic+management+of+behavioral+symptoms+in+dementia&rft.chron=Noiembrie+2012&rft.volume=308&rft.issue=19&rft.pages=2020-9&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3711645&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23168825&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Fjama.2012.36918&rft.aulast=Gitlin&rft.aufirst=LN&rft.au=Kales%2C+HC&rft.au=Lyketsos%2C+CG&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3711645&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAntipsihotic" class="Z3988">  Verificați datele pentru: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Ajutor:Erori_CS1#bad_date" title="Ajutor:Erori CS1">ajutor</a>)<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Maglione M, Maher AR, Hu J, Wang Z, Shanman R, Shekelle PG, Roth B, Hilton L, Suttorp MJ, Ewing BA, Motala A, Perry T (<time datetime="2011">2011</time>). „Off-Label Use of Atypical Antipsychotics: An Update”. AHRQ Comparative Effectiveness Reviews. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22132426">22132426</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AHRQ+Comparative+Effectiveness+Reviews&rft.atitle=Off-Label+Use+of+Atypical+Antipsychotics%3A+An+Update&rft.date=2011-09&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22132426&rft.aulast=Maglione&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Maher%2C+AR&rft.au=Hu%2C+J&rft.au=Wang%2C+Z&rft.au=Shanman%2C+R&rft.au=Shekelle%2C+PG&rft.au=Roth%2C+B&rft.au=Hilton%2C+L&rft.au=Suttorp%2C+MJ&rft.au=Ewing%2C+BA&rft.au=Motala%2C+A&rft.au=Perry%2C+T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAntipsihotic" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Richter T, Meyer G, Möhler R, Köpke S (Decembrie 2012). „Psychosocial interventions for reducing antipsychotic medication in care home residents”. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 12: CD008634. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.cd008634.pub2">10.1002/14651858.cd008634.pub2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23235663">23235663</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Psychosocial+interventions+for+reducing+antipsychotic+medication+in+care+home+residents&rft.chron=Decembrie+2012&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=CD008634&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.cd008634.pub2&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23235663&rft.aulast=Richter&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Meyer%2C+G&rft.au=M%C3%B6hler%2C+R&rft.au=K%C3%B6pke%2C+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAntipsihotic" class="Z3988">  Verificați datele pentru: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Ajutor:Erori_CS1#bad_date" title="Ajutor:Erori CS1">ajutor</a>)<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-AGSfive-130"><a href="#cite_ref-AGSfive_130-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFAmerican_Geriatrics_Society" class="citation"><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Geriatrics_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Geriatrics Society — pagină inexistentă">American Geriatrics Society</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.choosingwisely.org/doctor-patient-lists/american-geriatrics-society/">„Ten Things Physicians and Patients Should Question”</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Choosing_Wisely&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Choosing Wisely — pagină inexistentă">Choosing Wisely</a>: an initiative of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=ABIM_Foundation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ABIM Foundation — pagină inexistentă">ABIM Foundation</a>, American Geriatrics Society, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130901100140/http://www.choosingwisely.org/doctor-patient-lists/american-geriatrics-society/">arhivat</a> din originalul de la <time datetime="2013-09-01">1 septembrie 2013</time>, accesat în <time datetime="2013-08-01">1 august 2013</time></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Choosing+Wisely%3A+an+initiative+of+the+ABIM+Foundation&rft.atitle=Ten+Things+Physicians+and+Patients+Should+Question&rft.au=American+Geriatrics+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.choosingwisely.org%2Fdoctor-patient-lists%2Famerican-geriatrics-society%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAntipsihotic" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537">, which cites <ul><li><cite class="citation journal">American Geriatrics Society 2012 Beers Criteria Update Expert Panel (Aprilie 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3571677">„American Geriatrics Society updated Beers Criteria for potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults”</a>. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 60 (4): 616–31. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1532-5415.2012.03923.x">10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.03923.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3571677">3571677</a> <img alt="Accesibil gratuit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22376048">22376048</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Geriatrics+Society&rft.atitle=American+Geriatrics+Society+updated+Beers+Criteria+for+potentially+inappropriate+medication+use+in+older+adults&rft.chron=Aprilie+2012&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=616-31&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3571677&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22376048&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1532-5415.2012.03923.x&rft.au=American+Geriatrics+Society+2012+Beers+Criteria+Update+Expert+Panel&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3571677&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAntipsihotic" class="Z3988">  Verificați datele pentru: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Ajutor:Erori_CS1#bad_date" title="Ajutor:Erori CS1">ajutor</a>)<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFNICE2013" class="citation"><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Institute_for_Health_and_Care_Excellence&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Institute for Health and Care Excellence — pagină inexistentă">NICE</a> (<time datetime="2013-05-08">8 mai 2013</time>), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nice.org.uk/CG042">Dementia: Supporting people with dementia and their carers in health and social care Clinical guidelines, CG42</a>, NICE, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130627220803/http://www.nice.org.uk/CG042">arhivat</a> din originalul de la <time datetime="2013-06-27">27 iunie 2013</time>, accesat în <time datetime="2013-10-23">23 octombrie 2013</time></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dementia%3A+Supporting+people+with+dementia+and+their+carers+in+health+and+social+care+Clinical+guidelines%2C+CG42&rft.pub=NICE&rft.date=2013-05-08&rft.au=NICE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nice.org.uk%2FCG042&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAntipsihotic" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Maher AR, Maglione M, Bagley S, Suttorp M, Hu JH, Ewing B, Wang Z, Timmer M, Sultzer D, Shekelle PG (Septembrie 2011). „Efficacy and comparative effectiveness of atypical antipsychotic medications for off-label uses in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis”. JAMA. 306 (12): 1359–69. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.2011.1360">10.1001/jama.2011.1360</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21954480">21954480</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JAMA&rft.atitle=Efficacy+and+comparative+effectiveness+of+atypical+antipsychotic+medications+for+off-label+uses+in+adults%3A+a+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis&rft.chron=Septembrie+2011&rft.volume=306&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1359-69&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Fjama.2011.1360&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21954480&rft.aulast=Maher&rft.aufirst=AR&rft.au=Maglione%2C+M&rft.au=Bagley%2C+S&rft.au=Suttorp%2C+M&rft.au=Hu%2C+JH&rft.au=Ewing%2C+B&rft.au=Wang%2C+Z&rft.au=Timmer%2C+M&rft.au=Sultzer%2C+D&rft.au=Shekelle%2C+PG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAntipsihotic" class="Z3988">  Verificați datele pentru: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Ajutor:Erori_CS1#bad_date" title="Ajutor:Erori CS1">ajutor</a>)<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Schneider LS, Tariot PN, Dagerman KS, Davis SM, Hsiao JK, Ismail MS, Lebowitz BD, Lyketsos CG, Ryan JM, Stroup TS, Sultzer DL, Weintraub D, Lieberman JA (Octombrie 2006). „Effectiveness of atypical antipsychotic drugs in patients with Alzheimer's disease”. The New England Journal of Medicine. 355 (15): 1525–38. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2Fnejmoa061240">10.1056/nejmoa061240</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17035647">17035647</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+England+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Effectiveness+of+atypical+antipsychotic+drugs+in+patients+with+Alzheimer%27s+disease&rft.chron=Octombrie+2006&rft.volume=355&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=1525-38&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1056%2Fnejmoa061240&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17035647&rft.aulast=Schneider&rft.aufirst=LS&rft.au=Tariot%2C+PN&rft.au=Dagerman%2C+KS&rft.au=Davis%2C+SM&rft.au=Hsiao%2C+JK&rft.au=Ismail%2C+MS&rft.au=Lebowitz%2C+BD&rft.au=Lyketsos%2C+CG&rft.au=Ryan%2C+JM&rft.au=Stroup%2C+TS&rft.au=Sultzer%2C+DL&rft.au=Weintraub%2C+D&rft.au=Lieberman%2C+JA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAntipsihotic" class="Z3988">  Verificați datele pentru: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Ajutor:Erori_CS1#bad_date" title="Ajutor:Erori CS1">ajutor</a>)<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li></ul> </li> </ol></div></div> <table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:2px;"> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"> <tbody><tr> <th style=";" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-base, #000); white-space:nowrap; ;"><a href="/wiki/Format:Medicamente" title="Format:Medicamente">v</a> • <a href="/wiki/Discu%C8%9Bie_Format:Medicamente" title="Discuție Format:Medicamente">d</a> • <a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Format:Medicamente&action=edit">m</a></div></div><a href="/wiki/Farmacologie" title="Farmacologie">Farmacologie</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sistem_de_clasificare_anatomic%C4%83,_terapeutic%C4%83_%C8%99i_chimic%C4%83_a_medicamentelor" title="Sistem de clasificare anatomică, terapeutică și chimică a medicamentelor">principalele grupe de medicamente</a> </th></tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Tractul_digestiv" class="mw-redirect" title="Tractul digestiv">Tractul digestiv</a> și <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cod_ATC_A" title="Cod ATC A">A</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> Tratamentul acidității gastrice (<a href="/wiki/Antiacid" title="Antiacid">Antiacide</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Antagonist_al_receptorilor_H2" title="Antagonist al receptorilor H2">Antagoniști ai receptorilor H2</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Inhibitor_al_pompei_de_protoni" title="Inhibitor al pompei de protoni">Inhibitori ai pompei de protoni</a>)  • <a href="/wiki/Antiemetic" title="Antiemetic">Antiemetice</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Laxativ" title="Laxativ">Laxative</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Antidiareic" title="Antidiareic">Antidiareice</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Obezitate" title="Obezitate">Tratamentul obezității</a> și <a href="/wiki/Anorexigen" title="Anorexigen">anorexigene</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Antidiabetic" title="Antidiabetic">Antidiabetice</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Vitamin%C4%83" title="Vitamină">Vitamine</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Microelement" title="Microelement">Suplimente minerale</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Sânge și organe hematopoetice (<a href="/wiki/Cod_ATC_B" title="Cod ATC B">B</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Antitrombotic" title="Antitrombotic">Antitrombotice</a> (<a href="/wiki/Antiagregant_plachetar" title="Antiagregant plachetar">Antiagregante plachetare</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Anticoagulant" title="Anticoagulant">Anticoagulante</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fibrinolitic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fibrinolitic — pagină inexistentă">Fibrinolitice</a>)  • <a href="/wiki/Antihemoragic" title="Antihemoragic">Antihemoragice</a> (<a href="/wiki/Trombocit" title="Trombocit">Plachete</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Coagulare" title="Coagulare">Coagulante</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antifibrinolitic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antifibrinolitic — pagină inexistentă">Antifibrinolitice</a>)  • <a href="/wiki/Antianemic" title="Antianemic">Antianemice</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Sistemul cardiovascular (<a href="/wiki/Cod_ATC_C" title="Cod ATC C">C</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> Terapia cordului (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glicozide_cardiotonice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glicozide cardiotonice — pagină inexistentă">Glicozide cardiotonice</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Antianginos" title="Antianginos">Antianginoase</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Antiaritmic" title="Antiaritmic">Antiaritmice</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stimulente_cardiace&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stimulente cardiace — pagină inexistentă">stimulente cardiace</a>)  • <a href="/wiki/Antihipertensiv" title="Antihipertensiv">Antihipertensive</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Diuretic" title="Diuretic">Diuretice</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasodilatare&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vasodilatare — pagină inexistentă">Vasodilatatoare</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Beta-blocant" title="Beta-blocant">Beta-blocante</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Blocante_alte_canalelor_de_calciu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blocante alte canalelor de calciu — pagină inexistentă">Blocante alte canalelor de calciu</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistemul_renin%C4%83-angiotensin%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistemul renină-angiotensină — pagină inexistentă">sistemul renină-angiotensină</a> (<a href="/wiki/Inhibitor_al_enzimei_de_conversie_a_angiotensinei" title="Inhibitor al enzimei de conversie a angiotensinei">inhibitori al ECA</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antagoni%C8%99ti_ai_angiotensinei_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antagoniști ai angiotensinei II — pagină inexistentă">Antagoniști ai angiotensinei II</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Inhibitori_de_renin%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inhibitori de renină — pagină inexistentă">Inhibitori de renină</a>)  • <a href="/wiki/Hipolipemiant" title="Hipolipemiant">Hipolipemiante</a> (<a href="/wiki/Statin%C4%83" title="Statină">Statine</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Fibrat" title="Fibrat">Fibrați</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C4%83%C8%99ini_schimb%C4%83toare_de_ioni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rășini schimbătoare de ioni — pagină inexistentă">Rășini schimbătoare de ioni</a>)</div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Piele (<a href="/wiki/Cod_ATC_D" title="Cod ATC D">D</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Dermatologie" title="Dermatologie">Preparate dermatologice</a>: <a href="/wiki/Emolient" title="Emolient">Emoliente</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cicatrizant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cicatrizant — pagină inexistentă">Cicatrizante</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipruriginos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antipruriginos — pagină inexistentă">Antipruriginoase</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsoriazic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antipsoriazic — pagină inexistentă">Antipsoriazice</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Cod_ATC_D09" title="Cod ATC D09">Pansamente medicamentoase</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Aparatul genito-urinar (<a href="/wiki/Cod_ATC_G" title="Cod ATC G">G</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Medica%C8%9Bie_contraceptiv%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medicație contraceptivă — pagină inexistentă">Medicație contraceptivă</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fertility_medication&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fertility medication — pagină inexistentă">Fertility agents</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Selective_estrogen_receptor_modulator&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Selective estrogen receptor modulator — pagină inexistentă">SERMs</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hormon_sexuali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hormon sexuali — pagină inexistentă">Hormoni sexuali</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Sistemul endocrin (<a href="/wiki/Cod_ATC_H" title="Cod ATC H">H</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypothalamic%E2%80%93pituitary_hormone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hypothalamic–pituitary hormone — pagină inexistentă">Hypothalamic–pituitary hormone</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Corticosteroid" title="Corticosteroid">Corticosteroide</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glucocorticoid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glucocorticoid — pagină inexistentă">Glucocorticoide</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mineralocorticoid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mineralocorticoid — pagină inexistentă">Mineralocorticoide</a>)  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hormon_sexuali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hormon sexuali — pagină inexistentă">Hormoni sexuali</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thyroid_hormone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thyroid hormone — pagină inexistentă">Thyroid hormones</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antithyroid_agent&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antithyroid agent — pagină inexistentă">Antithyroid agent</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Infecții și infestații (<a href="/wiki/Cod_ATC_J" title="Cod ATC J">J</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cod_ATC_P" title="Cod ATC P">P</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=ATCvet_code_QI&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ATCvet code QI — pagină inexistentă">QI</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> Antiinfecțioase de uz sistemic: <a href="/wiki/Antibiotic" title="Antibiotic">Antibiotice antibacteriene</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antimicobacterian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antimicobacterian — pagină inexistentă">Antimicobacteriene</a>)  • <a href="/wiki/Antifungic" title="Antifungic">Antifungice</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Antiviral" title="Antiviral">Antivirale</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Antiparazitar" title="Antiparazitar">Antiparazitare</a> (<a href="/wiki/Antiprotozoaric" title="Antiprotozoaric">Antiprotozoarice</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Antihelmintic" title="Antihelmintic">Antihelmintice</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ectoparasiticide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ectoparasiticide — pagină inexistentă">Ectoparasiticide</a>)  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Intravenous_immunoglobulin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Intravenous immunoglobulin — pagină inexistentă">IVIG</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Vaccin" title="Vaccin">Vaccinuri</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Boli maligne (<a href="/wiki/Cod_ATC_L" title="Cod ATC L">L01–L02</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Chimioterapie" title="Chimioterapie">Antineoplazice</a> (<a href="/wiki/Antimetabolit" title="Antimetabolit">Antimetaboliți</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Agent_alchilant" title="Agent alchilant">Agenți alchilanți</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Agen%C8%9Bi_antimitotici&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agenți antimitotici — pagină inexistentă">Agenți antimitotici</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antineoplastic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antineoplastic — pagină inexistentă">Antineoplastice</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Inhibitori_de_topoizomeraz%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inhibitori de topoizomerază — pagină inexistentă">Inhibitori de topoizomerază</a>)</div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Boli imune (<a href="/wiki/Cod_ATC_L" title="Cod ATC L">L03–L04</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Imunomodulator&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Imunomodulator — pagină inexistentă">Imunomodulatoare</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Imunostimulant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Imunostimulant — pagină inexistentă">Imunostimulante</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Imunosupresor" title="Imunosupresor">Imunosupresoare</a>)</div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Sistemul musculo- scheletic (<a href="/wiki/Cod_ATC_M" title="Cod ATC M">M</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Steroid_anabolizant" title="Steroid anabolizant">Steroide anabolizante</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Antiinflamator" title="Antiinflamator">Antiinflamatoare</a> (<a href="/wiki/Antiinflamator_nesteroidian" title="Antiinflamator nesteroidian">AINS-uri</a>)  • <a href="/wiki/Antireumatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antireumatic">Antireumatice</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Corticosteroid" title="Corticosteroid">Corticosteroide</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Miorelaxant" title="Miorelaxant">Miorelaxante</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Bisfosfonat" title="Bisfosfonat">Bisfosfonați</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Sistemul nervos central (<a href="/wiki/Cod_ATC_N" title="Cod ATC N">N</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Analgezic" title="Analgezic">Analgezice</a> și <a href="/wiki/Antipiretic" title="Antipiretic">antipiretice</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Anestezic" title="Anestezic">Anestezice</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anestezic_general" title="Anestezic general">generale</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Anestezic_local" title="Anestezic local">locale</a>)  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anorectic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anorectic — pagină inexistentă">Anorectice</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antihiperkinetic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antihiperkinetic — pagină inexistentă">Antihiperkinetice</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Addiction_medicine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Addiction medicine — pagină inexistentă">Antiaddictives</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antidementia_drug&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antidementia drug — pagină inexistentă">Antidementia agents</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Antidepresiv" title="Antidepresiv">Antidepresive</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Antiepileptic" title="Antiepileptic">Antiepileptice</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antimigrenos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antimigrenos — pagină inexistentă">Antimigrenoase</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antiparkinsoniene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antiparkinsoniene — pagină inexistentă">Antiparkinsoniene</a>  • <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Antipsihotice</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Anxiolitic" title="Anxiolitic">Anxiolitice</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Depresiv&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Depresiv — pagină inexistentă">Depresive</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Entactogen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Entactogen — pagină inexistentă">Entactogene</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Enteogen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enteogen — pagină inexistentă">Enteogene</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Euforic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Euforic — pagină inexistentă">Euforice</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Halucinogen" title="Halucinogen">Halucinogene</a> (<a href="/wiki/Psihedelic" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Psihedelic">Psihedelice</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Disociativ&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Disociativ — pagină inexistentă">Disociative</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Deliriant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deliriant — pagină inexistentă">Deliriante</a>)  • <a href="/wiki/Hipnotic" title="Hipnotic">Hipnotice</a> + <a href="/wiki/Sedativ" title="Sedativ">Sedative</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Timoreglatoare&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Timoreglatoare — pagină inexistentă">Timoreglatoare</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neuroprotector&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neuroprotector — pagină inexistentă">Neuroprotectoare</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Nootrop" title="Nootrop">Nootrope</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Neurotoxin%C4%83" title="Neurotoxină">Neurotoxine</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orexigen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orexigen — pagină inexistentă">Orexigene</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Serenic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serenic — pagină inexistentă">Serenice</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Stimulant" title="Stimulant">Stimulante</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Aparatul respirator (<a href="/wiki/Cod_ATC_R" title="Cod ATC R">R</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Decongestionant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Decongestionant — pagină inexistentă">Decongestionante</a> (picături nazale, erine)  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronhodilatator&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bronhodilatator — pagină inexistentă">Bronhodilatatoare</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cough_medicine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cough medicine — pagină inexistentă">Cough medicine</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Antihistaminic" title="Antihistaminic">Antihistaminice H1, antialergice</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Organe de simț (<a href="/wiki/Cod_ATC_S" title="Cod ATC S">S</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Oftalmologie" title="Oftalmologie">Preparate oftalmologice</a> (picături oftalmice, colire)  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Otologie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Otologie — pagină inexistentă">Preparate otologice</a> (picături auriculare)</div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Altele (<a href="/wiki/Cod_ATC_V" title="Cod ATC V">V</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Antidot" title="Antidot">Antidoturi</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Medii_de_contrast&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medii de contrast — pagină inexistentă">Medii de contrast</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radiofarmacie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radiofarmacie — pagină inexistentă">Radiofarmaceutice</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dressing_(medical)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dressing (medical) — pagină inexistentă">Dressings</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Senoterapeutice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Senoterapeutice — pagină inexistentă">Senoterapeutice</a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16513826">.mw-parser-output .navbox{margin:0 auto 0}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output 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style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-base, #000); white-space:nowrap; ;"><a href="/wiki/Format:Antipsihotice" title="Format:Antipsihotice">v</a> • <a href="/wiki/Discu%C8%9Bie_Format:Antipsihotice" title="Discuție Format:Antipsihotice">d</a> • <a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Format:Antipsihotice&action=edit">m</a></div></div><a href="/wiki/Cod_ATC_N" title="Cod ATC N">Terapia sistemului nervos central</a>: psiholeptice - <a class="mw-selflink selflink">antipsihotice</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cod_ATC_N05" title="Cod ATC N05">ATC N05A</a>) </th></tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Antipsihotic_tipic" title="Antipsihotic tipic">Tipice</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Butirofenon%C4%83" title="Butirofenonă">Butirofenone</a>: <a href="/wiki/Benperidol" title="Benperidol">Benperidol</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Bromperidol" title="Bromperidol">Bromperidol</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Droperidol" title="Droperidol">Droperidol</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Haloperidol" title="Haloperidol">Haloperidol</a>#  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Moperon%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moperonă — pagină inexistentă">Moperonă</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Pipamperon%C4%83" title="Pipamperonă">Pipamperonă</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spiperon%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spiperonă — pagină inexistentă">Spiperonă</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Timiperon%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Timiperonă — pagină inexistentă">Timiperonă</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Trifluperidol" title="Trifluperidol">Trifluperidol</a> Difenilbutil<a href="/wiki/Piperidin%C4%83" title="Piperidină">piperidine</a>: <a href="/wiki/Fluspirilen" title="Fluspirilen">Fluspirilen</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Penfluridol" title="Penfluridol">Penfluridol</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Pimozid%C4%83" title="Pimozidă">Pimozidă</a> <a href="/wiki/Fenotiazin%C4%83" title="Fenotiazină">Fenotiazină</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Acetofenazin%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acetofenazină — pagină inexistentă">Acetofenazină</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Butaperazin%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Butaperazină — pagină inexistentă">Butaperazină</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carfenazin%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carfenazină — pagină inexistentă">Carfenazină</a>‡  • <a href="/wiki/Clorpromazin%C4%83" title="Clorpromazină">Clorpromazină</a>#  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciamemazin%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ciamemazină — pagină inexistentă">Ciamemazină</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dixirazin%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dixirazină — pagină inexistentă">Dixirazină</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Flufenazin%C4%83" title="Flufenazină">Flufenazină</a>#  • <a href="/wiki/Levomepromazin%C4%83" title="Levomepromazină">Levomepromazină</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesoridazin%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mesoridazină — pagină inexistentă">Mesoridazină</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perazin%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perazină — pagină inexistentă">Perazină</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Periciazin%C4%83" title="Periciazină">Periciazină</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Perfenazin%C4%83" title="Perfenazină">Perfenazină</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Piperacetazin%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piperacetazină — pagină inexistentă">Piperacetazină</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Pipotiazin%C4%83" title="Pipotiazină">Pipotiazină</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Proclorperazin%C4%83" title="Proclorperazină">Proclorperazină</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Promazin%C4%83" title="Promazină">Promazină</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulforidazin%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sulforidazină — pagină inexistentă">Sulforidazină</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Tiopropazat" title="Tiopropazat">Tiopropazat</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tioproperazin%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tioproperazină — pagină inexistentă">Tioproperazină</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Tioridazin%C4%83" title="Tioridazină">Tioridazină</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Trifluoperazin%C4%83" title="Trifluoperazină">Trifluoperazină</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Triflupromazin%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Triflupromazină — pagină inexistentă">Triflupromazină</a> <a href="/wiki/Tioxanten%C4%83" title="Tioxantenă">Tioxantene</a>: <a href="/wiki/Clorprotixen" title="Clorprotixen">Clorprotixen</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Clopentixol" title="Clopentixol">Clopentixol</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Flupentixol" title="Flupentixol">Flupentixol</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Tiotixen" title="Tiotixen">Tiotixen</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Zuclopentixol" title="Zuclopentixol">Zuclopentixol</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Clasificare disputată </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Benzamid%C4%83" title="Benzamidă">Benzamidă</a>: <a href="/wiki/Amisulprid%C4%83" title="Amisulpridă">Amisulpridă</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Levosulpirid%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Levosulpiridă — pagină inexistentă">Levosulpiridă</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nemonaprid%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nemonapridă — pagină inexistentă">Nemonapridă</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Remoxiprid%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Remoxipridă — pagină inexistentă">Remoxipridă</a>‡  • <a href="/wiki/Sulpirid%C4%83" title="Sulpiridă">Sulpiridă</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Sultoprid%C4%83" title="Sultopridă">Sultopridă</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Tiaprid%C4%83" title="Tiapridă">Tiapridă</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Veraliprid%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Veralipridă — pagină inexistentă">Veralipridă</a>‡ Butirofenone: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Melperon%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Melperonă — pagină inexistentă">Melperonă</a> Triciclice: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carpipramin%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carpipramină — pagină inexistentă">Carpipramină</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Clocapramin%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clocapramină — pagină inexistentă">Clocapramină</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Clorotepin%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clorotepină — pagină inexistentă">Clorotepină</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Clotiapin%C4%83" title="Clotiapină">Clotiapină</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Loxapin%C4%83" title="Loxapină">Loxapină</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosapramin%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mosapramină — pagină inexistentă">Mosapramină</a> Altele: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Molindon%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molindonă — pagină inexistentă">Molindonă</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Antipsihotic_atipic" title="Antipsihotic atipic">Atipice</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Benzizoxazol" title="Benzizoxazol">Benzizoxazoli</a> / <a href="/wiki/Benzotiazol" title="Benzotiazol">benzizotiazoli</a>: <a href="/wiki/Iloperidon%C4%83" title="Iloperidonă">Iloperidonă</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Lurasidon%C4%83" title="Lurasidonă">Lurasidonă</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Paliperidon%C4%83" title="Paliperidonă">Paliperidonă</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perospiron%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perospironă — pagină inexistentă">Perospironă</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Risperidon%C4%83" title="Risperidonă">Risperidonă</a>#  • <a href="/wiki/Ziprasidon%C4%83" title="Ziprasidonă">Ziprasidonă</a> Butirofenone: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumateperon%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lumateperonă — pagină inexistentă">Lumateperonă</a> Fenil<a href="/wiki/Piperazin%C4%83" title="Piperazină">piperazine</a> / <a href="/wiki/Chinolin%C4%83" title="Chinolină">chinolinone</a>: <a href="/wiki/Aripiprazol" title="Aripiprazol">Aripiprazol</a> (lauroxil)  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brilaroxazin%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brilaroxazină — pagină inexistentă">Brilaroxazină</a>†  • <a href="/wiki/Brexpiprazol" title="Brexpiprazol">Brexpiprazol</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Cariprazin%C4%83" title="Cariprazină">Cariprazină</a> Triciclice: <a href="/wiki/Asenapin%C4%83" title="Asenapină">Asenapină</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Clozapin%C4%83" title="Clozapină">Clozapină</a>#  • <a href="/wiki/Olanzapin%C4%83" title="Olanzapină">Olanzapină</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Quetiapin%C4%83" title="Quetiapină">Quetiapină</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Zotepin%C4%83" title="Zotepină">Zotepină</a> Altele: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Blonanserin%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blonanserină — pagină inexistentă">Blonanserină</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Pimavanserin%C4%83" title="Pimavanserină">Pimavanserină</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Sertindol" title="Sertindol">Sertindol</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Altele </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Azaciclonol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Azaciclonol — pagină inexistentă">Azaciclonol</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Cannabidiol" title="Cannabidiol">Cannabidiol</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxipertin%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oxipertină — pagină inexistentă">Oxipertină</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Rezerpin%C4%83" title="Rezerpină">Rezerpină</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Tetrabenazin%C4%83" title="Tetrabenazină">Tetrabenazină</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" style=";" colspan="2"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>#<a href="/wiki/Lista_medicamentelor_esen%C8%9Biale_ale_Organiza%C8%9Biei_Mondiale_a_S%C4%83n%C4%83t%C4%83%C8%9Bii" title="Lista medicamentelor esențiale ale Organizației Mondiale a Sănătății">ME-OMS</a></li> <li>‡Retras de pe piață</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Studiu_clinic" title="Studiu clinic">Studii clinice</a>: <ul><li>†În <a href="/wiki/Studiu_clinic#Faza_III" title="Studiu clinic">Faza III</a></li> <li>§Nu a ajuns în faza III</li></ul></li></ul> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16513826">    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Adus de la <a dir="ltr" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antipsihotic&oldid=16557125">https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antipsihotic&oldid=16557125</a></div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categorii" title="Special:Categorii">Categorie</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Antipsihotice" title="Categorie:Antipsihotice">Antipsihotice</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Categorii ascunse: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Pagini_cu_erori_de_citare" 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