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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Petroleum_diesel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Petroleum_diesel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Petroleum diesel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Petroleum_diesel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synthetic_diesel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synthetic_diesel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Synthetic diesel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synthetic_diesel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biodiesel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biodiesel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Biodiesel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biodiesel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Storage_and_additives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Storage_and_additives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Storage and additives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Storage_and_additives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Standards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Measurements_and_pricing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Measurements_and_pricing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Measurements and pricing</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Measurements_and_pricing-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Measurements and pricing subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Measurements_and_pricing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cetane_number" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cetane_number"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Cetane number</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cetane_number-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fuel_value_and_price" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fuel_value_and_price"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Fuel value and price</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fuel_value_and_price-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taxation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Taxation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-On-road_vehicles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On-road_vehicles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>On-road vehicles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On-road_vehicles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Railroad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Railroad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Railroad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Railroad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aircraft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aircraft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Aircraft</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aircraft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_vehicles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_vehicles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Military vehicles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_vehicles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tractors_and_heavy_equipment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tractors_and_heavy_equipment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Tractors and heavy equipment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tractors_and_heavy_equipment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Other uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemical_analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical_analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Chemical analysis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Chemical_analysis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Chemical analysis subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Chemical_analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chemical_composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical_composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Chemical composition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemical_composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemical_properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical_properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Chemical properties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemical_properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carbon_dioxide_formation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carbon_dioxide_formation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Carbon dioxide formation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carbon_dioxide_formation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hazards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hazards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Hazards</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Hazards-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Hazards subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Hazards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Environment_hazards_of_sulfur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environment_hazards_of_sulfur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Environment hazards of sulfur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environment_hazards_of_sulfur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Algae,_microbes,_and_water_contamination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Algae,_microbes,_and_water_contamination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Algae, microbes, and water contamination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Algae,_microbes,_and_water_contamination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Road_hazard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Road_hazard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Road hazard</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Road_hazard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Diesel fuel</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 78 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-78" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">78 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel" title="Diesel – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Diesel" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%84_(%D9%88%D9%82%D9%88%D8%AF)" title="ديزل (وقود) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ديزل (وقود)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizel_yanaca%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Dizel yanacağı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dizel yanacağı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2" title="ডিজেল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ডিজেল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chh%C3%A2-i%C3%BB" title="Chhâ-iû – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chhâ-iû" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Дызельнае паліва – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дызельнае паліва" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Дызэльнае паліва – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Дызэльнае паліва" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Дизелово гориво – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Дизелово гориво" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizel_gorivo" title="Dizel gorivo – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Dizel gorivo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasoil" title="Gasoil – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gasoil" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorov%C3%A1_nafta" title="Motorová nafta – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Motorová nafta" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieselolie" title="Dieselolie – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Dieselolie" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieselkraftstoff" title="Dieselkraftstoff – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Dieselkraftstoff" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diislik%C3%BCtus" title="Diislikütus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Diislikütus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%8D%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%BF_%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B6%CE%B5%CE%BB" title="Καύσιμο ντίζελ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καύσιμο ντίζελ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%A9sel" title="Diésel – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Diésel" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizeloleo" title="Dizeloleo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Dizeloleo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasolio" title="Gasolio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gasolio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%84" title="گازوئیل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گازوئیل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazole" title="Gazole – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gazole" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B2%BD%EC%9C%A0" title="경유 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="경유" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%B2" title="डीज़ल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="डीज़ल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizel" title="Dizel – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Dizel" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahan_bakar_diesel" title="Bahan bakar diesel – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahan bakar diesel" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%ADsilol%C3%ADa" title="Dísilolía – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Dísilolía" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasolio" title="Gasolio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gasolio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A8" title="סולר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סולר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel" title="Diesel – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Diesel" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%88%D9%90%D8%B2%D9%95%D9%84" title="ڈِزٕل – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="ڈِزٕل" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Дизель отыны – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Дизель отыны" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizeli" title="Dizeli – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Dizeli" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%ABze%C4%BCdegviela" title="Dīzeļdegviela – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dīzeļdegviela" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyzelinas" title="Dyzelinas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Dyzelinas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanikha_sola" title="Fanikha sola – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Fanikha sola" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Li Niha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasolio" title="Gasolio – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Gasolio" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%ADzelg%C3%A1zolaj" title="Dízelgázolaj – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Dízelgázolaj" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BB-%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Дизел-гориво – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Дизел-гориво" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%BD" title="ഡീസൽ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഡീസൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9D%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="डीझेल – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="डीझेल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%84" title="ديزل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ديزل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel" title="Diesel – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Diesel" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D1%82%D2%AF%D0%BB%D1%88" title="Дизель түлш – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Дизель түлш" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%92%E1%80%AE%E1%80%87%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%AE" title="ဒီဇယ်ဆီ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဒီဇယ်ဆီ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieselolie" title="Dieselolie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Dieselolie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="डिजेल – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="डिजेल" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BB%BD%E6%B2%B9" title="軽油 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="軽油" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel" title="Diesel – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Diesel" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel" title="Diesel – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Diesel" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizel_yonilg%CA%BBisi" title="Dizel yonilgʻisi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Dizel yonilgʻisi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B2" title="ਡੀਜ਼ਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਡੀਜ਼ਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%DA%89%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%84%D9%88_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%8A" title="د ډيزلو سون توکي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د ډيزلو سون توکي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olej_nap%C4%99dowy" title="Olej napędowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Olej napędowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel" title="Diesel – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Diesel" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorin%C4%83" title="Motorină – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Motorină" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Дизельное топливо – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дизельное топливо" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel" title="Diesel – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Diesel" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nafta" title="Nafta – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Nafta" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gassoliu" title="Gassoliu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Gassoliu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%93%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%89%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B0%E0%B6%B1" title="ඩීසල් ඉන්ධන – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඩීසල් ඉන්ධන" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_fuel" title="Diesel fuel – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Diesel fuel" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorov%C3%A1_nafta" title="Motorová nafta – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Motorová nafta" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizelsko_olje" title="Dizelsko olje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Dizelsko olje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nafto" title="Nafto – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Nafto" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BB-%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Дизел-гориво – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Дизел-гориво" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizel" title="Dizel – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Dizel" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel%C3%B6ljy" title="Dieselöljy – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Dieselöljy" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieselolja" title="Dieselolja – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Dieselolja" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="டீசல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="டீசல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D" title="డీజిల్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="డీజిల్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%A5" title="น้ำมันดีเซล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="น้ำมันดีเซล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D3%AF%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D3%A3" title="Сӯзишвории дизелӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Сӯзишвории дизелӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazot" title="Mazot – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mazot" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Дизельне паливо – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дизельне паливо" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%88%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%84_(%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%BE%D9%86)" title="ڈیزل (ایندھن) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ڈیزل (ایندھن)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%E1%BA%A7u_diesel" title="Dầu diesel – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Dầu diesel" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%B4%E6%B2%B9" title="柴油 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="柴油" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Gas oil" redirects here. For gas oil as other classes of fuel oil, see <a href="/wiki/Fuel_oil" title="Fuel oil">Fuel oil</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Diesel oil" redirects here. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Lubricating_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Lubricating oil">lubricating oil</a> for diesel engines.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_diesel_tank.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Red_diesel_tank.jpg/290px-Red_diesel_tank.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Red_diesel_tank.jpg/435px-Red_diesel_tank.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Red_diesel_tank.jpg/580px-Red_diesel_tank.jpg 2x" data-file-width="787" data-file-height="591" /></a><figcaption>A tank of diesel fuel on a truck</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Diesel fuel</b>, also called <b>diesel oil</b>, <b>heavy oil</b> (historically) or simply <b>diesel</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Liquid_fuel" title="Liquid fuel">liquid fuel</a> specifically designed for use in a <a href="/wiki/Diesel_engine" title="Diesel engine">diesel engine</a>, a type of <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">internal combustion engine</a> in which fuel ignition takes place without a spark as a result of compression of the inlet air and then injection of fuel. Therefore, diesel fuel needs good compression ignition characteristics. </p><p>The most common type of diesel fuel is a specific <a href="/wiki/Fractional_distillation" title="Fractional distillation">fractional distillate</a> of <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a> <a href="/wiki/Fuel_oil" title="Fuel oil">fuel oil</a>, but alternatives that are not derived from petroleum, such as <a href="/wiki/Biodiesel" title="Biodiesel">biodiesel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biomass_to_liquid" title="Biomass to liquid">biomass to liquid</a> (BTL) or <a href="/wiki/Gas_to_liquid" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas to liquid">gas to liquid</a> (GTL) diesel are increasingly being developed and adopted. To distinguish these types, petroleum-derived diesel is sometimes called <b>petrodiesel</b> in some academic circles.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diesel is a high-volume product of oil refineries.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In many countries, diesel fuel is standardized. For example, in the European Union, the standard for diesel fuel is <a href="/wiki/EN_590" title="EN 590">EN 590</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ultra-low-sulfur_diesel" title="Ultra-low-sulfur diesel">Ultra-low-sulfur diesel</a> (ULSD) is a diesel fuel with substantially lowered <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a> contents. As of 2016, almost all of the petroleum-based diesel fuel available in the United Kingdom, mainland Europe, and North America is of a ULSD type. Before diesel fuel had been standardized, the majority of diesel engines typically ran on cheap <a href="/wiki/Fuel_oil" title="Fuel oil">fuel oils</a>. These fuel oils are still used in watercraft diesel engines. Despite being specifically designed for diesel engines, diesel fuel can also be used as fuel for several non-diesel engines, for example the <a href="/wiki/Akroyd_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Akroyd engine">Akroyd engine</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Stirling_engine" title="Stirling engine">Stirling engine</a>, or boilers for <a href="/wiki/Steam_engine" title="Steam engine">steam engines</a>. Diesel is often used in <a href="/wiki/Heavy_truck" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy truck">heavy trucks</a>. However, <a href="/wiki/Diesel_exhaust" title="Diesel exhaust">diesel exhaust</a>, especially from older engines, can cause health damage.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names">Names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diesel_fuel&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Diesel fuel has many colloquial names; most commonly, it is simply referred to as <i>diesel</i>. In the United Kingdom, diesel fuel for road use is commonly called <i>diesel</i> or sometimes <i>white diesel</i> if required to differentiate it from a reduced-tax <a href="/wiki/Non-road_diesel_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-road diesel engine">agricultural-only</a> product containing an <a href="/wiki/Fuel_dye#United_Kingdom" title="Fuel dye">identifying coloured dye</a> known as <i>red diesel</i>. The official term for white diesel is <i>DERV</i>, standing for <i>diesel-engine road vehicle</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, diesel fuel is also known as <b>distillate</b><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Distillate_(motor_fuel)" title="Distillate (motor fuel)">"distillate"</a> in an older sense referring to a different motor fuel), and in <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> (as well in <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>), it is known as <b>Solar</b>, a trademarked name from the country's national petroleum company <a href="/wiki/Pertamina" title="Pertamina">Pertamina</a>. The term <b>gas oil</b> (French: <i>gazole</i>) is sometimes also used to refer to diesel fuel. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diesel_fuel&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diesel_fuel&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Diesel fuel originated from experiments conducted by German scientist and inventor <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Diesel" title="Rudolf Diesel">Rudolf Diesel</a> for his <a href="/wiki/Compression-ignition_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Compression-ignition engine">compression-ignition engine</a> which he invented around 1892. Originally, Diesel did not consider using any specific type of fuel. Instead, he claimed that the operating principle of his <a href="/wiki/Theory_and_Construction_of_a_Rational_Heat_Motor" title="Theory and Construction of a Rational Heat Motor">rational heat motor</a> would work with any kind of fuel in any state of matter.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first diesel engine prototype and the first functional Diesel engine were only designed for liquid fuels.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At first, Diesel tested <a href="/wiki/Crude_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Crude oil">crude oil</a> from <a href="/wiki/Pechelbronn" class="mw-redirect" title="Pechelbronn">Pechelbronn</a>, but soon replaced it with <a href="/wiki/Petrol" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrol">petrol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kerosene" title="Kerosene">kerosene</a>, because crude oil proved to be too viscous,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the main testing fuel for the Diesel engine being kerosene (<a href="/wiki/Mineral_oil" title="Mineral oil">paraffin</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diesel experimented with types of <a href="/wiki/Lamp_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamp oil">lamp oil</a> from various sources, as well as types of petrol and <a href="/wiki/Ligroin" title="Ligroin">ligroin</a>, which all worked well as Diesel engine fuels. Later, Diesel tested <a href="/wiki/Coal_tar" title="Coal tar">coal tar</a> <a href="/wiki/Creosote" title="Creosote">creosote</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> paraffin oil, crude oil, <a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">gasoline</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fuel_oil" title="Fuel oil">fuel oil</a>, which eventually worked as well.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Scotland and France, <a href="/wiki/Shale_oil" title="Shale oil">shale oil</a> was used as fuel for the first 1898 production Diesel engines because other fuels were too expensive.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1900, the French Otto society built a Diesel engine for the use with crude oil, which was exhibited at the <a href="/wiki/Exposition_Universelle_(1900)" title="Exposition Universelle (1900)">1900 Paris Exposition</a><sup id="cite_ref-Diesel_115_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diesel_115-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the 1911 World's Fair in Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The engine actually ran on <a href="/wiki/Peanut_oil" title="Peanut oil">peanut oil</a> instead of crude oil, and no modifications were necessary for peanut oil operation.<sup id="cite_ref-Diesel_115_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diesel_115-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During his first Diesel engine tests, Diesel also used <a href="/wiki/Illuminating_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Illuminating gas">illuminating gas</a> as fuel, and managed to build functional designs, both with and without pilot injection.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Diesel, neither was a coal-dust–producing industry existent, nor was fine, high-quality coal-dust commercially available in the late 1890s. This is the reason why the Diesel engine was never designed or planned as a coal-dust engine.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only in December 1899, did Diesel test a coal-dust prototype, which used external mixture formation and liquid fuel pilot injection.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This engine proved to be functional, but suffered from piston ring failure after a few minutes due to coal dust deposition.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Since_the_20th_century">Since the 20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diesel_fuel&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Since the 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before diesel fuel was standardised, diesel engines typically ran on cheap fuel oils. In the United States, these were distilled from petroleum, whereas in Europe, coal-tar creosote oil was used. Some diesel engines were fuelled with mixtures of fuels, such as petrol, kerosene, rapeseed oil, or lubricating oil which were cheaper because, at the time, they were not being taxed.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The introduction of motor-vehicle diesel engines, such as the <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_OM_138" title="Mercedes-Benz OM 138">Mercedes-Benz OM 138</a>, in the 1930s meant that higher-quality fuels with proper ignition characteristics were needed. At first no improvements were made to motor-vehicle diesel fuel quality. After World War II, the first modern high-quality diesel fuels were standardised. These standards were, for instance, the DIN 51601, VTL 9140–001, and NATO F 54 standards.<sup id="cite_ref-Seher-Thoß_437_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seher-Thoß_437-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1993, the DIN 51601 was rendered obsolete by the new EN 590 standard, which has been used in the European Union ever since. In sea-going watercraft, where diesel propulsion had gained prevalence by the late 1970s due to increasing fuel costs caused by the <a href="/wiki/1970s_energy_crisis" title="1970s energy crisis">1970s energy crisis</a>, cheap <a href="/wiki/Heavy_fuel_oil" title="Heavy fuel oil">heavy fuel oils</a> are still used instead of conventional motor-vehicle diesel fuel. These heavy fuel oils (often called <a href="/wiki/Bunker_C" class="mw-redirect" title="Bunker C">Bunker C</a>) can be used in diesel-powered and steam-powered vessels.<sup id="cite_ref-Mau_13_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mau_13-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diesel_fuel&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Diesel fuel is produced from various sources, the most common being <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a>. Other sources include <a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Animal_fat" title="Animal fat">animal fat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biogas" title="Biogas">biogas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Coal_liquefaction" title="Coal liquefaction">coal liquefaction</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Petroleum_diesel">Petroleum diesel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diesel_fuel&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Petroleum diesel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Essodiesel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Essodiesel.jpg/220px-Essodiesel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Essodiesel.jpg/330px-Essodiesel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Essodiesel.jpg/440px-Essodiesel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>A modern diesel dispenser</figcaption></figure> <p>Petroleum diesel is the most common type of diesel fuel. It is produced by the <a href="/wiki/Fractional_distillation" title="Fractional distillation">fractional distillation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Crude_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Crude oil">crude oil</a> between 200 and 350 °C (392 and 662 °F) at <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure" title="Atmospheric pressure">atmospheric pressure</a>, resulting in a mixture of carbon chains that typically contain between 9 and 25 <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atoms</a> per <a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">molecule</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This fraction is subjected to <a href="/wiki/Hydrodesulfurization" title="Hydrodesulfurization">hydrodesulfurization</a>. </p><p>Usually such "straight-run" diesel is insufficient in supply and quality, so other sources of diesel fuels are blended in. One major source of additional diesel fuel is obtained by cracking heavier fractions, using <a href="/wiki/Visbreaker" title="Visbreaker">visbreaking</a> and coking. This technology converts less useful fractions but the product contains olefins (<a href="/wiki/Alkene" title="Alkene">alkenes</a>) which require <a href="/wiki/Hydrogenation" title="Hydrogenation">hydrogenation</a> to give the saturated hydrocarbons as desired. Another refinery stream that contributes to diesel fuel is <a href="/wiki/Hydrocracking" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrocracking">hydrocracking</a>. Finally, <a href="/wiki/Kerosene" title="Kerosene">kerosene</a> is added to modify its viscosity.<sup id="cite_ref-Ullmann2_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ullmann2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Synthetic_diesel">Synthetic diesel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diesel_fuel&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Synthetic diesel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_fuel" title="Synthetic fuel">Synthetic fuel</a></div> <p>Synthetic diesel can be produced from many carbonaceous precursors but natural gas is most important. Raw materials are converted to <a href="/wiki/Syngas" title="Syngas">synthesis gas</a> which by the <a href="/wiki/Fischer%E2%80%93Tropsch_process" title="Fischer–Tropsch process">Fischer–Tropsch process</a> is converted to a synthetic diesel.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Synthetic diesel produced in this way generally is mainly paraffins with low sulfur and aromatics content. This material is blended often into the above mentions petroleum derived diesel.<sup id="cite_ref-Ullmann2_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ullmann2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biodiesel">Biodiesel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diesel_fuel&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Biodiesel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Biodiesel" title="Biodiesel">Biodiesel</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bequer-B100-SOJA-SOYBEAM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Bequer-B100-SOJA-SOYBEAM.jpg/170px-Bequer-B100-SOJA-SOYBEAM.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Bequer-B100-SOJA-SOYBEAM.jpg/255px-Bequer-B100-SOJA-SOYBEAM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Bequer-B100-SOJA-SOYBEAM.jpg/340px-Bequer-B100-SOJA-SOYBEAM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="547" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Biodiesel" title="Biodiesel">Biodiesel</a> made from <a href="/wiki/Soybean_oil" title="Soybean oil">soybean oil</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Biodiesel" title="Biodiesel">Biodiesel</a> is obtained from <a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil" title="Vegetable oil">vegetable oil</a> or animal fats (bio<a href="/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">lipids</a>) which are mainly <a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid_methyl_ester" title="Fatty acid methyl ester">fatty acid methyl esters</a> (FAME), and <a href="/wiki/Transesterification" title="Transesterification">transesterified</a> with <a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">methanol</a>. It can be produced from many types of oils, the most common being <a href="/wiki/Rapeseed" title="Rapeseed">rapeseed</a> oil (rapeseed methyl ester, RME) in Europe and <a href="/wiki/Soybean_oil" title="Soybean oil">soybean oil</a> (soy methyl ester, SME) in the US. Methanol can also be replaced with ethanol for the transesterification process, which results in the production of ethyl esters. The transesterification processes use catalysts, such as sodium or potassium hydroxide, to convert vegetable oil and methanol into biodiesel and the undesirable byproducts glycerine and water, which will need to be removed from the fuel along with methanol traces. Biodiesel can be used pure (B100) in engines where the manufacturer approves such use, but it is more often used as a mix with diesel, BXX where XX is the biodiesel content in percent.<sup id="cite_ref-Bosch_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bosch-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-acea.be_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acea.be-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>FAME used as fuel is specified in <a href="/wiki/EN_14214" title="EN 14214">DIN EN 14214</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and ASTM D6751 standards.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Storage_and_additives">Storage and additives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diesel_fuel&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Storage and additives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diesel_tanks_near_Hermannin_rantatie_in_Hermanninranta,_S%C3%B6rn%C3%A4inen,_Helsinki,_Finland,_2021_July.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Diesel_tanks_near_Hermannin_rantatie_in_Hermanninranta%2C_S%C3%B6rn%C3%A4inen%2C_Helsinki%2C_Finland%2C_2021_July.jpg/220px-Diesel_tanks_near_Hermannin_rantatie_in_Hermanninranta%2C_S%C3%B6rn%C3%A4inen%2C_Helsinki%2C_Finland%2C_2021_July.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Diesel_tanks_near_Hermannin_rantatie_in_Hermanninranta%2C_S%C3%B6rn%C3%A4inen%2C_Helsinki%2C_Finland%2C_2021_July.jpg/330px-Diesel_tanks_near_Hermannin_rantatie_in_Hermanninranta%2C_S%C3%B6rn%C3%A4inen%2C_Helsinki%2C_Finland%2C_2021_July.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Diesel_tanks_near_Hermannin_rantatie_in_Hermanninranta%2C_S%C3%B6rn%C3%A4inen%2C_Helsinki%2C_Finland%2C_2021_July.jpg/440px-Diesel_tanks_near_Hermannin_rantatie_in_Hermanninranta%2C_S%C3%B6rn%C3%A4inen%2C_Helsinki%2C_Finland%2C_2021_July.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="2856" /></a><figcaption>Large diesel fuel tanks in <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6rn%C3%A4inen" title="Sörnäinen">Sörnäinen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the US, diesel is recommended to be stored in a yellow container to differentiate it from <a href="/wiki/Kerosene" title="Kerosene">kerosene</a>, which is typically kept in blue containers, and <a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">gasoline</a> (petrol), which is typically kept in red containers.<sup id="cite_ref-bhm199702_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bhm199702-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the UK, diesel is normally stored in a black container to differentiate it from unleaded or leaded petrol, which are stored in green and red containers, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-hseuk_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hseuk-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ethylene-vinyl_acetate" title="Ethylene-vinyl acetate">Ethylene-vinyl acetate</a> (EVA) is added to diesel as a "cold flow improver". 50-500 ppm of EVA inhibits crystallization of waxes, which can block fuel filters. Antifoaming agents (<a href="/wiki/Silicone" title="Silicone">silicones</a>), antioxidants (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindered_phenol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hindered phenol (page does not exist)">hindered phenols</a>), and "metal deactivating agents" (salicylaldimines) are other additives. Their use is dictated by the particular composition of and storage plans for diesel fuels. Each is added at the 5-50 ppm level.<sup id="cite_ref-Ullmann2_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ullmann2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Standards">Standards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diesel_fuel&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The diesel engine is a multifuel engine and can run on a huge variety of fuels. However, development of high-performance, high-speed diesel engines for cars and lorries in the 1930s meant that a proper fuel specifically designed for such engines was needed: diesel fuel. In order to ensure consistent quality, diesel fuel is standardised; the first standards were introduced after World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-Seher-Thoß_437_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seher-Thoß_437-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Typically, a standard defines certain properties of the fuel, such as <a href="/wiki/Cetane_number" title="Cetane number">cetane number</a>, <a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">density</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flash_point" title="Flash point">flash point</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulphur" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulphur">sulphur</a> content, or biodiesel content. Diesel fuel standards include: </p><p><b>Diesel fuel</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EN_590" title="EN 590">EN 590</a> (European Union)</li> <li>ASTM D975 (United States)</li> <li>GOST R 52368 (Russia; equivalent to EN 590)</li> <li>NATO F 54 (NATO; equivalent to EN 590)</li> <li>DIN 51601 (West Germany; obsolete)</li></ul> <p><b>Biodiesel fuel</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EN_14214" title="EN 14214">EN 14214</a> (European Union)</li> <li>ASTM D6751 (United States)</li> <li>CAN/CGSB-3.524 (Canada)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Measurements_and_pricing">Measurements and pricing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diesel_fuel&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Measurements and pricing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cetane_number">Cetane number</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diesel_fuel&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Cetane number"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cetane_number" title="Cetane number">Cetane number</a></div> <p>The principal measure of diesel fuel quality is its <a href="/wiki/Cetane_number" title="Cetane number">cetane number</a>. A cetane number is a measure of the delay of ignition of a diesel fuel.<sup id="cite_ref-ufa1_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ufa1-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A higher cetane number indicates that the fuel ignites more readily when sprayed into hot compressed air.<sup id="cite_ref-ufa1_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ufa1-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> European (EN 590 standard) road diesel has a minimum cetane number of 51. Fuels with higher cetane numbers, normally "premium" diesel fuels with additional cleaning agents and some synthetic content, are available in some markets. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fuel_value_and_price">Fuel value and price</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diesel_fuel&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Fuel value and price"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Gasoline_and_diesel_usage_and_pricing" title="Gasoline and diesel usage and pricing">Gasoline and diesel usage and pricing</a></div> <p>About 86.1% of diesel fuel mass is carbon, and when burned, it offers a net heating value of 43.1 MJ/kg as opposed to 43.2 MJ/kg for gasoline. Due to the higher density, diesel fuel offers a higher volumetric energy density: the density of EN 590 diesel fuel is defined as 0.820 to 0.845 kg/L (6.84 to 7.05 lb/US gal) at 15 °C (59 °F), about 9.0-13.9% more than EN 228 gasoline (petrol)'s 0.720–0.775 kg/L (6.01–6.47 lb/US gal) at 15 °C, which should be put into consideration when comparing volumetric fuel prices. The CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> emissions from diesel are 73.25 g/MJ, just slightly lower than for gasoline at 73.38 g/MJ.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Diesel fuel is generally simpler to refine from petroleum than gasoline Additional refining is required to remove sulfur, which contributes to a sometimes higher cost. In many parts of the United States and throughout the United Kingdom and Australia,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> diesel fuel may be priced higher than petrol per <a href="/wiki/Gallon" title="Gallon">gallon</a> or <a href="/wiki/Litre" title="Litre">litre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reasons for higher-priced diesel include the shutdown of some refineries in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a>, diversion of mass refining capacity to gasoline production, and a recent transfer to <a href="/wiki/Ultra-low-sulfur_diesel" title="Ultra-low-sulfur diesel">ultra-low-sulfur diesel</a> (ULSD), which causes infrastructural complications.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Sweden, a diesel fuel designated as MK-1 (class 1 environmental diesel) is also being sold. This is a ULSD that also has a lower aromatics content, with a limit of 5%.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This fuel is slightly more expensive to produce than regular ULSD. In Germany, the fuel tax on diesel fuel is about 28% lower than the petrol fuel tax. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taxation">Taxation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diesel_fuel&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Taxation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Diesel fuel is similar to <a href="/wiki/Heating_oil" title="Heating oil">heating oil</a>, which is used in <a href="/wiki/Central_heating" title="Central heating">central heating</a>. In Europe, the United States, and Canada, <a href="/wiki/Tax" title="Tax">taxes</a> on diesel fuel are higher than on heating oil due to the <a href="/wiki/Fuel_tax" title="Fuel tax">fuel tax</a>, and in those areas, heating oil is marked with <a href="/wiki/Fuel_dyes" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuel dyes">fuel dyes</a> and trace chemicals to prevent and detect <a href="/wiki/Tax_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Tax fraud">tax fraud</a>. "Untaxed" diesel (sometimes called "off-road diesel" or "red diesel" due to its red dye) is available in some countries for use primarily in agricultural applications, such as fuel for tractors, recreational and utility vehicles or other <a href="/wiki/Non-commercial" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-commercial">noncommercial</a> vehicles that do not use <a href="/wiki/Public_road" class="mw-redirect" title="Public road">public roads</a>. This fuel may have sulfur levels that exceed the limits for road use in some countries (e.g. US). </p><p>This untaxed diesel is dyed red for identification,<sup id="cite_ref-26_CFR_48.4082-1_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26_CFR_48.4082-1-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and using this untaxed diesel fuel for a typically taxed purpose (such as driving use), the user can be fined (e.g. US$10,000 in the US). In the United Kingdom, Belgium and the Netherlands, it is known as <a href="/wiki/Red_diesel" class="mw-redirect" title="Red diesel">red diesel</a> (or gas oil), and is also used in <a href="/wiki/Agricultural" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural">agricultural</a> vehicles, home heating tanks, refrigeration units on vans/trucks which contain perishable items such as food and medicine and for marine craft. Diesel fuel, or marked gas oil is dyed green in the Republic of Ireland and Norway. The term "diesel-engined road vehicle" (DERV) is used in the UK as a synonym for unmarked road diesel fuel. In India, taxes on diesel fuel are lower than on petrol, as the majority of the transportation for grain and other essential commodities across the country runs on diesel. </p><p>Taxes on <a href="/wiki/Biodiesel" title="Biodiesel">biodiesel</a> in the US vary between states. Some states (Texas, for example) have no tax on biodiesel and a reduced tax on biodiesel blends equivalent to the amount of biodiesel in the blend, so that B20 fuel is taxed 20% less than pure petrodiesel.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other states, such as North Carolina, tax biodiesel (in any blended configuration) the same as petrodiesel, although they have introduced new incentives to producers and users of all biofuels.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diesel_fuel&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Diesel fuel is mostly used in high-speed diesel engines, especially motor-vehicle (e.g. car, lorry) diesel engines, but not all diesel engines run on diesel fuel. For example, large two-stroke watercraft engines typically use heavy fuel oils instead of diesel fuel,<sup id="cite_ref-Mau_13_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mau_13-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and certain types of diesel engines, such as MAN <a href="/wiki/M-System" title="M-System">M-System</a> engines, are designed to run on petrol with knock resistances of up to 86 RON.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, <a href="/wiki/Gas_turbine" title="Gas turbine">gas turbine</a> and some other types of internal combustion engines, and <a href="/wiki/External_combustion_engine" title="External combustion engine">external combustion engines</a>, can also be designed to take diesel fuel. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Viscosity" title="Viscosity">viscosity</a> requirement of diesel fuel is usually specified at 40 °C.<sup id="cite_ref-ufa1_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ufa1-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A disadvantage of diesel fuel in cold climates is that its viscosity increases as the temperature decreases, changing it into a <a href="/wiki/Gel" title="Gel">gel</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Compression_ignition#Gelling" class="mw-redirect" title="Compression ignition">Compression Ignition – Gelling</a>) that cannot flow in fuel systems. Special <a href="/wiki/Winter_diesel_fuel" title="Winter diesel fuel">low-temperature diesel</a> contains additives to keep it liquid at lower temperatures. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On-road_vehicles">On-road vehicles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diesel_fuel&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: On-road vehicles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Truck" title="Truck">Trucks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bus" title="Bus">buses</a>, which were often otto-powered in the 1920s through 1950s, are now almost exclusively diesel-powered. Due to its ignition characteristics, diesel fuel is thus widely used in these vehicles. Since diesel fuel is not well-suited for otto engines, passenger cars, which often use otto or otto-derived engines, typically run on petrol instead of diesel fuel. However, especially in Europe and India, many passenger cars have, due to better engine efficiency,<sup id="cite_ref-argus_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-argus-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> diesel engines, and thus run on regular diesel fuel. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Railroad">Railroad</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diesel_fuel&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Railroad"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Dieselisation" title="Dieselisation">Dieselisation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diesel_locomotive" title="Diesel locomotive">Diesel locomotive</a></div> <p>Diesel displaced coal and fuel oil for steam-powered vehicles in the latter half of the 20th century, and is now used almost exclusively for the combustion engines of self-powered rail vehicles (locomotives and railcars).<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aircraft">Aircraft</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diesel_fuel&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Aircraft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Packard_DR-980_USAF.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Packard_DR-980_USAF.jpg/220px-Packard_DR-980_USAF.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Packard_DR-980_USAF.jpg/330px-Packard_DR-980_USAF.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Packard_DR-980_USAF.jpg/440px-Packard_DR-980_USAF.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1197" /></a><figcaption>Packard DR-980 9-cylinder diesel aircraft engine, used in the first diesel-engine airplane</figcaption></figure> <p>In general, diesel engines are not well-suited for planes and helicopters. This is because of the diesel engine's comparatively low <a href="/wiki/Power-to-weight_ratio" title="Power-to-weight ratio">power-to-mass ratio</a>, meaning that diesel engines are typically rather heavy, which is a disadvantage in aircraft. Therefore, there is little need for using diesel fuel in aircraft, and diesel fuel is not commercially used as aviation fuel. Instead, petrol (<a href="/wiki/Avgas" title="Avgas">Avgas</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Jet_fuel" title="Jet fuel">jet fuel</a> (e. g. Jet A-1) are used. However, especially in the 1920s and 1930s, numerous series-production aircraft diesel engines that ran on fuel oils were made, because they had several advantages: their fuel consumption was low, they were reliable, not prone to catching fire, and required minimal maintenance. The introduction of petrol direct injection in the 1930s outweighed these advantages, and aircraft diesel engines quickly fell out of use.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With improvements in power-to-mass ratios of diesel engines, several on-road diesel engines have been converted to and certified for aircraft use since the early 21st century. These engines typically run on <a href="/wiki/Jet_A-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Jet A-1">Jet A-1</a> aircraft fuel (but can also run on diesel fuel). Jet A-1 has ignition characteristics similar to diesel fuel, and is thus suited for certain (but not all) diesel engines.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_vehicles">Military vehicles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diesel_fuel&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Military vehicles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Until World War II, several military vehicles, especially those that required high engine performance (<a href="/wiki/Armored_fighting_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Armored fighting vehicle">armored fighting vehicles</a>, for example the <a href="/wiki/M26_Pershing" title="M26 Pershing">M26 Pershing</a> or <a href="/wiki/Panther_tank" title="Panther tank">Panther</a> tanks), used conventional otto engines and ran on petrol. Ever since World War II, several military vehicles with diesel engines have been made, capable of running on diesel fuel. This is because diesel engines are more fuel efficient, and diesel fuel is less prone to catching fire.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of these diesel-powered vehicles (such as the <a href="/wiki/Leopard_1" title="Leopard 1">Leopard 1</a> or <a href="/wiki/MAN_630" title="MAN 630">MAN 630</a>) still ran on petrol, and some military vehicles were still made with otto engines (e. g. <a href="/wiki/Ural-375" title="Ural-375">Ural-375</a> or <a href="/wiki/Unimog_404" title="Unimog 404">Unimog 404</a>), incapable of running on diesel fuel. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tractors_and_heavy_equipment">Tractors and heavy equipment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diesel_fuel&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Tractors and heavy equipment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Today's <a href="/wiki/Tractor" title="Tractor">tractors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heavy_equipment" title="Heavy equipment">heavy equipment</a> are mostly diesel-powered. Among tractors, only the smaller classes may also offer gasoline-fuelled engines. The <a href="/wiki/Dieselization" class="mw-redirect" title="Dieselization">dieselization</a> of tractors and heavy equipment began in Germany before World War II but was unusual in the United States until after that war. During the 1950s and 1960s, it progressed in the US as well. Diesel fuel is commonly used in oil and gas extracting equipment, although some locales use electric or natural gas powered equipment. </p><p>Tractors and heavy equipment were often <a href="/wiki/Multifuel" title="Multifuel">multifuel</a> in the 1920s through 1940s, running either spark-ignition and low-compression engines, akryod engines, or diesel engines. Thus many farm tractors of the era could burn gasoline, <a href="/wiki/Ethanol_fuel" title="Ethanol fuel">alcohol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerosene" title="Kerosene">kerosene</a>, and any light grade of <a href="/wiki/Fuel_oil" title="Fuel oil">fuel oil</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Heating_oil" title="Heating oil">heating oil</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Tractor_vaporising_oil" title="Tractor vaporising oil">tractor vaporising oil</a>, according to whichever was most affordable in a region at any given time. On US farms during this era, the name "distillate" often referred to any of the aforementioned light fuel oils. Spark ignition engines did not start as well on distillate, so typically a small auxiliary gasoline tank was used for cold starting, and the fuel valves were adjusted several minutes later, after warm-up, to transition to distillate. Engine accessories such as <a href="/wiki/Carburetor#Vaporizers" title="Carburetor">vaporizers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radiator_(engine_cooling)#Radiator_blind" title="Radiator (engine cooling)">radiator shrouds</a> were also used, both with the aim of capturing heat, because when such an engine was run on distillate, it ran better when both it and the air it inhaled were warmer rather than at ambient temperature. Dieselization with dedicated diesel engines (high-compression with mechanical fuel injection and compression ignition) replaced such systems and made more <a href="/wiki/Engine_efficiency" title="Engine efficiency">efficient</a> use of the diesel fuel being burned. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diesel_fuel&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Other uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Poor quality diesel fuel has been used as an extraction agent for <a href="/wiki/Liquid%E2%80%93liquid_extraction" title="Liquid–liquid extraction">liquid–liquid extraction</a> of <a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">palladium</a> from <a href="/wiki/Nitric_acid" title="Nitric acid">nitric acid</a> mixtures.<sup id="cite_ref-chemabstracts_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chemabstracts-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such use has been proposed as a means of separating the <a href="/wiki/Fission_product" class="mw-redirect" title="Fission product">fission product</a> palladium from <a href="/wiki/PUREX" title="PUREX">PUREX</a> <a href="/wiki/Raffinate" title="Raffinate">raffinate</a> which comes from used <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fuel" title="Nuclear fuel">nuclear fuel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-chemabstracts_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chemabstracts-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this system of solvent extraction, the <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbons</a> of the diesel act as the <a href="/wiki/Diluent" title="Diluent">diluent</a> while the di<a href="/wiki/Alkyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkyl">alkyl</a> <a href="/wiki/Sulfide" title="Sulfide">sulfides</a> act as the extractant.<sup id="cite_ref-chemabstracts_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chemabstracts-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This extraction operates by a <a href="/wiki/Solvation" title="Solvation">solvation</a> mechanism.<sup id="cite_ref-chemabstracts_49-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chemabstracts-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> So far, neither a <a href="/wiki/Pilot_plant" title="Pilot plant">pilot plant</a> nor full scale plant has been constructed to recover palladium, <a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">rhodium</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">ruthenium</a> from <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_waste" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear waste">nuclear wastes</a> created by the use of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fuel" title="Nuclear fuel">nuclear fuel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Diesel fuel is often used as the main ingredient in oil-base mud drilling fluid.<sup id="cite_ref-eisbdf_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eisbdf-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The advantage of using diesel is its low cost and its ability to drill a wide variety of difficult strata, including shale, salt and gypsum formations.<sup id="cite_ref-eisbdf_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eisbdf-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diesel-oil mud is typically mixed with up to 40% brine water.<sup id="cite_ref-bfaf_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bfaf-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to health, safety and environmental concerns, Diesel-oil mud is often replaced with vegetable, mineral, or synthetic food-grade oil-base drilling fluids, although diesel-oil mud is still in widespread use in certain regions.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During development of rocket engines in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> J-2 Diesel fuel was used as the fuel component in several engines including the <a href="/wiki/BMW_109-718" title="BMW 109-718">BMW 109-718</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CIOSCBMW_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIOSCBMW-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> J-2 diesel fuel was also used as a fuel for gas turbine engines.<sup id="cite_ref-CIOSCBMW_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIOSCBMW-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemical_analysis">Chemical analysis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diesel_fuel&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Chemical analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemical_composition">Chemical composition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diesel_fuel&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Chemical composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dieselrainbow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Dieselrainbow.jpg/220px-Dieselrainbow.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Dieselrainbow.jpg/330px-Dieselrainbow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Dieselrainbow.jpg/440px-Dieselrainbow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="976" data-file-height="871" /></a><figcaption>Diesel <a href="/wiki/Immiscible" class="mw-redirect" title="Immiscible">does not mix</a> with water. This picture also showcases the phenomenon of <a href="/wiki/Thin-film_interference" title="Thin-film interference">Thin-film interference</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the United States, petroleum-derived diesel is composed of about 75% <a href="/wiki/Saturated_hydrocarbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturated hydrocarbon">saturated hydrocarbons</a> (primarily <a href="/wiki/Alkane" title="Alkane">paraffins</a> including <a href="/wiki/Isoparaffin#Linear_alkanes" class="mw-redirect" title="Isoparaffin"><i>n</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Isoalkane#Isomerism" class="mw-redirect" title="Isoalkane"><i>iso</i></a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cycloalkane" title="Cycloalkane">cycloparaffins</a>), and 25% <a href="/wiki/Aromatic_hydrocarbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Aromatic hydrocarbon">aromatic hydrocarbons</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Naphthalene" title="Naphthalene">naphthalenes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alkylbenzenes" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkylbenzenes">alkylbenzenes</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The average chemical formula for common diesel fuel is C<sub>12</sub>H<sub>23</sub>, ranging approximately from C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>20</sub> to C<sub>15</sub>H<sub>28</sub>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemical_properties">Chemical properties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diesel_fuel&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Chemical properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Diesel_exhaust" title="Diesel exhaust">Diesel exhaust</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gel_point_(petroleum)" title="Gel point (petroleum)">Gel point (petroleum)</a></div> <p>Most diesel fuels freeze at common winter temperatures, while the temperatures greatly vary.<sup id="cite_ref-nrel_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nrel-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Petrodiesel typically freezes around temperatures of −8.1 °C (17.4 °F), whereas biodiesel freezes between temperatures of 2 to 15 °C (36 to 59 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-nrel_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nrel-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The viscosity of diesel noticeably increases as the temperature decreases, changing it into a gel at temperatures of −19 to −15 °C (−2 to 5 °F), that cannot flow in fuel systems. Conventional diesel fuels vaporise at temperatures between 149 °C and 371 °C.<sup id="cite_ref-ufa1_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ufa1-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conventional diesel <a href="/wiki/Flash_point" title="Flash point">flash points</a> vary between 52 and 96 °C, which makes it safer than petrol and unsuitable for spark-ignition engines.<sup id="cite_ref-gasfp_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gasfp-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike petrol, the flash point of a diesel fuel has no relation to its performance in an engine nor to its auto ignition qualities.<sup id="cite_ref-ufa1_32-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ufa1-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Carbon_dioxide_formation">Carbon dioxide formation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diesel_fuel&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Carbon dioxide formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a good approximation the chemical formula of diesel is <span class="chemf nowrap">C<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">n</sub></span></span>H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2n</sub></span></span></span>. Diesel is a mixture of different molecules. As carbon has a molar mass of 12 g/mol and hydrogen has a molar mass of about 1 g/mol, so the fraction by weight of carbon in EN 590 diesel fuel is roughly 12/14. </p><p>The reaction of diesel combustion is given by: </p><p>2<span class="chemf nowrap">C<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">n</sub></span></span>H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2n</sub></span></span></span> + 3n<span class="chemf nowrap">O<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span> ⇌ 2n<span class="chemf nowrap">CO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span> + 2n<span class="chemf nowrap">H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>O</span> </p><p>Carbon dioxide has a molar mass of 44g/mol as it consists of 2 atoms of oxygen (16 g/mol) and 1 atom of carbon (12 g/mol). So 12 g of carbon yield 44 g of Carbon dioxide. </p><p>Diesel has a density of 0.838 kg per liter. </p><p>Putting everything together the mass of carbon dioxide that is produced by burning 1 liter of diesel fuel can be calculated as: </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0.838kg/L\cdot {\frac {12}{14}}\cdot {\frac {44}{12}}=2.63kg/L}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>0.838</mn> <mi>k</mi> <mi>g</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mi>L</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>12</mn> <mn>14</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>⋅</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>44</mn> <mn>12</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>2.63</mn> <mi>k</mi> <mi>g</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mi>L</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0.838kg/L\cdot {\frac {12}{14}}\cdot {\frac {44}{12}}=2.63kg/L}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3064e4a5bfdebe0803e0ac221ada35f60de1a28b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:32.355ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0.838kg/L\cdot {\frac {12}{14}}\cdot {\frac {44}{12}}=2.63kg/L}"></span> </p><p>The figure obtained with this estimation is close to the values found in the literature. </p><p>For gasoline, with a density of 0.75 kg/L and a ratio of carbon to hydrogen atoms of about 6 to 14, the estimated value of carbon emission if 1 liter of gasoline is burnt gives:<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0.75kg/L\cdot {{\frac {6\cdot 12}{6\cdot 12+14}}\cdot 1}\cdot {\frac {44}{12}}=2.3kg/L}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>0.75</mn> <mi>k</mi> <mi>g</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mi>L</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>6</mn> <mo>⋅</mo> <mn>12</mn> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>6</mn> <mo>⋅</mo> <mn>12</mn> <mo>+</mo> <mn>14</mn> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>⋅</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mo>⋅</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>44</mn> <mn>12</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>2.3</mn> <mi>k</mi> <mi>g</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mi>L</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0.75kg/L\cdot {{\frac {6\cdot 12}{6\cdot 12+14}}\cdot 1}\cdot {\frac {44}{12}}=2.3kg/L}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7b079ee4a909756eea96091bee84088eec4a79e3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:40.878ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0.75kg/L\cdot {{\frac {6\cdot 12}{6\cdot 12+14}}\cdot 1}\cdot {\frac {44}{12}}=2.3kg/L}"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hazards">Hazards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diesel_fuel&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Hazards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Diesel_exhaust" title="Diesel exhaust">diesel exhaust</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environment_hazards_of_sulfur">Environment hazards of sulfur</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diesel_fuel&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Environment hazards of sulfur"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the past, diesel fuel contained higher quantities of <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a>. <a href="/wiki/European_emission_standards" title="European emission standards">European emission standards</a> and preferential taxation have forced <a href="/wiki/Oil_refinery" title="Oil refinery">oil refineries</a> to dramatically reduce the level of sulfur in diesel fuels. In the European Union, the sulfur content has dramatically reduced during the last 20 years. Automotive diesel fuel is covered in the European Union by standard <a href="/wiki/EN_590" title="EN 590">EN 590</a>. In the 1990s specifications allowed a content of 2000 ppm max of sulfur, reduced to a limit of 350 ppm by the beginning of the 21st century with the introduction of Euro 3 specifications. The limit was lowered with the introduction of Euro 4 by 2006 to 50 ppm (<a href="/wiki/ULSD" class="mw-redirect" title="ULSD">ULSD</a>, Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel). The standard for diesel fuel in force in Europe as of 2009 is the Euro 5, with a maximum content of 10 ppm.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Emission standard </th> <th>At latest </th> <th>Sulfur content </th> <th>Cetane number </th></tr> <tr> <td>N/a </td> <td align="right">1 January 1994 </td> <td align="right">max. 2000 ppm </td> <td align="right">min. 49 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Euro 2 </td> <td align="right">1 January 1996 </td> <td align="right">max. 500 ppm </td> <td align="right">min. 49 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Euro 3 </td> <td align="right">1 January 2001 </td> <td align="right">max. 350 ppm </td> <td align="right">min. 51 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Euro 4 </td> <td align="right">1 January 2006 </td> <td align="right">max. 50 ppm </td> <td align="right">min. 51 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Euro 5 </td> <td align="right">1 January 2009 </td> <td align="right">max. 10 ppm </td> <td align="right">min. 51 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>In the United States, more stringent emission standards have been adopted with the transition to <a href="/wiki/Ultra-low-sulfur_diesel" title="Ultra-low-sulfur diesel">ULSD</a> starting in 2006, and becoming mandatory on June 1, 2010 (see also <a href="/wiki/Diesel_exhaust" title="Diesel exhaust">diesel exhaust</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Algae,_microbes,_and_water_contamination"><span id="Algae.2C_microbes.2C_and_water_contamination"></span>Algae, microbes, and water contamination</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diesel_fuel&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Algae, microbes, and water contamination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Microbial_contamination_of_diesel_fuel" title="Microbial contamination of diesel fuel">microbial contamination of diesel fuel</a></div> <p>There has been much discussion and misunderstanding of <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a> in diesel fuel. Algae need light to live and grow. As there is no sunlight in a closed fuel tank, no algae can survive, but some <a href="/wiki/Microbes" class="mw-redirect" title="Microbes">microbes</a> can survive and feed on the diesel fuel.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These microbes form a colony that lives at the interface of fuel and water. They grow quite fast in warmer temperatures. They can even grow in cold weather when fuel tank heaters are installed. Parts of the colony can break off and clog the fuel lines and fuel filters.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Water in fuel can damage a fuel <a href="/wiki/Injection_pump" title="Injection pump">injection pump</a>. Some diesel <a href="/wiki/Fuel_filter" title="Fuel filter">fuel filters</a> also trap water. Water contamination in diesel fuel can lead to freezing while in the fuel tank. The freezing water that saturates the fuel will sometimes clog the fuel injector pump.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once the water inside the fuel tank has started to freeze, gelling is more likely to occur. When the fuel is gelled it is not effective until the temperature is raised and the fuel returns to a liquid state. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Road_hazard">Road hazard</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diesel_fuel&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Road hazard"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Diesel is less flammable than <a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">gasoline / petrol</a>. However, because it evaporates slowly, any spills on a roadway can pose a slip hazard to vehicles.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the light fractions have evaporated, a greasy slick is left on the road which reduces <a href="/wiki/Tire" title="Tire">tire</a> grip and traction, and can cause vehicles to skid. The loss of traction is similar to that encountered on <a href="/wiki/Black_ice" title="Black ice">black ice</a>, resulting in especially dangerous situations for two-wheeled vehicles, such as <a href="/wiki/Motorcycle" title="Motorcycle">motorcycles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bicycle" title="Bicycle">bicycles</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Roundabout" title="Roundabout">roundabouts</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diesel_fuel&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_energy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/29px-Crystal_energy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="29" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/44px-Crystal_energy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/59px-Crystal_energy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="124" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Energy" title="Portal:Energy">Energy portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_ethanol_fuel_mixtures" title="Common ethanol fuel mixtures">Common ethanol fuel mixtures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiesel" title="Biodiesel">Biodiesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diesel_automobile_racing" title="Diesel automobile racing">Diesel automobile racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieselisation" title="Dieselisation">Dieselisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">Gasoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gasoline_gallon_equivalent" title="Gasoline gallon equivalent">Gasoline gallon equivalent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_vehicle" title="Hybrid vehicle">Hybrid vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_fuel" title="Liquid fuel">Liquid fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diesel_automobiles" title="List of diesel automobiles">List of diesel automobiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbo-diesel" title="Turbo-diesel">Turbo-diesel</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Imperial_Petroleum,_Inc." title="United States v. Imperial Petroleum, Inc.">United States v. Imperial Petroleum, Inc.</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_diesel_fuel" title="Winter diesel fuel">Winter diesel fuel</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diesel_fuel&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKnotheSharpRyan2006" class="citation journal cs1">Knothe, Gerhard; Sharp, Christopher A.; Ryan, Thomas W. (2006). "Exhaust Emissions of Biodiesel, Petrodiesel, Neat Methyl Esters, and Alkanes in a New Technology Engine†". <i>Energy & Fuels</i>. <b>20</b>: 403–408. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fef0502711">10.1021/ef0502711</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53386870">53386870</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Energy+%26+Fuels&rft.atitle=Exhaust+Emissions+of+Biodiesel%2C+Petrodiesel%2C+Neat+Methyl+Esters%2C+and+Alkanes+in+a+New+Technology+Engine%E2%80%A0&rft.volume=20&rft.pages=403-408&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fef0502711&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A53386870%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Knothe&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rft.au=Sharp%2C+Christopher+A.&rft.au=Ryan%2C+Thomas+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiesel+fuel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaryHandwerk2001" class="citation book cs1">Gary, James H.; Handwerk, Glenn E. 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New York Basel: Dekker. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8247-0482-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8247-0482-7"><bdi>978-0-8247-0482-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Petroleum+refining%3A+technology+and+economics&rft.place=New+York+Basel&rft.pages=1&rft.edition=4.&rft.pub=Dekker&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8247-0482-7&rft.aulast=Gary&rft.aufirst=James+H.&rft.au=Handwerk%2C+Glenn+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiesel+fuel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUS_EPA2015" class="citation web cs1">US EPA, OAR (2015-07-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/dera/learn-about-impacts-diesel-exhaust-and-diesel-emissions-reduction-act-dera">"Learn About Impacts of Diesel Exhaust and the Diesel Emissions Reduction Act (DERA)"</a>. <i>www.epa.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.epa.gov&rft.atitle=Learn+About+Impacts+of+Diesel+Exhaust+and+the+Diesel+Emissions+Reduction+Act+%28DERA%29&rft.date=2015-07-24&rft.aulast=US+EPA&rft.aufirst=OAR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fdera%2Flearn-about-impacts-diesel-exhaust-and-diesel-emissions-reduction-act-dera&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiesel+fuel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230429181156/https://abc7.com/big-rig-bus-diesel-ban/13195644/">"California approves rule phasing out big diesel trucks"</a>. <i>ABC7 Los Angeles</i>. 2023-04-29. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abc7.com/big-rig-bus-diesel-ban/13195644/">the original</a> on 2023-04-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC7+Los+Angeles&rft.atitle=California+approves+rule+phasing+out+big+diesel+trucks&rft.date=2023-04-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabc7.com%2Fbig-rig-bus-diesel-ban%2F13195644%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiesel+fuel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationwidefuels.co.uk/faq/white-diesel-faq/">"DERV FAQ"</a>. Nationwide Fuels and Lubricants Ltd. 8 November 2022. p. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DERV+FAQ&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Nationwide+Fuels+and+Lubricants+Ltd.&rft.date=2022-11-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationwidefuels.co.uk%2Ffaq%2Fwhite-diesel-faq%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiesel+fuel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Macquarie Dictionary 3rd ed, The Macquarie Library 1997</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation patent"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=DE67207">DE 67207</a></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=67207&rft.cc=DE&rft.title="><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> Rudolf Diesel: "Arbeitsverfahren und Ausführungsart für Verbrennungskraftmaschinen" pg 4.: "Alle Brennmaterialien in allen Aggregatzuständen sind für Durchführung des Verfahrens brauchbar."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rudolf Diesel: <i>Die Entstehung des Dieselmotors</i>, Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg 1913, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-64940-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-64940-0">978-3-642-64940-0</a> p. 125</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rudolf Diesel: <i>Die Entstehung des Dieselmotors</i>, Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg 1913, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-64940-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-64940-0">978-3-642-64940-0</a> p. 107</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rudolf Diesel: <i>Die Entstehung des Dieselmotors</i>, Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg 1913, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-64940-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-64940-0">978-3-642-64940-0</a> p. 108</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rudolf Diesel: <i>Die Entstehung des Dieselmotors</i>, Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg 1913, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-64940-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-64940-0">978-3-642-64940-0</a> p. 110</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rudolf Diesel: <i>Die Entstehung des Dieselmotors</i>, Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg 1913, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-64940-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-64940-0">978-3-642-64940-0</a> p. 111</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rudolf Diesel: <i>Die Entstehung des Dieselmotors</i>, Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg 1913, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-64940-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-64940-0">978-3-642-64940-0</a> p. 114</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Diesel_115-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Diesel_115_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Diesel_115_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rudolf Diesel: <i>Die Entstehung des Dieselmotors</i>, Springer, 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=5e6923448149c8865561ae47adaf28a7&rgn=div8&view=text&node=26:16.0.1.1.6.5.14.41&idno=26">the original</a> on 2007-03-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-11-28</span></span>. <q>Diesel fuel or kerosene satisfies the dyeing requirement of this paragraph (b) only if the diesel fuel or kerosene contains— (1) The dye Solvent Red 164 (and no other dye) at a concentration spectrally equivalent to at least 3.9 pounds of the solid dye standard Solvent Red 26 per thousand barrels of diesel fuel or kerosene; or (2) Any dye of a type and in a concentration that has been approved by the Commissioner.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Electronic+Code+of+Federal+Regulations+%28e-CFR%29&rft.atitle=Title+26%2C+%C2%A7+48.4082%E2%80%931+Diesel+fuel+and+kerosene%3B+exemption+for+dyed+fuel.&rft.date=2006-10-25&rft.au=United+States+Government+Printing+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fecfr.gpoaccess.gov%2Fcgi%2Ft%2Ftext%2Ftext-idx%3Fc%3Decfr%26sid%3D5e6923448149c8865561ae47adaf28a7%26rgn%3Ddiv8%26view%3Dtext%26node%3D26%3A16.0.1.1.6.5.14.41%26idno%3D26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiesel+fuel" class="Z3988"></span> Cited as 26 CFR 48.4082-1. This regulation implements <a href="/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Code" title="Internal Revenue Code">26 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/26/4082-1">§ 4082-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080205060806/http://www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/progs/ind_state_laws.php/TX/BIOD">"Texas Biodiesel Laws and Incentives"</a>. U.S. Department of Energy. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/progs/ind_state_laws.php/TX/BIOD">the original</a> on 2008-02-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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