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<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <title>CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Index for O</title><script defer data-domain="newadvent.org" src="https://plausible.io/js/script.js"></script> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <meta name="description" content="Index for O (Abridged)"> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS" href="http://feeds.newadvent.org/bestoftheweb?format=xml"><link rel="icon" href="../images/icon1.ico" type="image/x-icon"><link rel="shortcut icon" href="../images/icon1.ico" type="image/x-icon"><meta name="robots" content="noodp"><link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="../utility/screen6.css" media="screen"></head> <body class="cathen" id="o.htm">  <br/> <div id="capitalcity"><table summary="Logo" cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 width="100%"><tr valign="bottom"><td align="left"><a href="../"><img height=36 width=153 border="0" alt="New Advent" src="../images/logo.gif"></a></td><td align="right"> <form id="searchbox_000299817191393086628:ifmbhlr-8x0" action="../utility/search.htm">  <input type="hidden" name="safe" value="active"> <input type="hidden" name="cx" value="000299817191393086628:ifmbhlr-8x0"/> <input type="hidden" name="cof" value="FORID:9"/>  <label for="searchQuery" id="searchQueryLabel">Search:</label> <input id="searchQuery" name="q" type="text" size="25" aria-labelledby="searchQueryLabel"/>  <label for="submitButton" id="submitButtonLabel" class="visually-hidden">Submit Search</label> <input id="submitButton" type="submit" name="sa" value="Search" aria-labelledby="submitButtonLabel"/> </form> <table summary="Spacer" cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr><td height="2"></td></tr></table> <table summary="Tabs" cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"></td> <td class="tab"><a class="tab_color_on_beige" href="../"> Home </a></td> <td class="tab"><a class="tab_white_on_color" href="../cathen/index.html"> Encyclopedia </a></td> <td class="tab"><a class="tab_color_on_beige" href="../summa/index.html"> Summa </a></td> <td class="tab"><a class="tab_color_on_beige" href="../fathers/index.html"> Fathers </a></td> <td class="tab"><a class="tab_color_on_beige" href="../bible/gen001.htm"> Bible </a></td> <td class="tab"><a class="tab_color_on_beige" href="../library/index.html"> Library </a></td> </tr></table> </td> </tr></table><table summary="Alphabetical index" width="100%" cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr><td class="bar_white_on_color"> <a href="../cathen/a.htm"> A </a><a href="../cathen/b.htm"> B </a><a href="../cathen/c.htm"> C </a><a href="../cathen/d.htm"> D </a><a href="../cathen/e.htm"> E </a><a href="../cathen/f.htm"> F </a><a href="../cathen/g.htm"> G </a><a href="../cathen/h.htm"> H </a><a href="../cathen/i.htm"> I </a><a href="../cathen/j.htm"> J </a><a href="../cathen/k.htm"> K </a><a href="../cathen/l.htm"> L </a><a href="../cathen/m.htm"> M </a><a href="../cathen/n.htm"> N </a><a href="../cathen/o.htm"> O </a><a href="../cathen/p.htm"> P </a><a href="../cathen/q.htm"> Q </a><a href="../cathen/r.htm"> R </a><a href="../cathen/s.htm"> S </a><a href="../cathen/t.htm"> T </a><a href="../cathen/u.htm"> U </a><a href="../cathen/v.htm"> V </a><a href="../cathen/w.htm"> W </a><a href="../cathen/x.htm"> X </a><a href="../cathen/y.htm"> Y </a><a href="../cathen/z.htm"> Z </a> </td></tr></table></div> <div id="mobilecity" style="text-align: center; "><a href="../"><img height=24 width=102 border="0" alt="New Advent" src="../images/logo.gif"></a></div>  <div id="mi5"><span class="breadcrumbs"><a href="../">Home</a> > <a href="../cathen/">Catholic Encyclopedia</a> > O</span></div> <div id="springfield2"> <div class='catholicadnet-728x90' id='cathen-728x90-top' style='text-align: center; width: 100%; '></div> <h1>O</h1> <p><em><a href="https://gumroad.com/l/na2"><strong>Please help support the mission of New Advent</strong> and get the full contents of this website as an instant download. Includes the Catholic Encyclopedia, Church Fathers, Summa, Bible and more  all for only $19.99...</a></em></p> <p><span class="stiki">This list represents only a tiny fraction of articles available on the New Advent website. For a more complete list, please see the <a href="../cathen/o-ce.htm"><strong>full index for O</strong></a> or use the <strong>search box</strong> at the top of this page.</span></p> <a href="../cathen/11173b.htm">O Antiphons</a> - Seven antiphons to the Magnificat, used in the Divine Office in the days preceding Christmas<br> <a href="../cathen/11173c.htm">Oates's Plot</a> - A 'Popish Plot' which, during the reign of Charles II of England, Titus Oates pretended to have discovered.<br> <a href="../cathen/11176a.htm">Oaths</a> - An invocation to God to witness the truth of a statement<br> <a href="../cathen/11177a.htm">Oaths, English Post-Reformation</a> - The English Reformation having been imposed by the Crown, it was natural that submission to the essential points of its formularies should have been exacted with some solemnity, by oath, test, or formal declaration . . .<br> <a href="../cathen/11181c.htm">Obedience</a> - The complying with a command or precept.<br> <a href="../cathen/11182a.htm">Obedience, Religious</a> - The general submission which religious vow to God, and voluntarily promise to their superiors, in order to be directed by them in the ways of perfection according to the purpose and constitutions of their order.<br> <a href="../cathen/11183a.htm">Obedientiaries</a> - The lesser officials of a monastery who were appointed by will of the superior.<br> <a href="../cathen/11184b.htm">Oblates of Mary Immaculate</a> - Religious society founded in 1816<br> <a href="../cathen/11189a.htm">Obligation</a> - Defined in the 'Institutes' of Justinian as a 'legal bond which by a legal necessity binds us to do something according to the laws of our State'<br> <a href="../cathen/11193c.htm">Obreption</a> - A type of fraud by which an ecclesiastical rescript is obtained<br> <a href="../cathen/15309a.htm">Observatory, Vatican</a> - Gregory XIII ordered a tower to be erected in a convenient part of the Vatican buildings, and to be fitted out with the greatest and best instruments of the time<br> <a href="../cathen/15636a.htm">Occam, William of</a> - Biographical article on the fourteenth-century Franciscan philosopher<br> <a href="../cathen/11195b.htm">Occasionalism</a> - The metaphysical theory which maintains that finite things have no efficient causality of their own, but that whatever happens in the world is caused by God, creatures being merely the 'occasions' of the Divine activity.<br> <a href="../cathen/11196a.htm">Occasions of Sin</a> - External circumstances  things or persons  which incite or entice one to sin.<br> <a href="../cathen/11197b.htm">Occult Art, Occultism</a> - An attempt to work apparent miracles not by the power of God, but by the use of hidden forces beyond man's control<br> <a href="../cathen/15636a.htm">Ockham, William of</a> - Biographical article on the fourteenth-century Franciscan philosopher<br> <a href="../cathen/11200c.htm">O'Connell, Daniel</a> - Irish patriot (1775-1847)<br> <a href="../cathen/11204a.htm">Octave</a> - A period of eight days, often observed liturgically<br> <a href="../cathen/11207b.htm">Odilia, Saint</a> - Patroness of Alsace, d. 720, founded the convent of Hohenburg<br> <a href="../cathen/11213a.htm">&OElig;colampadius, John</a> - Protestant theologian and organizer of Protestantism at Basle (1482-1531)<br> <a href="../cathen/11215d.htm">Offerings</a> - Covers the Jewish and Christian practices of offerings and tithes<br> <a href="../cathen/11217a.htm">Offertory</a> - The rite by which the bread and wine are presented to God before they are consecrated<br> <a href="../cathen/11219a.htm"><strong>Office, Divine</strong></a> - Brief essay on the historical development of the Liturgy of the Hours<br> <a href="../cathen/11220a.htm">Office of the Dead</a> - Historical article on a special set of prayers for the deceased<br> <a href="../cathen/11225c.htm">O'Higgins, Ambrose and Bernard</a> - South American patriots of Irish background<br> <a href="../cathen/11225d.htm">Ohio</a> - The seventeenth state of the American Union<br> <a href="../cathen/11228d.htm">Oil of Saints</a> - An oily substance which flows from the relics or burial places of certain saints<br> <a href="../cathen/07421b.htm">Oils, Holy</a> - Oil is a product of great utility the symbolic signification of which harmonizes with its natural uses. It serves to sweeten, to strengthen, to render supple; and the Church employs it for these purposes in its rites<br> <a href="../cathen/11229a.htm">Ointment in Scripture</a> - That the use of oily, fragrant materials to anoint the body is a custom going back to remote antiquity is evidenced by the Old Testament as well as other early literatures. . .<br> <a href="../cathen/11234a.htm">Olaf Haraldson, Saint</a> - Martyr and King of Norway, d. 1030<br> <a href="../cathen/11235b.htm">Old Catholics</a> - The sect organised in German-speaking countries to combat the dogma of Papal Infallibility.<br> <a href="../cathen/14526a.htm"><strong>Old Testament</strong></a> - The Apostle St. Paul declares himself (II Cor., iii, 6) a minister 'of the new testament', and calls (iii, 14) the covenant entered into on Mount Sinai 'the old testament'<br> <a href="../cathen/03267a.htm"><strong>Old Testament, Canon of the</strong></a> - Signifies the authoritative list or closed number of the writings composed under Divine inspiration, and destined for the well-being of the Church<br> <a href="../cathen/11240d.htm">Olier, Jean-Jacques</a> - Founder of the seminary and Society of St-Sulpice (1608-1657)<br> <a href="../cathen/11244b.htm">Olivet, Mount</a> - A hill immediately east of Jerusalem<br> <a href="../cathen/11244c.htm">Olivetans</a> - A branch of the white monks of the Benedictine Order, founded in 1319.<br> <a href="../cathen/11251b.htm">Omission</a> - The failure to do something one can and ought to do<br> <a href="../cathen/11251c.htm">Omnipotence</a> - The power of God to effect whatever is not intrinsically impossible<br> <a href="../cathen/11257a.htm">Ontologism</a> - An ideology which maintains that God and divine ideas are the first object of our intelligence and the intuition of God the first act of our individual knowledge<br> <a href="../cathen/11258a.htm">Ontology</a> - An article on 'the science of being'<br> <a href="../cathen/04103a.htm">Opening Prayer (in the Mass)</a> - The name now used only for short prayers before the Epistle in the Mass, which occur again at Lauds, Terce, Sext, None, and Vespers<br> <a href="../cathen/11259b.htm">Ophir</a> - A people and a country mentioned in the Bible<br> <a href="../cathen/11263a.htm">Optimism</a> - A metaphysical theory or an emotional disposition.<br> <a href="../cathen/11264c.htm">Oracle</a> - A Divine communication given at a special place through specially appointed persons; also the place itself.<br> <a href="../cathen/11266b.htm">Orange, Councils of</a> - Two councils that were held in southern France<br> <a href="../cathen/11269a.htm">Orans</a> - An iconographic type, commonly found in the Roman catacombs, of a female figure praying with extended arms<br> <a href="../cathen/11269b.htm">Orate Fratres</a> - The exhortation addressed by the celebrant to the people before the Secrets in the Roman Mass<br> <a href="../cathen/11270a.htm">Oratorio</a> - A musical composition for solo voices, chorus, orchestra, and organ, to a religious text generally taken from Holy Scripture.<br> <a href="../cathen/11271a.htm">Oratory</a> - A structure other than a parish church, set aside by Church authority for prayer and the celebration of Mass<br> <a href="../cathen/11272a.htm">Oratory of Saint Philip Neri, The</a> - Italian, Spanish, English, and other communities, which follow the rule of St. Philip Neri.<br> <a href="../cathen/11276b.htm">Ordeals</a> - A means of obtaining evidence by trials, through which the guilt or innocence of an accused person was supposedly established<br> <a href="../cathen/11279a.htm"><strong>Orders, Holy</strong></a> - The sacrament by which grace and spiritual power for the discharge of ecclesiastical offices are conferred.<br> <a href="../cathen/10304d.htm"><strong>Orders, The Military</strong></a> - A historical review of dozens of military orders<br> <a href="../cathen/11284a.htm">Ordinariate</a> - This term is used in speaking collectively of all the various organs through which an ordinary, and especially a bishop, exercises the different forms of his authority.<br> <a href="../cathen/11284b.htm">Ordinary</a> - Denotes any person possessing or exercising ordinary jurisdiction<br> <a href="../cathen/11284c.htm">Ordines Romani</a> - The brief conspectus of the daily Office and Mass as adapted to the local calendar<br> <a href="../cathen/11295a.htm">Oremus</a> - Invitation to pray, said before collects and other short prayers and occurring continually in the Roman Rite.<br> <a href="../cathen/11296a.htm">Oresme, Nicole</a> - Article by Pierre Duhem on this medieval scientific thinker<br> <a href="../cathen/11297a.htm">Organ</a> - A musical instrument which consists of one or several sets of pipes, each pipe giving only one tone, and which is blown and played by mechanical means.<br> <a href="../cathen/01756a.htm">Organic Articles, The</a> - A name given to a law regulating public worship, comprising 77 articles relative to Catholicism, and 44 relative to Protestantism, presented by order of Napoleon to the Tribunate and the legislative body at the same time that he made these two bodies vote on the Concordat itself<br> <a href="../cathen/11305a.htm">Orientation of Churches</a> - According to Tertullian the Christians of his time were, by some who concerned themselves with their form of worship, believed to votaries of the sun. . . <br> <a href="../cathen/11306a.htm">Oriflamme</a> - Legendary banner<br> <a href="../cathen/11306b.htm"><strong>Origen and Origenism</strong></a> - Provides a biography and review of his works, as well as commentary on posthumous influences and the Origenistic Crises<br> <a href="../cathen/11312a.htm"><strong>Original Sin</strong></a> - Original sin is (1) the sin that Adam committed; (2) a consequence of this first sin, the hereditary stain with which we are born on account of our origin or descent from Adam.<br> <a href="../cathen/11318a.htm">Orléans, Councils of</a> - Six national councils held in the Merovingian period.<br> <a href="../cathen/11322b.htm">Orphans and Orphanages</a> - The death of one or both parents makes the child of the very poor a ward of the community. . .<br> <a href="../cathen/11325b.htm">Orsini</a> - One of the most ancient and distinguished families of the Roman nobility, whose members often played an important role in the history of Italy<br> <a href="../cathen/11329a.htm"><strong>Orthodox Church</strong></a> - The body of Christians in union with the Patriarch of Constantinople but in schism with the Pope of Rome.<br> <a href="../cathen/11330a.htm">Orthodoxy</a> - Right belief or purity of faith.<br> <a href="../cathen/11330b.htm">Orthodoxy, Feast of</a> - Eastern feast that commemorates the restoration of the holy icons to the churches in 842<br> <a href="../cathen/11331c.htm">Orvieto</a> - Diocese in central Italy<br> <a href="../cathen/11334a.htm">O Salutaris Hostia</a> - Hymn used for the Benediction of the Most Blessed Sacrament<br> <a href="../cathen/11337a.htm">Osee</a> - The prophet and his book<br> <a href="../cathen/11344a.htm">Ostensorium</a> - A vessel designed for the exhibition of some object of piety<br> <a href="../cathen/11347d.htm">Ostrogoths</a> - One of the two chief tribes of the Goths<br> <a href="../cathen/11348c.htm">Oswald, Saint</a> - King of Northumbria and martyr, d. 642<br> <a href="../cathen/09091b.htm">O'Toole, Saint Lawrence</a> - Confessor, abbot, and the first Irish-born bishop of Dublin, d. 1180<br> <a href="../cathen/11354a.htm">Otto I, the Great</a> - Roman emperor and German king (912-973)<br> <a href="../cathen/09356a.htm"><strong>Our Father, The</strong></a> - Although the Latin term oratio dominica is of early date, the phrase 'Lord's Prayer' does not seem to have been generally familiar in England before the Reformation. During the Middle Ages the 'Our Father' was always said in Latin, even by the uneducated. Hence it was then most commonly known as the Pater noster<br> <a href="../cathen/11360c.htm">Our Lady, Help of Christians, Feast of</a> - The invocation 'Help of Christians' originated in the sixteenth century.<br> <a href="../cathen/06647c.htm">Our Lady of Charity of the Good Shepherd</a> - The aim of this institute is to provide a shelter for girls and women of dissolute habits, who wish to do penance for their iniquities and to lead a truly christian life<br> <a href="../cathen/11361a.htm">Our Lady of Good Counsel, Feast of</a> - Feast honoring a popular Marian devotion<br> <a href="../cathen/11361c.htm">Our Lady of the Snow</a> - Feast commemorating the dedication of the church of Santa Maria Maggiore in Rome<br> <a href="../cathen/11699b.htm">Our Lady of Perpetual Help</a> - A famous Byzantine-style picture painted on wood, with a background of gold<br> <a href="../cathen/11699b.htm">Our Lady of Perpetual Succour</a> - A famous Byzantine-style picture painted on wood, with a background of gold<br> <a href="../cathen/12276a.htm">Overpopulation, Theories of</a> - Down to the end of the eighteenth century, very little attention was given to the relation between increase of population and increase of subsistence. . .<br> <a href="../cathen/11364a.htm">Owen, Saint Nicholas</a> - A Jesuit lay brother, skilled in building hiding places for priests. He died under torture in 1606<br> <a href="../cathen/11365c.htm">Oxford, University of</a> - Famous institution in England<br> <a href="../cathen/11370a.htm">Oxford Movement, The</a> - Lengthy historical article on the Tractarian Movement includes information on John Henry Newman, as well as on other leading lights of this nineteenth-century Anglo-Catholic campaign, such as John Keble and Hurrell Froude<br> <a href="../cathen/11378a.htm">Ozanam, Antoine-Frédéric</a> - Great grand-nephew of Jacques Ozanam (1813-1853)<br> <div class='catholicadnet-728x90' id='cathen-728x90-bottom' style='text-align: center; width: 100%; '></div> </div> <div id="ogdenville"><table summary="Bottom bar" width="100%" cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr><td class="bar_white_on_color"><center><strong>Copyright © 2023 by <a href="../utility/contactus.htm">New Advent LLC</a>. 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