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href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous&uselang=zh-hans"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E8%80%81%E5%8C%96" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E8%80%81%E5%8C%96" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-老化理論" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#老化理論"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>老化理論</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-老化理論-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-老人病" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#老人病"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>老人病</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-老人病-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參見" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參見"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>參見</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參見-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">老化</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。65种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-65" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">65种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veroudering" title="Veroudering – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Veroudering" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%AE%D8%A9" title="شيخوخة – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شيخوخة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avieyamientu_humanu" title="Avieyamientu humanu – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Avieyamientu humanu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paggurang" title="Paggurang – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Paggurang" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Стареене – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Стареене" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="জরাগ্রস্ততা – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জরাগ্রস্ততা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starenje" title="Starenje – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Starenje" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Envelliment_hum%C3%A0" title="Envelliment humà – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Envelliment humà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A1rnut%C3%AD" title="Stárnutí – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Stárnutí" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alderdom" title="Alderdom – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Alderdom" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altern" title="Altern – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Altern" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ageing" title="Ageing – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Ageing" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maljuni%C4%9Do" title="Maljuniĝo – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Maljuniĝo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Envejecimiento_humano" title="Envejecimiento humano – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Envejecimiento humano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vananemine" title="Vananemine – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vananemine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giza_zahartze" title="Giza zahartze – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Giza zahartze" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Envejecimientu" title="Envejecimientu – 埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Envejecimientu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="سالخوردگی – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سالخوردگی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanheneminen" title="Vanheneminen – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vanheneminen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vieillissement" title="Vieillissement – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vieillissement" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fer%C3%A2ldering" title="Ferâldering – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ferâldering" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vy%C3%A9yisman" title="Vyéyisman – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Vyéyisman" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Envellecemento_humano" title="Envellecemento humano – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Envellecemento humano" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ageing" title="Ageing – 豪萨语" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Ageing" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="豪萨语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%96%D7%93%D7%A7%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA" title="הזדקנות – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הזדקנות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF" title="आयुवृद्धि – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आयुवृद्धि" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vy%C3%A9yisman" title="Vyéyisman – 海地克里奥尔语" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Vyéyisman" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地克里奥尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BE%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AE%D5%A8%D5%B6%D5%A9%D5%A1%D6%81" title="Ծերացման գործընթաց – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ծերացման գործընթաց" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penuaan" title="Penuaan – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penuaan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invecchiamento" title="Invecchiamento – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Invecchiamento" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%80%81%E5%8C%96" title="老化 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="老化" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8E" title="Қартаю – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қартаю" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%86" title="ವಯಸ್ಸಾಗುವಿಕೆ – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವಯಸ್ಸಾಗುವಿಕೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%85%B8%ED%99%94" title="노화 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="노화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%AErb%C3%BBn" title="Pîrbûn – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Pîrbûn" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8E%D1%83" title="Картаюу – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Картаюу" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sen%C4%97jimas" title="Senėjimas – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Senėjimas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noveco%C5%A1ana" title="Novecošana – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Novecošana" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Стареење – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Стареење" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penuaan" title="Penuaan – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Penuaan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="बुढ्यौली – 尼泊尔语" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="बुढ्यौली" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veroudering_(mens)" title="Veroudering (mens) – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Veroudering (mens)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elding" title="Elding – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Elding" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proces_starzenia_si%C4%99" title="Proces starzenia się – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Proces starzenia się" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Envelhecimento" title="Envelhecimento – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Envelhecimento" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machuyay" title="Machuyay – 克丘亚语" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Machuyay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="克丘亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Emb%C4%83tr%C3%A2nire" title="Îmbătrânire – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Îmbătrânire" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Старение человека – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Старение человека" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agein" title="Agein – 苏格兰语" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Agein" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="苏格兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ageing" title="Ageing – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ageing" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaboow" title="Gaboow – 索马里语" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Gaboow" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="索马里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plakja" title="Plakja – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Plakja" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starenje" title="Starenje – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Starenje" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85ldrande" title="Åldrande – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Åldrande" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umri" title="Umri – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Umri" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="முதுமையடைதல் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="முதுமையடைதல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2" title="การเปลี่ยนตามวัย – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การเปลี่ยนตามวัย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagtanda" title="Pagtanda – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pagtanda" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ya%C5%9Flanma" title="Yaşlanma – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yaşlanma" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Старіння людини – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Старіння людини" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="عمررسیدگی – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="عمررسیدگی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A3o_h%C3%B3a" title="Lão hóa – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lão hóa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviyixhmint_(biyolodjeye)" title="Aviyixhmint (biyolodjeye) – 瓦隆语" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Aviyixhmint (biyolodjeye)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="瓦隆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%80%81%E5%8C%96" title="老化 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="老化" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%80%81%E5%8C%96" title="老化 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="老化" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q332154#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E5%8C%96" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" 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nowraplinks hlist" style="width:200px;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#ccf;"><b> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E7%9A%84%E6%88%90%E9%95%B7" title="人的成長">人的成長與發展</a></b></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Human_development_stages_(collage).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Human_development_stages_%28collage%29.jpg/150px-Human_development_stages_%28collage%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Human_development_stages_%28collage%29.jpg/225px-Human_development_stages_%28collage%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Human_development_stages_%28collage%29.jpg/300px-Human_development_stages_%28collage%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2896" data-file-height="2896" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddf;"> 階段</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.15em 0.5em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%97%E7%B2%BE%E5%8D%B5" title="受精卵">受精卵</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%9A%E8%83%8E" title="胚胎">胚胎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E8%83%9A%E8%83%8E%E7%99%BC%E8%82%B2" title="人類胚胎發育">胚胎發育</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%8E%E5%85%92" title="胎兒">胎兒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AC%B0%E5%85%92" title="嬰兒">嬰兒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BC%E5%85%92" title="幼兒">幼兒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BC%E5%85%92" title="幼兒">儿童早期</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%84%BF%E7%AB%A5" title="儿童">儿童</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E9%9D%92%E5%B0%91%E5%B9%B4%E6%9C%9F" title="前青少年期">前青少年期</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E5%B0%91%E5%B9%B4" title="青少年">青少年</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E5%A3%AF%E5%B9%B4" title="青壯年">青壯年</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%B9%B4" title="中年">中年</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E5%B9%B4" title="老年">老年</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddf;"> 生命歷程</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.15em 0.5em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E7%B1%BB%E5%8F%97%E7%B2%BE" title="人类受精">人类受精</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%A8%A9" title="分娩">分娩</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="爬行學步" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Gross motor skill#Learning to walk"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%88%AC%E8%A1%8C%E5%AD%B8%E6%AD%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="爬行學步（页面不存在）">爬行學步</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_motor_skill#Learning_to_walk" class="extiw" title="en:Gross motor skill"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Gross motor skill#Learning to walk</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E4%B9%A0%E5%BE%97" title="语言习得">语言习得</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E6%98%A5%E6%9C%9F" title="青春期">青春期</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%B4%E5%B9%B4%E6%9C%9F" title="更年期">更年期</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">老化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B4%E7%BB%88" title="临终">临终</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9E%E5%85%89%E8%BF%94%E7%85%A7" title="回光返照">回光返照</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1" title="死亡">死亡</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddf;"> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="发展心理学">发展心理学</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.15em 0.5em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="產前與周產期心理學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Prenatal and perinatal psychology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%A2%E5%89%8D%E8%88%87%E5%91%A8%E7%94%A2%E6%9C%9F%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="產前與周產期心理學（页面不存在）">產前與產後</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prenatal_and_perinatal_psychology" class="extiw" title="en:Prenatal and perinatal psychology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Prenatal and perinatal psychology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%92%E7%AB%A5%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E9%9A%8E%E6%AE%B5" title="兒童發展階段">新生兒與兒童</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E5%B0%91%E5%B9%B4" title="青少年">青少年</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Positive Youth Development" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Positive Youth Development"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Positive_Youth_Development&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Positive Youth Development（页面不存在）">青年</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_Youth_Development" class="extiw" title="en:Positive Youth Development"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Positive Youth Development</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E5%A3%AF%E5%B9%B4" title="青壯年">青壯年</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="成人發展" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Adult development"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%90%E4%BA%BA%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="成人發展（页面不存在）">成人</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_development" class="extiw" title="en:Adult development"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Adult development</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E6%88%90%E7%86%9F" title="心理成熟">心理成熟</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddf;"> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="階段發展理論" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Developmental stage theories"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9A%8E%E6%AE%B5%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="階段發展理論（页面不存在）">階段發展理論</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_stage_theories" class="extiw" title="en:Developmental stage theories"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Developmental stage theories</span></a></span>）</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.15em 0.5em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%9D%E9%99%84%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="依附理論">依附理論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" title="生态系统理论">生态系统理论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%E6%A3%AE%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E9%98%B6%E6%AE%B5" title="埃里克森社会心理发展阶段">社会心理发展</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95" title="性心理發展">性心理發展</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%AF%E5%B0%94%E4%BC%AF%E6%A0%BC%E9%81%93%E5%BE%B7%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E9%98%B6%E6%AE%B5" title="柯尔伯格道德发展阶段">道德发展</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E8%AB%96" title="認知發展論">認知發展論</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="文化歷史心理學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Cultural-historical psychology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="文化歷史心理學（页面不存在）">文化歷史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural-historical_psychology" class="extiw" title="en:Cultural-historical psychology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Cultural-historical psychology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="演化發展心理學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Evolutionary developmental psychology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="演化發展心理學（页面不存在）">演化</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_developmental_psychology" class="extiw" title="en:Evolutionary developmental psychology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Evolutionary developmental psychology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portal-puzzle.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/16px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/24px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/32px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:%E4%BA%BA%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:人类学">人类学主题</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Psi2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/16px-Psi2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/24px-Psi2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/32px-Psi2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:心理学">心理学主题</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="line-height:1.6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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development sidebar"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Human_growth_and_development_sidebar" title="Template talk:Human growth and development sidebar"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:Human_growth_and_development_sidebar" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:Human growth and development sidebar"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>在大多數<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="多細胞生物">多細胞生物</a>中，<b>老化</b>（aging）或<b>衰老</b>，是指随着年龄增长，一個漸進的、不可逆的生物過程，逐漸導致机体结构和组织细胞功能衰退，产生<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="生理">生理</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="生化">生化</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BD%A2%E6%80%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="形态（页面不存在）">形态</a>变化，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%82%E5%BA%94%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="适应性（页面不存在）">适应性</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%B5%E6%8A%97%E5%8A%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="抵抗力">抵抗力</a>减弱，最終導致生物<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1" title="死亡">死亡</a>。迄今為止，老化是癌症、冠狀動脈疾病、<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%8C%B2%E6%B5%B7%E9%BB%98%E7%97%87" class="mw-redirect" title="阿茲海默症">阿茲海默症</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE%E6%B0%8F%E7%97%87" class="mw-redirect" title="帕金森氏症">帕金森氏症</a>和慢性腎功能衰竭等各種疾病的最重要風險因素。<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 個人可以達到的最長壽命受到衰老的顯著限制。 </p><p>作為一個<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="生理">生理</a>過程，老化是所有高等生物<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD" title="生命">生命</a>的基本組成部分，也是<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="生物學">生物學</a>中最不為人知的<a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E8%B1%A1" title="現象">現象</a>之一。<sup id="cite_ref-dfg_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dfg-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 人們普遍接受的假設是，許多不同的、高度複雜的、通常仍然無法解釋的機制是造成衰老的原因。它們影響和限制生物系統的壽命，例如由它們構建的細胞、器官、組織和生物體。衰老理論是討論關於生物體為什麼會衰老的問題，有許多不同的答案，但迄今為止還沒有<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="科學">科學</a>上接受的全面答案。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E5%B9%B4%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="老年學">老年學</a>（gerontology）是研究人類老年生活和人類衰老的科學。生物老年學（biogerontology）是老年学的特殊次领域，涉及生物衰老过程，其演化起源，以及可能的手段来干预其过程。 </p><p>在<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%90%E6%96%99%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="材料科学">材料物理</a>上，老化是物料暴露于自然或人工环境条件下性能随时间質地劣化的现象。 </p><p>另外達成<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E7%94%9F%E4%B8%8D%E8%80%81" class="mw-redirect" title="長生不老">長生不老</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD%E5%BB%B6%E7%BA%8C" title="生命延續">生命延續</a>或許是不可能的，即使有可能，要達到此種狀態可能也相當困難。<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E7%BE%85%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%9A%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8%E6%B3%A2%E5%BE%B7%E5%88%86%E6%A0%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="科羅拉多大學波德分校">科羅拉多大學波德分校</a>研究員Jesse Kurland的博士論文指出，老化是個影響基因網路的複雜程序，因此改變單一或數個基因不能停止老化。<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="老化理論"><span id=".E8.80.81.E5.8C.96.E7.90.86.E8.AB.96"></span>老化理論</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%81%E5%8C%96&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：老化理論"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%AF%E7%B2%92" title="端粒">端粒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E5%8F%98" title="突变">突变</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%9F%BA" title="自由基">自由基</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F%E6%80%A7%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1" title="程序性细胞死亡">程序性细胞死亡</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="老人病"><span id=".E8.80.81.E4.BA.BA.E7.97.85"></span>老人病</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%81%E5%8C%96&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：老人病"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>老人病</b>是身體老化以後，所發生的疾病；在生物學及醫學上，老化是生命隨時間而惡化的現象。 </p><p>一般而言，人類大約在60－65歲，便會到了老年，身體機能便會漸漸衰老。研究發現，老化會使整體記憶力衰退，但部分的記憶，如語義或常識的記憶衰退速度較慢。在情感方面，卻可能有正面的影響。 </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E8%84%88%E7%A1%AC%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="動脈硬化">動脈硬化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E8%A1%80%E7%AE%A1%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85" title="心血管疾病">心血管疾病</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E8%87%9F%E7%97%85" class="mw-redirect" title="心臟病">心臟病</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="記憶">記憶</a>力衰退</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A9%A6%E5%A5%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="婦女">婦女</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%B4%E5%B9%B4%E6%9C%9F" title="更年期">更年期</a>導致情緒暴躁</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87" title="癌症">癌症</a>機率較大</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AA%A8%E8%B3%AA%E7%96%8F%E9%AC%86%E7%97%87" title="骨質疏鬆症">骨質疏鬆症</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%A2%A8" title="中風">中風</a>機率較大</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%85%A2%E6%80%A7%E8%82%BE%E8%A1%B0%E7%AB%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="慢性肾衰竭">慢性腎衰竭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%96%E5%B0%BF%E7%97%85" title="糖尿病">糖尿病</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參見"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.A6.8B"></span>參見</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%81%E5%8C%96&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：參見"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%B0%E5%BF%86" class="mw-redirect" title="记忆">记忆</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7" title="健康">健康</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E4%BA%BA%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8" title="老人醫學">老人醫學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8D%E7%96%AB%E8%80%81%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="免疫老化">免疫老化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E5%BE%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="老後">老後</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1" title="死亡">死亡</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%9A%E5%B9%B4%E7%94%9F%E6%B4%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="晚年生活（页面不存在）">晚年生活</a> - <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%81%E5%BE%8C%E7%94%9F%E6%B4%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="老後生活（页面不存在）">老後生活</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E7%94%9F%E4%B8%8D%E8%80%81" class="mw-redirect" title="長生不老">長生不老</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD%E5%BB%B6%E7%BB%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="生命延续">生命延续</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%80%E5%B9%B4%E9%95%B7%E8%80%85" class="mw-redirect" title="最年長者">最年長者</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9E%E5%BE%A9%E9%9D%92%E6%98%A5" title="回復青春">回復青春</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%8C%B2%E6%B5%B7%E9%BB%98%E7%97%87" class="mw-redirect" title="阿茲海默症">阿茲海默症</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E4%BD%9B%E7%83%88%E5%85%8B%E6%A5%B5%E9%99%90" class="mw-redirect" title="海佛烈克極限">海佛烈克極限</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%81%E5%8C%96&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Kaeberlein, P. S. Rabinovitch, G. M. Martin: <i>Healthy aging: The ultimate preventative medicine.</i> In: <i>Science.</i> Band 350, Nummer 6265, Dezember 2015, S. 1191–1193, <a href="//doi.org/10.1126/science.aad3267" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1126/science.aad3267">doi:10.1126/science.aad3267</a>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26785476?dopt=Abstract">PMID 26785476</a>, <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4793924/">4793924</a><span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="可免费查阅"><img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span> (Review)</span> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-dfg-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dfg_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Krutmann: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iuf.uni-duesseldorf.de/SFB728/start.htm"><i>Umweltinduzierte Alterungsprozesse.</i></a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20130407001419/http://www.iuf.uni-duesseldorf.de/SFB728/start.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） In: <i>Jahresbericht 2008.</i> Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Rachel Sauer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.colorado.edu/asmagazine/2023/07/27/bad-news-boomers-theres-no-magic-cure-aging">Bad news for Boomers: There’s no magic cure for aging</a>. Colorado Arts and Sciences Magazine. University of Colorado Boulder. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2023-09-13</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230828145225/https://www.colorado.edu/asmagazine/2023/07/27/bad-news-boomers-theres-no-magic-cure-aging">存档</a>于2023-08-28）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%80%81%E5%8C%96&rft.atitle=Bad+news+for+Boomers%3A+There%E2%80%99s+no+magic+cure+for+aging&rft.au=Rachel+Sauer&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Colorado+Arts+and+Sciences+Magazine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.colorado.edu%2Fasmagazine%2F2023%2F07%2F27%2Fbad-news-boomers-theres-no-magic-cure-aging&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Jesse V Kurland; Alicia A Cutler; Nicole Dalla Betta; Tiffany Antwine; Jacob T Stanley, Ashleigh Van Deusen, Brad Pawlikowski, Monica Hall, Alan Russell, Mary Ann Allen, Robin Dowell, Bradley Olwin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37315524/">Aging disrupts gene expression timing during muscle regeneration</a>. Stem Cell Reports. 2023-07-13, <b>18</b> (6): 1325–1339 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2023-09-13</span>]</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37315524"><span title="公共医学识别码">PMID 37315524</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.stemcr.2023.05.005"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1016/j.stemcr.2023.05.005</span></a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230624185934/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37315524/">存档</a>于2023-06-24）.</cite><span 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title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8" title="Template talk:醫學"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:醫學"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="医学" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="医学">医学</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8%E5%B0%88%E7%A7%91" title="醫學專科">專科</a><br />及<br /><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="次專科" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="subspecialties"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AC%A1%E5%B0%88%E7%A7%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="次專科（页面不存在）">次專科</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/subspecialties" class="extiw" title="en:subspecialties"><span lang="en" dir="auto">subspecialties</span></a></span>）</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="外科学">外科学</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E8%A1%80%E7%AE%A1%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91" title="心血管外科">心臟外科學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%B8%E8%85%94%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="胸腔外科學">胸腔外科學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%BC%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="眼科学">眼科学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%80%9A%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91" title="普通外科">普通外科學</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E8%82%A0%E7%97%85%E5%AD%A6" title="直肠病学">直腸病學</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="消化系統手術" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Digestive system surgery"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B6%88%E5%8C%96%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%E6%89%8B%E8%A1%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="消化系統手術（页面不存在）">消化系統手術</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digestive_system_surgery" class="extiw" title="en:Digestive system surgery"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Digestive system surgery</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91" title="神經外科">神經外科學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A3%E8%85%94%E9%A0%9C%E9%9D%A2%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91" title="口腔頜面外科">口腔頜面外科</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AA%A8%E7%A7%91" title="骨科">骨科</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="手外科" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Hand surgery"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%8B%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="手外科（页面不存在）">手外科</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_surgery" class="extiw" title="en:Hand surgery"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Hand surgery</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%B3%E9%BC%BB%E5%96%89%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="耳鼻喉科學">耳鼻喉科學</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="小兒外科" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="ediatric surgery"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8F%E5%85%92%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="小兒外科（页面不存在）">小兒外科</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ediatric_surgery" class="extiw" title="en:ediatric surgery"><span lang="en" dir="auto">ediatric surgery</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B4%E5%BD%A2%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91" title="整形外科">整形外科</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生殖外科" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Reproductive surgery"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E6%AE%96%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生殖外科（页面不存在）">生殖外科</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductive_surgery" class="extiw" title="en:Reproductive surgery"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Reproductive surgery</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="腫瘤外科" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Surgical oncology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%85%AB%E7%98%A4%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="腫瘤外科（页面不存在）">腫瘤外科</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgical_oncology" class="extiw" title="en:Surgical oncology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Surgical oncology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%99%A8%E5%AE%98%E7%A7%BB%E6%A4%8D" title="器官移植">器官移植外科</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="創傷外科" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Trauma surgery"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%9B%E4%BC%A4%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91" title="创伤外科">創傷外科</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trauma_surgery" class="extiw" title="en:Trauma surgery"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Trauma surgery</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%8C%E5%B0%BF%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91" title="泌尿外科">泌尿外科</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B7%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="男科學">男科學</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%80%E7%AE%A1%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91" title="血管外科">血管外科</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="內科學">內科學</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%87%E6%95%8F" title="过敏">过敏</a> / <a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8D%E7%96%AB%E5%AD%A6" title="免疫学">免疫学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%80%E7%AE%A1%E5%AD%B8" title="血管學">血管學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E8%A1%80%E7%AE%A1%E5%85%A7%E7%A7%91" title="心血管內科">心臟學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E5%88%86%E6%B3%8C%E5%AD%B8" title="內分泌學">內分泌學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%88%E5%8C%96%E7%A7%91" title="消化科">胃腸學</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="肝臟學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Hepatology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%9D%E8%87%9F%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="肝臟學（页面不存在）">肝臟學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatology" class="extiw" title="en:Hepatology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Hepatology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E4%BA%BA%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8" title="老人醫學">老人醫學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%80%E6%B6%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="血液學">血液學</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="醫院醫學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Hospital medicine"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%86%AB%E9%99%A2%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="醫院醫學（页面不存在）">醫院醫學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospital_medicine" class="extiw" title="en:Hospital medicine"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Hospital medicine</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%82%B3%E6%9F%93%E7%97%85%E5%AD%B8" title="傳染病學">傳染病學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%85%8E%E8%87%9F%E7%A7%91" title="腎臟科">腎臟科</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%82%BF%E7%98%A4%E5%AD%A6" title="肿瘤学">肿瘤学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%B8%E8%85%94%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8" title="胸腔醫學">胸腔醫學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%A8%E6%BF%95%E7%97%85%E5%AD%B8" title="風濕病學">風濕病學</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A9%A6%E7%94%A2%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="婦產科學">婦產科學</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A9%A6%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="婦科學">婦科學</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="婦科腫瘤學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Gynecologic oncology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A9%A6%E7%A7%91%E8%85%AB%E7%98%A4%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="婦科腫瘤學（页面不存在）">婦科腫瘤學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gynecologic_oncology" class="extiw" title="en:Gynecologic oncology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Gynecologic oncology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="母胎醫學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Maternal–fetal medicine"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AF%8D%E8%83%8E%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="母胎醫學（页面不存在）">母胎醫學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal%E2%80%93fetal_medicine" class="extiw" title="en:Maternal–fetal medicine"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Maternal–fetal medicine</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%A2%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="產科學">產科學</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生殖內分泌與不孕學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Reproductive endocrinology and infertility"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E6%AE%96%E5%85%A7%E5%88%86%E6%B3%8C%E8%88%87%E4%B8%8D%E5%AD%95%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生殖內分泌與不孕學（页面不存在）">生殖內分泌與不孕學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductive_endocrinology_and_infertility" class="extiw" title="en:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Reproductive endocrinology and infertility</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="婦女泌尿與生殖醫學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Urogynecology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A9%A6%E5%A5%B3%E6%B3%8C%E5%B0%BF%E8%88%87%E7%94%9F%E6%AE%96%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="婦女泌尿與生殖醫學（页面不存在）">婦女泌尿與生殖醫學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urogynecology" class="extiw" title="en:Urogynecology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Urogynecology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%8A%E6%96%AD" title="诊断">診斷醫學</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%B1%E5%83%8F%E8%AF%8A%E6%96%AD%E5%AD%A6" title="影像诊断学">影像诊断学</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="介入放射學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Interventional radiology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BB%8B%E5%85%A5%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="介入放射學（页面不存在）">介入放射學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interventional_radiology" class="extiw" title="en:Interventional radiology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Interventional radiology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="核医学">核醫學</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="病理学">病理学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E7%90%86%E8%A7%A3%E5%89%96%E5%AD%B8" title="病理解剖學">病理解剖學</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="臨床病理學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Clinical pathology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%A8%E5%BA%8A%E7%97%85%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="臨床病理學（页面不存在）">臨床病理學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_pathology" class="extiw" title="en:Clinical pathology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Clinical pathology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B4%E5%BA%8A%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="临床化学">临床化学</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="細胞病理學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Cytopathology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E7%97%85%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="細胞病理學（页面不存在）">細胞病理學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytopathology" class="extiw" title="en:Cytopathology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Cytopathology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8%E5%BE%AE%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="醫學微生物學">醫學微生物學</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="輸血醫學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Transfusion medicine"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BC%B8%E8%A1%80%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="輸血醫學（页面不存在）">輸血醫學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfusion_medicine" class="extiw" title="en:Transfusion medicine"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Transfusion medicine</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="成癮醫學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Addiction medicine"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%90%E7%99%AE%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="成癮醫學（页面不存在）">成癮醫學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addiction_medicine" class="extiw" title="en:Addiction medicine"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Addiction medicine</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="青春期醫學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Adolescent medicine"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9D%92%E6%98%A5%E6%9C%9F%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="青春期醫學（页面不存在）">青春期醫學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolescent_medicine" class="extiw" title="en:Adolescent medicine"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Adolescent medicine</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%BB%E9%86%89%E5%AD%B8" title="麻醉學">麻醉學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E8%82%A4%E7%97%85%E5%AD%A6" title="皮肤病学">皮肤病学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%81%BE%E9%9A%BE%E5%8C%BB%E7%96%97" title="灾难医疗">災難醫學</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="潛水醫學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Diving medicine"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BD%9B%E6%B0%B4%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="潛水醫學（页面不存在）">潛水醫學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_medicine" class="extiw" title="en:Diving medicine"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Diving medicine</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A5%E8%A8%BA%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8" title="急診醫學">急診醫學</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="大型集會醫學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Mass gathering medicine"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E5%9E%8B%E9%9B%86%E6%9C%83%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="大型集會醫學（页面不存在）">大型集會醫學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_gathering_medicine" class="extiw" title="en:Mass gathering medicine"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Mass gathering medicine</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%B6%E5%BA%AD%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8" title="家庭醫學">家庭醫學</a> / <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E8%88%AC%E7%A7%91%E9%86%AB%E5%B8%AB" title="一般科醫師">一般科醫學</a></li> <li>醫院醫學</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E7%97%87%E5%8A%A0%E8%AD%B7%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8" title="重症加護醫學">重症醫學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3%E5%AD%B8" title="醫學遺傳學">醫學遺傳學</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="成癮醫學（俄羅斯）" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Narcology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%90%E7%99%AE%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8%EF%BC%88%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%EF%BC%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="成癮醫學（俄羅斯）（页面不存在）">成癮醫學（俄羅斯）</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcology" class="extiw" title="en:Narcology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Narcology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E5%85%A7%E7%A7%91" title="神經內科">神經內科</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="臨床神經生理學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Clinical neurophysiology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%A8%E5%BA%8A%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%94%9F%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="臨床神經生理學（页面不存在）">臨床神經生理學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_neurophysiology" class="extiw" title="en:Clinical neurophysiology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Clinical neurophysiology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%8C%E4%B8%9A%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="职业医学">職業醫學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A3%E8%85%94%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="口腔医学">口腔医学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%96%BC%E7%97%9B%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86" title="疼痛管理">疼痛管理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B4%E7%BB%88%E5%85%B3%E6%80%80" title="临终关怀">安寧緩和醫療</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E5%85%92%E7%A7%91" title="小兒科">小兒科</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="新生兒科" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Neonatology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%94%9F%E5%84%BF%E7%A7%91" title="新生儿科">新生兒科</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neonatology" class="extiw" title="en:Neonatology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Neonatology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="抽血醫師" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Phlebologist"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8A%BD%E8%A1%80%E9%86%AB%E5%B8%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="抽血醫師（页面不存在）">靜脈學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phlebologist" class="extiw" title="en:Phlebologist"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Phlebologist</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%A9%E5%81%A5%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8" title="復健醫學">復健醫學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%90%E9%98%B2%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8" title="預防醫學">預防醫學</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="監獄醫學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Prison healthcare"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9B%A3%E7%8D%84%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="監獄醫學（页面不存在）">監獄醫學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison_healthcare" class="extiw" title="en:Prison healthcare"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Prison healthcare</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E7%97%85%E5%AD%A6" title="精神病学">精神醫學</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="成癮精神病學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Addiction psychiatry"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%90%E7%99%AE%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E7%97%85%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="成癮精神病學（页面不存在）">成癮精神病學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addiction_psychiatry" class="extiw" title="en:Addiction psychiatry"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Addiction psychiatry</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%B2%BB%E7%99%82" title="放射治療">放射治療</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%AE%96%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8" title="生殖醫學">生殖醫學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8" title="性醫學">性醫學</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E7%97%85%E5%AD%A6" title="性病学">性病學</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="睡眠醫學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sleep medicine"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9D%A1%E7%9C%A0%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="睡眠醫學（页面不存在）">睡眠醫學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep_medicine" class="extiw" title="en:Sleep medicine"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sleep medicine</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8" title="運動醫學">運動醫學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%99%A8%E5%AE%98%E7%A7%BB%E6%A4%8D" title="器官移植">器官移植</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%B8%B6%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8" title="熱帶醫學">熱帶醫學</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%85%E9%81%8A%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8" title="旅遊醫學">旅遊醫學</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="生物医学">生物醫學</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="生物医学工程">生物醫學工程</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E6%82%A3%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82" title="醫患關係">醫患關係</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" title="医学教育">医学教育</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8%E9%99%A2" title="醫學院">醫學院</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E5%A4%96%E5%85%A8%E7%A7%91%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8%E5%A3%AB" title="內外全科醫學士">內外全科醫學士</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="醫科理學士" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Bachelor of Medical Sciences"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%86%AB%E7%A7%91%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%A3%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="醫科理學士（页面不存在）">醫科理學士</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Medical_Sciences" class="extiw" title="en:Bachelor of Medical Sciences"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Bachelor of Medical Sciences</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8%E7%A2%A9%E5%A3%AB" title="醫學碩士">醫學碩士</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="外科學碩士" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Master of Surgery"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E7%A2%A9%E5%A3%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="外科學碩士（页面不存在）">外科學碩士</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Surgery" class="extiw" title="en:Master of Surgery"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Master of Surgery</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8%E5%A3%AB" title="醫學士">醫學士</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AA%A8%E7%A7%91%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6%E5%8D%9A%E5%A3%AB" title="骨科医学博士">骨科醫學士</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8%E5%8D%9A%E5%A3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="醫學博士">醫學博士</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8%E5%A3%AB%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E5%8D%9A%E5%A3%AB%E9%9B%99%E5%AD%B8%E4%BD%8D" title="醫學士哲學博士雙學位">醫學士哲學博士雙學位</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="醫藥科學訓練計畫" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Medical Scientist Training Program"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%86%AB%E8%97%A5%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E8%A8%93%E7%B7%B4%E8%A8%88%E7%95%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="醫藥科學訓練計畫（页面不存在）">醫藥科學訓練計畫</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_Scientist_Training_Program" class="extiw" title="en:Medical Scientist Training Program"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Medical Scientist Training Program</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">相關科別</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%BF%E4%BB%A3%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="替代医学">替代医学</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="醫療相關專業人員" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Allied health professions"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%86%AB%E7%99%82%E7%9B%B8%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E4%BA%BA%E5%93%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="醫療相關專業人員（页面不存在）">醫療相關專業人員</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_health_professions" class="extiw" title="en:Allied health professions"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Allied health professions</span></a></span>）</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%99%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8" title="牙醫學">牙醫學</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="足病學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Podiatry"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%B3%E7%97%85%E5%AD%A6" title="足病学">足病學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podiatry" class="extiw" title="en:Podiatry"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Podiatry</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%AF%E5%AD%A6" title="药学">药学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E6%B2%BB%E7%99%82" title="物理治療">物理治療</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="分子腫瘤學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Molecular oncology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E8%85%AB%E7%98%A4%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="分子腫瘤學（页面不存在）">分子腫瘤學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_oncology" class="extiw" title="en:Molecular oncology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Molecular oncology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%B3%E7%B1%B3%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="纳米医学">纳米医学</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="個性化醫學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Personalized medicine"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%80%8B%E6%80%A7%E5%8C%96%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="個性化醫學（页面不存在）">個性化醫學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personalized_medicine" class="extiw" title="en:Personalized medicine"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Personalized medicine</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F" title="公共卫生">公共卫生</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="鄉村衛生" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Rural health"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%84%89%E6%9D%91%E8%A1%9B%E7%94%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="鄉村衛生（页面不存在）">鄉村衛生</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_health" class="extiw" title="en:Rural health"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Rural health</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%BB%E7%99%82" title="治療">治療</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A0%E7%BB%9F%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="传统医学">传统医学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%86%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="中醫">中醫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="医学">西醫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E9%86%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="藏醫">藏醫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%93%E9%86%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="韓醫">韓醫</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%BD%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="兽医学">兽医学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%BB%E7%94%9F" title="医生">医生</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E4%BB%BB%E9%86%AB%E5%B8%AB" title="主任醫師">主任醫師</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2" title="医学史">医学史</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="分类"><img alt="分类" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="Category:医学">分类</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="共享资源页面"><img alt="共享资源页面" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Medicine" class="extiw" title="commons:Medicine">共享资源</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="专题"><img alt="专题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/WikiProject:%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8" title="WikiProject:醫學">维基专题</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="主题"><img alt="主题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8" title="Portal:醫學">主题</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/16px-Symbol_question.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/23px-Symbol_question.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/31px-Symbol_question.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_medicine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Outline of medicine（页面不存在）">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655521">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655520">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%AB%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90" title="维基共享资源">维基共享资源</a>上的相关多媒体资源：<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Gerontology" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Gerontology"><span style="font-weight:bold;">老化</span></a></div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="发育生物学" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: thistle"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%8F%91%E8%82%B2%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="Template:发育生物学"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E5%8F%91%E8%82%B2%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:发育生物学（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E5%8F%91%E8%82%B2%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:发育生物学"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="发育生物学" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%91%E8%82%B2%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="发育生物学">发育生物学</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">衰老</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="区室" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Compartment (development)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%BA%E5%AE%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="区室（页面不存在）">区室</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compartment_(development)" class="extiw" title="en:Compartment (development)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Compartment (development)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%9A%E8%83%8E%E5%8F%91%E8%82%B2" title="胚胎发育">胚胎发育</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%9A%E8%83%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="胚胎学">胚胎学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E8%83%9A%E8%83%8E%E7%99%BC%E8%82%B2" title="人類胚胎發育">人類胚胎發育</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="胚胎发育中的极性" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Polarity in embryogenesis"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%9A%E8%83%8E%E5%8F%91%E8%82%B2%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E6%9E%81%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="胚胎发育中的极性（页面不存在）">胚胎发育中的极性</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarity_in_embryogenesis" class="extiw" title="en:Polarity in embryogenesis"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Polarity in embryogenesis</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E8%85%B8%E8%83%9A%E5%BD%A2%E6%88%90" title="原腸胚形成">原腸胚形成</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="分节" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Metamerism (biology)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%86%E8%8A%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="分节（页面不存在）">分节</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamerism_(biology)" class="extiw" title="en:Metamerism (biology)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Metamerism (biology)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%98%E6%80%81_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9)" title="变态 (生物)">变态</a> <ul><li>间接发育</li> <li>直接发育</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="模式生物">模式生物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%80%8B%E9%AB%94%E7%99%BC%E7%94%9F%E5%AD%B8" title="個體發生學">個體發生學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E6%98%A5%E6%9C%9F" title="青春期">青春期</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%8D%E7%94%9F" title="再生">再生</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="人体组织再生" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Regeneration in humans"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E4%BD%93%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87%E5%86%8D%E7%94%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="人体组织再生（页面不存在）">人体组织再生</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regeneration_in_humans" class="extiw" title="en:Regeneration in humans"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Regeneration in humans</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%95%B8%E5%BD%A2%E5%AD%A6" title="畸形学">畸形学</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E7%99%BC%E8%82%B2%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="演化發育生物學">演化發育生物學</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="寿命" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%AF%BF%E5%91%BD" title="Template:寿命"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E5%AF%BF%E5%91%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:寿命（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E5%AF%BF%E5%91%BD" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:寿命"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="寿命" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%BF%E5%91%BD" title="寿命">寿命</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">老化</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E5%A3%BD%E7%A5%9E%E8%A9%B1" title="長壽神話">長壽神話</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E5%B9%B4" title="老年">老年</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6%E8%80%81%E5%B9%B4%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生物学老年化（页面不存在）">生物学老化</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="与老年化有关的疾病" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="aging-associated diseases"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%8E%E8%80%81%E5%B9%B4%E5%8C%96%E6%9C%89%E5%85%B3%E7%9A%84%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="与老年化有关的疾病（页面不存在）">与老年化有关的疾病</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/aging-associated_diseases" class="extiw" title="en:aging-associated diseases"><span lang="en" dir="auto">aging-associated diseases</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%80%E8%A1%8C%E6%80%A7%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85" title="退行性疾病">退行性疾病</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8D%E7%96%AB%E8%A1%B0%E8%80%81" title="免疫衰老">免疫衰老</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E5%BF%BD%E7%95%A5%E8%A1%B0%E8%80%81" title="可忽略衰老">可忽略衰老</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A0%E8%A1%B0%E8%80%81" class="mw-redirect" title="負衰老">負衰老</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E4%BA%BA%E5%AD%B8" title="老人學">老人學</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="认知流行病学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="cognitive epidemiology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AE%A4%E7%9F%A5%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E7%97%85%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="认知流行病学（页面不存在）">认知流行病学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/cognitive_epidemiology" class="extiw" title="en:cognitive epidemiology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">cognitive epidemiology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%80%E9%95%BF%E5%AF%BF%E5%91%BD" title="最长寿命">最长寿命</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%80%E9%95%B7%E5%A3%BD%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD" title="最長壽生命">最長壽生命</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E7%91%9E" title="人瑞">人瑞</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E7%B4%9A%E4%BA%BA%E7%91%9E" title="超級人瑞">超級人瑞</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%84%E6%9C%9F%E5%AF%BF%E5%91%BD" title="预期寿命">预期寿命</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="衰老的生物标志" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Biomarkers of aging"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A1%B0%E8%80%81%E7%9A%84%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E6%A0%87%E5%BF%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="衰老的生物标志（页面不存在）">衰老的生物标志</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomarkers_of_aging" class="extiw" title="en:Biomarkers of aging"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Biomarkers of aging</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="FOXO3 “长寿基因”" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="FOXO3"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=FOXO3_%E2%80%9C%E9%95%BF%E5%AF%BF%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E2%80%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FOXO3 “长寿基因”（页面不存在）">FOXO3 “长寿基因”</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FOXO3" class="extiw" title="en:FOXO3"><span lang="en" dir="auto">FOXO3</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD%E5%BB%B6%E7%BA%8C" title="生命延續">生命延續</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生命延续的概述" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Outline of life extension"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD%E5%BB%B6%E7%BB%AD%E7%9A%84%E6%A6%82%E8%BF%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生命延续的概述（页面不存在）">概述</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_life_extension" class="extiw" title="en:Outline of life extension"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Outline of life extension</span></a></span>）</span></span> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生命延续主题索引" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Index of topics related to life extension"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD%E5%BB%B6%E7%BB%AD%E4%B8%BB%E9%A2%98%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生命延续主题索引（页面不存在）">索引</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_topics_related_to_life_extension" class="extiw" title="en:Index of topics related to life extension"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Index of topics related to life extension</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="抗衰老运动" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Anti-aging movement"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8A%97%E8%A1%B0%E8%80%81%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="抗衰老运动（页面不存在）">抗衰老运动</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-aging_movement" class="extiw" title="en:Anti-aging movement"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Anti-aging movement</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="人类寿命生物统计学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Biodemography of human longevity"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E7%B1%BB%E5%AF%BF%E5%91%BD%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="人类寿命生物统计学（页面不存在）">人类寿命生物统计学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodemography_of_human_longevity" class="extiw" title="en:Biodemography of human longevity"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Biodemography of human longevity</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%BF%E5%AF%BF%E9%80%83%E9%80%B8%E9%80%9F%E5%BA%A6" title="长寿逃逸速度">长寿逃逸速度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD%E5%BB%B6%E7%BA%8C" title="生命延續">无限寿命</a></li> <li>方法 <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="热量限制" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="calorie restriction"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%83%AD%E9%87%8F%E9%99%90%E5%88%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="热量限制（页面不存在）">热量限制</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/calorie_restriction" class="extiw" title="en:calorie restriction"><span lang="en" dir="auto">calorie restriction</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E6%B2%BB%E7%99%82" title="基因治療">基因治療</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%B3%E7%B1%B3%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="纳米医学">纳米医学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%99%A8%E5%AE%98%E6%89%93%E5%8D%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="器官打印">器官打印</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9E%E5%BE%A9%E9%9D%92%E6%98%A5" title="回復青春">回復青春</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B2%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E7%96%97%E6%B3%95" title="干细胞疗法">干细胞疗法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%8C%E6%8E%A7%E5%8F%AF%E5%BF%BD%E7%95%A5%E8%A1%B0%E8%80%81" title="掌控可忽略衰老">掌控可忽略衰老</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%BF%E7%94%9F%E4%B8%8D%E8%80%81" title="长生不老">长生不老</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B8%E7%94%9F%E5%8C%96" title="永生化">生物学永生</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%BF%E7%94%9F%E4%B8%8D%E8%80%81" title="长生不老">小说中的永生</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E7%B4%9A%E4%BA%BA%E7%91%9E" title="超級人瑞">超級人瑞</a><br />（超过110岁）</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E5%A3%BD%E8%81%B2%E7%A8%B1" title="長壽聲稱">長壽聲稱</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%80%E9%95%B7%E5%A3%BD%E8%80%85" title="最長壽者">最長壽者</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E8%B6%85%E7%B4%9A%E4%BA%BA%E7%91%9E%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="西班牙超級人瑞列表">西班牙超級人瑞列表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8D%B2%E9%A9%97%E8%AD%89%E7%9A%84%E6%9C%80%E9%95%B7%E5%A3%BD%E8%80%85%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="獲驗證的最長壽者列表">獲驗證的最長壽者列表</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">记录</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A8%E4%BD%8D%E6%97%B6%E9%97%B4%E6%9C%80%E9%95%BF%E7%9A%84%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="在位时间最长的君主列表">在位时间最长的君主列表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8D%81%E5%A4%A7%E5%AF%BF%E6%98%9F%E6%8E%92%E8%A1%8C%E6%A6%9C" title="中国十大寿星排行榜">中国十大寿星排行榜</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%80%E5%B9%B4%E9%95%BF%E5%9C%A8%E4%B8%96%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E9%A2%86%E5%AF%BC%E4%BA%BA%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="最年长在世国家领导人列表">最年长在世国家领导人列表</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79005747">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q332154#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q332154#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6" title="Help:规范控制">规范控制数据库</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q332154#identifiers" title="編輯維基數據鏈接"><img alt="編輯維基數據鏈接" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">各地</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 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