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광합성 - 위키백과, 우리 모두의 백과사전

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id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=C13_ko.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=ko" class=""><span>기부</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EA%B3%84%EC%A0%95%EB%A7%8C%EB%93%A4%EA%B8%B0&amp;returnto=%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" title="계정을 만들고 로그인하는 것이 좋습니다. 하지만 필수는 아닙니다" class=""><span>계정 만들기</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EB%A1%9C%EA%B7%B8%EC%9D%B8&amp;returnto=%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" title="위키백과에 로그인하면 여러가지 편리한 기능을 사용할 수 있습니다. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>로그인</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="더 많은 옵션" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="개인 도구" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">개인 도구</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="사용자 메뉴" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=C13_ko.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=ko"><span>기부</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EA%B3%84%EC%A0%95%EB%A7%8C%EB%93%A4%EA%B8%B0&amp;returnto=%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" title="계정을 만들고 로그인하는 것이 좋습니다. 하지만 필수는 아닙니다"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>계정 만들기</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EB%A1%9C%EA%B7%B8%EC%9D%B8&amp;returnto=%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" title="위키백과에 로그인하면 여러가지 편리한 기능을 사용할 수 있습니다. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>로그인</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 로그아웃한 편집자를 위한 문서 <a href="/wiki/%EB%8F%84%EC%9B%80%EB%A7%90:%EC%86%8C%EA%B0%9C" aria-label="편집에 관해 더 알아보기"><span>더 알아보기</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EB%82%B4%EA%B8%B0%EC%97%AC" title="이 IP 주소의 편집 목록 [y]" accesskey="y"><span>기여</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EB%82%B4%EC%82%AC%EC%9A%A9%EC%9E%90%ED%86%A0%EB%A1%A0" title="현재 사용하는 IP 주소에 대한 토론 문서 [n]" accesskey="n"><span>토론</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="사이트"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="목차" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">목차</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">사이드바로 이동</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">숨기기</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">처음 위치</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-개관" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#개관"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>개관</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-개관-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-광합성이_일어나는_막_및_세포소기관" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#광합성이_일어나는_막_및_세포소기관"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>광합성이 일어나는 막 및 세포소기관</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-광합성이_일어나는_막_및_세포소기관-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-광의존적_반응" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#광의존적_반응"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>광의존적 반응</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-광의존적_반응-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>광의존적 반응 하위섹션 토글하기</span> </button> <ul id="toc-광의존적_반응-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Z_모식도" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Z_모식도"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Z 모식도</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Z_모식도-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-물의_광분해" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#물의_광분해"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>물의 광분해</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-물의_광분해-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-광비의존적_반응" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#광비의존적_반응"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>광비의존적 반응</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-광비의존적_반응-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>광비의존적 반응 하위섹션 토글하기</span> </button> <ul id="toc-광비의존적_반응-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-캘빈_회로" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#캘빈_회로"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>캘빈 회로</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-캘빈_회로-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-탄소_농축_메커니즘" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#탄소_농축_메커니즘"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>탄소 농축 메커니즘</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-탄소_농축_메커니즘-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-육상에서" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#육상에서"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>육상에서</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-육상에서-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-물에서" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#물에서"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>물에서</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-물에서-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-반응_순서_및_속도론" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#반응_순서_및_속도론"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>반응 순서 및 속도론</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-반응_순서_및_속도론-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-광합성의_생체에너지학" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#광합성의_생체에너지학"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>광합성의 생체에너지학</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-광합성의_생체에너지학-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-광합성_효율" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#광합성_효율"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>광합성 효율</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-광합성_효율-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-광합성의_진화" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#광합성의_진화"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>광합성의 진화</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-광합성의_진화-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>광합성의 진화 하위섹션 토글하기</span> </button> <ul id="toc-광합성의_진화-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-공생과_엽록체의_기원" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#공생과_엽록체의_기원"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>공생과 엽록체의 기원</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-공생과_엽록체의_기원-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-남세균과_광합성의_진화" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#남세균과_광합성의_진화"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>남세균과 광합성의 진화</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-남세균과_광합성의_진화-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-광합성_연구의_역사" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#광합성_연구의_역사"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>광합성 연구의 역사</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-광합성_연구의_역사-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>광합성 연구의 역사 하위섹션 토글하기</span> </button> <ul id="toc-광합성_연구의_역사-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-개념의_발전" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#개념의_발전"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>개념의 발전</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-개념의_발전-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-C3_광합성_및_C4_광합성에_대한_연구" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#C3_광합성_및_C4_광합성에_대한_연구"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>C<sub>3</sub> 광합성 및 C<sub>4</sub> 광합성에 대한 연구</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-C3_광합성_및_C4_광합성에_대한_연구-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-광합성에_영향을_미치는_요인" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#광합성에_영향을_미치는_요인"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>광합성에 영향을 미치는 요인</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-광합성에_영향을_미치는_요인-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>광합성에 영향을 미치는 요인 하위섹션 토글하기</span> </button> <ul id="toc-광합성에_영향을_미치는_요인-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-빛의_세기,_파장_및_온도" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#빛의_세기,_파장_및_온도"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>빛의 세기, 파장 및 온도</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-빛의_세기,_파장_및_온도-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-이산화_탄소의_농도와_광호흡" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#이산화_탄소의_농도와_광호흡"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>이산화 탄소의 농도와 광호흡</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-이산화_탄소의_농도와_광호흡-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-같이_보기" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#같이_보기"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>같이 보기</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-같이_보기-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-각주" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#각주"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>각주</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-각주-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-더_읽을거리" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#더_읽을거리"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>더 읽을거리</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-더_읽을거리-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>더 읽을거리 하위섹션 토글하기</span> </button> <ul id="toc-더_읽을거리-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-단행본" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#단행본"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>단행본</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-단행본-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-논문" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#논문"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>논문</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-논문-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-외부_링크" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#외부_링크"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>외부 링크</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-외부_링크-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="목차" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="목차 토글" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">목차 토글</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">광합성</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="다른 언어로 문서를 방문합니다. 149개 언어로 읽을 수 있습니다" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-149" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">149개 언어</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="알찬 글"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosintese" title="Fotosintese – 아프리칸스어" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Fotosintese" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="아프리칸스어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthese" title="Photosynthese – 독일어(스위스)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Photosynthese" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="독일어(스위스)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosintesi" title="Fotosintesi – 아라곤어" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Fotosintesi" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="아라곤어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8_%D8%B6%D9%88%D8%A6%D9%8A" title="تركيب ضوئي – 아랍어" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تركيب ضوئي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="아랍어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B2" title="فوطوسانتيز – 모로코 아랍어" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="فوطوسانتيز" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="모로코 아랍어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A3" title="সালোক সংশ্লেষণ – 아삼어" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="সালোক সংশ্লেষণ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="아삼어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotos%C3%ADntesis" title="Fotosíntesis – 아스투리아어" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Fotosíntesis" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="아스투리아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Фотосинтез – 아바릭어" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Фотосинтез" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="아바릭어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosintez" title="Fotosintez – 아제르바이잔어" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fotosintez" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="아제르바이잔어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B2" title="فوتوسینتز – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فوتوسینتز" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Фотосинтез – 바슈키르어" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Фотосинтез" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="바슈키르어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuot%C4%97sintez%C4%97" title="Fuotėsintezė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Fuotėsintezė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potosintesis" title="Potosintesis – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Potosintesis" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%B7" title="Фотасінтэз – 벨라루스어" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Фотасінтэз" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="벨라루스어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%B7" title="Фотасынтэз – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Фотасынтэз" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Фотосинтеза – 불가리아어" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Фотосинтеза" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="불가리아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3" title="प्रकाश संश्लेषण – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="प्रकाश संश्लेषण" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A3" title="সালোকসংশ্লেষণ – 벵골어" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সালোকসংশ্লেষণ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="벵골어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%A6%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BC%8D" title="འོད་སྦྱོར་ནུས་པ། – 티베트어" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="འོད་སྦྱོར་ནུས་པ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="티베트어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosintezenn" title="Fotosintezenn – 브르타뉴어" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Fotosintezenn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="브르타뉴어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="알찬 글"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosinteza" title="Fotosinteza – 보스니아어" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Fotosinteza" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="보스니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potosintesis" title="Potosintesis – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Potosintesis" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Фотосинтез – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Фотосинтез" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotos%C3%ADntesi" title="Fotosíntesi – 카탈로니아어" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fotosíntesi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="카탈로니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Фотосинтез – 체첸어" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Фотосинтез" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="체첸어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis – 세부아노어" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Photosynthesis" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="세부아노어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A4%E1%8E%A6%E1%8E%B5%E1%8F%92_%E1%8E%A4%E1%8F%A9%E1%8F%82%E1%8F%97%E1%8F%8D%E1%8E%A9" title="ᎤᎦᎵᏒ ᎤᏩᏂᏗᏍᎩ – 체로키어" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎤᎦᎵᏒ ᎤᏩᏂᏗᏍᎩ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="체로키어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%86%D8%AA%DB%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%95%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="فۆتۆسینتەسیس – 소라니 쿠르드어" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فۆتۆسینتەسیس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="소라니 쿠르드어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosynt%C3%A9za" title="Fotosyntéza – 체코어" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Fotosyntéza" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="체코어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ffotosynthesis" title="Ffotosynthesis – 웨일스어" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ffotosynthesis" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="웨일스어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="추천 항목"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosyntese" title="Fotosyntese – 덴마크어" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fotosyntese" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="덴마크어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthese" title="Photosynthese – 독일어" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Photosynthese" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="독일어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosenteze" title="Fotosenteze – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Fotosenteze" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%89%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%83%CF%8D%CE%BD%CE%B8%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Φωτοσύνθεση – 그리스어" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φωτοσύνθεση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="그리스어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis – 영어" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Photosynthesis" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="영어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosintezo" title="Fotosintezo – 에스페란토어" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fotosintezo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="에스페란토어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotos%C3%ADntesis" title="Fotosíntesis – 스페인어" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fotosíntesis" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="스페인어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotos%C3%BCntees" title="Fotosüntees – 에스토니아어" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Fotosüntees" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="에스토니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosintesi" title="Fotosintesi – 바스크어" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Fotosintesi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="바스크어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotos%C3%ADntesi" title="Fotosíntesi – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Fotosíntesi" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B2" title="فتوسنتز – 페르시아어" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فتوسنتز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="페르시아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosynteesi" title="Fotosynteesi – 핀란드어" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Fotosynteesi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="핀란드어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotos%C3%BCntees" title="Fotosüntees – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Fotosüntees" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynth%C3%A8se" title="Photosynthèse – 프랑스어" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Photosynthèse" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="프랑스어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Footos%C3%BCntees" title="Footosüntees – 북부 프리지아어" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Footosüntees" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="북부 프리지아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosynteze" title="Fotosynteze – 서부 프리지아어" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Fotosynteze" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="서부 프리지아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B3taisint%C3%A9is" title="Fótaisintéis – 아일랜드어" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fótaisintéis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="아일랜드어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosent%C3%A8z" title="Fotosentèz – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Fotosentèz" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foto-cho-chur" title="Foto-cho-chur – 스코틀랜드 게일어" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Foto-cho-chur" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="스코틀랜드 게일어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotos%C3%ADntese" title="Fotosíntese – 갈리시아어" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Fotosíntese" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="갈리시아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesapemo%C3%B1anga" title="Tesapemoñanga – 과라니어" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tesapemoñanga" data-language-autonym="Avañe&#039;ẽ" data-language-local-name="과라니어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosintesis" title="Fotosintesis – 고론탈로어" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Fotosintesis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="고론탈로어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B6%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%B6%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B7%E0%AA%A3" title="પ્રકાશસંશ્લેષણ – 구자라트어" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="પ્રકાશસંશ્લેષણ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="구자라트어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-haaghey_sollysh" title="Co-haaghey sollysh – 맹크스어" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Co-haaghey sollysh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="맹크스어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%AA%D7%96%D7%94" title="פוטוסינתזה – 히브리어" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פוטוסינתזה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="히브리어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="알찬 글"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3" title="प्रकाश-संश्लेषण – 힌디어" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रकाश-संश्लेषण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="힌디어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis – 피지 힌디어" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Photosynthesis" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="피지 힌디어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosinteza" title="Fotosinteza – 크로아티아어" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Fotosinteza" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="크로아티아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosent%C3%A8z" title="Fotosentèz – 아이티어" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Fotosentèz" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="아이티어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotoszint%C3%A9zis" title="Fotoszintézis – 헝가리어" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fotoszintézis" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="헝가리어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D5%B8%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A9%D5%A5%D5%A6" title="Ֆոտոսինթեզ – 아르메니아어" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆոտոսինթեզ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="아르메니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthese" title="Photosynthese – 인터링구아" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Photosynthese" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="인터링구아" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosintesis" title="Fotosintesis – 인도네시아어" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Fotosintesis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="인도네시아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potosintesis" title="Potosintesis – 이로코어" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Potosintesis" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="이로코어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Фотосинтез – 인귀시어" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Фотосинтез" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="인귀시어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosintezo" title="Fotosintezo – 이도어" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Fotosintezo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="이도어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lj%C3%B3still%C3%ADfun" title="Ljóstillífun – 아이슬란드어" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ljóstillífun" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="아이슬란드어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosintesi_clorofilliana" title="Fotosintesi clorofilliana – 이탈리아어" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fotosintesi clorofilliana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="이탈리아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%90%88%E6%88%90" title="光合成 – 일본어" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="光合成" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="일본어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosint%C3%A8sis" title="Fotosintèsis – 자바어" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Fotosintèsis" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="자바어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%96%E1%83%98" title="ფოტოსინთეზი – 조지아어" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფოტოსინთეზი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="조지아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Фотосинтез – 카자흐어" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Фотосинтез" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="카자흐어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%A3%E0%B3%86" title="ದ್ಯುತಿಸಂಶ್ಲೇಷಣೆ – 칸나다어" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ದ್ಯುತಿಸಂಶ್ಲೇಷಣೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="칸나다어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosentez" title="Fotosentez – 쿠르드어" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Fotosentez" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="쿠르드어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Фотосинтез – 키르기스어" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Фотосинтез" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="키르기스어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis – 라틴어" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Photosynthesis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="라틴어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Фотосинтез – 레즈기안어" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Фотосинтез" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="레즈기안어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosynthees" title="Fotosynthees – 림버거어" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Fotosynthees" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="림버거어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosintesi" title="Fotosintesi – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Fotosintesi" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%87%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%87" title="ການສັງເຄາະແສງ – 라오어" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ການສັງເຄາະແສງ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="라오어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosintez%C4%97" title="Fotosintezė – 리투아니아어" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Fotosintezė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="리투아니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosint%C4%93ze" title="Fotosintēze – 라트비아어" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Fotosintēze" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="라트비아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3" title="प्रकाश-संश्लेषण – 마이틸리어" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="प्रकाश-संश्लेषण" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="마이틸리어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis – 말라가시어" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Photosynthesis" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="말라가시어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Фотосинтеза – 마케도니아어" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Фотосинтеза" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="마케도니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82" title="പ്രകാശസംശ്ലേഷണം – 말라얄람어" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പ്രകാശസംശ്ലേഷണം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="말라얄람어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Фотосинтез – 몽골어" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Фотосинтез" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="몽골어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B6%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%82%E1%80%BA" title="လျးသံယိုဂ် – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="လျးသံယိုဂ်" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3" title="प्रकाश संश्लेषण – 마라티어" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="प्रकाश संश्लेषण" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="마라티어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosintesis" title="Fotosintesis – 말레이어" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Fotosintesis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="말레이어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9C%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AE%E1%80%85%E1%80%AF%E1%80%96%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B2%E1%80%B7%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="အလင်းမှီစုဖွဲ့ခြင်း – 버마어" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အလင်းမှီစုဖွဲ့ခြင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="버마어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthees" title="Photosynthees – 저지 독일어" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Photosynthees" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="저지 독일어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosyntese" title="Fotosyntese – 저지 색슨어" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Fotosyntese" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="저지 색슨어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3" title="प्रकाश संश्लेषण – 네팔어" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="प्रकाश संश्लेषण" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="네팔어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8" title="फोटोसिन्थेसिस – 네와르어" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="फोटोसिन्थेसिस" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="네와르어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosynthese" title="Fotosynthese – 네덜란드어" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Fotosynthese" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="네덜란드어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosyntese" title="Fotosyntese – 노르웨이어(니노르스크)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Fotosyntese" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="노르웨이어(니노르스크)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosyntese" title="Fotosyntese – 노르웨이어(보크말)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fotosyntese" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="노르웨이어(보크말)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosint%C3%A8si" title="Fotosintèsi – 오크어" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Fotosintèsi" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="오크어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaariftina" title="Jaariftina – 오로모어" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Jaariftina" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="오로모어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A3" title="ਪ੍ਰਕਾਸ਼ ਸੰਸਲੇਸ਼ਣ – 펀잡어" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪ੍ਰਕਾਸ਼ ਸੰਸਲੇਸ਼ਣ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="펀잡어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis – 팜팡가어" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Photosynthesis" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="팜팡가어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcm mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosintesis" title="Fotosintesis – 나이지리아 피진어" lang="pcm" hreflang="pcm" data-title="Fotosintesis" data-language-autonym="Naijá" data-language-local-name="나이지리아 피진어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Naijá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="좋은 글"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosynteza" title="Fotosynteza – 폴란드어" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Fotosynteza" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="폴란드어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%86%DD%A8_%D9%BE%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="چانݨ پکائی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="چانݨ پکائی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D9%BC%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%B2_(%D8%AF_%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1_%D8%AF_%D9%88%DA%93%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AB%D9%88_%D9%BE%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%87_%D8%AF_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88_%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%8A%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%88_%D9%8A%D9%88%DA%81%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84)" title="فوټوسينتيسز (د لمر د وړانګو په مرسته د موادو ترکيب او يوځای کول) – 파슈토어" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="فوټوسينتيسز (د لمر د وړانګو په مرسته د موادو ترکيب او يوځای کول)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="파슈토어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotoss%C3%ADntese" title="Fotossíntese – 포르투갈어" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fotossíntese" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="포르투갈어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inti_wayllay" title="Inti wayllay – 케추아어" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Inti wayllay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="케추아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosintez%C4%83" title="Fotosinteză – 루마니아어" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Fotosinteză" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="루마니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Фотосинтез – 러시아어" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фотосинтез" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="러시아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Фотосінтеза – 루신어" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Фотосінтеза" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="루신어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%83" title="प्रभासंयोगः – 산스크리트어" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="प्रभासंयोगः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="산스크리트어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Фотосинтез – 야쿠트어" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Фотосинтез" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="야쿠트어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis – 스코틀랜드어" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Photosynthesis" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="스코틀랜드어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A6%D9%88%D9%BD%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%BF%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%B3" title="ڦوٽوسنٿيسس – 신디어" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڦوٽوسنٿيسس" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="신디어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosinteza" title="Fotosinteza – 세르비아-크로아티아어" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Fotosinteza" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="세르비아-크로아티아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%AB%E0%B6%BA" title="ප්‍රභාසංශ්ලේෂණය – 싱할라어" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ප්‍රභාසංශ්ලේෂණය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="싱할라어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Photosynthesis" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosynt%C3%A9za" title="Fotosyntéza – 슬로바키아어" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Fotosyntéza" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="슬로바키아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="알찬 글"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosinteza" title="Fotosinteza – 슬로베니아어" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Fotosinteza" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="슬로베니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirukanerujeko" title="Chirukanerujeko – 쇼나어" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Chirukanerujeko" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="쇼나어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habka_Samayska_Cuntada" title="Habka Samayska Cuntada – 소말리아어" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Habka Samayska Cuntada" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="소말리아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosinteza" title="Fotosinteza – 알바니아어" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Fotosinteza" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="알바니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Фотосинтеза – 세르비아어" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Фотосинтеза" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="세르비아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potosint%C3%A9sis" title="Potosintésis – 순다어" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Potosintésis" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="순다어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosyntes" title="Fotosyntes – 스웨덴어" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fotosyntes" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="스웨덴어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usanisinuru" title="Usanisinuru – 스와힐리어" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Usanisinuru" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="스와힐리어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="ஒளித்தொகுப்பு – 타밀어" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஒளித்தொகுப்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="타밀어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A3%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%97_%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF" title="కిరణజన్య సంయోగ క్రియ – 텔루구어" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కిరణజన్య సంయోగ క్రియ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="텔루구어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Фотосинтез – 타지크어" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Фотосинтез" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="타지크어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87" title="การสังเคราะห์ด้วยแสง – 태국어" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การสังเคราะห์ด้วยแสง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="태국어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potosintesis" title="Potosintesis – 타갈로그어" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Potosintesis" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="타갈로그어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosentez" title="Fotosentez – 터키어" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Fotosentez" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="터키어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Фотосинтез – 타타르어" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Фотосинтез" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="타타르어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%89%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%90%D8%B2_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84%D9%89" title="فوتوسىنتېز رولى – 위구르어" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="فوتوسىنتېز رولى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="위구르어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Фотосинтез – 우크라이나어" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фотосинтез" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="우크라이나어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B6%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%81" title="ضیائی تالیف – 우르두어" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ضیائی تالیف" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="우르두어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosintez" title="Fotosintez – 우즈베크어" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Fotosintez" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="우즈베크어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotos%C3%ACntezi" title="Fotosìntezi – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Fotosìntezi" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosintez" title="Fotosintez – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Fotosintez" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quang_h%E1%BB%A3p" title="Quang hợp – 베트남어" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Quang hợp" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="베트남어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosintesis" title="Fotosintesis – 와라이어" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Fotosintesis" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="와라이어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="光合作用 – 우어" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="光合作用" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="우어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-photosynthesis" title="I-photosynthesis – 코사어" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="I-photosynthesis" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="코사어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%98%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%96" title="פאטאסינטעז – 이디시어" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פאטאסינטעז" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="이디시어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="光合作用 – 중국어" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="光合作用" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="중국어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="光合作用 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="光合作用" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kong-ha%CC%8Dp-s%C3%AAng" title="Kong-ha̍p-sêng – 민난어" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kong-ha̍p-sêng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="민난어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="光合作用 – 광둥어" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="光合作用" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="광둥어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11982#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="언어 간 링크 편집" class="wbc-editpage">링크 편집</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> 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vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">보이기</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">사이드바로 이동</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">숨기기</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">위키백과, 우리 모두의 백과사전.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ko" dir="ltr"><p><span class="nowrap"></span> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Photosynthesis_ko.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Photosynthesis_ko.jpg/220px-Photosynthesis_ko.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Photosynthesis_ko.jpg/330px-Photosynthesis_ko.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Photosynthesis_ko.jpg/440px-Photosynthesis_ko.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>식물의 광합성 개요. 생성된 탄수화물은 식물에 저장되거나 식물에 의해 사용된다.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Seawifs_global_biosphere.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Seawifs_global_biosphere.jpg/400px-Seawifs_global_biosphere.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Seawifs_global_biosphere.jpg/600px-Seawifs_global_biosphere.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Seawifs_global_biosphere.jpg/800px-Seawifs_global_biosphere.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="819" /></a><figcaption>바다의 <a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%9D%EB%AC%BC%EC%84%B1_%ED%94%8C%EB%9E%91%ED%81%AC%ED%86%A4" title="식물성 플랑크톤">식물성 플랑크톤</a>과 육상 식물을 포함한 광합성의 전세계적 분포를 보여주는 이미지. 진한 적색과 청록색은 각각 바다와 육지에서 높은 광합성 활성 영역을 보여준다.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>광합성</b>(光合成, <span style="font-size: smaller;"><a href="/wiki/%EC%98%81%EC%96%B4" title="영어">영어</a>&#58; </span><span lang="en">photosynthesis</span>, <span style="font-size: smaller;"><a href="/wiki/%EB%AC%B8%ED%99%94%EC%96%B4" title="문화어">문화어</a>:</span> 빛합성)은 <a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%9D%EB%AC%BC" title="식물">식물</a> 및 다른 <a href="/wiki/%EC%83%9D%EB%AC%BC" title="생물">생명체</a>가 빛에너지를 <a href="/wiki/%ED%99%94%ED%95%99_%EC%97%90%EB%84%88%EC%A7%80" title="화학 에너지">화학 에너지</a>로 전환하기 위해 사용하는 과정이다. 전환된 화학 에너지는 나중에 생명체의 활동에 에너지를 공급하기 위해 방출될 수 있다. 이 화학 에너지는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%82%B0%ED%99%94_%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C" title="이산화 탄소">이산화 탄소</a>와 <a href="/wiki/%EB%AC%BC" title="물">물</a>로부터 합성된 당과 같은 <a href="/wiki/%ED%83%84%EC%88%98%ED%99%94%EB%AC%BC" title="탄수화물">탄수화물</a> 분자에 저장된다. 광합성이란 이름은 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B7%B8%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4%EC%96%B4" title="그리스어">그리스어</a> <a href="https://ko.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%86%E1%BF%B6%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:φῶς">φῶς</a> ("phōs", "light", "빛"을 의미함)와 <a href="https://ko.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%83%CF%8D%CE%BD%CE%B8%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%B9%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:σύνθεσις">σύνθεσις</a> ("synthesis", "합성"을 의미함)에서 유래하였다.<sup id="cite_ref-OnlineEtDict_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OnlineEtDict-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LSJ1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LSJ1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LSJ2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LSJ2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 대부분의 경우 광합성에서 산소는 부산물로 방출된다. 대부분의 <a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%9D%EB%AC%BC" title="식물">식물</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EB%A5%98_(%EC%88%98%EC%83%9D_%EC%83%9D%EB%AC%BC)" title="조류 (수생 생물)">조류</a> 및 <a href="/wiki/%EB%82%A8%EC%84%B8%EA%B7%A0" title="남세균">남세균</a>은 광합성을 수행하는데, 이러한 생물을 광독립영양생물이라고 한다. 광합성은 지구 대기 중의 산소를 생산하고 유지하는데 큰 역할을 하며, 지구상의 생명체에게 필요한 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EA%B8%B0_%ED%99%94%ED%95%A9%EB%AC%BC" title="유기 화합물">유기 화합물</a>과 대부분의 <a href="/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%84%88%EC%A7%80" title="에너지">에너지</a>를 공급한다.<sup id="cite_ref-bryantfrigaard_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bryantfrigaard-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>광합성은 생물 종에 따라 다르게 수행되지만, 빛에너지가 엽록체의 틸라코이드 막에 존재하는 광계(광합성 색소와 <a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%A8%EB%B0%B1%EC%A7%88" title="단백질">단백질</a>로 구성된 복합체)의 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1_%EB%B0%98%EC%9D%91_%EC%A4%91%EC%8B%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="광합성 반응 중심">반응 중심</a> 색소로 전달되고 고에너지 전자를 방출하면서 과정이 시작된다. 식물에서 이러한 단백질들은 잎 세포에서 가장 풍부한 <a href="/wiki/%EC%97%BD%EB%A1%9D%EC%B2%B4" title="엽록체">엽록체</a>라고 불리는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%84%B8%ED%8F%AC%EC%86%8C%EA%B8%B0%EA%B4%80" title="세포소기관">세포소기관</a>의 내부에 있고, 세균에서는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%84%B8%ED%8F%AC%EB%A7%89" title="세포막">세포막</a>에 묻혀 있다. 이러한 광의존적 반응에서는 물(H<sub>2</sub>O)과 같은 적당한 물질로부터 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90" title="전자">전자</a>를 떼어내는데 빛에너지를 사용하고, 부산물로 산소(O<sub>2</sub>)를 생성한다. 물의 광분해에 의해 방출되는 전자는 단기 에너지 저장의 역할을 하는 두 가지 화합물의 생성에 사용되고, 생성된 화합물은 다른 반응들을 진행시키는데 사용된다. 이들 화합물은 환원된 <a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%88%EC%BD%94%ED%8B%B4%EC%95%84%EB%A7%88%EC%9D%B4%EB%93%9C_%EC%95%84%EB%8D%B0%EB%8B%8C_%EB%8B%A4%EC%9D%B4%EB%89%B4%ED%81%B4%EB%A0%88%EC%98%A4%ED%83%80%EC%9D%B4%EB%93%9C_%EC%9D%B8%EC%82%B0" title="니코틴아마이드 아데닌 다이뉴클레오타이드 인산">니코틴아마이드 아데닌 다이뉴클레오타이드 인산</a>(NADPH)과 세포의 "에너지 화폐"인 <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%8D%B0%EB%85%B8%EC%8B%A0_%EC%82%BC%EC%9D%B8%EC%82%B0" title="아데노신 삼인산">아데노신 삼인산</a>(ATP)이다. </p><p>식물, 조류 남세균에서 장기 에너지 저장의 역할을 하는 당(糖)은 <a href="/wiki/%EC%BA%98%EB%B9%88_%ED%9A%8C%EB%A1%9C" title="캘빈 회로">캘빈 회로</a>라고 불리는 일련의 광비의존적 반응에 의해 생성된다. 어떤 세균은 동일한 목적을 달성하기 위해 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%A6%AC%EB%B2%84%EC%8A%A4_%EC%8B%9C%ED%8A%B8%EB%A5%B4%EC%82%B0_%ED%9A%8C%EB%A1%9C&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="리버스 시트르산 회로 (없는 문서)">리버스 시트르산 회로</a>와 같은 다른 기작을 사용한다. 캘빈 회로에서 대기 중의 이산화 탄소는 <a href="/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%EB%B6%88%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4_1,5-%EC%9D%B4%EC%A4%91%EC%9D%B8%EC%82%B0" title="리불로스 1,5-이중인산">리불로스 1,5-이중인산</a>(RuBP)와 같은 이미 식물 체내에 존재하는 유기 화합물과 결합한다.<sup id="cite_ref-isbn0-321-73975-2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn0-321-73975-2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 광의존적 반응에 의해 생성된 <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%8D%B0%EB%85%B8%EC%8B%A0_%EC%82%BC%EC%9D%B8%EC%82%B0" title="아데노신 삼인산">ATP</a>와 <a href="/wiki/NADPH" class="mw-redirect" title="NADPH">NADPH</a>를 사용하여, 반응물들을 <a href="/wiki/%ED%99%98%EC%9B%90" class="mw-redirect" title="환원">환원</a>시키고 <a href="/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EB%8F%84%EB%8B%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="포도당">포도당</a>과 같은 <a href="/wiki/%ED%83%84%EC%88%98%ED%99%94%EB%AC%BC" title="탄수화물">탄수화물</a>을 생성한다. </p><p>최초의 광합성 생물은 <a href="/wiki/%EC%83%9D%EB%AC%BC%EC%9D%98_%EC%A7%84%ED%99%94_%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="생물의 진화 역사">생물의 진화 역사</a>에서 초기에 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A7%84%ED%99%94" title="진화">진화</a>했을 가능성이 높으며, 전자공여체로 물보다는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%88%98%EC%86%8C" title="수소">수소</a>(H<sub>2</sub>)나 <a href="/wiki/%ED%99%A9%ED%99%94_%EC%88%98%EC%86%8C" title="황화 수소">황화 수소</a>와 같은 <a href="/wiki/%ED%99%98%EC%9B%90%EC%A0%9C" title="환원제">환원제</a>를 사용했을 가능성이 크다.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16453059_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16453059-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 남세균은 나중에 출현했는데, 남세균이 생산한 <a href="/wiki/%EC%82%B0%EC%86%8C%EB%8C%80%ED%8F%AD%EB%B0%9C_%EC%82%AC%EA%B1%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="산소대폭발 사건">과량의 산소</a>는 지구의 산소 공급에 직접적으로 기여했으며,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18468984_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18468984-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 이는 보다 <a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%A4%EC%84%B8%ED%8F%AC_%EC%83%9D%EB%AC%BC" title="다세포 생물">복잡한 생물</a>로의 진화를 가능하게 했다. 오늘날 전세계적으로 광합성에 의한 에너지 포획량은 약 130 테라<a href="/wiki/%EC%99%80%ED%8A%B8" title="와트">와트</a>이며,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid10670014_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10670014-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Whitmarsh_Govindjee_1999_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitmarsh_Govindjee_1999-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Steger_2005_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steger_2005-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 이는 현재 인류 문명의 전력 소비량의 약 8배에 달한다.<sup id="cite_ref-EIA_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EIA-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 광합성 생물은 연간 약 100~115억톤의 탄소를 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B0%94%EC%9D%B4%EC%98%A4%EB%A7%A4%EC%8A%A4" title="바이오매스">바이오매스</a>로 전환시킨다.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid9657713_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid9657713-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ps_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ps-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="개관"><span id=".EA.B0.9C.EA.B4.80"></span>개관</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="부분 편집: 개관"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Simple_photosynthesis_overview.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Simple_photosynthesis_overview.svg/220px-Simple_photosynthesis_overview.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Simple_photosynthesis_overview.svg/330px-Simple_photosynthesis_overview.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Simple_photosynthesis_overview.svg/440px-Simple_photosynthesis_overview.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="830" data-file-height="1027" /></a><figcaption>광합성은 빛 에너지를 화학 에너지로 전환하고, 물을 광분해하여 O<sub>2</sub>를 방출하며, CO<sub>2</sub>를 탄수화물로 고정시킨다.</figcaption></figure> <p>광합성 생물은 광독립영양생물이며, 이는 빛에너지를 사용하여 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%82%B0%ED%99%94_%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C" title="이산화 탄소">이산화 탄소</a>와 <a href="/wiki/%EB%AC%BC" title="물">물</a>로부터 직접적으로 음식물을 합성할 수 있다는 것을 의미한다. 그러나, 모든 생물이 광합성을 수행하기 위해 이산화 탄소를 탄소 원자의 공급원으로 사용하는 것은 아니다. 광종속영양생물은 탄소의 공급원으로 이산화 탄소가 아닌 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EA%B8%B0_%ED%99%94%ED%95%A9%EB%AC%BC" title="유기 화합물">유기 화합물</a>을 사용한다.<sup id="cite_ref-bryantfrigaard_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bryantfrigaard-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%9D%EB%AC%BC" title="식물">식물</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EB%A5%98_(%EC%88%98%EC%83%9D_%EC%83%9D%EB%AC%BC)" title="조류 (수생 생물)">조류</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EB%82%A8%EC%84%B8%EA%B7%A0" title="남세균">남세균</a>에서 광합성은 <a href="/wiki/%EC%82%B0%EC%86%8C" title="산소">산소</a>를 방출한다. 이것은 산소발생 광합성이라고 하며, 생물에 의해 사용되는 광합성의 가장 일반적인 유형이다. 식물, 조류, 남세균의 산소발생 광합성에는 약간의 차이점이 있지만, 전반적인 과정은 이들 생물에서 매우 유사하다. 이산화 탄소를 소비하지만 산소를 방출하지 않는 특정 종류의 세균에서 주로 사용되는 많은 종류의 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%82%B0%EC%86%8C%EB%B9%84%EB%B0%9C%EC%83%9D_%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="산소비발생 광합성 (없는 문서)">산소비발생 광합성</a>도 있다. </p><p>이산화 탄소는 <a href="/wiki/%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C_%EA%B3%A0%EC%A0%95" title="탄소 고정">탄소 고정</a>이라고 불리는 과정에서 당으로 전환된다. 광합성은 햇빛으로부터 포획한 에너지를 이용하여 이산화 탄소를 <a href="/wiki/%ED%83%84%EC%88%98%ED%99%94%EB%AC%BC" title="탄수화물">탄수화물</a>로 전환시킨다. 탄소 고정은 <a href="/wiki/%ED%9D%A1%EC%97%B4_%EB%B0%98%EC%9D%91" title="흡열 반응">흡열 반응</a>이며, <a href="/wiki/%EC%82%B0%ED%99%94%ED%99%98%EC%9B%90%EB%B0%98%EC%9D%91" class="mw-redirect" title="산화환원반응">산화환원반응</a>이다. 일반적인 개요에서 광합성은 <a href="/wiki/%EC%84%B8%ED%8F%AC_%ED%98%B8%ED%9D%A1" title="세포 호흡">세포 호흡</a>의 반대 과정이다. 광합성은 이산화 탄소를 탄수화물로 환원시키는 과정이지만, 세포 호흡은 탄수화물이나 다른 <a href="/wiki/%EC%98%81%EC%96%91%EC%86%8C" title="영양소">영양소</a>를 이산화 탄소로 산화시키는 과정이다. 세포 호흡에 사용되는 영양소에는 탄수화물, 단백질, 지방이 포함된다. 이러한 영양소들은 산화되어 이산화 탄소와 물을 생성하고, 화학 에너지를 방출하여 생물체의 <a href="/wiki/%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88%EB%8C%80%EC%82%AC" title="물질대사">대사</a> 활동을 추진시킨다. 광합성과 세포 호흡은 서로 다른 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%84%B8%ED%8F%AC_%EB%82%B4_%EA%B5%AC%ED%9A%8D&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="세포 내 구획 (없는 문서)">세포 내 구획</a>에서 서로 다른 화학 반응의 순서를 통해 일어나기 때문에 서로 별개의 과정이다. </p><p>코르넬리스 반 닐이 처음으로 제안한 광합성의 일반적인 <a href="/wiki/%ED%99%94%ED%95%99_%EB%B0%98%EC%9D%91%EC%8B%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="화학 반응식">화학 반응식</a>은 다음과 같다.<sup id="cite_ref-Whitmarsh_1999_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitmarsh_1999-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>CO<sub>2</sub> + 2H<sub>2</sub>O+ <a href="/wiki/%EA%B4%91%EC%9E%90" title="광자">광자</a> → [CH<sub>2</sub>O] + 2A + H<sub>2</sub>O</dd></dl> <p>물은 산소발생 광합성에서 전자공여체로 사용되기 때문에, 이 과정의 반응식은 다음과 같다. </p> <dl><dd>CO<sub>2</sub> + 2H<sub>2</sub>O + 광자 → [CH<sub>2</sub>O] + O<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O</dd></dl> <p>이 반응식은 물이 광의존적 반응에서 반응물과 광비의존적 반응에서 생성물이라는 점을 강조하지만, 양변의 소거할 수 있는 물 분자를 제거하면 다음과 같이 나타낼 수 있다. </p> <dl><dd>CO<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O + 광자 → [CH<sub>2</sub>O] + O<sub>2</sub></dd></dl> <p>다른 광합성 과정은 전자공여체 역할을 하는 물을 다른 화합물(예: 아비산염)로 대체한다. 예를 들어, 일부 미생물은 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%95%84%EB%B9%84%EC%82%B0%EC%97%BC&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="아비산염 (없는 문서)">아비산염</a>(arsenite)을 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%B9%84%EC%82%B0%EC%97%BC&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="비산염 (없는 문서)">비산염</a>(arsenate)으로 산화시키기 위해 햇빛을 이용한다.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 이러한 반응식은 다음과 같다. </p> <dl><dd>CO<sub>2</sub> + (AsO<sub>3</sub><sup>3−</sup>) + 광자 → (AsO<sub>4</sub><sup>3−</sup>) + CO (후속 반응에서 다른 화합물을 만드는 데 사용됨)<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18703741_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18703741-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>광합성은 크게 두 단계로 일어난다. 첫 번째 단계는 광의존적 반응으로 빛에너지를 이용하여 에너지 저장 분자인 <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%8D%B0%EB%85%B8%EC%8B%A0_%EC%82%BC%EC%9D%B8%EC%82%B0" title="아데노신 삼인산">ATP</a>와 <a href="/wiki/NADPH" class="mw-redirect" title="NADPH">NADPH</a>를 생성한다. 두 번째 단계는 광비의존적 반응으로 ATP와 NADPH를 사용하여 이산화 탄소를 포도당으로 환원시킨다. </p><p>산소발생 광합성을 사용하는 대부분의 생물은 광의존적 반응에 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B0%80%EC%8B%9C%EA%B4%91%EC%84%A0" title="가시광선">가시광선</a>을 사용하지만, 단파 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%81%EC%99%B8%EC%84%A0" title="적외선">적외선</a>이나 보다 구체적으로 원적외선을 사용하는 생물도 있다.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>일부 생물들은 훨씬 더 극단적인 종류의 광합성을 사용한다. 일부 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EA%B7%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="고균">고균</a>들은 동물에서 시각에 사용하는 것과 비슷한 색소를 이용하는 더 간단한 방법을 사용한다. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%B0%95%ED%85%8C%EB%A6%AC%EC%98%A4%EB%A1%9C%EB%8F%95%EC%8B%A0&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="박테리오로돕신 (없는 문서)">박테리오로돕신</a>은 햇빛에 반응하여 그 구성을 변화시켜서 H<sup>+</sup>(양성자) 펌프로 역할을 한다. 이것은 보다 직접적으로 H<sup>+</sup>(양성자)의 농도 기울기를 형성하고, 이를 다시 <a href="/wiki/%ED%99%94%ED%95%99_%EC%97%90%EB%84%88%EC%A7%80" title="화학 에너지">화학 에너지</a>로 전환한다. 이 과정은 이산화 탄소의 고정을 포함하지 않으며, 산소를 방출하지도 않는 것으로 보아 일반적인 유형의 광합성과는 별도로 진화한 것으로 보인다.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="광합성이_일어나는_막_및_세포소기관"><span id=".EA.B4.91.ED.95.A9.EC.84.B1.EC.9D.B4_.EC.9D.BC.EC.96.B4.EB.82.98.EB.8A.94_.EB.A7.89_.EB.B0.8F_.EC.84.B8.ED.8F.AC.EC.86.8C.EA.B8.B0.EA.B4.80"></span>광합성이 일어나는 막 및 세포소기관</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="부분 편집: 광합성이 일어나는 막 및 세포소기관"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Chloroplast.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Chloroplast.svg/275px-Chloroplast.svg.png" decoding="async" width="275" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Chloroplast.svg/413px-Chloroplast.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Chloroplast.svg/550px-Chloroplast.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1445" data-file-height="732" /></a><figcaption><b>엽록체의 구조</b>:<div><ol><li>외막</li><li>막 사이 공간</li><li>내막</li><li>스트로마</li><li>틸라코이드 내부</li><li>틸라코이드 막</li><li>그라나</li><li>틸라코이드</li><li>녹말</li><li>리보솜</li><li>엽록체 DNA</li><li>플라스토과립 (지질 방울)</li></ol></div> </figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r34311305">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/18px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/27px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/36px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span>&#160;이 부분의 본문은 <a href="/wiki/%EC%97%BD%EB%A1%9D%EC%B2%B4" title="엽록체">엽록체</a> 및 <a href="/wiki/%ED%8B%B8%EB%9D%BC%EC%BD%94%EC%9D%B4%EB%93%9C" title="틸라코이드">틸라코이드</a>입니다.</div> <p>광합성 세균에서 광합성을 위해 빛을 흡수하여 모으는 단백질은 <a href="/wiki/%EC%84%B8%ED%8F%AC%EB%A7%89" title="세포막">세포막</a>에 존재한다. 가장 간단한 형태로, 이것은 세포 자체를 둘러싸는 막을 포함한다.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17055774_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17055774-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 이러한 막은 틸라코이드라고 불리는 원통형 시트로 단단히 접힐 수 있다.<sup id="cite_ref-Mullineaux1999_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mullineaux1999-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid17895378_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17895378-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 이러한 구조들은 세포 내부를 대부분 채울 수 있어서 틸라코이드 막은 매우 넓은 표면적을 갖게 되고, 따라서 세균이 흡수할 수 있는 빛의 양을 증가시킨다.<sup id="cite_ref-Mullineaux1999_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mullineaux1999-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%9D%EB%AC%BC" title="식물">식물</a>과 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EB%A5%98_(%EC%88%98%EC%83%9D_%EC%83%9D%EB%AC%BC)" title="조류 (수생 생물)">조류</a>에서 광합성은 <a href="/wiki/%EC%97%BD%EB%A1%9D%EC%B2%B4" title="엽록체">엽록체</a>라고 불리는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%84%B8%ED%8F%AC%EC%86%8C%EA%B8%B0%EA%B4%80" title="세포소기관">세포소기관</a>에서 일어난다. 전형적인 <a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%9D%EB%AC%BC_%EC%84%B8%ED%8F%AC" title="식물 세포">식물 세포</a>는 약 10~100개의 엽록체를 가지고 있다. 엽록체는 막으로 둘러싸여 있는데, 외막과 내막의 2중막 구조로 되어 있고, 외막과 내막 사이의 공간을 막 사이 공간이라고 한다. 내막으로 둘러싸인 부분은 엽록체의 기질에 해당하는 부위로 스트로마라고 한다. 스트로마에는 광의존성 반응이 일어나는 그라나(틸라코이드가 쌓여 층을 이룬 구조)가 있다. 틸라코이드는 납작한 동전 모양의 구조물이다. 틸라코이드 자체는 틸라코이드 막으로 둘러싸여 있으며, 둘러싸인 내부 공간은 루멘 또는 틸라코이드 내부라고 한다. 틸라코이드 막은 광합성 색소들이 결합된 단백질 복합체인 광계, 전자전달계의 효소들, ATP 생성효소 등이 있어 빛에너지가 화학 에너지로 전환되는 장소이다. </p><p>식물은 주로 <a href="/wiki/%EC%97%BD%EB%A1%9D%EC%86%8C" title="엽록소">엽록소</a>를 사용하여 빛을 흡수한다. 빛 스펙트럼의 녹색 부분은 흡수되지 않고, 반사되기 때문에 대부분의 식물들이 녹색을 띄게 된다. 식물은 엽록소 외에도 <a href="/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EB%A1%9C%ED%8B%B4" title="카로틴">카로틴</a>과 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9E%94%ED%86%A0%ED%95%84" title="잔토필">잔토필</a>과 같은 색소를 사용한다.<sup id="cite_ref-isbn0-13-250882-6_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn0-13-250882-6-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 조류는 또한 엽록소를 사용하지만, <a href="/wiki/%EB%85%B9%EC%A1%B0%EB%A5%98" class="mw-redirect" title="녹조류">녹조류</a>에는 <a href="/wiki/%ED%94%BC%EC%BD%94%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84%EB%8B%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="피코시아닌">피코시아닌</a>, 카로틴, 잔토필, <a href="/wiki/%ED%99%8D%EC%A1%B0%EB%A5%98" class="mw-redirect" title="홍조류">홍조류</a>에는 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%94%BC%EC%BD%94%EC%97%90%EB%A6%AC%ED%8A%B8%EB%A6%B0&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="피코에리트린 (없는 문서)">피코에리트린</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EA%B0%88%EC%A1%B0%EB%A5%98" title="갈조류">갈조류</a>와 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B7%9C%EC%A1%B0%EB%A5%98" class="mw-redirect" title="규조류">규조류</a>에는 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B0%88%EC%A1%B0%EC%86%8C" title="갈조소">갈조소</a>(푸코잔틴) 등 다양한 색소가 존재한다. </p><p>식물과 조류에서 이러한 색소들은 안테나 단백질이라고 불리는 단백질 복합체 형태로 결합되어 있다. 그러한 복합체에서는 색소가 단백질과 함께 작용하도록 배열되어 있다. 이러한 단백질들의 복합체를 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B4%91%EC%88%98%EC%A7%91_%EB%B3%B5%ED%95%A9%EC%B2%B4" title="광수집 복합체">광수집 복합체</a>라고도 한다.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>식물의 녹색 부분에 있는 모든 세포가 엽록체를 가지고 있지만 엽록체의 대다수는 주로 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9E%8E" title="잎">잎</a>에서 발견된다. 대극속(<i>Euphorbia</i>) 식물과 <a href="/wiki/%EC%84%A0%EC%9D%B8%EC%9E%A5" title="선인장">선인장</a>과 같이 강한 햇빛과 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B1%B4%EC%A1%B0_%EA%B8%B0%ED%9B%84" title="건조 기후">건조한 조건</a>에 적응한 생물종들은 줄기에 광합성 세포소기관을 가지고 있다. 엽육이라고 불리는 잎의 유조직에 있는 세포는 잎의 1mm<sup>2</sup> 당 450,000~800,000개의 엽록체를 포함할 수 있다. 잎의 표면은 과도한 수분 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A6%9D%EB%B0%9C" title="증발">증발</a>로부터 잎을 보호하고 잎의 온도 상승을 줄이기 위해 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EC%99%B8%EC%84%A0" title="자외선">자외선</a>이나 청색광의 흡수를 감소시키는 방수성 <a href="/wiki/%EC%99%81%EC%8A%A4" title="왁스">왁스</a> 큐티클로 코팅되어 있다. 투명한 표피층은 광합성의 대부분이 일어나는 엽육세포로 빛을 통과시킨다. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="광의존적_반응"><span id=".EA.B4.91.EC.9D.98.EC.A1.B4.EC.A0.81_.EB.B0.98.EC.9D.91"></span>광의존적 반응</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="부분 편집: 광의존적 반응"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Thylakoid_membrane_3.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Thylakoid_membrane_3.svg/450px-Thylakoid_membrane_3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Thylakoid_membrane_3.svg/675px-Thylakoid_membrane_3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Thylakoid_membrane_3.svg/900px-Thylakoid_membrane_3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="906" data-file-height="517" /></a><figcaption>틸라코이드 막에서 일어나는 광합성의 광의존적 반응</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r34311305"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/18px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/27px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/36px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span>&#160;이 부분의 본문은 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B4%91%EC%9D%98%EC%A1%B4%EC%A0%81_%EB%B0%98%EC%9D%91" class="mw-redirect" title="광의존적 반응">광의존적 반응</a>입니다.</div> <p><a href="/wiki/%EA%B4%91%EC%9D%98%EC%A1%B4%EC%A0%81_%EB%B0%98%EC%9D%91" class="mw-redirect" title="광의존적 반응">광의존적 반응</a>(또는 명반응)에서 <a href="/wiki/%EC%97%BD%EB%A1%9D%EC%86%8C" title="엽록소">엽록소</a> 한 분자는 하나의 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B4%91%EC%9E%90" title="광자">광자</a>를 흡수하고 하나의 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90" title="전자">전자</a>를 방출한다. 이 전자는 <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%98%EC%98%A4%ED%94%BC%ED%8B%B4" title="페오피틴">페오피틴</a>이라고 불리는 변형된 형태의 엽록소로 전달되고, 이어서 전자를 <a href="/wiki/%ED%94%8C%EB%9D%BC%EC%8A%A4%ED%86%A0%ED%80%B4%EB%85%BC" title="플라스토퀴논">플라스토퀴논</a>으로 전달하는 일련의 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90%EC%A0%84%EB%8B%AC%EA%B3%84" title="전자전달계">전자전달계</a>를 따라 전자의 흐름을 시작하는데 전자는 최종적으로 NADP<sup>+</sup>에 전달되어 <a href="/wiki/NADPH" class="mw-redirect" title="NADPH">NADPH</a>가 생성된다. 또한, 전자전달계는 고에너지 전자의 에너지를 이용해 틸라코이드 막을 경계로 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EA%B8%B0%ED%99%94%ED%95%99%EC%A0%81_%EA%B8%B0%EC%9A%B8%EA%B8%B0" title="전기화학적 기울기">H<sup>+</sup>(양성자)의 농도 기울기</a>를 형성하고, 이를 이용해서 <a href="/wiki/ATP_%EC%83%9D%EC%84%B1%ED%9A%A8%EC%86%8C" title="ATP 생성효소">ATP 생성효소</a>를 통해 <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%8D%B0%EB%85%B8%EC%8B%A0_%EC%82%BC%EC%9D%B8%EC%82%B0" title="아데노신 삼인산">ATP</a>를 생성한다. 물의 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B4%91%EB%B6%84%ED%95%B4" title="광분해">광분해</a>라고 불리는 과정에서 물(H<sub>2</sub>O)에서 방출된 전자는 광계 II의 반응 중심 색소(P<sub>680</sub>)를 환원시키므로 물은 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90%EA%B3%B5%EC%97%AC%EC%B2%B4" title="전자공여체">전자공여체</a>로 역할을 하며, 이 과정에서 부산물로 산소(O<sub>2</sub>)가 방출된다. </p><p>녹색 식물에서 비순환적 전자 흐름 조건 하에서 광의존적 반응에 대한 전체 반응식은 다음과 같다.<sup id="cite_ref-Raven_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raven-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>2 H<sub>2</sub>O + 2 NADP<sup>+</sup> + 3 ADP + 3 P<sub>i</sub> + 빛 → 2 NADPH + 2 H<sup>+</sup> + 3 ATP + O<sub>2</sub></dd></dl> <p>모든 <a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9E%A5" title="파장">파장</a>의 빛이 광합성에 사용될 수 있는 것은 아니다. 광합성의 작용 스펙트럼은 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B3%B4%EC%A1%B0_%EC%83%89%EC%86%8C" title="보조 색소">보조 색소</a>의 종류에 따라 달라진다. 예를 들어, 녹색 식물에서 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9E%91%EC%9A%A9_%EC%8A%A4%ED%8E%99%ED%8A%B8%EB%9F%BC" title="작용 스펙트럼">작용 스펙트럼</a>은 청자색광과 적색광에서 흡수 피크를 갖는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%97%BD%EB%A1%9D%EC%86%8C" title="엽록소">엽록소</a> 및 <a href="/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EB%A1%9C%ED%8B%B0%EB%85%B8%EC%9D%B4%EB%93%9C" title="카로티노이드">카로티노이드</a>의 흡수 스펙트럼과 유사하다. 홍조류에서 작용 스펙트럼은 청녹광으로, 홍조류는 육상의 녹색 식물에서 사용되는 적색광(긴 파장)을 걸러내는 깊은 물 속에서 청색광을 사용할 수 있다. <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90%EA%B8%B0_%EC%8A%A4%ED%8E%99%ED%8A%B8%EB%9F%BC" title="전자기 스펙트럼">광 스펙트럼</a>의 비흡수 부분은 광합성에서 주로 사용되지 않으며, 광합성 생물의 색(예: 녹색 식물, 홍조류, 홍색 세균)을 부여한다. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Z_모식도"><span id="Z_.EB.AA.A8.EC.8B.9D.EB.8F.84"></span>Z 모식도</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="부분 편집: Z 모식도"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Z-scheme.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Z-scheme.png/900px-Z-scheme.png" decoding="async" width="900" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Z-scheme.png 1.5x" data-file-width="905" data-file-height="281" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%EA%B4%91%EA%B3%84_II" title="광계 II">광계 II</a>와 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B4%91%EA%B3%84_I" title="광계 I">광계 I</a>을 보여주는 Z 모식도</figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>식물에서 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B4%91%EC%9D%98%EC%A1%B4%EC%A0%81_%EB%B0%98%EC%9D%91" class="mw-redirect" title="광의존적 반응">광의존적 반응</a>은 <a href="/wiki/%EC%97%BD%EB%A1%9D%EC%B2%B4" title="엽록체">엽록체</a>의 <a href="/wiki/%ED%8B%B8%EB%9D%BC%EC%BD%94%EC%9D%B4%EB%93%9C_%EB%A7%89" class="mw-redirect" title="틸라코이드 막">틸라코이드 막</a>에서 일어나며, 빛에너지를 흡수해 <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%8D%B0%EB%85%B8%EC%8B%A0_%EC%82%BC%EC%9D%B8%EC%82%B0" title="아데노신 삼인산">ATP</a>를 합성하고, NADP<sup>+</sup>를 <a href="/wiki/NADPH" class="mw-redirect" title="NADPH">NADPH</a>로 환원시킨다. 광의존적 반응에는 비순환적 광인산화(비순환적 전자 흐름)과 순환적 광인산화(순환적 전자 흐름)가 있다. </p><p>비순환적 광인산화에서 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B4%91%EC%9E%90" title="광자">광자</a>는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%97%BD%EB%A1%9D%EC%86%8C" title="엽록소">엽록소</a>와 다른 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B3%B4%EC%A1%B0_%EC%83%89%EC%86%8C" title="보조 색소">보조 색소</a>에 의해 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B4%91%EA%B3%84_II" title="광계 II">광계 II</a>의 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B4%91%EC%88%98%EC%A7%91_%EB%B3%B5%ED%95%A9%EC%B2%B4" title="광수집 복합체">광수집 복합체</a>에 포획된다. 광수집 복합체에 의한 광자의 흡수는 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B4%91%EC%9C%A0%EB%8F%84_%EC%A0%84%ED%95%98_%EB%B6%84%EB%A6%AC&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="광유도 전하 분리 (없는 문서)">광유도 전하 분리</a>라고 불리는 과정을 통해 전자를 방출한다. 광계 II의 반응 중심 색소인 P<sub>680</sub>은 한 쌍의 엽록소 a이며, 다른 광합성 색소로부터 에너지를 전달받아 고에너지 전자를 방출한다. 방출된 전자는 광계 II의 1차 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90%EC%88%98%EC%9A%A9%EC%B2%B4" title="전자수용체">전자수용체</a>인 페오피틴으로 전달된다. 전자가 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90%EC%A0%84%EB%8B%AC%EA%B3%84" title="전자전달계">전자전달계</a>(그림으로 표시된 소위 Z 모식도)를 통해 이동하면서 방출되는 에너지를 이용해서 H<sup>+</sup>(양성자)를 스트로마에서 틸라코이드 내부로 <a href="/wiki/%EB%8A%A5%EB%8F%99%EC%88%98%EC%86%A1" title="능동수송">능동수송</a>하여 틸라코이드 막을 경계로 H<sup>+</sup>(양성자)의 농도 기울기가 형성된다. <a href="/wiki/ATP_%EC%83%9D%EC%84%B1%ED%9A%A8%EC%86%8C" title="ATP 생성효소">ATP 생성효소</a>는 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B4%91%EC%9D%B8%EC%82%B0%ED%99%94" title="광인산화">광인산화</a> 과정에서 <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%8D%B0%EB%85%B8%EC%8B%A0_%EC%82%BC%EC%9D%B8%EC%82%B0" title="아데노신 삼인산">ATP</a>를 생성하기 위해 H<sup>+</sup>(양성자)의 농도 기울기를 사용하는 반면, NADPH는 비순환적 전자 흐름에서 최종적인 <a href="/wiki/%EC%82%B0%ED%99%94%ED%99%98%EC%9B%90%EB%B0%98%EC%9D%91" class="mw-redirect" title="산화환원반응">산화환원반응</a>의 산물이다. 전자는 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B4%91%EA%B3%84_I" title="광계 I">광계 I</a>의 엽록소 분자로 전달된다. 전달된 전자는 광계 I 에 의해 흡수된 빛에너지에 의해 더 들뜨게 된다. 그런 다음 전자는 전자전달계를 통해 전달되는 과정에서 에너지를 방출한다. 전자전달계를 통해 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90%EC%88%98%EC%9A%A9%EC%B2%B4" title="전자수용체">전자수용체</a>로 전달되는 에너지는 <a href="/wiki/%ED%8B%B8%EB%9D%BC%EC%BD%94%EC%9D%B4%EB%93%9C" title="틸라코이드">틸라코이드 막</a>을 가로질러 스트로마에서 틸라코이드 내부로 H<sup>+</sup>(양성자)를 능동수송 시키는데 사용된다. 전자는 최종 전자수용체인 NADP<sup>+</sup>로 전달되어 NADPH를 생성하고, 생성된 NADPH는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%BA%98%EB%B9%88_%ED%9A%8C%EB%A1%9C" title="캘빈 회로">캘빈 회로</a>에서 사용된다. </p><p>순환적 광인산화는 비순환적 광인산화와 유사하지만 ATP만 생성하고 NADPH는 생성하지 않는다는 점이 다르다. 순환적 광인산화는 광계 I 만 관여한다. 광계 I 이 빛을 흡수한 후 P<sub>700</sub>에서 방출된 고에너지 전자가 NADP<sup>+</sup>에 전달되지 않고 전자전달계를 거친 후 다시 P<sub>700</sub>으로 되돌아오기 때문에 순환적 광인산화라는 이름이 붙여졌다. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="물의_광분해"><span id=".EB.AC.BC.EC.9D.98_.EA.B4.91.EB.B6.84.ED.95.B4"></span>물의 광분해</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="부분 편집: 물의 광분해"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r34311305"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/18px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/27px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/36px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span>&#160;이 부분의 본문은 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B4%91%EB%B6%84%ED%95%B4" title="광분해">광분해</a> 및 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%82%B0%EC%86%8C_%EB%B0%9C%EC%83%9D&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="산소 발생 (없는 문서)">산소 발생</a>입니다.</div> <p>광계를 통한 비순환적 전자 흐름은 광계의 반응 중심을 산화시킨다. 다른 전자를 방출시키려면 먼저 산화된 반응 중심을 다시 환원시켜야 한다. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B4%91%EA%B3%84_I" title="광계 I">광계 I</a>의 반응 중심(P<sub>700</sub>)으로부터 방출된 고에너지 전자는 <a href="/wiki/%ED%94%8C%EB%9D%BC%EC%8A%A4%ED%86%A0%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84%EB%8B%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="플라스토시아닌">플라스토시아닌</a>으로부터 전달되는 전자로 대체되는데, 이 전자는 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B4%91%EA%B3%84_II" title="광계 II">광계 II</a>를 통한 전자전달로부터 나온다. 비순환적 전자 흐름의 첫 번째 단계인 광계 II는 산화된 반응 중심 색소(엽록소 a)인 P<sub>680</sub>을 환원시키기 위해 외부 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90%EA%B3%B5%EC%97%AC%EC%B2%B4" title="전자공여체">전자공여체</a>를 필요로 한다. 녹색 식물과 남세균에서 광합성을 위한 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90%EA%B3%B5%EC%97%AC%EC%B2%B4" title="전자공여체">전자의 공급원</a>은 물이다. 2개의 물 분자는 광계 II 에 의한 4번의 연속적인 전하 분리 반응에 의해 산화되어 1개의 산소 분자(O<sub>2</sub>)와 4개의 수소 이온(H<sup>+</sup>)과 4개의 전자(e<sup>−</sup>)를 생성한다. 생성된 전자는 산화 환원 활성을 가지는 <a href="/wiki/%ED%8B%B0%EB%A1%9C%EC%8B%A0" class="mw-disambig" title="티로신">티로신</a> <a href="/wiki/%EC%9E%94%EA%B8%B0" title="잔기">잔기</a>로 전달되어 산화된 P<sub>680</sub>을 환원시킨다. 이것은 P<sub>680</sub>이 다른 광자를 흡수하고 또 다른 광분해 전자를 방출하는 능력을 재설정한다. 물의 산화는 4개의 <a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%9D%EA%B0%80%EB%8B%88%EC%A6%88" title="망가니즈">망가니즈</a> 이온과 1개의 칼슘 이온을 포함하는 산화환원 활성 구조에 의해 광계 II에서 <a href="/wiki/%EC%B4%89%EB%A7%A4" title="촉매">촉매</a>된다. 이러한 <a href="/wiki/%EC%82%B0%EC%86%8C%EB%B0%9C%EC%83%9D_%EB%B3%B5%ED%95%A9%EC%B2%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="산소발생 복합체">산소발생 복합체</a>는 2개의 물 분자와 결합하고 물의 산화 반응을 일으키는데 사용되는 4개의 단계로 구성된 산화 상태를 포함한다.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 광계 II는 물의 산화를 수행하는 유일한 생물학적 <a href="/wiki/%ED%9A%A8%EC%86%8C" title="효소">효소</a>로 알려져 있다. 물의 광분해에서 형성된 수소 이온(H<sup>+</sup>)은 틸라코이드 내부로 방출되며, 따라서 틸라코이드 막을 경계로 수소 이온(H<sup>+</sup>)의 농도 기울기가 형성되고, 이러한 화학삼투적 위치 에너지를 이용해서 ATP를 합성한다. 산소는 광의존적 반응의 부산물이지만, 광합성 생물을 포함한 지구 상의 많은 생물들은 <a href="/wiki/%EC%84%B8%ED%8F%AC_%ED%98%B8%ED%9D%A1" title="세포 호흡">세포 호흡</a>에 산소를 사용한다.<sup id="cite_ref-VK_Yachandra_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VK_Yachandra-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid18250316_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18250316-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="광비의존적_반응"><span id=".EA.B4.91.EB.B9.84.EC.9D.98.EC.A1.B4.EC.A0.81_.EB.B0.98.EC.9D.91"></span>광비의존적 반응</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="부분 편집: 광비의존적 반응"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="캘빈_회로"><span id=".EC.BA.98.EB.B9.88_.ED.9A.8C.EB.A1.9C"></span>캘빈 회로</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="부분 편집: 캘빈 회로"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r34311305"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/18px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/27px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/36px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span>&#160;이 부분의 본문은 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B4%91%EB%B9%84%EC%9D%98%EC%A1%B4%EC%A0%81_%EB%B0%98%EC%9D%91" class="mw-redirect" title="광비의존적 반응">광비의존적 반응</a> 및 <a href="/wiki/%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C_%EA%B3%A0%EC%A0%95" title="탄소 고정">탄소 고정</a>입니다.</div> <p><a href="/wiki/%EA%B4%91%EB%B9%84%EC%9D%98%EC%A1%B4%EC%A0%81_%EB%B0%98%EC%9D%91" class="mw-redirect" title="광비의존적 반응">광비의존적 반응</a>(또는 암반응)은 엽록체의 스트로마에서 일어나며, <a href="/wiki/%EA%B4%91%EC%9D%98%EC%A1%B4%EC%A0%81_%EB%B0%98%EC%9D%91" class="mw-redirect" title="광의존적 반응">광의존적 반응</a>(또는 명반응)의 산물인 <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%8D%B0%EB%85%B8%EC%8B%A0_%EC%82%BC%EC%9D%B8%EC%82%B0" title="아데노신 삼인산">ATP</a>, <a href="/wiki/NADPH" class="mw-redirect" title="NADPH">NADPH</a>를 이용하여 <a href="/wiki/CO2" class="mw-redirect" title="CO2">CO<sub>2</sub></a>로부터 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%80%EB%A6%AC%EC%84%B8%EB%A5%B4%EC%95%8C%EB%8D%B0%ED%95%98%EC%9D%B4%EB%93%9C_3-%EC%9D%B8%EC%82%B0" title="글리세르알데하이드 3-인산">글리세르알데하이드 3-인산</a>(G3P)을 합성하는 과정이다. 글리세르알데하이드 3-인산 2분자는 일련의 과정을 거쳐 포도당으로 합성된다. 녹색 식물에서 광비의존적 반응에 대한 전체 반응식은 다음과 같다.<sup id="cite_ref-Raven_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raven-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>3 CO<sub>2</sub> + 9 ATP + 6 NADPH + 6 H<sup>+</sup> → 글리세르알데하이드 3-인산(G3P) + 9 ADP + 8 P<sub>i</sub> + 6 NADP<sup>+</sup> + 3 H<sub>2</sub>O</dd></dl> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Calvin-cycle4.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Calvin-cycle4.svg/400px-Calvin-cycle4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="366" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Calvin-cycle4.svg/600px-Calvin-cycle4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Calvin-cycle4.svg/800px-Calvin-cycle4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="469" /></a><figcaption>캘빈 회로 및 탄소 고정의 개요</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C_%EA%B3%A0%EC%A0%95" title="탄소 고정">탄소 고정</a> 과정에서 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%82%B0%ED%99%94_%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C" title="이산화 탄소">이산화 탄소</a>(CO<sub>2</sub>)가 <a href="/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%EB%B6%88%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4_1,5-%EC%9D%B4%EC%A4%91%EC%9D%B8%EC%82%B0" title="리불로스 1,5-이중인산">리불로스 1,5-이중인산</a>(RuBP)와 반응한 후 둘로 나누어져 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EA%B0%84%EC%83%9D%EC%84%B1%EB%AC%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="중간생성물">중간생성물</a>인 <a href="/wiki/3-%ED%8F%AC%EC%8A%A4%ED%8F%AC%EA%B8%80%EB%A6%AC%EC%84%B8%EB%A5%B4%EC%82%B0" title="3-포스포글리세르산">3-포스포글리세르산</a>(3PG)이 생성되며, 이 과정에서 <a href="/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%EB%B6%88%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4_1,5-%EC%9D%B4%EC%A4%91%EC%9D%B8%EC%82%B0_%EC%B9%B4%EB%B3%B5%EC%8B%A4%ED%99%94%ED%9A%A8%EC%86%8C/%EC%82%B0%EC%86%8C%ED%99%94%ED%9A%A8%EC%86%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="리불로스 1,5-이중인산 카복실화효소/산소화효소">리불로스 1,5-이중인산 카복실화효소/산소화효소</a>(루비스코)가 관여한다. 생성된 3-포스포글리세르산은 캘빈 회로를 거쳐 탄수화물로 최종적으로 전환된다. 광합성에 의해 생성된 <a href="/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EB%8F%84%EB%8B%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="포도당">포도당</a>은 세포벽의 구성 성분인 <a href="/wiki/%EC%85%80%EB%A3%B0%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4" title="셀룰로스">셀룰로스</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EC%A7%88_(%EC%83%9D%EB%AC%BC%ED%95%99)" title="지질 (생물학)">지질</a> 및 <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%AF%B8%EB%85%B8%EC%82%B0" title="아미노산">아미노산</a> 생합성을 위한 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EA%B5%AC%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88" class="mw-redirect" title="전구물질">전구물질</a>과 같은 다른 유기 화합물의 형성에 사용되거나 <a href="/wiki/%EC%84%B8%ED%8F%AC_%ED%98%B8%ED%9D%A1" title="세포 호흡">세포 호흡</a>의 연료로 사용된다. 세포 호흡의 연료로 사용하는 것은 식물에서 뿐만 아니라 식물이 가지고 있는 에너지를 <a href="/wiki/%EB%A8%B9%EC%9D%B4_%EC%82%AC%EC%8A%AC" title="먹이 사슬">먹이 사슬</a>을 통해 섭취한 <a href="/wiki/%EB%8F%99%EB%AC%BC" title="동물">동물</a>에서도 일어난다. </p><p>탄소 고정을 통해 이산화 탄소는 5탄당 인산인 리불로스 1,5-이중인산과 결합하여 3탄소 화합물인 3-포스포글리세르산을 생성한다. 3-포스포글리세르산은 광의존적 반응에서 생성된 <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%8D%B0%EB%85%B8%EC%8B%A0_%EC%82%BC%EC%9D%B8%EC%82%B0" title="아데노신 삼인산">ATP</a>와 <a href="/wiki/NADPH" class="mw-redirect" title="NADPH">NADPH</a>의 존재 하에 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%80%EB%A6%AC%EC%84%B8%EB%A5%B4%EC%95%8C%EB%8D%B0%ED%95%98%EC%9D%B4%EB%93%9C_3-%EC%9D%B8%EC%82%B0" title="글리세르알데하이드 3-인산">글리세르알데하이드 3-인산</a>(G3P)으로 환원된다. 글리세르알데하이드 3-인산은 보다 일반적으로 삼탄당 인산이라고도 한다. 생성된 글리세르알데하이드 3-인산의 대부분(6분자 중 5분자)은 리불로스 1,5-이중인산을 재생하는데 사용되어 캘빈 회로가 계속 진행될 수 있도록 한다. 따라서 캘빈 회로에서 방출되는 삼탄당 인산은 서로 축합되어 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%A1%ED%83%84%EB%8B%B9" title="육탄당">육탄당</a> 인산을 형성하는데, 이들은 궁극적으로 <a href="/wiki/%EC%88%98%ED%81%AC%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4" title="수크로스">수크로스</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EB%85%B9%EB%A7%90" title="녹말">녹말</a>, 셀룰로스를 생성하는데 사용된다. 캘빈 회로를 통해 생성된 당은 아미노산과 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EC%A7%88_(%EC%83%9D%EB%AC%BC%ED%95%99)" title="지질 (생물학)">지질</a>의 생성과 같은 다른 <a href="/wiki/%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88%EB%8C%80%EC%82%AC" title="물질대사">대사</a> 반응에 사용될 수 있는 탄소 골격을 생성한다. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="탄소_농축_메커니즘"><span id=".ED.83.84.EC.86.8C_.EB.86.8D.EC.B6.95_.EB.A9.94.EC.BB.A4.EB.8B.88.EC.A6.98"></span>탄소 농축 메커니즘</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="부분 편집: 탄소 농축 메커니즘"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="육상에서"><span id=".EC.9C.A1.EC.83.81.EC.97.90.EC.84.9C"></span>육상에서</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="부분 편집: 육상에서"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:HatchSlackpathway2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/HatchSlackpathway2.svg/400px-HatchSlackpathway2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="550" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/HatchSlackpathway2.svg/600px-HatchSlackpathway2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/HatchSlackpathway2.svg/800px-HatchSlackpathway2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="705" data-file-height="970" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/C4_%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C_%EA%B3%A0%EC%A0%95" class="mw-redirect" title="C4 탄소 고정">C<sub>4</sub> 탄소 고정</a>의 개요</figcaption></figure> <p>고온 건조한 환경에서 식물은 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%EA%B3%B5_(%EC%8B%9D%EB%AC%BC%ED%95%99)" title="기공 (식물학)">기공</a>을 닫아서 수분의 손실을 막는다. 이러한 조건 하에서는 이산화 탄소(CO<sub>2</sub>)의 농도가 감소하고, 광합성의 명반응에 의해 생성된 산소(O<sub>2</sub>)의 농도가 증가하여, <a href="/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%EB%B6%88%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4_1,5-%EC%9D%B4%EC%A4%91%EC%9D%B8%EC%82%B0_%EC%B9%B4%EB%B3%B5%EC%8B%A4%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4/%EC%98%A5%EC%8B%9C%EC%A0%9C%EB%84%A4%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="리불로스 1,5-이중인산 카복실레이스/옥시제네이스">리불로스 1,5-이중인산 카복실레이스/옥시제네이스</a>의 <a href="/wiki/%EC%98%A5%EC%8B%9C%EC%A0%9C%EB%84%A4%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="옥시제네이스">옥시제네이스</a> 활성에 의한 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B4%91%ED%98%B8%ED%9D%A1" title="광호흡">광호흡</a>의 증가를 야기하고, 탄소 고정의 감소를 일으킨다. 일부 식물은 이러한 조건 하에서 잎의 CO<sub>2</sub> 농도를 증가시키는 메커니즘을 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A7%84%ED%99%94" title="진화">진화</a>시켜 왔다.<sup id="cite_ref-williamsjohnston_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-williamsjohnston-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r34311305"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/18px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/27px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/36px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span>&#160;이 부분의 본문은 <a href="/wiki/C4_%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C_%EA%B3%A0%EC%A0%95" class="mw-redirect" title="C4 탄소 고정">C4 탄소 고정</a>입니다.</div> <p><a href="/wiki/C4_%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C_%EA%B3%A0%EC%A0%95" class="mw-redirect" title="C4 탄소 고정">C<sub>4</sub> 탄소 고정</a> 과정을 사용하는 식물들은 엽육 세포에 존재하는 <a href="/w/index.php?title=PEP_%EC%B9%B4%EB%B3%B5%EC%8B%A4%ED%99%94%ED%9A%A8%EC%86%8C&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="PEP 카복실화효소 (없는 문서)">PEP 카복실화효소</a>에 의해 CO<sub>2</sub>를 <a href="/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EC%8A%A4%ED%8F%AC%EC%97%94%EC%98%AC%ED%94%BC%EB%A3%A8%EB%B8%8C%EC%82%B0" title="포스포엔올피루브산">포스포엔올피루브산</a>(PEP)에 첨가하여 4탄소 화합물인 <a href="/wiki/%EC%98%A5%EC%82%B4%EC%95%84%EC%84%B8%ED%8A%B8%EC%82%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="옥살아세트산">옥살아세트산</a>을 생성한다. 이 과정에서 합성된 옥살아세트산이나 <a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%90%EC%82%B0" title="말산">말산</a>은 이 후에 루비스코와 다른 캘빈 회로의 효소가 위치한 유관속초 세포로 옮겨지고, 4탄소 유기산의 <a href="/wiki/%ED%83%88%EC%B9%B4%EB%B3%B5%EC%8B%A4%ED%99%94" title="탈카복실화">탈카복실화</a>에 의해 방출된 CO<sub>2</sub>는 <a href="/wiki/%EB%A3%A8%EB%B9%84%EC%8A%A4%EC%BD%94" title="루비스코">루비스코</a>에 의해 3탄소 화합물인 <a href="/wiki/3-%ED%8F%AC%EC%8A%A4%ED%8F%AC%EA%B8%80%EB%A6%AC%EC%84%B8%EB%A5%B4%EC%82%B0" title="3-포스포글리세르산">3-포스포글리세르산</a>(3PG)으로 고정된다. 산소를 발생시키는 명반응으로부터 루비스코의 공간적인 분리는 광호흡을 저해시키고, CO<sub>2</sub> 고정을 증가시켜 잎의 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1_%EB%8A%A5%EB%A0%A5&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="광합성 능력 (없는 문서)">광합성 능력</a>을 증가시킨다.<sup id="cite_ref-Taiz_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taiz-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/C4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%AC%BC" title="C4 식물">C<sub>4</sub> 식물</a>은 강한 빛과 온도가 높은 조건에서 <a href="/wiki/C3_%EC%8B%9D%EB%AC%BC" title="C3 식물">C<sub>3</sub> 식물</a>보다 많은 당을 생산할 수 있다. 많은 중요한 작물들은 <a href="/wiki/%EC%98%A5%EC%88%98%EC%88%98" title="옥수수">옥수수</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%88%98%EC%88%98" title="수수">수수</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%82%AC%ED%83%95%EC%88%98%EC%88%98" title="사탕수수">사탕수수</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%A1%B0_(%EC%8B%9D%EB%AC%BC)" title="조 (식물)">조</a>를 포함한 C<sub>4</sub> 식물들이다. 탄소 고정에 PEP 카복실화효소를 사용하지 않는 식물은 C<sub>3</sub> 식물이라고 불리며, 이는 루비스코에 의해 촉매되는 1차 카복실화 반응이 <a href="/wiki/%EC%BA%98%EB%B9%88_%ED%9A%8C%EB%A1%9C" title="캘빈 회로">캘빈 회로</a>에서 3탄소 화합물인 3-포스포글리세르산을 직접 생성하기 때문이다. 식물의 90% 이상이 C<sub>3</sub> 탄소 고정을 사용하는 반면, 식물의 3% 만이 C<sub>4</sub> 탄소 고정을 사용한다.<sup id="cite_ref-sage_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sage-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 그러나 60가지가 넘는 식물 계통에서 C<sub>4</sub> 탄소 고정의 진화는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%88%98%EB%A0%B4_%EC%A7%84%ED%99%94" title="수렴 진화">수렴 진화</a>의 두드러진 예라고 볼 수 있다.<sup id="cite_ref-williamsjohnston_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-williamsjohnston-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r34311305"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/18px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/27px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/36px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span>&#160;이 부분의 본문은 <a href="/wiki/CAM_%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="CAM 광합성">CAM 광합성</a>입니다.</div> <p><a href="/wiki/%EC%84%A0%EC%9D%B8%EC%9E%A5" title="선인장">선인장</a>과 대부분의 <a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%A4%EC%9C%A1%EC%8B%9D%EB%AC%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="다육식물">다육식물</a>과 같은 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B1%B4%EC%83%9D%EC%8B%9D%EB%AC%BC" title="건생식물">건생식물</a>은 또한 CAM(Crassulacean acid metabolism)이라고 불리는 과정에서 이산화 탄소를 포획하기 위해 PEP 카복실레이스를 사용한다. <a href="/wiki/C4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%AC%BC" title="C4 식물">C<sub>4</sub> 식물</a>은 포스포엔올피루브산(PEP)로의 CO<sub>2</sub> 고정과 캘빈 회로를 공간적으로 분리하는 반면, <a href="/wiki/CAM_%EC%8B%9D%EB%AC%BC" title="CAM 식물">CAM 식물</a>은 CO<sub>2</sub> 고정과 캘빈 회로를 시간적으로 분리한다. CAM 식물은 <a href="/wiki/C3_%EC%8B%9D%EB%AC%BC" title="C3 식물">C<sub>3</sub> 식물</a>과는 다른 잎의 해부학적 구조를 가지고 있으며, 기공이 열려 있는 밤에 CO<sub>2</sub>를 고정시킨다. CAM 식물은 말산의 형태로 CO<sub>2</sub>의 대부분을 저장하는데, <a href="/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EC%8A%A4%ED%8F%AC%EC%97%94%EC%98%AC%ED%94%BC%EB%A3%A8%EB%B8%8C%EC%82%B0" title="포스포엔올피루브산">포스포엔올피루브산</a>(PEP)을 <a href="/wiki/%EC%98%A5%EC%82%B4%EC%95%84%EC%84%B8%ED%8A%B8%EC%82%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="옥살아세트산">옥살아세트산</a>으로 카복실화한 다음, <a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%90%EC%82%B0" title="말산">말산</a>으로 환원한다. 낮에 말산의 탈카복실화는 잎의 내부로 CO<sub>2</sub>를 방출시키며, 루비스코에 의해 3-포스포글리세르산으로 탄소 고정이 일어나도록 한다. 16,000 종의 식물이 CAM 광합성을 사용한다.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid11886877_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11886877-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="물에서"><span id=".EB.AC.BC.EC.97.90.EC.84.9C"></span>물에서</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="부분 편집: 물에서"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%EB%82%A8%EC%84%B8%EA%B7%A0" title="남세균">남세균</a>은 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%B9%B4%EB%B3%B5%EC%8B%9C%EC%A2%80&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="카복시좀 (없는 문서)">카복시좀</a>을 가지고 있어서, 광합성의 속도를 높이기 위해 루비스코 주변의 CO<sub>2</sub> 농도를 증가시킬 수 있다. 카복시좀 내에 위치한 <a href="/wiki/%ED%83%84%EC%82%B0%EB%AC%B4%EC%88%98%ED%99%94%ED%9A%A8%EC%86%8C" title="탄산무수화효소">탄산무수화효소</a>는 용해된 탄산수소이온(HCO<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:85%;text-align:left">−<br />3</span>)으로부터 CO<sub>2</sub>를 방출시킨다. CO<sub>2</sub>가 밖으로 확산되기 전에 CO<sub>2</sub>는 카복시좀 내에 집중되어 있는 루비스코에 의해 빠르게 흡수된다. 탄산수소이온(HCO<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:85%;text-align:left">−<br />3</span>)은 또 다른 탄산무수화효소에 의해 세포 외부의 CO<sub>2</sub>로부터 만들어지며, 막 단백질에 의해 세포 내로 능동수송된다. 탄산수소이온(HCO<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:85%;text-align:left">−<br />3</span>)은 하전된 상태로는 막을 통과할 수 없으며, 세포기질 내에서 탄산무수화효소의 도움없이 매우 천천히 CO<sub>2</sub>로 되돌아간다. 이로 인해 탄산수소이온(HCO<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:85%;text-align:left">−<br />3</span>)이 세포 내에 축적되어 카복시좀으로 확산된다.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 또한, <a href="/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EB%A5%98_(%EC%88%98%EC%83%9D_%EC%83%9D%EB%AC%BC)" title="조류 (수생 생물)">조류</a>와 <a href="/wiki/%EB%BF%94%EC%9D%B4%EB%81%BC%EB%A5%98" title="뿔이끼류">뿔이끼류</a>의 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%94%BC%EB%A0%88%EB%85%B8%EC%9D%B4%EB%93%9C&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="피레노이드 (없는 문서)">피레노이드</a>는 루비스코 주변에 CO<sub>2</sub>를 집중시키는 역할을 한다.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="반응_순서_및_속도론"><span id=".EB.B0.98.EC.9D.91_.EC.88.9C.EC.84.9C_.EB.B0.8F_.EC.86.8D.EB.8F.84.EB.A1.A0"></span>반응 순서 및 속도론</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="부분 편집: 반응 순서 및 속도론"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>광합성의 전체적인 과정은 다음의 네 단계로 일어난다.<sup id="cite_ref-ps_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ps-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>단계</th> <th>설명</th> <th>시간 단위 </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>안테나 엽록소에서 에너지 전달 (틸라코이드 막)</td> <td>10<sup>-15</sup>초 ~ 10<sup>-12</sup>초 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>광화학 반응에서 전자전달 (틸라코이드 막)</td> <td>10<sup>-12</sup>초 ~ 10<sup>-9</sup>초 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>전자전달계 및 ATP 합성 (틸라코이드 막)</td> <td>10<sup>-6</sup>초 ~ 10<sup>-3</sup>초 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>탄소 고정 및 안정적인 생성물의 유출</td> <td>10<sup>-3</sup>초 ~ 1초 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="광합성의_생체에너지학"><span id=".EA.B4.91.ED.95.A9.EC.84.B1.EC.9D.98_.EC.83.9D.EC.B2.B4.EC.97.90.EB.84.88.EC.A7.80.ED.95.99"></span>광합성의 생체에너지학</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="부분 편집: 광합성의 생체에너지학"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>광합성은 <a href="/wiki/%ED%83%9C%EC%96%91_%EC%97%90%EB%84%88%EC%A7%80" title="태양 에너지">태양 에너지</a>를 <a href="/wiki/%ED%99%94%ED%95%99_%EC%97%90%EB%84%88%EC%A7%80" title="화학 에너지">화학 에너지</a>로 변환하는 <a href="/wiki/%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88%EB%8C%80%EC%82%AC" title="물질대사">물질대사</a> 과정이다. 물질대사는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99" title="열역학">열역학적</a> 개념인 <a href="/wiki/%EC%97%94%ED%83%88%ED%94%BC" title="엔탈피">엔탈피</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%97%94%ED%8A%B8%EB%A1%9C%ED%94%BC" title="엔트로피">엔트로피</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EC%9C%A0_%EC%97%90%EB%84%88%EC%A7%80" class="mw-disambig" title="자유 에너지">자유 에너지</a>의 변화로 설명할 수 있다. 광합성의 <a href="/wiki/%EC%83%9D%EC%B2%B4%EC%97%90%EB%84%88%EC%A7%80%ED%95%99" title="생체에너지학">생체에너지학</a>은 빛 에너지를 식물이 사용할 수 있는 에너지원으로 전환하는 것을 엔트로피 변화로 설명한다. </p><p><a href="/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EA%B5%AC" title="지구">지구</a>상에는 태양 에너지와 지구 내부 에너지(<a href="/wiki/%ED%99%94%EC%82%B0" title="화산">화산</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%98%A8%EC%B2%9C" title="온천">온천</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EB%B0%A9%EC%82%AC%EC%84%B1_%EB%8F%99%EC%9C%84_%EC%9B%90%EC%86%8C" title="방사성 동위 원소">방사성 동위 원소</a>), 이렇게 두 가지 종류의 자유 에너지원이 있는데 식물은 태양 에너지를 에너지원으로 사용한다. 태양 에너지는 전자기 복사에너지로서 생화학적 반응을 일으키게 하는데 엽록소 a와 같은 광합성 색소가 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B0%80%EC%8B%9C%EA%B4%91%EC%84%A0" title="가시광선">가시광선</a>을 흡수하면 광합성 색소의 전자가 들떠서(전자가 에너지를 가지고 있음) 화학 반응(산화-환원반응)이 일어난다. 빛 에너지는 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%84_(%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99)" class="mw-redirect" title="계 (물리학)">계</a>의 자유 에너지로 표현되며 자유 에너지가 다른 에너지 형태로 변환될 때 완전히 전환되지는 못한다. 이것은 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EC%82%AC%EC%9D%B4%EC%96%B4_%EC%9C%8C%EB%9F%AC%EB%93%9C_%EA%B8%B0%EB%B8%8C%EC%8A%A4" title="조사이어 윌러드 기브스">조사이어 윌러드 기브스</a>의 <a href="/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%84%88%EC%A7%80" title="에너지">에너지</a> 정의인 "자유 에너지의 변화(ΔG)는 계의 엔트로피 변화(ΔS)와 엔탈피(ΔH) 변화와 관련이 있다."(라비노비치)에 근거하며 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%EB%B8%8C%EC%8A%A4_%EC%97%90%EB%84%88%EC%A7%80_%EB%B0%A9%EC%A0%95%EC%8B%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="기브스 에너지 방정식">기브스 에너지 방정식</a>은 다음과 같다. </p> <dl><dd>ΔG = ΔH – TΔS <ul><li>ΔG&#160;: 자유 에너지 변화량</li> <li>ΔS&#160;: 엔트로피 변화량</li> <li>ΔH&#160;: 엔탈피 변화량</li> <li>T&#160;: 온도</li></ul></dd></dl> <p>일반적인 녹색식물의 광합성 과정은 다음과 같은 반응식으로 요약되며 자유 에너지의 변화를 보여 준다. </p> <dl><dd>6CO<sub>2</sub> + 12H<sub>2</sub>O → C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub> + 6O<sub>2</sub> + 6H<sub>2</sub>O, -112 <a href="/wiki/%EC%B9%BC%EB%A1%9C%EB%A6%AC" title="칼로리">kcal</a>/<a href="/wiki/%EB%AA%B0_(%EB%8B%A8%EC%9C%84)" title="몰 (단위)">mol</a></dd></dl> <p>1 mol 당 에너지 변화는 -112 kcal/mol(포도당 1mol 당 -672 kcal/mol)이고 빛의 자유 에너지는 120 kcal/mol이므로 8 kcal/mol 손실은 엔트로피에 의한 것이다. 기브스 방정식을 보면 계의 <a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B4%EC%97%90%EB%84%88%EC%A7%80" title="열에너지">열에너지</a>의 양(열에너지의 양은 계의 온도와 엔트로피의 크기에 의존함)이 적을수록 자유 에너지에서 이용 가능한 에너지인 엔탈피로의 변환이 많은 것을 의미한다(<a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99_%EC%A0%9C2_%EB%B2%95%EC%B9%99" class="mw-redirect" title="열역학 제2 법칙">열역학 제2 법칙</a>). 광합성 또한 엔트로피와 엔탈피의 상호 작용에 의해 에너지 변환이 일어나는 것이다. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="광합성_효율"><span id=".EA.B4.91.ED.95.A9.EC.84.B1_.ED.9A.A8.EC.9C.A8"></span>광합성 효율</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="부분 편집: 광합성 효율"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r34311305"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/18px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/27px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/36px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span>&#160;이 부분의 본문은 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1_%ED%9A%A8%EC%9C%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="광합성 효율 (없는 문서)">광합성 효율</a>입니다.</div> <p>식물은 보통 3~6%의 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1_%ED%9A%A8%EC%9C%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="광합성 효율 (없는 문서)">광합성 효율</a>로 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%9B_%EC%97%90%EB%84%88%EC%A7%80" class="mw-redirect" title="빛 에너지">빛 에너지</a>를 <a href="/wiki/%ED%99%94%ED%95%99_%EC%97%90%EB%84%88%EC%A7%80" title="화학 에너지">화학 에너지</a>로 전환한다.<sup id="cite_ref-url_Chapter_1_–_Biological_energy_production_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-url_Chapter_1_–_Biological_energy_production-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 흡수한 빛 중에서 화학 에너지로 변환되지 않는 것은 주로 열로 방출되며, 소량(1~2%)<sup id="cite_ref-Chlorophyll_fluorescence_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chlorophyll_fluorescence-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>은 더 긴 파장에서 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%97%BD%EB%A1%9D%EC%86%8C_%ED%98%95%EA%B4%91&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="엽록소 형광 (없는 문서)">엽록소 형광</a>으로 재방사된다. 이러한 사실은 엽록소 형광측정기를 사용하여 광합성의 명반응을 측정 가능하게 한다.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>실제 식물의 광합성 효율은 전환되는 빛의 파장, 빛의 세기, 온도, CO<sub>2</sub>의 농도에 따라 다르며 0.1%~8%까지 다양하다.<sup id="cite_ref-urlWhat_is_Photosynthesis_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlWhat_is_Photosynthesis-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 비교해 보면, <a href="/wiki/%ED%83%9C%EC%96%91%EA%B4%91_%EB%AA%A8%EB%93%88" class="mw-redirect" title="태양광 모듈">태양광 모듈</a>은 양산된 모듈의 경우 약 6~20%의 효율로 빛 에너지를 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EA%B8%B0_%EC%97%90%EB%84%88%EC%A7%80" class="mw-redirect" title="전기 에너지">전기 에너지</a>로 변환하고, 실험실 장치에서는 약 40% 이상을 전기 에너지로 변환한다. </p><p><a href="/wiki/%EB%AA%85%EB%B0%98%EC%9D%91" title="명반응">명반응</a>과 <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%94%EB%B0%98%EC%9D%91" class="mw-redirect" title="암반응">암반응</a>의 효율을 둘 다 효율을 측정할 수 있지만, 명반응과 암반응 간의 관계는 복잡할 수 있다.<sup id="cite_ref-Rosenqvist_E._2006_pages_39-78_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosenqvist_E._2006_pages_39-78-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 예를 들어, 명반응에서 생성된 <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%8D%B0%EB%85%B8%EC%8B%A0_%EC%82%BC%EC%9D%B8%EC%82%B0" title="아데노신 삼인산">ATP</a>와 <a href="/wiki/NADPH" class="mw-redirect" title="NADPH">NADPH</a>는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%BA%98%EB%B9%88_%ED%9A%8C%EB%A1%9C" title="캘빈 회로">캘빈 회로</a> 또는 C<sub>3</sub> 식물의 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B4%91%ED%98%B8%ED%9D%A1" title="광호흡">광호흡</a>에 사용될 수 있다.<sup id="cite_ref-Rosenqvist_E._2006_pages_39-78_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosenqvist_E._2006_pages_39-78-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 전자들은 또한 다른 전자 싱크(sink)들로 흐를 수 있다.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid9490760_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid9490760-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 이러한 이유로 광호흡인 조건과 광호흡이 아닌 조건 하에서 수행된 반응을 구분하는 것이 일반적이다.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Baker_N._R._2008_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baker_N._R._2008-45"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>광계 II의 엽록소 형광 측정기로 명반응을 측정할 수 있고, 적외선 가스 분석기로 암반응을 측정할 수 있다.<sup id="cite_ref-Bernacchi_2002_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bernacchi_2002-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 또한 엽록소 형광 측정기와 적외선 가스 분석기를 통합하여 사용하거나 두 개의 개별 시스템을 함께 사용하여 명반응과 암반응을 조사할 수도 있다.<sup id="cite_ref-Ribas-Carbo_2010_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ribas-Carbo_2010-47"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 적외선 가스 분석기와 일부 수분 센서는 신뢰할 수 있는 방법을 사용하여 광합성에 따른 CO<sub>2</sub> 변화와 ΔH<sub>2</sub>O를 측정할 수 있을 정도로 민감하다.<sup id="cite_ref-long2003_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-long2003-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> CO<sub>2</sub>는 일반적으로 μmols/m<sup>2</sup>/s<sup>−1</sup>, ppm(parts per million) 단위로 측정되며, H<sub>2</sub>O는 일반적으로 mmol/m<sup>2</sup>/s<sup>−1</sup> 또는 mbar 단위로 측정된다.<sup id="cite_ref-long2003_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-long2003-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> CO<sub>2</sub>의 동화, ΔH<sub>2</sub>O, 잎의 온도, 기압, 잎의 면적, 광합성 유효복사(PAR)를 측정함으로써 탄소 동화("A"), 증산("E"), 기공 전도도("gs"), 세포 내 CO<sub>2</sub>(또는 Ci)를 추정할 수 있도록 한다.<sup id="cite_ref-long2003_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-long2003-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 가장 일반적으로 사용되는 측정 매개 변수인 FV/FM과 Y(II) 또는 F/FM’을 몇 초 만에 만들 수 있기 때문에 식물 스트레스 측정에 엽록체 형광을 사용하는 것이 더 일반적이며, 보다 더 큰 식물 개체군의 측정을 가능하게 한다.<sup id="cite_ref-Baker_N._R._2008_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baker_N._R._2008-45"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>주변 공기의 위와 아래의 CO<sub>2</sub> 수준을 조절할 수 있는 가스 교환 시스템은 서로 다른 CO<sub>2</sub> 수준에서 탄소 동화(C)/세포 내 CO<sub>2</sub>(Ci) 곡선을 측정하여 식물의 광합성 반응을 특성화한다.<sup id="cite_ref-long2003_48-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-long2003-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>엽록소 형광 측정기와 가스 교환 시스템의 통합은 광합성 반응과 광합성 메커니즘의 보다 정확한 측정을 가능하게 한다.<sup id="cite_ref-Bernacchi_2002_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bernacchi_2002-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ribas-Carbo_2010_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ribas-Carbo_2010-47"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 표준 가스 교환 광합성 시스템은 Ci(세포 내 CO<sub>2</sub>) 또는 기공 아래 공간의 CO<sub>2</sub> 수준을 측정할 수 있지만, 엽록소 형광 측정을 추가하면 Ci를 보다 정확하게 측정한 C<sub>C</sub>로 대체할 수 있다.<sup id="cite_ref-Ribas-Carbo_2010_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ribas-Carbo_2010-47"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 엽록체의 카복실화 부위에서의 CO<sub>2</sub>의 추정 또는 C<sub>C</sub>는 통합된 시스템을 이용한 엽육 전도도 또는 g<sub>m</sub>의 측정으로 가능해진다.<sup id="cite_ref-Bernacchi_2002_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bernacchi_2002-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ribas-Carbo_2010_47-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ribas-Carbo_2010-47"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>광합성 측정 시스템은 잎이 흡수하는 빛의 양을 직접적으로 측정하도록 설계되지 않았다. 그러나 엽록소 형광, P<sub>700</sub> 및 P<sub>515</sub>의 흡광도, 기체 교환 측정의 분석은 광계, 양자 효율 및 CO<sub>2</sub>의 동화 속도에 대한 자세한 정보를 보여준다. 다른 측정 장비로도 광합성 효율의 파장 의존성을 분석할 수 있다.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%96%91%EC%9E%90_%EA%B1%B8%EC%9D%8C&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="양자 걸음 (없는 문서)">양자 걸음</a>으로 알려진 현상은 빛의 에너지 전달 효율을 크게 증가시킨다. <a href="/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EB%A5%98_(%EC%88%98%EC%83%9D_%EC%83%9D%EB%AC%BC)" title="조류 (수생 생물)">조류</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%84%B8%EA%B7%A0" title="세균">세균</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%9D%EB%AC%BC" title="식물">식물</a>의 광합성 세포에는 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B4%91%EA%B3%84" title="광계">광계</a>라고 하는 안테나 모양의 구조로 배열된 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B0%9C%EC%83%89%EB%8B%A8" title="발색단">발색단</a>이라고 불리는 빛에 민감한 분자가 있다. 광자가 발색단에 의해 흡수되면 <a href="/wiki/%EC%97%91%EC%8B%9C%ED%86%A4" title="엑시톤">엑시톤</a>이라고 하는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A4%80%EC%9E%85%EC%9E%90" title="준입자">준입자</a>로 변환되어 발색단에서 발색단으로 전달을 거쳐 광계의 반응 중심으로 전달된다. 광계는 광합성 색소와 <a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%A8%EB%B0%B1%EC%A7%88" title="단백질">단백질</a>로 이루어진 복합체로 <a href="/wiki/%EC%84%B8%ED%8F%AC" title="세포">세포</a>의 <a href="/wiki/%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88%EB%8C%80%EC%82%AC" title="물질대사">물질대사</a>에 접근할 수 있도록 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%9B_%EC%97%90%EB%84%88%EC%A7%80" class="mw-redirect" title="빛 에너지">빛 에너지</a>를 <a href="/wiki/%ED%99%94%ED%95%99_%EC%97%90%EB%84%88%EC%A7%80" title="화학 에너지">화학 에너지</a>의 형태로 변환하는 분자들의 집합이다. 엑시톤의 파동 특성은 넓은 영역을 커버하고 여러 가능한 경로들을 동시에 시험해 볼 수 있게 해서 가능한 최소 시간 안에 대상에 도달할 가능성이 가장 높은 가장 효율적인 경로를 즉각적으로 "선택"할 수 있게 해 준다. 양자 걸음은 양자 현상이 일어나는 것보다 훨씬 높은 온도에서 보통 일어나기 때문에 매우 짧은 거리에서만 가능하다. 이것은 파괴적인 간섭의 형태로 나타나는 장애물 때문이기도 하다. 이러한 장애물들은 입자가 고전적인 "홉(hop)"을 통해 잠긴 위치에서 벗어난 후 다시 입자를 되찾기 전에 잠시 동안 입자의 파동 특성을 잃게 만든다. 따라서 광계의 반응 중심으로 전자의 이동은 일련의 통상적인 홉과 양자 걸음으로 다루어진다.<sup id="cite_ref-urlBBC_News_-_Plants_seen_doing_quantum_physics_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlBBC_News_-_Plants_seen_doing_quantum_physics-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-urlQuantum_Biology:_Better_Living_Through_Quantum_Mechanics_-_The_Nature_of_Reality_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlQuantum_Biology:_Better_Living_Through_Quantum_Mechanics_-_The_Nature_of_Reality-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid23788794_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid23788794-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="광합성의_진화"><span id=".EA.B4.91.ED.95.A9.EC.84.B1.EC.9D.98_.EC.A7.84.ED.99.94"></span>광합성의 진화</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="부분 편집: 광합성의 진화"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r34311305"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/18px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/27px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/36px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span>&#160;이 부분의 본문은 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1%EC%9D%98_%EC%A7%84%ED%99%94&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="광합성의 진화 (없는 문서)">광합성의 진화</a>입니다.</div> <p><a href="/wiki/%EB%85%B9%EC%83%89%ED%99%A9%EC%84%B8%EA%B7%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="녹색황세균">녹색황세균</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%99%8D%EC%83%89%ED%99%A9%EC%84%B8%EA%B7%A0&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="홍색황세균 (없는 문서)">홍색황세균</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EB%85%B9%EC%83%89%EB%B9%84%ED%99%A9%EC%84%B8%EA%B7%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="녹색비황세균">녹색비황세균</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%99%8D%EC%83%89%EB%B9%84%ED%99%A9%EC%84%B8%EA%B7%A0&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="홍색비황세균 (없는 문서)">홍색비황세균</a>과 같은 초기 광합성 생물들은 <a href="/wiki/%EC%82%B0%EC%86%8C_%EB%B9%84%EB%B0%9C%EC%83%9D_%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" title="산소 비발생 광합성">산소 비발생 광합성</a>을 한 것으로 생각되며, <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90%EA%B3%B5%EC%97%AC%EC%B2%B4" title="전자공여체">전자공여체</a>로 물이 아닌 다른 다양한 분자들을 사용했다. 녹색황세균과 홍색황세균은 전자공여체로 <a href="/wiki/%EC%88%98%EC%86%8C" title="수소">수소</a>와 <a href="/wiki/%ED%99%A9" title="황">황</a>을 사용한 것으로 생각된다. 녹색비황세균은 전자공여체로 다양한 <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%AF%B8%EB%85%B8%EC%82%B0" title="아미노산">아미노산</a>들과 다른 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EA%B8%B0%EC%82%B0" title="유기산">유기산</a>들을 사용했다. 홍색비황세균은 전자공여체로 다양한 비특이적 유기 분자들을 사용했다. 이러한 분자들의 사용은 당시에 원시 지구의 대기가 매우 환원성이었다는 지질학적 증거와 일치한다.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>필라멘트 모양의 광합성 생물이라고 생각되는 화석은 34억년 전의 것으로 추정된다.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 2018년 3월에 보고된 보다 최근의 연구는 광합성이 약 34억년 전부터 시작되었을 수도 있음을 시사한다.<sup id="cite_ref-ELSVR-20180306_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ELSVR-20180306-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AST-20180307_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AST-20180307-59"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EA%B5%AC_%EB%8C%80%EA%B8%B0%EA%B6%8C" title="지구 대기권">지구 대기</a>에서 <a href="/wiki/%EC%82%B0%EC%86%8C" title="산소">산소</a>의 주요 공급원은 산소 발생 광합성에서 생성되는 산소이며, 산소의 첫 출현은 종종 <a href="/wiki/%EC%82%B0%EC%86%8C%EB%8C%80%ED%8F%AD%EB%B0%9C_%EC%82%AC%EA%B1%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="산소대폭발 사건">산소대폭발 사건</a>이라고 불린다. 지질학적 증거는 <a href="/wiki/%EB%82%A8%EC%84%B8%EA%B7%A0" title="남세균">남세균</a>과 같은 산소 발생 광합성 생물이 약 20억년 전 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EC%9B%90%EC%83%9D%EB%8C%80" title="고원생대">고원생대</a> 시기에 중요해졌음을 시사한다. 현존하는 식물들과 대부분의 광합성 원핵생물들은 산소 발생 광합성을 한다. 산소 발생 광합성은 물을 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90%EA%B3%B5%EC%97%AC%EC%B2%B4" title="전자공여체">전자공여체</a>로 사용하는데, 물은 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1_%EB%B0%98%EC%9D%91%EC%A4%91%EC%8B%AC" title="광합성 반응중심">광합성 반응중심</a>에서 산소(O<sub>2</sub>)로 <a href="/wiki/%EC%82%B0%ED%99%94" class="mw-redirect" title="산화">산화</a>된다. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="공생과_엽록체의_기원"><span id=".EA.B3.B5.EC.83.9D.EA.B3.BC_.EC.97.BD.EB.A1.9D.EC.B2.B4.EC.9D.98_.EA.B8.B0.EC.9B.90"></span>공생과 엽록체의 기원</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="부분 편집: 공생과 엽록체의 기원"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Plagiomnium_affine_laminazellen.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Plagiomnium_affine_laminazellen.jpeg/150px-Plagiomnium_affine_laminazellen.jpeg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Plagiomnium_affine_laminazellen.jpeg/225px-Plagiomnium_affine_laminazellen.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Plagiomnium_affine_laminazellen.jpeg/300px-Plagiomnium_affine_laminazellen.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>엽록체가 보이는 식물세포(<a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%82%B0%EB%8D%A9%EA%B5%B4%EC%B4%88%EB%A1%B1%EC%9D%B4%EB%81%BC&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="산덩굴초롱이끼 (없는 문서)">산덩굴초롱이끼</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>몇몇 동물들은 광합성 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EB%A5%98_(%EC%88%98%EC%83%9D_%EC%83%9D%EB%AC%BC)" title="조류 (수생 생물)">조류</a>와 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%B5%EC%83%9D" title="공생">공생</a> 관계를 형성했다. 이들은 <a href="/wiki/%EC%82%B0%ED%98%B8" title="산호">산호</a>, <a href="/wiki/%ED%95%B4%EB%A9%B4%EB%8F%99%EB%AC%BC" title="해면동물">해면동물</a> 및 <a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%90%EB%AF%B8%EC%9E%98" title="말미잘">말미잘</a>에서 가장 흔하다. 이것은 특히 이들 동물들의 단순한 신체 구조와 부피 대 비가 넓은 표면적 때문인 것으로 추측된다.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 또한 해양 <a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B0%EC%B2%B4%EB%8F%99%EB%AC%BC" title="연체동물">연체동물</a>인 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%97%98%EB%A6%AC%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84_%EB%B9%84%EB%A6%AC%EB%94%94%EC%8A%A4&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="엘리시아 비리디스 (없는 문서)">엘리시아 비리디스</a>(<i>Elysia viridis</i>)와 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%97%98%EB%A6%AC%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84_%ED%81%B4%EB%A1%9C%EB%A1%9C%ED%8B%B0%EC%B9%B4&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="엘리시아 클로로티카 (없는 문서)">엘리시아 클로로티카</a>(<i>Elysia chlorotica</i>)는 먹이로 조류로부터 포획한 다음 체내에 저장하는 엽록체와 공생 관계를 유지한다. 이것은 연체동물들이 조류를 섭취한 후 몇 달 동안 광합성에 의해서만 생존할 수 있도록 해준다.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid10806222_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10806222-61"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid4587388_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid4587388-62"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 식물세포 <a href="/wiki/%EC%84%B8%ED%8F%AC%ED%95%B5" title="세포핵">핵</a>의 유전자 중 일부는 연체동물들에게로 옮겨졌기 때문에 엽록체는 생존하는데 필요한 단백질들을 공급받을 수 있다.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19004808_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19004808-63"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>보다 더 가까운 공생의 형태는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%97%BD%EB%A1%9D%EC%B2%B4" title="엽록체">엽록체</a>의 기원을 설명할 수 있게 해준다. 엽록체는 원형 DNA, <a href="/wiki/%EC%9B%90%ED%95%B5%EC%84%B8%ED%8F%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="원핵세포">원핵세포</a>의 70S 리보솜, <a href="/wiki/%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1_%EB%B0%98%EC%9D%91%EC%A4%91%EC%8B%AC" title="광합성 반응중심">광합성 반응중심</a>의 단백질 등 광합성 세균과 비슷한 점이 많다.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid9914199_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid9914199-64"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid17600460_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17600460-65"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%EC%84%B8%ED%8F%AC_%EB%82%B4_%EA%B3%B5%EC%83%9D%EC%84%A4" title="세포 내 공생설">세포 내 공생설</a>은 광합성 세균이 초기의 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A7%84%ED%95%B5%EC%84%B8%ED%8F%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="진핵세포">진핵세포</a>에 의해(<a href="/wiki/%EC%84%B8%ED%8F%AC_%EB%82%B4_%EC%84%AD%EC%B7%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="세포 내 섭취">세포 내 섭취</a>를 통해) 획득되어 최초의 식물세포를 형성하였다는 것을 시사한다. 따라서, 엽록체는 식물세포 내부에서 적응한 광합성 세균일 수 있다. <a href="/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%ED%86%A0%EC%BD%98%EB%93%9C%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84" title="미토콘드리아">미토콘드리아</a>와 마찬가지로 엽록체도 식물세포 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%95%B5%EC%9D%98_DNA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="핵의 DNA (없는 문서)">핵의 DNA</a>와는 별개로 자체 DNA를 가지고 있으며, 엽록체 DNA의 유전자는 <a href="/wiki/%EB%82%A8%EC%84%B8%EA%B7%A0" title="남세균">남세균</a>에서 발견되는 유전자와 유사하다.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid12620099_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12620099-66"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 엽록체 DNA는 광합성 반응 중심에서 발견되는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%82%B0%ED%99%94%ED%99%98%EC%9B%90_%EB%B0%98%EC%9D%91" class="mw-redirect" title="산화환원 반응">산화환원 반응</a>에 관여하는 단백질들을 암호화하고 있다. <a href="/w/index.php?title=CoRR_%EA%B0%80%EC%84%A4&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="CoRR 가설 (없는 문서)">CoRR 가설</a>은 유전자 발현의 산화환원 조절을 위한 유전자 생성물과 함께 유전자의 공동 위치가 요구되며, 생체에너지 발생 세포소기관에서 DNA의 지속성을 설명한다.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="남세균과_광합성의_진화"><span id=".EB.82.A8.EC.84.B8.EA.B7.A0.EA.B3.BC_.EA.B4.91.ED.95.A9.EC.84.B1.EC.9D.98_.EC.A7.84.ED.99.94"></span>남세균과 광합성의 진화</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="부분 편집: 남세균과 광합성의 진화"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>광합성에서 전자공여체로 물을 사용하는 생화학적 능력은 현존하는 <a href="/wiki/%EB%82%A8%EC%84%B8%EA%B7%A0" title="남세균">남세균</a>(예전에는 남조류로 불림)의 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%B5%ED%86%B5%EC%A1%B0%EC%83%81" class="mw-redirect" title="공통조상">공통조상</a>에서 딱 한 번 진화하였다. 지질학적 기록에 따르면 남세균의 조상이 광합성에 물을 사용한 사건은 적어도 24억 5000만년~23억 2000만년 전에 지구 역사의 초기에 일어난 것으로 추정된다.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 광합성을 했을 것으로 추정되는 시기 동안 지구의 대기에는 산소가 거의 없었기 때문에, 최초의 광합성 남세균은 산소를 생성하지 않았을 것이라고 여겨진다.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EC%83%9D%EB%88%84%EB%8C%80" title="시생누대">시생누대</a>(약 38억년 전~약 25억년 전)의 <a href="/wiki/%ED%87%B4%EC%A0%81%EC%95%94" title="퇴적암">퇴적암</a>에 대한 지질학적 연구로부터 얻은 증거는 생명체가 35억년 전에 존재했다는 것을 나타내지만, 산소 발생 광합성이 언제 진화했는지에 대한 문제는 아직도 풀리지 않고 있다. 남세균의 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A7%84%ED%99%94" title="진화">진화</a>는 약 20억년 전에 시작된 것으로 보이고, 이미 다양한 남세균의 생물상이 드러났다. 남세균은 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9B%90%EC%83%9D%EB%88%84%EB%8C%80" title="원생누대">원생누대</a>(약 25억년 전~5억 4200만년 전)에 걸쳐 산소의 주된 <a href="/wiki/%EC%83%9D%EC%82%B0%EC%9E%90" class="mw-redirect" title="생산자">생산자</a>로 남았는데, 이는 부분적으로 바다의 산화환원 구조가 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A7%88%EC%86%8C_%EA%B3%A0%EC%A0%95" title="질소 고정">질소 고정</a>이 가능한 광독립영양생물을 선호했기 때문이다. <a href="/wiki/%EB%85%B9%EC%A1%B0%EB%A5%98" class="mw-redirect" title="녹조류">녹조류</a>는 원생누대 말기에 <a href="/wiki/%EB%8C%80%EB%A5%99%EB%B6%95" title="대륙붕">대륙붕</a>에서 산소의 주된 생산자였으며, <a href="/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EC%83%9D%EB%8C%80" title="중생대">중생대</a>의 쌍편모조류, 원석조류, 규조류의 방사와 함께 녹조류는 바다에서 산소의 일차적인 생산을 담당했다. 남세균은 해양 환류에서 산소의 주요 생산자, 생물학적 질소 고정자, 변형된 형태의 해양 조류의 <a href="/wiki/%EC%83%89%EC%86%8C%EC%B2%B4" title="색소체">색소체</a>로서 <a href="/wiki/%ED%95%B4%EC%96%91_%EC%83%9D%ED%83%9C%EA%B3%84" class="mw-redirect" title="해양 생태계">해양 생태계</a>에서 중요한 역할을 한다.<sup id="cite_ref-Herrero_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herrero-71"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="광합성_연구의_역사"><span id=".EA.B4.91.ED.95.A9.EC.84.B1_.EC.97.B0.EA.B5.AC.EC.9D.98_.EC.97.AD.EC.82.AC"></span>광합성 연구의 역사</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="부분 편집: 광합성 연구의 역사"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>광합성의 단계 중 일부는 아직 완전히 이해되고 있지 않지만, 광합성의 전체 반응식은 19세기부터 알려져 왔다. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Jan_Baptist_van_Helmont_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Jan_Baptist_van_Helmont_portrait.jpg/220px-Jan_Baptist_van_Helmont_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Jan_Baptist_van_Helmont_portrait.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="259" data-file-height="326" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%EB%A9%94%EB%A6%AC_%EB%B9%8C" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="메리 빌">메리 빌</a>이 그린 <a href="/wiki/%EC%96%80_%EB%B0%A5%ED%8B%B0%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%80_%ED%8C%90_%ED%97%AC%EB%AA%AC%ED%8A%B8" title="얀 밥티스타 판 헬몬트">얀 밥티스타 판 헬몬트</a>의 초상화(1674년 경)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/%EB%B2%A8%EA%B8%B0%EC%97%90" title="벨기에">벨기에</a>의 화학자인 <a href="/wiki/%EC%96%80_%EB%B0%A5%ED%8B%B0%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%80_%ED%8C%90_%ED%97%AC%EB%AA%AC%ED%8A%B8" title="얀 밥티스타 판 헬몬트">얀 밥티스타 판 헬몬트</a>는 17세기 중반에 식물이 사용한 토양의 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A7%88%EB%9F%89" title="질량">질량</a>과 식물이 자라면서 증가한 질량을 세심하게 측정하면서 광합성 과정에 대한 연구를 시작했다. 헬몬트는 토양의 질량이 거의 변하지 않았다는 것을 알게 된 후, 성장한 식물의 질량 증가는 화분에 첨가한 유일한 물질인 물로 인한 것이라는 가설을 세웠다. 헬몬트의 가설은 부분적으로 정확했는데, 식물의 증가한 질량의 대부분은 <a href="/wiki/%EB%AC%BC" title="물">물</a> 뿐만 아니라 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%82%B0%ED%99%94_%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C" title="이산화 탄소">이산화 탄소</a>로 인한 것이다. 그러나 이것은 식물의 생물량 대부분이 토양 그 자체가 아니라 광합성의 투입물로부터 유래한다는 발상의 전환점이었다. </p><p><a href="/wiki/%EC%98%81%EA%B5%AD" title="영국">영국</a>의 <a href="/wiki/%ED%99%94%ED%95%99%EC%9E%90" title="화학자">화학자</a>이자 <a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%A0%ED%95%99%EC%9E%90" class="mw-redirect" title="신학자">신학자</a>인 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EC%A7%80%ED%94%84_%ED%94%84%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4%ED%8B%80%EB%A6%AC" title="조지프 프리스틀리">조지프 프리스틀리</a>는 밀폐된 유리 종 속에서 양초를 태우면(CO<sub>2</sub>를 방출했다) 양초의 밀랍이 소진되기 전에 촛불이 매우 빨리 꺼진다는 것을 발견했다. 그는 또한 생쥐의 호흡이 양초를 태우는 것과 비슷한 효과를 낸다는 것을 발견했다. 프리스틀리는 밀폐된 유리 종 속에 식물과 생쥐를 함께 두면 모두 산다는 것을 실험하고, 이 실험을 통하여 식물은 해로운 공기를 신선한 공기로 만드는 능력을 가지고 있다고 설명하였다. </p><p>1778년에 <a href="/wiki/%EB%84%A4%EB%8D%9C%EB%9E%80%EB%93%9C" title="네덜란드">네덜란드</a>의 <a href="/wiki/%EC%83%9D%EB%AC%BC%ED%95%99%EC%9E%90" title="생물학자">생물학자</a>이자 화학자인 <a href="/wiki/%EC%96%80_%EC%9E%89%EC%97%94%ED%95%98%EC%9A%B0%EC%8A%A4" title="얀 잉엔하우스">얀 잉엔하우스</a>는 프리스틀리의 실험을 반복했다. 그는 식물에 빛을 비춰주었을 때만 쥐가 살 수 있다는 것을 알아내어 광합성에 햇빛이 필요하다는 것을 밝혀냈다. </p><p><a href="/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%EC%9C%84%EC%8A%A4" title="스위스">스위스</a>의 <a href="/wiki/%EB%AA%A9%EC%82%AC" title="목사">목사</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%9D%EB%AC%BC%ED%95%99%EC%9E%90" class="mw-redirect" title="식물학자">식물학자</a>이자 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B0%95%EB%AC%BC%ED%95%99%EC%9E%90" class="mw-redirect" title="박물학자">박물학자</a>인 장 제네비어(Jean Senebier)는 1796년에 녹색 식물이 이산화 탄소를 흡수하고 빛의 영향을 받아 산소를 방출한다는 것을 증명했다. 그 후 얼마 지나지 않아서 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%8B%88%EC%BD%9C%EB%9D%BC%EC%8A%A4_%EC%8B%9C%EC%96%B4%EB%8F%84%EC%96%B4_%EB%93%9C_%EC%86%8C%EC%89%AC%EB%A5%B4&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="니콜라스 시어도어 드 소쉬르 (없는 문서)">니콜라스 시어도어 드 소쉬르</a>(Nicolas Théodore de Saussure)는 식물이 자라면서 질량이 증가하는 것은 CO<sub>2</sub> 흡수량 뿐만 아니라 CO<sub>2</sub> 흡수량과 물의 양에 따라 변한다는 것을 알아냈다. 이로써 포도당을 생산하는 광합성의 기본 반응이 윤곽을 드러내게 되었다. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%BD%94%EB%A5%B4%EB%84%AC%EB%A6%AC%EC%9A%B0%EC%8A%A4_%EB%B0%98_%EB%8B%88%EC%97%98&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="코르넬리우스 반 니엘 (없는 문서)">코르넬리우스 반 니엘</a>(Cornelis Van Niel)은 광합성 작용을 설명하는 중요한 발견을 했다. 그는 홍색황세균과 녹색황세균을 연구함으로써 광합성이 광의존적인 산화환원 반응이며, 이산화 탄소가 환원되는 반응이라는 것을 처음으로 증명했다. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%A1%9C%EB%B2%84%ED%8A%B8_%EC%97%90%EB%A8%B8%EC%8A%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="로버트 에머슨 (없는 문서)">로버트 에머슨</a>(Robert Emerson)은 서로 다른 파장의 빛을 사용하여 식물의 생산성을 시험함으로써 <a href="/wiki/%EB%AA%85%EB%B0%98%EC%9D%91" title="명반응">명반응</a>이 두 개의 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B4%91%EA%B3%84" title="광계">광계</a>를 가지고 있다는 것을 발견했다. 적색광만으로는 명반응이 억제되었다. 청색광과 적색광이 함께 주어졌을 때 광합성량이 훨씬 더 많았다. 따라서 두 개의 광계가 존재했는데 하나는 680nm 파장의 빛을 잘 흡수하는 광계 II 이고, 다른 하나는 700nm 파장의 빛을 잘 흡수하는 광계 I이다. 광계 I 은 엽록소 a만을 포함하고 있으며, 광계 II는 주로 엽록소 a를 포함하며, 다른 광합성 색소 중에 이용가능한 엽록소 b를 포함하고 있다. <a href="/wiki/%ED%99%8D%EC%A1%B0%EB%A5%98" class="mw-redirect" title="홍조류">홍조류</a>에는 붉은색 색소인 <a href="/wiki/%ED%94%BC%EC%BD%94%EB%B9%8C%EB%A6%B0" title="피코빌린">피코빌린</a>이 있고, <a href="/wiki/%EA%B0%88%EC%A1%B0%EB%A5%98" title="갈조류">갈조류</a>와 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B7%9C%EC%A1%B0%EB%A5%98" class="mw-redirect" title="규조류">규조류</a>에는 푸코잔톨(fucoxanthol)이 있다. 이 과정은 광계 II 와 광계 I에서 <a href="/wiki/%EC%96%91%EC%9E%90_(%EC%97%90%EB%84%88%EC%A7%80)" title="양자 (에너지)">양자</a>의 흡수가 동일할 때 가장 생산성이 높으며, 안테나 복합체로부터 전달된 에너지가 광계 II 와 광계 I 사이에 나뉘어 전달된다.<sup id="cite_ref-ps_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ps-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>로버트 힐(Robert Hill)은 사이토크롬 b<sub>6</sub>(현재는 플라스토퀴논)와 사이토크롬 f로 구성된 반응 복합체가 있을 것이라고 생각했다. 이들은 충분한 환원제이기 때문에 사이토크롬 f를 환원시키기 위해 에너지가 필요한 <a href="/wiki/%ED%94%8C%EB%9D%BC%EC%8A%A4%ED%86%A0%ED%80%B4%EB%85%BC" title="플라스토퀴논">플라스토퀴논</a>에 의해 연결된다. 녹색 식물의 광합성 과정에서 발생된 산소(O<sub>2</sub>)가 물(H<sub>2</sub>O)로부터 기원한 것임을 입증하기 위한 추가적인 실험은 1937년과 1939년에 힐에 의해 수행되었다. 힐은 잎에서 분리한 <a href="/wiki/%EC%97%BD%EB%A1%9D%EC%B2%B4" title="엽록체">엽록체</a>들이 옥살산철(III), <a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8E%98%EB%A6%AC%EC%82%AC%EC%9D%B4%EC%95%84%EB%82%98%EC%9D%B4%EB%93%9C&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="페리사이아나이드 (없는 문서)">페리사이아나이드</a> 또는 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B2%A4%EC%A1%B0%ED%80%B4%EB%85%BC" title="벤조퀴논">벤조퀴논</a>과 같은 인공적인 환원제의 존재 하에 빛을 비추면 산소를 방출한다는 것을 보여주었다. 힐 반응<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>은 다음과 같다. </p> <dl><dd>2 H<sub>2</sub>O + 2 A + (빛, 엽록체) → 2 AH<sub>2</sub> + O<sub>2</sub></dd></dl> <p>여기서 A는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90%EC%88%98%EC%9A%A9%EC%B2%B4" title="전자수용체">전자수용체</a>이다. 따라서 빛이 없으면 전자수용체는 환원되고 산소가 발생한다. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%83%98_%EB%A3%A8%EB%B2%A4&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="샘 루벤 (없는 문서)">샘 루벤</a>(Sam Ruben)과 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%A7%88%ED%8B%B4_%EC%B9%B4%EB%A9%98&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="마틴 카멘 (없는 문서)">마틴 카멘</a>(Martin Kamen)은 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B0%A9%EC%82%AC%EC%84%B1_%EB%8F%99%EC%9C%84%EC%9B%90%EC%86%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="방사성 동위원소">방사성 동위원소</a>를 사용하여 광합성 과정에서 발생하는 산소가 물에서 기원한 것임을 확인하였다. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Melvin_Calvin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Melvin_Calvin.jpg/170px-Melvin_Calvin.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Melvin_Calvin.jpg/255px-Melvin_Calvin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Melvin_Calvin.jpg/340px-Melvin_Calvin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3087" data-file-height="3999" /></a><figcaption>실험실에서의 <a href="/wiki/%EB%A9%9C%EB%B9%88_%EC%BA%98%EB%B9%88" title="멜빈 캘빈">멜빈 캘빈</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/%EB%A9%9C%EB%B9%88_%EC%BA%98%EB%B9%88" title="멜빈 캘빈">멜빈 캘빈</a>과 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%95%A4%EB%93%9C%EB%A3%A8_%EB%B2%A4%EC%8A%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="앤드루 벤슨 (없는 문서)">앤드루 벤슨</a>(Andrew Benson)은 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%A0%9C%EC%9E%84%EC%8A%A4_%EB%B0%B0%EC%8A%A4%ED%96%84&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="제임스 배스햄 (없는 문서)">제임스 배스햄</a>(James Bassham)과 함께 식물의 탄소 동화 경로(광합성 탄소 환원 회로)를 밝혀냈다. 탄소 환원 회로는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%BA%98%EB%B9%88_%ED%9A%8C%EB%A1%9C" title="캘빈 회로">캘빈 회로</a>로 알려져 있는데, 캘빈 회로라는 이름은 이 회로를 밝혀내는데 크게 기여한 벤슨과 배스햄의 공로를 무시하는 이름이다. 많은 과학자들은 탄소 환원 회로를 캘빈-벤슨 회로, 벤슨-캘빈 회로라고 부르며, 일부 과학자들은 캘빈-벤슨-배스햄 회로, 줄여서 CBB 회로라고도 부른다. </p><p><a href="/wiki/%EB%85%B8%EB%B2%A8_%ED%99%94%ED%95%99%EC%83%81" title="노벨 화학상">노벨 화학상</a>을 수상한 <a href="/wiki/%EB%A3%A8%EB%8F%8C%ED%94%84_%EB%A7%88%EC%BB%A4%EC%8A%A4" title="루돌프 마커스">루돌프 마커스</a>는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90%EC%A0%84%EB%8B%AC%EA%B3%84" title="전자전달계">전자전달계</a>의 기능과 중요성을 발견하였다. </p><p><a href="/wiki/%EC%98%A4%ED%86%A0_%ED%95%98%EC%9D%B8%EB%A6%AC%ED%9E%88_%EB%B0%94%EB%A5%B4%EB%B6%80%EB%A5%B4%ED%81%AC" title="오토 하인리히 바르부르크">오토 하인리히 바르부르크</a>와 <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%98_%EB%B2%84%ED%81%AC" title="딘 버크">딘 버크</a>(Dean Burk)는 호흡에 의해 활성화된 CO<sub>2</sub>를 분열시키는 I-양자 광합성(I-quantum photosynthesis)을 발견했다.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>1950년에 오토 칸들러(Otto Kandler)는 <a href="/wiki/%ED%81%B4%EB%A1%9C%EB%A0%90%EB%9D%BC" title="클로렐라">클로렐라</a> 세포를 사용하여 생체 내에서 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B4%91%EC%9D%B8%EC%82%B0%ED%99%94" title="광인산화">광인산화</a>에 대한 최초의 실험적 증거를 제시하였으며, 그의 발견은 광의존적 <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%8D%B0%EB%85%B8%EC%8B%A0_%EC%82%BC%EC%9D%B8%EC%82%B0" title="아데노신 삼인산">ATP</a> 합성으로 해석되었다.<sup id="cite_ref-Kandler_1950_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kandler_1950-74"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 1954년에 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%8B%A4%EB%8B%88%EC%97%98_I._%EC%95%84%EB%85%BC&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="다니엘 I. 아논 (없는 문서)">다니엘 I. 아논</a>(Daniel I. Arnon) 등은 <sup>32</sup>P를 이용하여 분리된 <a href="/wiki/%EC%97%BD%EB%A1%9D%EC%B2%B4" title="엽록체">엽록체</a>에서 광인산화를 발견했다.<sup id="cite_ref-Arnon_1954_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arnon_1954-75"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Arnon_1956_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arnon_1956-76"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>루이스 N. M. 두이센스(Louis N. M. Duysens)와 얀 아메즈(Jan Amesz)는 엽록소 a가 빛을 흡수한 다음 사이토크롬 f를 산화시키는데, 다른 엽록소 a는 빛을 흡수한 다음, 사이토크롬 f를 환원시키는 것을 확인하고, <a href="/wiki/%EB%AA%85%EB%B0%98%EC%9D%91" title="명반응">명반응</a>이 두 개의 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B4%91%EA%B3%84" title="광계">광계</a>로 이루어진 반응이라는 것을 발견했다. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="개념의_발전"><span id=".EA.B0.9C.EB.85.90.EC.9D.98_.EB.B0.9C.EC.A0.84"></span>개념의 발전</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="부분 편집: 개념의 발전"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1893년에 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%B0%B0%EC%8A%A4_%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4%EB%93%9C_%EB%B0%98%EC%8A%A4&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="찰스 레이드 반스 (없는 문서)">찰스 레이드 반스</a>(Charles Reid Barnes)는 "엽록소의 존재 하에 빛의 영향을 받아 이산화 탄소로부터 복잡한 탄소 화합물을 합성하는 생물학적 과정"에 대한 용어로 "photosyntax"와 "photosynthesis"라는 두 가지 용어를 제안했다. 시간이 지남에 따라 "광합성(photosynthesis)"이라는 용어가 일반적으로 사용되었다. 나중에 산소 비발생 광합성 세균과 광인산화의 발견은 "광합성(photosynthesis)"이란 용어의 재정의를 필요로 하게 되었다.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="C3_광합성_및_C4_광합성에_대한_연구"><span id="C3_.EA.B4.91.ED.95.A9.EC.84.B1_.EB.B0.8F_C4_.EA.B4.91.ED.95.A9.EC.84.B1.EC.97.90_.EB.8C.80.ED.95.9C_.EC.97.B0.EA.B5.AC"></span>C<sub>3</sub> 광합성 및 C<sub>4</sub> 광합성에 대한 연구</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="부분 편집: C3 광합성 및 C4 광합성에 대한 연구"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%9C2%EC%B0%A8_%EC%84%B8%EA%B3%84_%EB%8C%80%EC%A0%84" title="제2차 세계 대전">제2차 세계 대전</a>이 끝난 후인 1940년대 후반에 <a href="/wiki/%EC%BA%98%EB%A6%AC%ED%8F%AC%EB%8B%88%EC%95%84_%EB%8C%80%ED%95%99%EA%B5%90_%EB%B2%84%ED%81%B4%EB%A6%AC" title="캘리포니아 대학교 버클리">캘리포니아 대학교 버클리</a>에서 화학자인 <a href="/wiki/%EB%A9%9C%EB%B9%88_%EC%BA%98%EB%B9%88" title="멜빈 캘빈">멜빈 캘빈</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%95%A4%EB%93%9C%EB%A3%A8_%EB%B2%A4%EC%8A%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="앤드루 벤슨 (없는 문서)">앤드루 벤슨</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%A0%9C%EC%9E%84%EC%8A%A4_%EB%B0%B0%EC%8A%A4%ED%96%84&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="제임스 배스햄 (없는 문서)">제임스 배스햄</a>과 학생들 및 연구원들은 동위원소 <sup>14</sup>C와 종이 <a href="/wiki/%ED%81%AC%EB%A1%9C%EB%A7%88%ED%86%A0%EA%B7%B8%EB%9E%98%ED%94%BC" title="크로마토그래피">크로마토그래피</a> 기술을 이용하여 광합성 탄소 대사의 세부 사항들을 정리하였다.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 밀폐된 용기에 클로렐라를 넣어 배양하면서 방사성 동위원소로 표지된 <sup>14</sup>C를 공급하고 빛을 비추고, 일정 시간마다 클로렐라를 채취하고, 클로렐라의 구성 물질을 추출하여 2차원 종이 크로마토그래피로 분리하였을 때 단 1초 만에 CO<sub>2</sub>를 고정시키는 대사 경로로 인해 <a href="/wiki/3-%ED%8F%AC%EC%8A%A4%ED%8F%AC%EA%B8%80%EB%A6%AC%EC%84%B8%EB%A5%B4%EC%82%B0" title="3-포스포글리세르산">3-포스포글리세르산</a>(3PG)라는 3탄소 화합물이 생성되었다. 이러한 독창적이고 획기적인 업적에 대한 공로로 멜빈 캘빈은 1961년에 <a href="/wiki/%EB%85%B8%EB%B2%A8_%ED%99%94%ED%95%99%EC%83%81" title="노벨 화학상">노벨 화학상</a>을 수상하였다. 이와 병행하여 식물생리학자들은 적외선 가스 분석의 새로운 방법과 순광합성 속도가 10~13 μmol CO<sub>2</sub>·m<sup>−2</sup>·s<sup>−1</sup> 인 리프 챔버를 사용하여 잎에서 일어나는 가스 교환을 연구하였으며, 모든 지상 식물들은 햇빛의 50% 미만의 지점에서 광포화되는 광합성 능력을 가지고 있다고 결론지었다.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid13668557_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid13668557-80"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>이후 1958년~1963년에 <a href="/wiki/%EC%BD%94%EB%84%AC_%EB%8C%80%ED%95%99%EA%B5%90" title="코넬 대학교">코넬 대학교</a>에서 실시한 실험에서 <a href="/wiki/%EC%98%A5%EC%88%98%EC%88%98" title="옥수수">옥수수</a>는 40 μmol CO<sub>2</sub>·m<sup>−2</sup>·s<sup>−1</sup>의 훨씬 더 큰 광합성 속도를 가지고 있으며, 강한 햇빛 조건에서도 포화되지 않는다고 보고되었다.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 옥수수의 이러한 높은 광합성 속도는 밀, 콩과 같은 다른 식물 종에서 관찰된 것보다 거의 두 배나 높았으며, 고등 식물들 간에 광합성의 큰 차이가 있음을 나타낸다. <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%A0%EB%A6%AC%EC%A1%B0%EB%82%98_%EB%8C%80%ED%95%99%EA%B5%90" title="애리조나 대학교">애리조나 대학교</a>에서 15종이 넘는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%99%B8%EB%96%A1%EC%9E%8E%EC%8B%9D%EB%AC%BC" title="외떡잎식물">외떡잎식물</a>과 <a href="/wiki/%EC%8C%8D%EB%96%A1%EC%9E%8E%EC%8B%9D%EB%AC%BC" title="쌍떡잎식물">쌍떡잎식물</a>에 대한 정밀한 가스 교환 연구를 통해 잎의 해부학적 차이가 식물 종간의 광합성 능력을 결정짓는 중요한 요인이라는 것을 최초로 밝혀냈다.<sup id="cite_ref-EH1965_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EH1965-83"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EH1986_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EH1986-84"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%EC%98%A5%EC%88%98%EC%88%98" title="옥수수">옥수수</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%88%98%EC%88%98" title="수수">수수</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%82%AC%ED%83%95%EC%88%98%EC%88%98" title="사탕수수">사탕수수</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%9A%B0%EC%82%B0%EC%9E%94%EB%94%94" title="우산잔디">우산잔디</a>를 포함하는 열대 초본들 및 쌍떡잎식물인 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EB%A6%84%EC%86%8D" title="비름속">비름속</a> 식물들에서 광합성 속도는 약 38~40 μmol CO<sub>2</sub>·m<sup>−2</sup>·s<sup>−1</sup> 이었고, C<sub>4</sub> 식물은 잎맥 주변을 빽빽하게 둘러싸고 있는 유관속초세포(bundle sheath cell)와 이를 둘러싸고 있는 엽육세포(mesophyll cell)의 2가지 서로 다른 형태의 광합성 세포로 구성되어 있다. 이러한 유형의 해부학은 식물학자인 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B3%A0%ED%8A%B8%EB%A6%AC%EC%9D%B4%ED%94%84_%ED%95%98%EB%B2%84%EB%9E%80%ED%8A%B8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="고트리이프 하버란트 (없는 문서)">고트리이프 하버란트</a>(Gottlieb Haberlandt)가 19세기에 사탕수수의 잎 해부학을 연구하면서 크란츠 해부학(Kranz anatomy)이라고 명명하였다.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 최고의 광합성 속도와 크란츠 해부 구조를 가지고 있는 식물 종은 광호흡을 하지 않고, 매우 낮은 CO<sub>2</sub> 보상점, 높은 최적 온도, 높은 기공 저항성, 가스 확산에 대한 낮은 엽육 저항성, 강한 태양 빛에서 광합성 속도가 포화되지 않는 것을 보여주었다.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 애리조나 대학교에서의 연구는 ISI 1986에 의해 "Citation Classic"으로 지정되었다.<sup id="cite_ref-EH1986_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EH1986-84"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 이 종들은 빛 조건하에서 CO<sub>2</sub> 고정의 첫 번째 안정적인 생성물이 <a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%90%EC%82%B0" title="말산">말산</a>과 <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%8A%A4%ED%8C%8C%EB%A5%B4%ED%8A%B8%EC%82%B0" title="아스파르트산">아스파르트산</a>과 같은 4탄소 화합물이었기 때문에 나중에 C<sub>4</sub> 식물로 명명되었다.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 면화와 해바라기와 같은 크란츠 해부 구조가 결여된 다른 식물 종들은 CO<sub>2</sub> 고정의 첫 번째 안정적인 생성물이 3탄소 화합물인 <a href="/wiki/3-%ED%8F%AC%EC%8A%A4%ED%8F%AC%EA%B8%80%EB%A6%AC%EC%84%B8%EB%A5%B4%EC%82%B0" title="3-포스포글리세르산">3-포스포글리세르산</a>(3PG)이기 때문에 C<sub>3</sub> 식물이라고 명명되었다. 공기 중의 CO<sub>2</sub> 농도가 1000 ppm 일 때, C<sub>3</sub> 식물과 C<sub>4</sub> 식물은 모두 약 60 μmol CO<sub>2</sub>·m<sup>−2</sup>·s<sup>−1</sup>의 비슷한 광합성 속도를 보였으며, C<sub>3</sub> 식물에서 광호흡의 억제 효과를 나타냈다.<sup id="cite_ref-EH1965_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EH1965-83"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EH1986_84-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EH1986-84"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="광합성에_영향을_미치는_요인"><span id=".EA.B4.91.ED.95.A9.EC.84.B1.EC.97.90_.EC.98.81.ED.96.A5.EC.9D.84_.EB.AF.B8.EC.B9.98.EB.8A.94_.EC.9A.94.EC.9D.B8"></span>광합성에 영향을 미치는 요인</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20" title="부분 편집: 광합성에 영향을 미치는 요인"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Leaf_1_web.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Leaf_1_web.jpg/220px-Leaf_1_web.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Leaf_1_web.jpg/330px-Leaf_1_web.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Leaf_1_web.jpg/440px-Leaf_1_web.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%EC%9E%8E" title="잎">잎</a>은 식물에서 주로 광합성을 하는 기관이다.</figcaption></figure> <p>광합성에 영향을 미치는 세 가지 주요 요인들은 다음과 같다. </p> <ul><li>빛의 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B0%A9%EC%82%AC%EC%A1%B0%EB%8F%84" class="mw-redirect" title="방사조도">세기</a>와 <a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9E%A5" title="파장">파장</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%82%B0%ED%99%94_%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C" title="이산화 탄소">이산화 탄소</a>(CO<sub>2</sub>)의 <a href="/wiki/%EB%86%8D%EB%8F%84" title="농도">농도</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%98%A8%EB%8F%84" title="온도">온도</a></li></ul> <p>총광합성량은 다양한 환경 요인에 의해 제한된다. 여기에는 이용 가능한 빛의 양, 식물이 빛을 포획하기 위한 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9E%8E" title="잎">잎</a>의 면적(다른 식물에 의한 그림자가 광합성의 주요 제한 요인임), 광합성을 지원하기 위해 <a href="/wiki/%EC%97%BD%EB%A1%9D%EC%B2%B4" title="엽록체">엽록체</a>에 이산화 탄소를 공급할 수 있는 속도, 물의 이용 가능성 및 광합성을 수행하기 위한 적절한 온도 등이 모두 포함된다.<sup id="cite_ref-Chapin159_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chapin159-90"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="빛의_세기,_파장_및_온도"><span id=".EB.B9.9B.EC.9D.98_.EC.84.B8.EA.B8.B0.2C_.ED.8C.8C.EC.9E.A5_.EB.B0.8F_.EC.98.A8.EB.8F.84"></span>빛의 세기, 파장 및 온도</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21" title="부분 편집: 빛의 세기, 파장 및 온도"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r34311305"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/18px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/27px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/36px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span>&#160;<a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1-%EB%B0%A9%EC%82%AC%EC%A1%B0%EB%8F%84_%EA%B3%A1%EC%84%A0&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="광합성-방사조도 곡선 (없는 문서)">광합성-방사조도 곡선</a> 문서를 참고하십시오.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Chlorophyll_ab_spectra-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Chlorophyll_ab_spectra-en.svg/220px-Chlorophyll_ab_spectra-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Chlorophyll_ab_spectra-en.svg/330px-Chlorophyll_ab_spectra-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Chlorophyll_ab_spectra-en.svg/440px-Chlorophyll_ab_spectra-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="710" data-file-height="710" /></a><figcaption>엽록소 a(<span style="color:blue;">청색</span>) 및 엽록소 b(<span style="color:red;">적색</span>)의 흡수 스펙트럼. 식물의 작용 스펙트럼은 특정 광합성 색소와 단백질의 상호작용에 따라 식물체 내에서 약간 달라질 수도 있다.</figcaption></figure> <p>광합성은 생물권으로 자유 에너지가 투입되는 주요 경로이며, 식물의 생명 활동에서 매우 중요하다.<sup id="cite_ref-jones_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jones-91"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>식물 군집 내에서 빛의 조사량은 시간과 공간에 따라 매우 다양하다. </p><p>20세기 초에 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%94%84%EB%A0%88%EB%8D%94%EB%A6%AD_%EB%B8%94%EB%9E%99%EB%A7%8C&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="프레더릭 블랙만 (없는 문서)">프레더릭 블랙만</a>(Frederick Blackman)과 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B0%80%EB%B8%8C%EB%A6%AC%EC%97%98_%ED%95%98%EC%9B%8C%EB%93%9C&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="가브리엘 하워드 (없는 문서)">가브리엘 하워드</a>(Gabrielle Matthaei)는 빛의 세기(<a href="/wiki/%EB%B0%A9%EC%82%AC%EC%A1%B0%EB%8F%84" class="mw-redirect" title="방사조도">방사조도</a>)와 온도가 탄소 동화 속도에 미치는 영향을 조사했다. </p> <ul><li>온도가 일정할 때, 탄소 동화 속도는 빛의 세기에 따라 다르며, 빛의 세기가 증가함에 따라 광합성량이 증가하지만, 빛의 세기가 어느 정도 이상이 되면 광합성량은 더 이상 증가하지 않고 일정해진다.</li> <li>빛의 세기가 약할 때, 온도를 증가시키면 탄소 동화 속도에 거의 영향을 미치지 않는다. 빛의 세기가 일정하게 강할 때, 온도가 증가함에 따라 탄소 동화 속도가 증가한다.</li></ul> <p>이러한 두 가지 실험은 다음과 같은 몇 가지 중요한 점을 보여준다. 첫째, 일반적으로 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B4%91%ED%99%94%ED%95%99" title="광화학">광화학</a> 반응은 <a href="/wiki/%EC%98%A8%EB%8F%84" title="온도">온도</a>에 영향을 받지 않는 것으로 알려져 있다. 그러나 이러한 실험들은 온도가 탄소 동화 속도에 영향을 미치기 때문에 탄소 동화의 전체 과정에서 두 세트의 반응이 있어야 한다는 것을 분명하게 보여준다. 이들은 <a href="/wiki/%EB%AA%85%EB%B0%98%EC%9D%91" title="명반응">광의존적</a>, 온도 비의존적인 '광화학적' 단계와 <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%94%EB%B0%98%EC%9D%91" class="mw-redirect" title="암반응">광비의존적</a>, 온도 의존적 단계이다. 둘째, 블랙만의 실험은 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%A0%9C%ED%95%9C_%EC%9A%94%EC%9D%B8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="제한 요인 (없는 문서)">제한 요인</a>의 개념을 설명해준다. 또 다른 제한 요인은 빛의 파장이다. 수중 수 미터에서 서식하는 남세균은 기존의 광합성 색소에서 광유도 전하 분리를 일으키는데 필요한 정확한 파장의 빛을 받을 수 없다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해 서로 다른 광합성 색소를 가진 일련의 단백질들이 반응 중심을 둘러싸고 있다. 이러한 단위를 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%94%BC%EC%BD%94%EB%B9%8C%EB%A6%AC%EC%86%9C&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="피코빌리솜 (없는 문서)">피코빌리솜</a>이라고 한다. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="이산화_탄소의_농도와_광호흡"><span id=".EC.9D.B4.EC.82.B0.ED.99.94_.ED.83.84.EC.86.8C.EC.9D.98_.EB.86.8D.EB.8F.84.EC.99.80_.EA.B4.91.ED.98.B8.ED.9D.A1"></span>이산화 탄소의 농도와 광호흡</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22" title="부분 편집: 이산화 탄소의 농도와 광호흡"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Photorespiration.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Photorespiration.svg/350px-Photorespiration.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Photorespiration.svg/525px-Photorespiration.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Photorespiration.svg/700px-Photorespiration.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="920" data-file-height="460" /></a><figcaption>광호흡</figcaption></figure> <p>이산화 탄소(CO<sub>2</sub>)의 농도가 증가함에 따라 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B4%91%EB%B9%84%EC%9D%98%EC%A1%B4%EC%A0%81_%EB%B0%98%EC%9D%91" class="mw-redirect" title="광비의존적 반응">광비의존적 반응</a>에 의해 당이 생성되는 속도는 다른 요인들에 의해 제한될 때까지 증가한다. 광비의존적 반응에서 이산화 탄소를 포획하는 효소인 <a href="/wiki/%EB%A3%A8%EB%B9%84%EC%8A%A4%EC%BD%94" title="루비스코">루비스코</a>는 이산화 탄소(CO<sub>2</sub>)와 산소(O<sub>2</sub>) 모두에 결합 친화력을 가지고 있다. 이산화 탄소의 농도가 높으면 루비스코가 <a href="/wiki/%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C_%EA%B3%A0%EC%A0%95" title="탄소 고정">이산화 탄소를 고정</a>한다. 그러나 이산화 탄소의 농도가 낮으면 루비스코는 이산화 탄소 대신에 산소와 결합한다. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B4%91%ED%98%B8%ED%9D%A1" title="광호흡">광호흡</a>이라고 하는 이러한 과정은 에너지를 소모하지만 당을 생성하지는 않는다. </p><p>루비스코의 산소화효소 활성은 다음과 같은 여러 가지 이유로 식물에게 불리하다. </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%82%B0%EC%86%8C%ED%99%94%ED%9A%A8%EC%86%8C" title="산소화효소">산소화효소</a> 활성의 생성물은 <a href="/wiki/3-%ED%8F%AC%EC%8A%A4%ED%8F%AC%EA%B8%80%EB%A6%AC%EC%84%B8%EB%A5%B4%EC%82%B0" title="3-포스포글리세르산">3-포스포글리세르산</a>(3탄소 화합물)이 아닌 2-포스포글리콜산(2탄소 화합물)이다. 2-포스포글리콜산은 <a href="/wiki/%EC%BA%98%EB%B9%88-%EB%B2%A4%EC%8A%A8_%ED%9A%8C%EB%A1%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="캘빈-벤슨 회로">캘빈-벤슨 회로</a>에 의해 대사되지 않으며, 광호흡 과정에서 CO<sub>2</sub>를 방출한다. 그러므로 산소화효소의 높은 활성은 리불로스 1,5-이중인산을 재생성하고, 캘빈-벤슨 회로를 계속 돌리기 위해 필요한 당을 배출시킨다.</li> <li>2-포스포글리콜산은 높은 농도에서 식물에게 독성이 있는 글리콜산으로 빠르게 대사되는데 이것은 광합성을 저해한다.</li> <li>글리콜산을 회수하는 것은 글리콜산 경로를 사용하는 에너지를 많이 소모하는 과정이며, 탄소의 75%만이 3-포스포글리세르산의 형태로 캘빈-벤슨 회로로 되돌아간다. 글리콜산 경로는 또한 <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%94%EB%AA%A8%EB%8B%88%EC%95%84" title="암모니아">암모니아</a>(NH<sub>3</sub>)를 생성하는데, 암모니아는 식물 밖으로 <a href="/wiki/%ED%99%95%EC%82%B0" title="확산">확산</a>되어 질소의 손실을 초래할 수 있다.</li></ol> <dl><dd><dl><dd>간략하게 요약하면 다음과 같다.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd>2 글리콜산 + ATP → 3-포스포글리세르산 + CO<sub>2</sub> + ADP + NH<sub>3</sub></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>루비스코의 산소화효소 활성의 생성물에 대한 회수 경로는 광의존적 산소 소비와 이산화 탄소의 방출을 특징으로 지어지기 때문에 일반적으로 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B4%91%ED%98%B8%ED%9D%A1" title="광호흡">광호흡</a>으로 더 잘 알려져 있다. 보통 약 3%의 이산화탄소 농도에서 광합성 반응이 최대가 되며, 현재 대기 중의 이산화 탄소 농도(0.03%)로도 식물의 광합성에는 충분하다. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="같이_보기"><span id=".EA.B0.99.EC.9D.B4_.EB.B3.B4.EA.B8.B0"></span>같이 보기</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span 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.side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r36480595">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b><a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%84%ED%82%A4%EB%AF%B8%EB%94%94%EC%96%B4_%EA%B3%B5%EC%9A%A9" title="위키미디어 공용">위키미디어 공용</a></b>에 관련된<br />미디어 분류가 있습니다.<div style="padding-left:1em;"><b><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Photosynthesis?uselang=ko">광합성</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r34752755">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%9E%94_%EC%95%A4%EB%8D%94%EC%8A%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="잔 앤더슨 (없는 문서)">잔 앤더슨</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%9D%B8%EA%B3%B5_%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="인공 광합성 (없는 문서)">인공 광합성</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%BA%98%EB%B9%88-%EB%B2%A4%EC%8A%A8_%ED%9A%8C%EB%A1%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="캘빈-벤슨 회로">캘빈-벤슨 회로</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C_%EA%B3%A0%EC%A0%95" title="탄소 고정">탄소 고정</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C3%EC%8B%9D%EB%AC%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="C3식물">C3식물</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C4%EC%8B%9D%EB%AC%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="C4식물">C4식물</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAM%EC%8B%9D%EB%AC%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="CAM식물">CAM식물</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%84%B8%ED%8F%AC_%ED%98%B8%ED%9D%A1" title="세포 호흡">세포 호흡</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%99%94%ED%95%A9%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="화합합성 (없는 문서)">화학합성 (생명과학)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%9D%BC%EC%A0%81%EC%82%B0%EA%B4%91%EB%9F%89&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="일적산광량 (없는 문서)">일적산광량</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%9E%90_%EB%B0%98%EC%9D%91&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="힐 반응 (없는 문서)">힐 반응</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1_%EC%8B%9C%EC%8A%A4%ED%85%9C&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="광합성 시스템 (없는 문서)">광합성 시스템</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B4%91%EC%9D%98%EC%A1%B4%EC%A0%81_%EB%B0%98%EC%9D%91" class="mw-redirect" title="광의존적 반응">광의존적 반응</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EA%B8%B0_%EB%B0%98%EC%9D%91" title="유기 반응">유기 반응</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B4%91%EC%83%9D%EB%AC%BC%ED%95%99" title="광생물학">광생물학</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B4%91%EC%A0%80%ED%95%B4&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="광저해 (없는 문서)">광저해</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1_%EB%B0%98%EC%9D%91%EC%A4%91%EC%8B%AC" title="광합성 반응중심">광합성 반응중심</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1_%EC%9C%A0%ED%9A%A8%EB%B0%A9%EC%82%AC" title="광합성 유효방사">광합성 유효방사</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B4%91%EA%B3%84" title="광계">광계</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B4%91%EA%B3%84_I" title="광계 I">광계 I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B4%91%EA%B3%84_II" title="광계 II">광계 II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%96%91%EC%9E%90%EC%83%9D%EB%AC%BC%ED%95%99" title="양자생물학">양자생물학</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%B0%A9%EC%82%AC%EC%84%B1%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="방사성합성 (없는 문서)">방사성합성</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%A0%81%EC%83%89_%EA%B2%BD%EA%B3%84&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="적색 경계 (없는 문서)">적색 경계</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%84%ED%83%80%EB%AF%BC_D" title="비타민 D">비타민 D</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="각주"><span id=".EA.B0.81.EC.A3.BC"></span>각주</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1&amp;action=edit&amp;section=24" title="부분 편집: 각주"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r35556958">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-OnlineEtDict-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-OnlineEtDict_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=photosynthesis&amp;allowed_in_frame=0">&#8220;photosynthesis&#8221;</a>. &#12298;Online Etymology Dictionary&#12299;.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&amp;rft.atitle=photosynthesis&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dphotosynthesis%26allowed_in_frame%3D0&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LSJ1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-LSJ1_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=fw=s2"><span lang="grc">φῶς</span></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%97%A8%EB%A6%AC_%EB%A6%AC%EB%93%A4&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="헨리 리들 (없는 문서)">Liddell, Henry George</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%A1%9C%EB%B2%84%ED%8A%B8_%EC%8A%A4%EC%BD%A7_(%EC%96%B8%EC%96%B4%ED%95%99%EC%9E%90)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="로버트 스콧 (언어학자) (없는 문서)">Scott, Robert</a>; <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=A_Greek%E2%80%93English_Lexicon&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="A Greek–English Lexicon (없는 문서)">A Greek–English Lexicon</a></i> at the <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%98%EB%A5%B4%EC%84%B8%EC%9A%B0%EC%8A%A4_%ED%94%84%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%9D%ED%8A%B8" title="페르세우스 프로젝트">Perseus Project</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LSJ2-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-LSJ2_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=su/nqesis"><span lang="grc">σύνθεσις</span></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%97%A8%EB%A6%AC_%EB%A6%AC%EB%93%A4&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="헨리 리들 (없는 문서)">Liddell, Henry George</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%A1%9C%EB%B2%84%ED%8A%B8_%EC%8A%A4%EC%BD%A7_(%EC%96%B8%EC%96%B4%ED%95%99%EC%9E%90)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="로버트 스콧 (언어학자) (없는 문서)">Scott, Robert</a>; <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=A_Greek%E2%80%93English_Lexicon&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="A Greek–English Lexicon (없는 문서)">A Greek–English Lexicon</a></i> at the <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%98%EB%A5%B4%EC%84%B8%EC%9A%B0%EC%8A%A4_%ED%94%84%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%9D%ED%8A%B8" title="페르세우스 프로젝트">Perseus Project</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bryantfrigaard-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-bryantfrigaard_4-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-bryantfrigaard_4-1">나</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Bryant DA, Frigaard NU (Nov 2006). &#8220;Prokaryotic photosynthesis and phototrophy illuminated&#8221;. &#12298;Trends in Microbiology&#12299; <b>14</b> (11): 488–496. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tim.2006.09.001">10.1016/j.tim.2006.09.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EC%9D%BC%EB%A0%A8_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 일련 번호">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0966-842X">0966-842X</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16997562">16997562</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Trends+in+Microbiology&amp;rft.atitle=Prokaryotic+photosynthesis+and+phototrophy+illuminated&amp;rft.volume=14&amp;rft.issue=11&amp;rft.pages=488-496&amp;rft.date=2006-11&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16997562&amp;rft.issn=0966-842X&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.tim.2006.09.001&amp;rft.aulast=Bryant&amp;rft.aufirst=DA&amp;rft.au=Frigaard%2C+NU&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-isbn0-321-73975-2-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-isbn0-321-73975-2_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Reece J, Urry L, Cain M, Wasserman S, Minorsky P, Jackson R (2011). &#12298;Biology&#12299; International판. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education. 235, 244쪽. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/978-0-321-73975-9" title="특수:책찾기/978-0-321-73975-9"><bdi>978-0-321-73975-9</bdi></a>. <q>This initial incorporation of carbon into organic compounds is known as carbon fixation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Biology&amp;rft.place=Upper+Saddle+River%2C+NJ&amp;rft.pages=235%2C+244&amp;rft.edition=International&amp;rft.pub=Pearson+Education&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-321-73975-9&amp;rft.aulast=Reece&amp;rft.aufirst=J&amp;rft.au=Urry%2C+L&amp;rft.au=Cain%2C+M&amp;rft.au=Wasserman%2C+S&amp;rft.au=Minorsky%2C+P&amp;rft.au=Jackson%2C+R&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid16453059-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid16453059_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Olson JM (May 2006). &#8220;Photosynthesis in the Archean era&#8221;. &#12298;Photosynthesis Research&#12299; <b>88</b> (2): 109–117. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11120-006-9040-5">10.1007/s11120-006-9040-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16453059">16453059</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Photosynthesis+Research&amp;rft.atitle=Photosynthesis+in+the+Archean+era&amp;rft.volume=88&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=109-117&amp;rft.date=2006-05&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11120-006-9040-5&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16453059&amp;rft.aulast=Olson&amp;rft.aufirst=JM&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid18468984-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid18468984_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Buick R (Aug 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2606769">&#8220;When did oxygenic photosynthesis evolve?&#8221;</a>. &#12298;Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B&#12299; <b>363</b> (1504): 2731–2743. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.2008.0041">10.1098/rstb.2008.0041</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C_%EC%84%BC%ED%8A%B8%EB%9F%B4" title="펍메드 센트럴">PMC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2606769">2606769</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18468984">18468984</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London%2C+Series+B&amp;rft.atitle=When+did+oxygenic+photosynthesis+evolve%3F&amp;rft.volume=363&amp;rft.issue=1504&amp;rft.pages=2731-2743&amp;rft.date=2008-08&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2606769&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18468984&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstb.2008.0041&amp;rft.aulast=Buick&amp;rft.aufirst=R&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2606769&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid10670014-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid10670014_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Nealson KH, Conrad PG (Dec 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1692713">&#8220;Life: past, present and future&#8221;</a>. &#12298;Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B&#12299; <b>354</b> (1392): 1923–1939. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.1999.0532">10.1098/rstb.1999.0532</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C_%EC%84%BC%ED%8A%B8%EB%9F%B4" title="펍메드 센트럴">PMC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1692713">1692713</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10670014">10670014</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London%2C+Series+B&amp;rft.atitle=Life%3A+past%2C+present+and+future&amp;rft.volume=354&amp;rft.issue=1392&amp;rft.pages=1923-1939&amp;rft.date=1999-12&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1692713&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10670014&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstb.1999.0532&amp;rft.aulast=Nealson&amp;rft.aufirst=KH&amp;rft.au=Conrad%2C+PG&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1692713&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Whitmarsh_Govindjee_1999-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Whitmarsh_Govindjee_1999_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Whitmarsh J, Govindjee (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.life.illinois.edu/govindjee/paper/gov.html#80">&#12296;The photosynthetic process&#12297;</a>. Singhal GS, Renger G, Sopory SK, Irrgang KD, Govindjee. &#12298;Concepts in photobiology: photosynthesis and photomorphogenesis&#12299;. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers. 11–51쪽. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/978-0-7923-5519-9" title="특수:책찾기/978-0-7923-5519-9"><bdi>978-0-7923-5519-9</bdi></a>. <q><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7017100000000000000♠"></span>100<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>15</sup></span> grams of carbon/year fixed by photosynthetic organisms, which is equivalent to <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7014126752351256115♠"></span>4<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>18</sup>&#160;kJ/yr</span> = <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7014126752351256115♠"></span>4<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>21</sup>&#160;J/yr</span> of free energy stored as reduced carbon.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=The+photosynthetic+process&amp;rft.btitle=Concepts+in+photobiology%3A+photosynthesis+and+photomorphogenesis&amp;rft.place=Boston&amp;rft.pages=11-51&amp;rft.pub=Kluwer+Academic+Publishers&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-7923-5519-9&amp;rft.aulast=Whitmarsh&amp;rft.aufirst=J&amp;rft.au=Govindjee&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.life.illinois.edu%2Fgovindjee%2Fpaper%2Fgov.html%2380&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Steger_2005-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Steger_2005_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Steger U, Achterberg W, Blok K, Bode H, Frenz W, Gather C, Hanekamp G, Imboden D, Jahnke M, Kost M, Kurz R, Nutzinger HG, Ziesemer T (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=duVJsAqXlkEC&amp;lpg=PA32&amp;dq=photosynthesis%20terawatt&amp;pg=PA32#v=onepage&amp;q=photosynthesis%20terawatt&amp;f=false">&#12298;Sustainable development and innovation in the energy sector&#12299;</a>. Berlin: Springer. 32쪽. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/978-3-540-23103-5" title="특수:책찾기/978-3-540-23103-5"><bdi>978-3-540-23103-5</bdi></a>. <q>The average global rate of photosynthesis is 130 TW.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Sustainable+development+and+innovation+in+the+energy+sector&amp;rft.place=Berlin&amp;rft.pages=32&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.isbn=978-3-540-23103-5&amp;rft.aulast=Steger&amp;rft.aufirst=U&amp;rft.au=Achterberg%2C+W&amp;rft.au=Blok%2C+K&amp;rft.au=Bode%2C+H&amp;rft.au=Frenz%2C+W&amp;rft.au=Gather%2C+C&amp;rft.au=Hanekamp%2C+G&amp;rft.au=Imboden%2C+D&amp;rft.au=Jahnke%2C+M&amp;rft.au=Kost%2C+M&amp;rft.au=Kurz%2C+R&amp;rft.au=Nutzinger%2C+HG&amp;rft.au=Ziesemer%2C+T&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DduVJsAqXlkEC%26lpg%3DPA32%26dq%3Dphotosynthesis%2520terawatt%26pg%3DPA32%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Dphotosynthesis%2520terawatt%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EIA-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-EIA_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061109125803/http://www.eia.doe.gov/pub/international/iealf/table18.xls">&#8220;World Consumption of Primary Energy by Energy Type and Selected Country Groups, 1980–2004&#8221;</a>. Energy Information Administration. July 31, 2006. November 9, 2006에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eia.doe.gov/pub/international/iealf/table18.xls">원본 문서</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(XLS)</span>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2007년 1월 20일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=World+Consumption+of+Primary+Energy+by+Energy+Type+and+Selected+Country+Groups%2C+1980%E2%80%932004&amp;rft.pub=Energy+Information+Administration&amp;rft.date=2006-07-31&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eia.doe.gov%2Fpub%2Finternational%2Fiealf%2Ftable18.xls&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid9657713-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid9657713_12-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Field CB, Behrenfeld MJ, Randerson JT, Falkowski P (Jul 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/9gm7074q">&#8220;Primary production of the biosphere: integrating terrestrial and oceanic components&#8221;</a>. &#12298;Science&#12299; <b>281</b> (5374): 237–240. <a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EB%B8%8C%EC%BD%94%EB%93%9C" title="비브코드">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998Sci...281..237F">1998Sci...281..237F</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.281.5374.237">10.1126/science.281.5374.237</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9657713">9657713</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.atitle=Primary+production+of+the+biosphere%3A+integrating+terrestrial+and+oceanic+components&amp;rft.volume=281&amp;rft.issue=5374&amp;rft.pages=237-240&amp;rft.date=1998-07&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9657713&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.281.5374.237&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998Sci...281..237F&amp;rft.aulast=Field&amp;rft.aufirst=CB&amp;rft.au=Behrenfeld%2C+MJ&amp;rft.au=Randerson%2C+JT&amp;rft.au=Falkowski%2C+P&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.escholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F9gm7074q&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ps-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ps_13-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ps_13-1">나</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ps_13-2">다</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">&#12296;Photosynthesis&#12297;. &#12298;McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science &amp; Technology&#12299; <b>13</b>. New York: McGraw-Hill. 2007. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/978-0-07-144143-8" title="특수:책찾기/978-0-07-144143-8"><bdi>978-0-07-144143-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Photosynthesis&amp;rft.btitle=McGraw-Hill+Encyclopedia+of+Science+%26+Technology&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-07-144143-8&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Whitmarsh_1999-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Whitmarsh_1999_14-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Whitmarsh J, Govindjee (1999). &#12296;Chapter 2: The Basic Photosynthetic Process&#12297;. Singhal GS, Renger G, Sopory SK, Irrgang KD, Govindjee. &#12298;Concepts in Photobiology: Photosynthesis and Photomorphogenesis&#12299;. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers. 13쪽. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/978-0-7923-5519-9" title="특수:책찾기/978-0-7923-5519-9"><bdi>978-0-7923-5519-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Chapter+2%3A+The+Basic+Photosynthetic+Process&amp;rft.btitle=Concepts+in+Photobiology%3A+Photosynthesis+and+Photomorphogenesis&amp;rft.place=Boston&amp;rft.pages=13&amp;rft.pub=Kluwer+Academic+Publishers&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-7923-5519-9&amp;rft.aulast=Whitmarsh&amp;rft.aufirst=J&amp;rft.au=Govindjee&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Anaerobic Photosynthesis</i>, Chemical &amp; Engineering News, <b>86</b>, 33, August 18, 2008, p. 36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid18703741-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid18703741_16-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Kulp TR, Hoeft SE, Asao M, Madigan MT, Hollibaugh JT, Fisher JC, Stolz JF, Culbertson CW, Miller LG, Oremland RS (Aug 2008). &#8220;Arsenic(III) fuels anoxygenic photosynthesis in hot spring biofilms from Mono Lake, California&#8221;. &#12298;Science&#12299; <b>321</b> (5891): 967–970. <a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EB%B8%8C%EC%BD%94%EB%93%9C" title="비브코드">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008Sci...321..967K">2008Sci...321..967K</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1160799">10.1126/science.1160799</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18703741">18703741</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.atitle=Arsenic%28III%29+fuels+anoxygenic+photosynthesis+in+hot+spring+biofilms+from+Mono+Lake%2C+California&amp;rft.volume=321&amp;rft.issue=5891&amp;rft.pages=967-970&amp;rft.date=2008-08&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18703741&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1160799&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008Sci...321..967K&amp;rft.aulast=Kulp&amp;rft.aufirst=TR&amp;rft.au=Hoeft%2C+SE&amp;rft.au=Asao%2C+M&amp;rft.au=Madigan%2C+MT&amp;rft.au=Hollibaugh%2C+JT&amp;rft.au=Fisher%2C+JC&amp;rft.au=Stolz%2C+JF&amp;rft.au=Culbertson%2C+CW&amp;rft.au=Miller%2C+LG&amp;rft.au=Oremland%2C+RS&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090712152053/http://www.bio-medicine.org/biology-news/Scientists-discover-unique-microbe-in-Californias-largest-lake-203-1/">&#8220;Scientists discover unique microbe in California's largest lake&#8221;</a>. 2009년 7월 12일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bio-medicine.org/biology-news/Scientists-discover-unique-microbe-in-Californias-largest-lake-203-1/">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2009년 7월 20일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Scientists+discover+unique+microbe+in+California%27s+largest+lake&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bio-medicine.org%2Fbiology-news%2FScientists-discover-unique-microbe-in-Californias-largest-lake-203-1%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L8DHHSO2RFsC&amp;pg=PA14&amp;lpg=PA14&amp;dq=bacteriorhodopsin+photosynthesis+evolved+separately">Plants: Diversity and Evolution</a>, page 14, Martin Ingrouille, Bill Eddie</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Oakley, Todd (2008년 12월 19일). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://evolutionarynovelty.blogspot.com/2008/12/opsins-amazing-evolutionary-convergence.html">&#8220;Evolutionary Novelties: Opsins: An amazing evolutionary convergence&#8221;</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Evolutionary+Novelties%3A+Opsins%3A+An+amazing+evolutionary+convergence&amp;rft.date=2008-12-19&amp;rft.aulast=Oakley&amp;rft.aufirst=Todd&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fevolutionarynovelty.blogspot.com%2F2008%2F12%2Fopsins-amazing-evolutionary-convergence.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid17055774-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid17055774_20-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Tavano CL, Donohue TJ (Dec 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2765710">&#8220;Development of the bacterial photosynthetic apparatus&#8221;</a>. &#12298;Current Opinion in Microbiology&#12299; <b>9</b> (6): 625–631. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mib.2006.10.005">10.1016/j.mib.2006.10.005</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C_%EC%84%BC%ED%8A%B8%EB%9F%B4" title="펍메드 센트럴">PMC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2765710">2765710</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17055774">17055774</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Current+Opinion+in+Microbiology&amp;rft.atitle=Development+of+the+bacterial+photosynthetic+apparatus&amp;rft.volume=9&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=625-631&amp;rft.date=2006-12&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2765710&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17055774&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.mib.2006.10.005&amp;rft.aulast=Tavano&amp;rft.aufirst=CL&amp;rft.au=Donohue%2C+TJ&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2765710&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mullineaux1999-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Mullineaux1999_21-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Mullineaux1999_21-1">나</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Mullineaux CW (1999). &#8220;The thylakoid membranes of cyanobacteria: structure, dynamics and function&#8221;. &#12298;Australian Journal of Plant Physiology&#12299; <b>26</b> (7): 671–677. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1071%2FPP99027">10.1071/PP99027</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Australian+Journal+of+Plant+Physiology&amp;rft.atitle=The+thylakoid+membranes+of+cyanobacteria%3A+structure%2C+dynamics+and+function&amp;rft.volume=26&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft.pages=671-677&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1071%2FPP99027&amp;rft.aulast=Mullineaux&amp;rft.aufirst=CW&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid17895378-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid17895378_22-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Sener MK, Olsen JD, Hunter CN, Schulten K (Oct 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2000399">&#8220;Atomic-level structural and functional model of a bacterial photosynthetic membrane vesicle&#8221;</a>. &#12298;Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America&#12299; <b>104</b> (40): 15723–15728. <a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EB%B8%8C%EC%BD%94%EB%93%9C" title="비브코드">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007PNAS..10415723S">2007PNAS..10415723S</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0706861104">10.1073/pnas.0706861104</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C_%EC%84%BC%ED%8A%B8%EB%9F%B4" title="펍메드 센트럴">PMC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2000399">2000399</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17895378">17895378</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&amp;rft.atitle=Atomic-level+structural+and+functional+model+of+a+bacterial+photosynthetic+membrane+vesicle&amp;rft.volume=104&amp;rft.issue=40&amp;rft.pages=15723-15728&amp;rft.date=2007-10&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2000399&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17895378&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0706861104&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007PNAS..10415723S&amp;rft.aulast=Sener&amp;rft.aufirst=MK&amp;rft.au=Olsen%2C+JD&amp;rft.au=Hunter%2C+CN&amp;rft.au=Schulten%2C+K&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2000399&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-isbn0-13-250882-6-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-isbn0-13-250882-6_23-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Campbell NA, Williamson B, Heyden RJ (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phschool.com/el_marketing.html">&#12298;Biology Exploring Life&#12299;</a>. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/978-0-13-250882-7" title="특수:책찾기/978-0-13-250882-7"><bdi>978-0-13-250882-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Biology+Exploring+Life&amp;rft.place=Upper+Saddle+River%2C+NJ&amp;rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-13-250882-7&amp;rft.aulast=Campbell&amp;rft.aufirst=NA&amp;rft.au=Williamson%2C+B&amp;rft.au=Heyden%2C+RJ&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phschool.com%2Fel_marketing.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Ziehe, D; Dünschede, B; Schünemann, D (Dec 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6244792">&#8220;Molecular mechanism of SRP-dependent light-harvesting protein transport to the thylakoid membrane in plants&#8221;</a>. &#12298;Photosynthesis Research&#12299; <b>138</b> (3): 303–313. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11120-018-0544-6">10.1007/s11120-018-0544-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C_%EC%84%BC%ED%8A%B8%EB%9F%B4" title="펍메드 센트럴">PMC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6244792">6244792</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29956039">29956039</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Photosynthesis+Research&amp;rft.atitle=Molecular+mechanism+of+SRP-dependent+light-harvesting+protein+transport+to+the+thylakoid+membrane+in+plants&amp;rft.volume=138&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=303-313&amp;rft.date=2018-12&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6244792&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29956039&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11120-018-0544-6&amp;rft.aulast=Ziehe&amp;rft.aufirst=D&amp;rft.au=D%C3%BCnschede%2C+B&amp;rft.au=Sch%C3%BCnemann%2C+D&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6244792&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Raven-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Raven_25-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Raven_25-1">나</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Raven PH, Evert RF, Eichhorn SE (2005). &#12298;Biology of Plants&#12299; 7판. New York: W. H. Freeman and Company. 124–127쪽. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/978-0-7167-1007-3" title="특수:책찾기/978-0-7167-1007-3"><bdi>978-0-7167-1007-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Biology+of+Plants&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pages=124-127&amp;rft.edition=7th&amp;rft.pub=W.+H.+Freeman+and+Company&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-7167-1007-3&amp;rft.aulast=Raven&amp;rft.aufirst=PH&amp;rft.au=Evert%2C+RF&amp;rft.au=Eichhorn%2C+SE&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Dolai U (2017). &#8220;Chemical Scheme of Water-Splitting Process during Photosynthesis by the Way of Experimental Analysis&#8221;. &#12298;IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences&#12299; <b>12</b> (6): 65–67. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.9790%2F3008-1206026567">10.9790/3008-1206026567</a> (년 이후로 접속 불가 2019-07-14).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=IOSR+Journal+of+Pharmacy+and+Biological+Sciences&amp;rft.atitle=Chemical+Scheme+of+Water-Splitting+Process+during+Photosynthesis+by+the+Way+of+Experimental+Analysis&amp;rft.volume=12&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=65-67&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.9790%2F3008-1206026567&amp;rft.aulast=Dolai&amp;rft.aufirst=Umasankar&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VK_Yachandra-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-VK_Yachandra_27-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.lbl.gov/vkyachan/">&#8220;Yachandra/Yano Group - Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory&#8221;</a>. &#12298;www2.lbl.gov&#12299;.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www2.lbl.gov&amp;rft.atitle=Yachandra%2FYano+Group+-+Lawrence+Berkeley+National+Laboratory&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.lbl.gov%2Fvkyachan%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid18250316-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid18250316_28-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Pushkar Y, Yano J, Sauer K, Boussac A, Yachandra VK (Feb 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2542863">&#8220;Structural changes in the Mn4Ca cluster and the mechanism of photosynthetic water splitting&#8221;</a>. &#12298;Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America&#12299; <b>105</b> (6): 1879–1884. <a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EB%B8%8C%EC%BD%94%EB%93%9C" title="비브코드">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008PNAS..105.1879P">2008PNAS..105.1879P</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0707092105">10.1073/pnas.0707092105</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C_%EC%84%BC%ED%8A%B8%EB%9F%B4" title="펍메드 센트럴">PMC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2542863">2542863</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18250316">18250316</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&amp;rft.atitle=Structural+changes+in+the+Mn4Ca+cluster+and+the+mechanism+of+photosynthetic+water+splitting&amp;rft.volume=105&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=1879-1884&amp;rft.date=2008-02&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2542863&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18250316&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0707092105&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008PNAS..105.1879P&amp;rft.aulast=Pushkar&amp;rft.aufirst=Y&amp;rft.au=Yano%2C+J&amp;rft.au=Sauer%2C+K&amp;rft.au=Boussac%2C+A&amp;rft.au=Yachandra%2C+VK&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2542863&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-williamsjohnston-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-williamsjohnston_29-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-williamsjohnston_29-1">나</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Williams BP, Johnston IG, Covshoff S, Hibberd JM (September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3786385">&#8220;Phenotypic landscape inference reveals multiple evolutionary paths to C4 photosynthesis&#8221;</a>. &#12298;eLife&#12299; <b>2</b>: e00961. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.7554%2FeLife.00961">10.7554/eLife.00961</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C_%EC%84%BC%ED%8A%B8%EB%9F%B4" title="펍메드 센트럴">PMC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3786385">3786385</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24082995">24082995</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=eLife&amp;rft.atitle=Phenotypic+landscape+inference+reveals+multiple+evolutionary+paths+to+C4+photosynthesis&amp;rft.volume=2&amp;rft.pages=e00961&amp;rft.date=2013-09&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3786385&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24082995&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7554%2FeLife.00961&amp;rft.aulast=Williams&amp;rft.aufirst=BP&amp;rft.au=Johnston%2C+IG&amp;rft.au=Covshoff%2C+S&amp;rft.au=Hibberd%2C+JM&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3786385&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taiz-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Taiz_30-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Taiz L, Geiger E (2006). &#12298;Plant Physiology&#12299; 4판. Sinauer Associates. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/978-0-87893-856-8" title="특수:책찾기/978-0-87893-856-8"><bdi>978-0-87893-856-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Plant+Physiology&amp;rft.edition=4th&amp;rft.pub=Sinauer+Associates&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-87893-856-8&amp;rft.aulast=Taiz&amp;rft.aufirst=L&amp;rft.au=Geiger%2C+E&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sage-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-sage_31-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Monson RK, Sage RF (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H7Wv9ZImW-QC&amp;pg=PA551">&#12296;The Taxonomic Distribution of <span class="chemf nowrap">C<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:85%;text-align:left"><br />4</span></span> Photosynthesis&#12297;</a>. &#12298;C₄ plant biology&#12299;. Boston: Academic Press. 551–580쪽. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/978-0-12-614440-6" title="특수:책찾기/978-0-12-614440-6"><bdi>978-0-12-614440-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=The+Taxonomic+Distribution+of+%3Cspan+class%3D%22chemf+nowrap%22%3EC%3Cspan+style%3D%22display%3Ainline-block%3Bmargin-bottom%3A-0.3em%3Bvertical-align%3A-0.4em%3Bline-height%3A1.2em%3Bfont-size%3A85%25%3Btext-align%3Aleft%22%3E%3Cbr+%2F%3E4%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E+Photosynthesis&amp;rft.btitle=C%E2%82%84+plant+biology&amp;rft.place=Boston&amp;rft.pages=551-580&amp;rft.pub=Academic+Press&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-12-614440-6&amp;rft.aulast=Monson&amp;rft.aufirst=RK&amp;rft.au=Sage%2C+RF&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH7Wv9ZImW-QC%26pg%3DPA551&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid11886877-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid11886877_32-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Dodd AN, Borland AM, Haslam RP, Griffiths H, Maxwell K (Apr 2002). &#8220;Crassulacean acid metabolism: plastic, fantastic&#8221;. &#12298;Journal of Experimental Botany&#12299; <b>53</b> (369): 569–580. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fjexbot%2F53.369.569">10.1093/jexbot/53.369.569</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11886877">11886877</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Experimental+Botany&amp;rft.atitle=Crassulacean+acid+metabolism%3A+plastic%2C+fantastic&amp;rft.volume=53&amp;rft.issue=369&amp;rft.pages=569-580&amp;rft.date=2002-04&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjexbot%2F53.369.569&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11886877&amp;rft.aulast=Dodd&amp;rft.aufirst=AN&amp;rft.au=Borland%2C+AM&amp;rft.au=Haslam%2C+RP&amp;rft.au=Griffiths%2C+H&amp;rft.au=Maxwell%2C+K&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Badger MR, Price GD (Feb 2003). &#8220;CO2 concentrating mechanisms in cyanobacteria: molecular components, their diversity and evolution&#8221;. &#12298;Journal of Experimental Botany&#12299; <b>54</b> (383): 609–622. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fjxb%2Ferg076">10.1093/jxb/erg076</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12554704">12554704</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Experimental+Botany&amp;rft.atitle=CO2+concentrating+mechanisms+in+cyanobacteria%3A+molecular+components%2C+their+diversity+and+evolution&amp;rft.volume=54&amp;rft.issue=383&amp;rft.pages=609-622&amp;rft.date=2003-02&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjxb%2Ferg076&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12554704&amp;rft.aulast=Badger&amp;rft.aufirst=MR&amp;rft.au=Price%2C+GD&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Badger MR, Andrews JT, Whitney SM, Ludwig M, Yellowlees DC, Leggat W, Price GD (1998). &#8220;The diversity and coevolution of Rubisco, plastids, pyrenoids, and chloroplast-based CO<sub>2</sub>-concentrating mechanisms in algae&#8221;. &#12298;[Canadian Journal of Botany&#12299; <b>76</b> (6): 1052–1071. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1139%2Fb98-074">10.1139/b98-074</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=%5BCanadian+Journal+of+Botany&amp;rft.atitle=The+diversity+and+coevolution+of+Rubisco%2C+plastids%2C+pyrenoids%2C+and+chloroplast-based+CO%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E-concentrating+mechanisms+in+algae&amp;rft.volume=76&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=1052-1071&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1139%2Fb98-074&amp;rft.aulast=Badger&amp;rft.aufirst=MR&amp;rft.au=Andrews%2C+JT&amp;rft.au=Whitney%2C+SM&amp;rft.au=Ludwig%2C+M&amp;rft.au=Yellowlees%2C+DC&amp;rft.au=Leggat%2C+W&amp;rft.au=Price%2C+GD&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-url_Chapter_1_–_Biological_energy_production-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-url_Chapter_1_–_Biological_energy_production_35-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Miyamoto K. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/w7241e/w7241e05.htm#1.2.1%20photosynthetic%20efficiency">&#8220;Chapter 1 – Biological energy production&#8221;</a>. &#12298;Renewable biological systems for alternative sustainable energy production (FAO Agricultural Services Bulletin – 128)&#12299;. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2009년 1월 4일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Renewable+biological+systems+for+alternative+sustainable+energy+production+%28FAO+Agricultural+Services+Bulletin+%E2%80%93+128%29&amp;rft.atitle=Chapter+1+%E2%80%93+Biological+energy+production&amp;rft.aulast=Miyamoto&amp;rft.aufirst=K&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Fdocrep%2Fw7241e%2Fw7241e05.htm%231.2.1%2520photosynthetic%2520efficiency&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chlorophyll_fluorescence-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Chlorophyll_fluorescence_36-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Maxwell K, Johnson GN (Apr 2000). &#8220;Chlorophyll fluorescence--a practical guide&#8221;. &#12298;Journal of Experimental Botany&#12299; <b>51</b> (345): 659–668. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fjexbot%2F51.345.659">10.1093/jexbot/51.345.659</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10938857">10938857</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Experimental+Botany&amp;rft.atitle=Chlorophyll+fluorescence--a+practical+guide&amp;rft.volume=51&amp;rft.issue=345&amp;rft.pages=659-668&amp;rft.date=2000-04&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjexbot%2F51.345.659&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10938857&amp;rft.aulast=Maxwell&amp;rft.aufirst=K&amp;rft.au=Johnson%2C+GN&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Maxwell K, Johnson GN (2000). &#8220;Chlorophyll fluorescence – a practical guide&#8221;. &#12298;Journal of Experimental Botany&#12299; <b>51</b> (345): 659–668. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fjxb%2F51.345.659">10.1093/jxb/51.345.659</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10938857">10938857</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Experimental+Botany&amp;rft.atitle=Chlorophyll+fluorescence+%E2%80%93+a+practical+guide&amp;rft.volume=51&amp;rft.issue=345&amp;rft.pages=659-668&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjxb%2F51.345.659&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10938857&amp;rft.aulast=Maxwell&amp;rft.aufirst=K&amp;rft.au=Johnson%2C+GN&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-urlWhat_is_Photosynthesis-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-urlWhat_is_Photosynthesis_38-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Govindjee R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.life.illinois.edu/govindjee/whatisit.htm">&#8220;What is Photosynthesis&#8221;</a>. Biology at Illinois.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=What+is+Photosynthesis&amp;rft.pub=Biology+at+Illinois&amp;rft.aulast=Govindjee&amp;rft.aufirst=R&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.life.illinois.edu%2Fgovindjee%2Fwhatisit.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rosenqvist_E._2006_pages_39-78-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Rosenqvist_E._2006_pages_39-78_39-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Rosenqvist_E._2006_pages_39-78_39-1">나</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Rosenqvist E, van Kooten O (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8vfxBwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA39">&#12296;Chapter 2: Chlorophyll Fluorescence: A General Description and Nomenclature&#12297;</a>. DeEll JA, Toivonen PM. &#12298;Practical Applications of Chlorophyll Fluorescence in Plant Biology&#12299;. Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers. 39–78쪽.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Chapter+2%3A+Chlorophyll+Fluorescence%3A+A+General+Description+and+Nomenclature&amp;rft.btitle=Practical+Applications+of+Chlorophyll+Fluorescence+in+Plant+Biology&amp;rft.place=Dordrecht%2C+the+Netherlands&amp;rft.pages=39-78&amp;rft.pub=Kluwer+Academic+Publishers&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.aulast=Rosenqvist&amp;rft.aufirst=E&amp;rft.au=van+Kooten%2C+O&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8vfxBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA39&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Baker NR, Oxborough K (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wDSywgEACAAJ&amp;pg=PA66">&#12296;Chapter 3: Chlorophyll fluorescence as a probe of photosynthetic productivity&#12297;</a>. Papaqeorgiou G, Govindjee. &#12298;Chlorophylla Fluorescence a Signature of Photosynthesis&#12299;. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer. 66–79쪽.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Chapter+3%3A+Chlorophyll+fluorescence+as+a+probe+of+photosynthetic+productivity&amp;rft.btitle=Chlorophylla+Fluorescence+a+Signature+of+Photosynthesis&amp;rft.place=Dordrecht%2C+The+Netherlands&amp;rft.pages=66-79&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.aulast=Baker&amp;rft.aufirst=NR&amp;rft.au=Oxborough%2C+K&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwDSywgEACAAJ%26pg%3DPA66&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Flexas J, Escalnona JM, Medrano H (January 1999). &#8220;Water stress induces different levels of photosynthesis and electron transport rate regulation in grapevines&#8221;. &#12298;Plant, Cell and Environment&#12299; <b>22</b> (1): 39–48. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-3040.1999.00371.x">10.1046/j.1365-3040.1999.00371.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Plant%2C+Cell+and+Environment&amp;rft.atitle=Water+stress+induces+different+levels+of+photosynthesis+and+electron+transport+rate+regulation+in+grapevines&amp;rft.volume=22&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=39-48&amp;rft.date=1999-01&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1365-3040.1999.00371.x&amp;rft.aulast=Flexas&amp;rft.aufirst=J&amp;rft.au=Escalnona%2C+JM&amp;rft.au=Medrano%2C+H&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid9490760-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid9490760_42-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Fryer MJ, Andrews JR, Oxborough K, Blowers DA, Baker NR (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC35114">&#8220;Relationship between CO2 Assimilation, Photosynthetic Electron Transport, and Active O2 Metabolism in Leaves of Maize in the Field during Periods of Low Temperature&#8221;</a>. &#12298;Plant Physiology&#12299; <b>116</b> (2): 571–580. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1104%2Fpp.116.2.571">10.1104/pp.116.2.571</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C_%EC%84%BC%ED%8A%B8%EB%9F%B4" title="펍메드 센트럴">PMC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC35114">35114</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9490760">9490760</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Plant+Physiology&amp;rft.atitle=Relationship+between+CO2+Assimilation%2C+Photosynthetic+Electron+Transport%2C+and+Active+O2+Metabolism+in+Leaves+of+Maize+in+the+Field+during+Periods+of+Low+Temperature&amp;rft.volume=116&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=571-580&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC35114&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9490760&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1104%2Fpp.116.2.571&amp;rft.aulast=Fryer&amp;rft.aufirst=MJ&amp;rft.au=Andrews%2C+JR&amp;rft.au=Oxborough%2C+K&amp;rft.au=Blowers%2C+DA&amp;rft.au=Baker%2C+NR&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC35114&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Earl H, Said Ennahli S (2004). &#8220;Estimating photosynthetic electron transport via chlorophyll fluorometry without Photosystem II light saturation&#8221;. &#12298;Photosynthesis Research&#12299; <b>82</b> (2): 177–186. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11120-004-1454-3">10.1007/s11120-004-1454-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16151873">16151873</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Photosynthesis+Research&amp;rft.atitle=Estimating+photosynthetic+electron+transport+via+chlorophyll+fluorometry+without+Photosystem+II+light+saturation&amp;rft.volume=82&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=177-186&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11120-004-1454-3&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16151873&amp;rft.aulast=Earl&amp;rft.aufirst=H&amp;rft.au=Said+Ennahli%2C+S&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Genty B, Briantais J, Baker NR (1989). &#8220;MThe relationship between the quantum yield of photosynthetic electron transport and quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence&#8221;. &#12298;Biochimica et Biophysica Acta&#12299; <b>990</b> (1): 87–92. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0304-4165%2889%2980016-9">10.1016/s0304-4165(89)80016-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Biochimica+et+Biophysica+Acta&amp;rft.atitle=MThe+relationship+between+the+quantum+yield+of+photosynthetic+electron+transport+and+quenching+of+chlorophyll+fluorescence&amp;rft.volume=990&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=87-92&amp;rft.date=1989&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0304-4165%2889%2980016-9&amp;rft.aulast=Genty&amp;rft.aufirst=B&amp;rft.au=Briantais%2C+J&amp;rft.au=Baker%2C+NR&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baker_N._R._2008-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Baker_N._R._2008_45-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Baker_N._R._2008_45-1">나</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Baker NR (2008). &#8220;Chlorophyll Fluorescence: A Probe of Photosynthesis In Vivo&#8221;. &#12298;Annu. Rev. Plant Biol.&#12299; <b>59</b>: 89–113. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.arplant.59.032607.092759">10.1146/annurev.arplant.59.032607.092759</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18444897">18444897</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Annu.+Rev.+Plant+Biol.&amp;rft.atitle=Chlorophyll+Fluorescence%3A+A+Probe+of+Photosynthesis+In+Vivo&amp;rft.volume=59&amp;rft.pages=89-113&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.arplant.59.032607.092759&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18444897&amp;rft.aulast=Baker&amp;rft.aufirst=NR&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bernacchi_2002-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Bernacchi_2002_46-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Bernacchi_2002_46-1">나</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Bernacchi_2002_46-2">다</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Bernacchi CJ, Portis AR, Nakano H, von Caemmerer S, Long SP (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC166710">&#8220;Temperature response of mesophyll conductance. Implications for the determination of Rubisco enzyme kinetics and for limitations to photosynthesis in vivo&#8221;</a>. &#12298;Plant Physiology&#12299; <b>130</b> (4): 1992–1998. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1104%2Fpp.008250">10.1104/pp.008250</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C_%EC%84%BC%ED%8A%B8%EB%9F%B4" title="펍메드 센트럴">PMC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC166710">166710</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12481082">12481082</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Plant+Physiology&amp;rft.atitle=Temperature+response+of+mesophyll+conductance.+Implications+for+the+determination+of+Rubisco+enzyme+kinetics+and+for+limitations+to+photosynthesis+in+vivo&amp;rft.volume=130&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=1992-1998&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC166710&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12481082&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1104%2Fpp.008250&amp;rft.aulast=Bernacchi&amp;rft.aufirst=CJ&amp;rft.au=Portis%2C+AR&amp;rft.au=Nakano%2C+H&amp;rft.au=von+Caemmerer%2C+S&amp;rft.au=Long%2C+SP&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC166710&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ribas-Carbo_2010-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Ribas-Carbo_2010_47-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Ribas-Carbo_2010_47-1">나</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Ribas-Carbo_2010_47-2">다</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Ribas-Carbo_2010_47-3">라</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Ribas-Carbo M, Flexas J, Robinson SA, Tcherkez GG (2010). &#8220;In vivo measurement of plant respiration&#8221;. &#12298;University of Wollongong Research Online&#12299;.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=University+of+Wollongong+Research+Online&amp;rft.atitle=In+vivo+measurement+of+plant+respiration&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.aulast=Ribas-Carbo&amp;rft.aufirst=M&amp;rft.au=Flexas%2C+J&amp;rft.au=Robinson%2C+SA&amp;rft.au=Tcherkez%2C+GG&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-long2003-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-long2003_48-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-long2003_48-1">나</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-long2003_48-2">다</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-long2003_48-3">라</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Long SP, Bernacchi CJ (2003). &#8220;Gas exchange measurements, what can they tell us about the underlying limitations to photosynthesis? Procedures and sources of error&#8221;. &#12298;Journal of Experimental Botany&#12299; <b>54</b> (392): 2393–2401. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fjxb%2Ferg262">10.1093/jxb/erg262</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14512377">14512377</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Experimental+Botany&amp;rft.atitle=Gas+exchange+measurements%2C+what+can+they+tell+us+about+the+underlying+limitations+to+photosynthesis%3F+Procedures+and+sources+of+error&amp;rft.volume=54&amp;rft.issue=392&amp;rft.pages=2393-2401&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjxb%2Ferg262&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14512377&amp;rft.aulast=Long&amp;rft.aufirst=SP&amp;rft.au=Bernacchi%2C+CJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-49">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Bernacchi CJ, Portis A (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC166710">&#8220;R., Nakano H., von Caemmerer S., and Long S.P. (2002) Temperature Response of Mesophyll Conductance. Implications for the Determination of Rubisco Enzyme Kinetics and for Limitations to Photosynthesis in Vivo&#8221;</a>. &#12298;Plant Physiology&#12299; <b>130</b> (4): 1992–1998. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1104%2Fpp.008250">10.1104/pp.008250</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C_%EC%84%BC%ED%8A%B8%EB%9F%B4" title="펍메드 센트럴">PMC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC166710">166710</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12481082">12481082</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Plant+Physiology&amp;rft.atitle=R.%2C+Nakano+H.%2C+von+Caemmerer+S.%2C+and+Long+S.P.+%282002%29+Temperature+Response+of+Mesophyll+Conductance.+Implications+for+the+Determination+of+Rubisco+Enzyme+Kinetics+and+for+Limitations+to+Photosynthesis+in+Vivo&amp;rft.volume=130&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=1992-1998&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC166710&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12481082&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1104%2Fpp.008250&amp;rft.aulast=Bernacchi&amp;rft.aufirst=CJ&amp;rft.au=Portis%2C+A&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC166710&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-50">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">YIN X, Struik PC (2009). &#8220;Theoretical reconsiderations when estimating the mesophyll conductanceto CO2 diffusion in leaves of C3 plants by analysis of combined gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence measurements pce_2016 1513..1&#8221;. &#12298;Plant, Cell and Environment&#12299; <b>32</b> (11): 1513–1524 [1524]. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-3040.2009.02016.x">10.1111/j.1365-3040.2009.02016.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19558403">19558403</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Plant%2C+Cell+and+Environment&amp;rft.atitle=Theoretical+reconsiderations+when+estimating+the+mesophyll+conductanceto+CO2+diffusion+in+leaves+of+C3+plants+by+analysis+of+combined+gas+exchange+and+chlorophyll+fluorescence+measurements+pce_2016+1513..1&amp;rft.volume=32&amp;rft.issue=11&amp;rft.pages=1513-1524+1524&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-3040.2009.02016.x&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19558403&amp;rft.aulast=YIN&amp;rft.aufirst=X&amp;rft.au=Struik%2C+PC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-51">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Schreiber U, Klughammer C, Kolbowski J (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3430841">&#8220;Assessment of wavelength-dependent parameters of photosynthetic electron transport with a new type of multi-color PAM chlorophyll fluorometer&#8221;</a>. &#12298;Photosynthesis Research&#12299; <b>113</b> (1–3): 127–144. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11120-012-9758-1">10.1007/s11120-012-9758-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C_%EC%84%BC%ED%8A%B8%EB%9F%B4" title="펍메드 센트럴">PMC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3430841">3430841</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22729479">22729479</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Photosynthesis+Research&amp;rft.atitle=Assessment+of+wavelength-dependent+parameters+of+photosynthetic+electron+transport+with+a+new+type+of+multi-color+PAM+chlorophyll+fluorometer&amp;rft.volume=113&amp;rft.issue=1%E2%80%933&amp;rft.pages=127-144&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3430841&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22729479&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11120-012-9758-1&amp;rft.aulast=Schreiber&amp;rft.aufirst=U&amp;rft.au=Klughammer%2C+C&amp;rft.au=Kolbowski%2C+J&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3430841&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-urlBBC_News_-_Plants_seen_doing_quantum_physics-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-urlBBC_News_-_Plants_seen_doing_quantum_physics_52-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Palmer J (2013년 6월 21일). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-22996054">&#8220;Plants 'seen doing quantum physics<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</span>&#8221;</a>. &#12298;BBC News&#12299;.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=BBC+News&amp;rft.atitle=Plants+%27seen+doing+quantum+physics%27&amp;rft.date=2013-06-21&amp;rft.aulast=Palmer&amp;rft.aufirst=J&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fscience-environment-22996054&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-urlQuantum_Biology:_Better_Living_Through_Quantum_Mechanics_-_The_Nature_of_Reality-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-urlQuantum_Biology:_Better_Living_Through_Quantum_Mechanics_-_The_Nature_of_Reality_53-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Lloyd S (2014년 3월 10일). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/blogs/physics/2014/03/quantum-life/">&#8220;Quantum Biology: Better Living Through Quantum Mechanics – The Nature of Reality&#8221;</a>. Nova: PBS Online, WGBH Boston.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Quantum+Biology%3A+Better+Living+Through+Quantum+Mechanics+%E2%80%93+The+Nature+of+Reality&amp;rft.pub=Nova%3A+PBS+Online%2C+WGBH+Boston&amp;rft.date=2014-03-10&amp;rft.aulast=Lloyd&amp;rft.aufirst=S&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fnova%2Fblogs%2Fphysics%2F2014%2F03%2Fquantum-life%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid23788794-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid23788794_54-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Hildner R, Brinks D, Nieder JB, Cogdell RJ, van Hulst NF (Jun 2013). &#8220;Quantum coherent energy transfer over varying pathways in single light-harvesting complexes&#8221;. &#12298;Science&#12299; <b>340</b> (6139): 1448–1451. <a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EB%B8%8C%EC%BD%94%EB%93%9C" title="비브코드">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013Sci...340.1448H">2013Sci...340.1448H</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1235820">10.1126/science.1235820</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23788794">23788794</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.atitle=Quantum+coherent+energy+transfer+over+varying+pathways+in+single+light-harvesting+complexes&amp;rft.volume=340&amp;rft.issue=6139&amp;rft.pages=1448-1451&amp;rft.date=2013-06&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23788794&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1235820&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013Sci...340.1448H&amp;rft.aulast=Hildner&amp;rft.aufirst=R&amp;rft.au=Brinks%2C+D&amp;rft.au=Nieder%2C+JB&amp;rft.au=Cogdell%2C+RJ&amp;rft.au=van+Hulst%2C+NF&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-55">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Gale J (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=64zn0nxDVUYC&amp;pg=PA112">&#12298;Astrobiology of Earth: The emergence, evolution and future of life on a planet in turmoil&#12299;</a>. OUP Oxford. 112–113쪽. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/978-0-19-154835-2" title="특수:책찾기/978-0-19-154835-2"><bdi>978-0-19-154835-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Astrobiology+of+Earth%3A+The+emergence%2C+evolution+and+future+of+life+on+a+planet+in+turmoil&amp;rft.pages=112-113&amp;rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-19-154835-2&amp;rft.aulast=Gale&amp;rft.aufirst=Joseph&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D64zn0nxDVUYC%26pg%3DPA112&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-56">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Davis K (2004년 10월 2일). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg18424671.600-photosynthesis-got-a-really-early-start.html">&#8220;Photosynthesis got a really early start&#8221;</a>. &#12298;New Scientist&#12299;.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&amp;rft.atitle=Photosynthesis+got+a+really+early+start&amp;rft.date=2004-10-02&amp;rft.aulast=Davis&amp;rft.aufirst=Katharine&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fmg18424671.600-photosynthesis-got-a-really-early-start.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-57">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Hooper R (2006년 8월 19일). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19125654.200-revealing-the-dawn-of-photosynthesis.html">&#8220;Revealing the dawn of photosynthesis&#8221;</a>. &#12298;New Scientist&#12299;.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&amp;rft.atitle=Revealing+the+dawn+of+photosynthesis&amp;rft.date=2006-08-19&amp;rft.aulast=Hooper&amp;rft.aufirst=Rowan&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fmg19125654.200-revealing-the-dawn-of-photosynthesis.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ELSVR-20180306-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ELSVR-20180306_58-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Caredona, Tanai (2018년 3월 6일). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190401030252/https://www.heliyon.com/article/e00548">&#8220;Early Archean origin of heterodimeric Photosystem I&#8221;</a>. &#12298;Elsevier&#12299; <b>4</b> (3): e00548. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.heliyon.2018.e00548">10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00548</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C_%EC%84%BC%ED%8A%B8%EB%9F%B4" title="펍메드 센트럴">PMC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5857716">5857716</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29560463">29560463</a>. 2019년 4월 1일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heliyon.com/article/e00548">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2018년 3월 23일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Elsevier&amp;rft.atitle=Early+Archean+origin+of+heterodimeric+Photosystem+I&amp;rft.volume=4&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=e00548&amp;rft.date=2018-03-06&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5857716&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29560463&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.heliyon.2018.e00548&amp;rft.aulast=Caredona&amp;rft.aufirst=Tanai&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heliyon.com%2Farticle%2Fe00548&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AST-20180307-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-AST-20180307_59-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Howard, Victoria (2018년 3월 7일). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.astrobio.net/also-in-news/photosynthesis-originated-billion-years-earlier-thought-study-shows/">&#8220;Photosynthesis Originated A Billion Years Earlier Than We Thought, Study Shows.&#8221;</a>. &#12298;Astrobiology Magazine&#12299;<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2018년 3월 23일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Astrobiology+Magazine&amp;rft.atitle=Photosynthesis+Originated+A+Billion+Years+Earlier+Than+We+Thought%2C+Study+Shows.&amp;rft.date=2018-03-07&amp;rft.aulast=Howard&amp;rft.aufirst=Victoria&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.astrobio.net%2Falso-in-news%2Fphotosynthesis-originated-billion-years-earlier-thought-study-shows%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-60">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Venn AA, Loram JE, Douglas AE (2008). &#8220;Photosynthetic symbioses in animals&#8221;. &#12298;Journal of Experimental Botany&#12299; <b>59</b> (5): 1069–1080. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fjxb%2Ferm328">10.1093/jxb/erm328</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18267943">18267943</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Experimental+Botany&amp;rft.atitle=Photosynthetic+symbioses+in+animals&amp;rft.volume=59&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=1069-1080&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjxb%2Ferm328&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18267943&amp;rft.aulast=Venn&amp;rft.aufirst=AA&amp;rft.au=Loram%2C+JE&amp;rft.au=Douglas%2C+AE&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid10806222-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid10806222_61-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Rumpho ME, Summer EJ, Manhart JR (May 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1539252">&#8220;Solar-powered sea slugs. Mollusc/algal chloroplast symbiosis&#8221;</a>. &#12298;Plant Physiology&#12299; <b>123</b> (1): 29–38. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1104%2Fpp.123.1.29">10.1104/pp.123.1.29</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C_%EC%84%BC%ED%8A%B8%EB%9F%B4" title="펍메드 센트럴">PMC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1539252">1539252</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10806222">10806222</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Plant+Physiology&amp;rft.atitle=Solar-powered+sea+slugs.+Mollusc%2Falgal+chloroplast+symbiosis&amp;rft.volume=123&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=29-38&amp;rft.date=2000-05&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1539252&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10806222&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1104%2Fpp.123.1.29&amp;rft.aulast=Rumpho&amp;rft.aufirst=ME&amp;rft.au=Summer%2C+EJ&amp;rft.au=Manhart%2C+JR&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1539252&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid4587388-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid4587388_62-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Muscatine L, Greene RW (1973). &#12298;Chloroplasts and algae as symbionts in molluscs&#12299;. International Review of Cytology <b>36</b>. 137–169쪽. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0074-7696%2808%2960217-X">10.1016/S0074-7696(08)60217-X</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/978-0-12-364336-0" title="특수:책찾기/978-0-12-364336-0"><bdi>978-0-12-364336-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4587388">4587388</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Chloroplasts+and+algae+as+symbionts+in+molluscs&amp;rft.series=International+Review+of+Cytology&amp;rft.pages=137-169&amp;rft.date=1973&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F4587388&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0074-7696%2808%2960217-X&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-12-364336-0&amp;rft.aulast=Muscatine&amp;rft.aufirst=L&amp;rft.au=Greene%2C+RW&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid19004808-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid19004808_63-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Rumpho ME, Worful JM, Lee J, Kannan K, Tyler MS, Bhattacharya D, Moustafa A, Manhart JR (Nov 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2584685">&#8220;Horizontal gene transfer of the algal nuclear gene psbO to the photosynthetic sea slug Elysia chlorotica&#8221;</a>. &#12298;Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America&#12299; <b>105</b> (46): 17867–17871. <a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EB%B8%8C%EC%BD%94%EB%93%9C" title="비브코드">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008PNAS..10517867R">2008PNAS..10517867R</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0804968105">10.1073/pnas.0804968105</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C_%EC%84%BC%ED%8A%B8%EB%9F%B4" title="펍메드 센트럴">PMC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2584685">2584685</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19004808">19004808</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&amp;rft.atitle=Horizontal+gene+transfer+of+the+algal+nuclear+gene+psbO+to+the+photosynthetic+sea+slug+Elysia+chlorotica&amp;rft.volume=105&amp;rft.issue=46&amp;rft.pages=17867-17871&amp;rft.date=2008-11&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2584685&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19004808&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0804968105&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008PNAS..10517867R&amp;rft.aulast=Rumpho&amp;rft.aufirst=ME&amp;rft.au=Worful%2C+JM&amp;rft.au=Lee%2C+J&amp;rft.au=Kannan%2C+K&amp;rft.au=Tyler%2C+MS&amp;rft.au=Bhattacharya%2C+D&amp;rft.au=Moustafa%2C+A&amp;rft.au=Manhart%2C+JR&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2584685&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid9914199-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid9914199_64-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Douglas SE (Dec 1998). &#8220;Plastid evolution: origins, diversity, trends&#8221;. &#12298;Current Opinion in Genetics &amp; Development&#12299; <b>8</b> (6): 655–661. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0959-437X%2898%2980033-6">10.1016/S0959-437X(98)80033-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9914199">9914199</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Current+Opinion+in+Genetics+%26+Development&amp;rft.atitle=Plastid+evolution%3A+origins%2C+diversity%2C+trends&amp;rft.volume=8&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=655-661&amp;rft.date=1998-12&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0959-437X%2898%2980033-6&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9914199&amp;rft.aulast=Douglas&amp;rft.aufirst=SE&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid17600460-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid17600460_65-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Reyes-Prieto A, Weber AP, Bhattacharya D (2007). &#8220;The origin and establishment of the plastid in algae and plants&#8221;. &#12298;Annual Review of Genetics&#12299; <b>41</b>: 147–168. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.genet.41.110306.130134">10.1146/annurev.genet.41.110306.130134</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17600460">17600460</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Genetics&amp;rft.atitle=The+origin+and+establishment+of+the+plastid+in+algae+and+plants&amp;rft.volume=41&amp;rft.pages=147-168&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.genet.41.110306.130134&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17600460&amp;rft.aulast=Reyes-Prieto&amp;rft.aufirst=A&amp;rft.au=Weber%2C+AP&amp;rft.au=Bhattacharya%2C+D&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid12620099-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid12620099_66-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Raven JA, Allen JF (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC153454">&#8220;Genomics and chloroplast evolution: what did cyanobacteria do for plants?&#8221;</a>. &#12298;Genome Biology&#12299; <b>4</b> (3): 209. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1186%2Fgb-2003-4-3-209">10.1186/gb-2003-4-3-209</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C_%EC%84%BC%ED%8A%B8%EB%9F%B4" title="펍메드 센트럴">PMC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC153454">153454</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12620099">12620099</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Genome+Biology&amp;rft.atitle=Genomics+and+chloroplast+evolution%3A+what+did+cyanobacteria+do+for+plants%3F&amp;rft.volume=4&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=209&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC153454&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12620099&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fgb-2003-4-3-209&amp;rft.aulast=Raven&amp;rft.aufirst=JA&amp;rft.au=Allen%2C+JF&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC153454&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-67">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Allen JF (December 2017). &#8220;The CoRR hypothesis for genes in organelles&#8221;. &#12298;J. Theor. Biol.&#12299; <b>434</b>: 50–57. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jtbi.2017.04.008">10.1016/j.jtbi.2017.04.008</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28408315">28408315</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=J.+Theor.+Biol.&amp;rft.atitle=The+CoRR+hypothesis+for+genes+in+organelles&amp;rft.volume=434&amp;rft.pages=50-57&amp;rft.date=2017-12&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jtbi.2017.04.008&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28408315&amp;rft.au=Allen+JF&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-68">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Tomitani A, Knoll AH, Cavanaugh CM, Ohno T (Apr 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1459374">&#8220;The evolutionary diversification of cyanobacteria: molecular-phylogenetic and paleontological perspectives&#8221;</a>. &#12298;Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America&#12299; <b>103</b> (14): 5442–5447. <a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EB%B8%8C%EC%BD%94%EB%93%9C" title="비브코드">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006PNAS..103.5442T">2006PNAS..103.5442T</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0600999103">10.1073/pnas.0600999103</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C_%EC%84%BC%ED%8A%B8%EB%9F%B4" title="펍메드 센트럴">PMC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1459374">1459374</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16569695">16569695</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&amp;rft.atitle=The+evolutionary+diversification+of+cyanobacteria%3A+molecular-phylogenetic+and+paleontological+perspectives&amp;rft.volume=103&amp;rft.issue=14&amp;rft.pages=5442-5447&amp;rft.date=2006-04&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1459374&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16569695&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0600999103&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006PNAS..103.5442T&amp;rft.aulast=Tomitani&amp;rft.aufirst=A&amp;rft.au=Knoll%2C+AH&amp;rft.au=Cavanaugh%2C+CM&amp;rft.au=Ohno%2C+T&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1459374&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-69">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100824004835/http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/bacteria/cyanofr.html">&#8220;Cyanobacteria: Fossil Record&#8221;</a>. Ucmp.berkeley.edu. 2010년 8월 24일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/bacteria/cyanofr.html">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2010년 8월 26일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Cyanobacteria%3A+Fossil+Record&amp;rft.pub=Ucmp.berkeley.edu&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucmp.berkeley.edu%2Fbacteria%2Fcyanofr.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-70">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Smith A (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eC0WBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA5">&#12298;Plant biology&#12299;</a>. New York: Garland Science. 5쪽. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/978-0-8153-4025-6" title="특수:책찾기/978-0-8153-4025-6"><bdi>978-0-8153-4025-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Plant+biology&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pages=5&amp;rft.pub=Garland+Science&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8153-4025-6&amp;rft.aulast=Smith&amp;rft.aufirst=Alison&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeC0WBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA5&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Herrero-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Herrero_71-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Herrero A, Flores E (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xgMahO1BXrQC">&#12298;The Cyanobacteria: Molecular Biology, Genomics and Evolution&#12299;</a> 1판. Caister Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/978-1-904455-15-8" title="특수:책찾기/978-1-904455-15-8"><bdi>978-1-904455-15-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Cyanobacteria%3A+Molecular+Biology%2C+Genomics+and+Evolution&amp;rft.edition=1st&amp;rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-904455-15-8&amp;rft.aulast=Herrero&amp;rft.aufirst=A&amp;rft.au=Flores%2C+E&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxgMahO1BXrQC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-72">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Walker DA (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.life.uiuc.edu/govindjee/Part1/Part1_Walker.pdf">&#8220;<span style="padding-left:0.2em;">'</span>And whose bright presence' – an appreciation of Robert Hill and his reaction&#8221;</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. &#12298;Photosynthesis Research&#12299; <b>73</b> (1–3): 51–54. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1020479620680">10.1023/A:1020479620680</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16245102">16245102</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Photosynthesis+Research&amp;rft.atitle=%27And+whose+bright+presence%27+%E2%80%93+an+appreciation+of+Robert+Hill+and+his+reaction&amp;rft.volume=73&amp;rft.issue=1%E2%80%933&amp;rft.pages=51-54&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1020479620680&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16245102&amp;rft.aulast=Walker&amp;rft.aufirst=DA&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.life.uiuc.edu%2Fgovindjee%2FPart1%2FPart1_Walker.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-73">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1931/warburg.html">Otto Warburg – Biography</a>. Nobelprize.org (1970-08-01). Retrieved on 2011-11-03.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kandler_1950-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Kandler_1950_74-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Kandler, Otto (1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zfn.mpdl.mpg.de/xtf/data/Reihe_B/5/ZNB-1950-5b-0423.pdf">&#8220;Über die Beziehungen zwischen Phosphathaushalt und Photosynthese. I. Phosphatspiegelschwankungen bei Chlorella pyrenoidosa als Folge des Licht-Dunkel-Wechsels&#8221; &#91;On the relationship between the phosphate metabolism and photosynthesis I. Variations in phosphate levels in Chlorella pyrenoidosa as a consequence of light-dark changes&#93;</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. &#12298;Zeitschrift für Naturforschung&#12299; <b>5b</b> (8): 423–437. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1515%2Fznb-1950-0806">10.1515/znb-1950-0806</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Naturforschung&amp;rft.atitle=%C3%9Cber+die+Beziehungen+zwischen+Phosphathaushalt+und+Photosynthese.+I.+Phosphatspiegelschwankungen+bei+Chlorella+pyrenoidosa+als+Folge+des+Licht-Dunkel-Wechsels&amp;rft.volume=5b&amp;rft.issue=8&amp;rft.pages=423-437&amp;rft.date=1950&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fznb-1950-0806&amp;rft.aulast=Kandler&amp;rft.aufirst=Otto&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fzfn.mpdl.mpg.de%2Fxtf%2Fdata%2FReihe_B%2F5%2FZNB-1950-5b-0423.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arnon_1954-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Arnon_1954_75-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Arnon, Daniel I.; Allen, M.B.; Whatley, F.R. (1954). &#8220;Photosynthesis by isolated chloroplasts. II. Photophosphorylation, the conversion of light into phosphate bond energy&#8221;. &#12298;J Am Chem Soc&#12299; <b>76</b> (24): 6324–6329. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1021%2Fja01653a025">10.1021/ja01653a025</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=J+Am+Chem+Soc&amp;rft.atitle=Photosynthesis+by+isolated+chloroplasts.+II.+Photophosphorylation%2C+the+conversion+of+light+into+phosphate+bond+energy&amp;rft.volume=76&amp;rft.issue=24&amp;rft.pages=6324-6329&amp;rft.date=1954&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fja01653a025&amp;rft.aulast=Arnon&amp;rft.aufirst=Daniel+I.&amp;rft.au=Allen%2C+M.B.&amp;rft.au=Whatley%2C+F.R.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arnon_1956-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Arnon_1956_76-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Arnon, Daniel I. (1956). &#8220;Phosphorus metabolism and photosynthesis&#8221;. &#12298;Review of Plant Physiology&#12299; <b>7</b>: 325–354. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.pp.07.060156.001545">10.1146/annurev.pp.07.060156.001545</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Review+of+Plant+Physiology&amp;rft.atitle=Phosphorus+metabolism+and+photosynthesis&amp;rft.volume=7&amp;rft.pages=325-354&amp;rft.date=1956&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.pp.07.060156.001545&amp;rft.aulast=Arnon&amp;rft.aufirst=Daniel+I.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-77">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Gest H (2002). &#8220;History of the word photosynthesis and evolution of its definition&#8221;. &#12298;Photosynthesis Research&#12299; <b>73</b> (1–3): 7–10. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1020419417954">10.1023/A:1020419417954</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16245098">16245098</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Photosynthesis+Research&amp;rft.atitle=History+of+the+word+photosynthesis+and+evolution+of+its+definition&amp;rft.volume=73&amp;rft.issue=1%E2%80%933&amp;rft.pages=7-10&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1020419417954&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16245098&amp;rft.aulast=Gest&amp;rft.aufirst=Howard&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-78">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Calvin M (July 1989). &#8220;Forty years of photosynthesis and related activities&#8221;. &#12298;Photosynthesis Research&#12299; <b>21</b> (1): 3–16. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00047170">10.1007/BF00047170</a> (년 이후로 접속 불가 2019-07-14). <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24424488">24424488</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Photosynthesis+Research&amp;rft.atitle=Forty+years+of+photosynthesis+and+related+activities&amp;rft.volume=21&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=3-16&amp;rft.date=1989-07&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00047170&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24424488&amp;rft.aulast=Calvin&amp;rft.aufirst=Melvin&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-79">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Verduin J (1953). &#8220;A table of photosynthesis rates under optimal, near natural conditions.&#8221;. &#12298;Am. J. Bot.&#12299; <b>40</b> (9): 675–679. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1537-2197.1953.tb06540.x">10.1002/j.1537-2197.1953.tb06540.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/2439681">2439681</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Am.+J.+Bot.&amp;rft.atitle=A+table+of+photosynthesis+rates+under+optimal%2C+near+natural+conditions.&amp;rft.volume=40&amp;rft.issue=9&amp;rft.pages=675-679&amp;rft.date=1953&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fj.1537-2197.1953.tb06540.x&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2439681&amp;rft.aulast=Verduin&amp;rft.aufirst=J&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid13668557-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid13668557_80-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Verduin J, Whitwer EE, Cowell BC (1959). &#8220;Maximal photosynthetic rates in nature&#8221;. &#12298;Science&#12299; <b>130</b> (3370): 268–269. <a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EB%B8%8C%EC%BD%94%EB%93%9C" title="비브코드">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1959Sci...130..268V">1959Sci...130..268V</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.130.3370.268">10.1126/science.130.3370.268</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13668557">13668557</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.atitle=Maximal+photosynthetic+rates+in+nature&amp;rft.volume=130&amp;rft.issue=3370&amp;rft.pages=268-269&amp;rft.date=1959&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F13668557&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.130.3370.268&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1959Sci...130..268V&amp;rft.aulast=Verduin&amp;rft.aufirst=J&amp;rft.au=Whitwer%2C+EE&amp;rft.au=Cowell%2C+BC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-81">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Hesketh JD, Musgrave R (1962). &#8220;Photosynthesis under field conditions. IV. Light studies with individual corn leaves&#8221;. &#12298;Crop Sci.&#12299; <b>2</b> (4): 311–315. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2135%2Fcropsci1962.0011183x000200040011x">10.2135/cropsci1962.0011183x000200040011x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Crop+Sci.&amp;rft.atitle=Photosynthesis+under+field+conditions.+IV.+Light+studies+with+individual+corn+leaves&amp;rft.volume=2&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=311-315&amp;rft.date=1962&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2135%2Fcropsci1962.0011183x000200040011x&amp;rft.aulast=Hesketh&amp;rft.aufirst=JD&amp;rft.au=Musgrave%2C+R&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-82">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Hesketh JD, Moss DN (1963). &#8220;Variation in the response of photosynthesis to light.&#8221;. &#12298;Crop Sci.&#12299; <b>3</b> (2): 107–110. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2135%2Fcropsci1963.0011183X000300020002x">10.2135/cropsci1963.0011183X000300020002x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Crop+Sci.&amp;rft.atitle=Variation+in+the+response+of+photosynthesis+to+light.&amp;rft.volume=3&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=107-110&amp;rft.date=1963&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2135%2Fcropsci1963.0011183X000300020002x&amp;rft.aulast=Hesketh&amp;rft.aufirst=JD&amp;rft.au=Moss%2C+DN&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EH1965-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-EH1965_83-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-EH1965_83-1">나</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">El-Sharkawy, MA, Hesketh JD (1965). &#8220;Photosynthesis among species in relation to characteristics of leaf anatomy and CO<sub>2</sub> diffusion resistances&#8221;. &#12298;Crop Sci.&#12299; <b>5</b> (6): 517–521. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2135%2Fcropsci1965.0011183x000500060010x">10.2135/cropsci1965.0011183x000500060010x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Crop+Sci.&amp;rft.atitle=Photosynthesis+among+species+in+relation+to+characteristics+of+leaf+anatomy+and+CO%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E+diffusion+resistances&amp;rft.volume=5&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=517-521&amp;rft.date=1965&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2135%2Fcropsci1965.0011183x000500060010x&amp;rft.au=El-Sharkawy&amp;rft.au=MA&amp;rft.au=Hesketh%2C+JD&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EH1986-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-EH1986_84-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-EH1986_84-1">나</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-EH1986_84-2">다</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">El-Sharkawy MA, Hesketh JD (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.library.upenn/edu/classics1986/A1986C691300001.pdf">&#8220;Citation Classic-Photosynthesis among species in relation to characteristics of leaf anatomy and CO<sub>2</sub> diffusion resistances.&#8221;</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. &#12298;Curr. Cont./Agr.Biol.Environ&#12299; <b>27</b>: 14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Curr.+Cont.%2FAgr.Biol.Environ&amp;rft.atitle=Citation+Classic-Photosynthesis+among+species+in+relation+to+characteristics+of+leaf+anatomy+and+CO%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E+diffusion+resistances.&amp;rft.volume=27&amp;rft.pages=14&amp;rft.date=1986&amp;rft.aulast=El-Sharkawy&amp;rft.aufirst=MA&amp;rft.au=Hesketh%2C+JD&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.library.upenn%2Fedu%2Fclassics1986%2FA1986C691300001.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r36482206">.mw-parser-output .fix{background-color:#fff9f9;color:DarkSlateGray;border:1px solid #ffdcdc}</style><sup class="정리_필요 noprint">&#91;<a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%84%ED%82%A4%EB%B0%B1%EA%B3%BC:%EA%B9%A8%EC%A7%84_%EB%A7%81%ED%81%AC" title="위키백과:깨진 링크">깨진 링크</a>&#93;</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-85">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Haberlandt G (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6pk_AAAAYAAJ">&#12298;Physiologische Pflanzanatomie&#12299;</a>. Leipzig: Engelmann.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Physiologische+Pflanzanatomie&amp;rft.place=Leipzig&amp;rft.pub=Engelmann&amp;rft.date=1904&amp;rft.aulast=Haberlandt&amp;rft.aufirst=G&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6pk_AAAAYAAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-86">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation thesis">El-Sharkawy MA (1965). &#12298;Factors Limiting Photosynthetic Rates of Different Plant Species&#12299; (학위논문). The University of Arizona, Tucson, USA.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&amp;rft.title=Factors+Limiting+Photosynthetic+Rates+of+Different+Plant+Species&amp;rft.degree=Ph.D.&amp;rft.inst=The+University+of+Arizona%2C+Tucson%2C+USA.&amp;rft.date=1965&amp;rft.aulast=El-Sharkawy&amp;rft.aufirst=MA&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-87">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Karpilov YS (1960). &#8220;The distribution of radioactvity in carbon-14 among the products of photosynthesis in maize&#8221;. &#12298;Proc. Kazan Agric. Inst.&#12299; <b>14</b>: 15–24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Proc.+Kazan+Agric.+Inst.&amp;rft.atitle=The+distribution+of+radioactvity+in+carbon-14+among+the+products+of+photosynthesis+in+maize&amp;rft.volume=14&amp;rft.pages=15-24&amp;rft.date=1960&amp;rft.aulast=Karpilov&amp;rft.aufirst=YS&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-88">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Kortschak HP, Hart CE, Burr GO (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC550268">&#8220;Carbon dioxide fixation in sugarcane leaves&#8221;</a>. &#12298;Plant Physiol&#12299; <b>40</b> (2): 209–213. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1104%2Fpp.40.2.209">10.1104/pp.40.2.209</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C_%EC%84%BC%ED%8A%B8%EB%9F%B4" title="펍메드 센트럴">PMC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC550268">550268</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16656075">16656075</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Plant+Physiol&amp;rft.atitle=Carbon+dioxide+fixation+in+sugarcane+leaves&amp;rft.volume=40&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=209-213&amp;rft.date=1965&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC550268&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16656075&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1104%2Fpp.40.2.209&amp;rft.aulast=Kortschak&amp;rft.aufirst=HP&amp;rft.au=Hart%2C+CE&amp;rft.au=Burr%2C+GO&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC550268&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-89">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Hatch MD, Slack CR (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1270070">&#8220;Photosynthesis by sugar-cane leaves. A new carboxylation reaction and the pathway of sugar formation&#8221;</a>. &#12298;Biochem. J.&#12299; <b>101</b> (1): 103–111. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1042%2Fbj1010103">10.1042/bj1010103</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C_%EC%84%BC%ED%8A%B8%EB%9F%B4" title="펍메드 센트럴">PMC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1270070">1270070</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5971771">5971771</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Biochem.+J.&amp;rft.atitle=Photosynthesis+by+sugar-cane+leaves.+A+new+carboxylation+reaction+and+the+pathway+of+sugar+formation&amp;rft.volume=101&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=103-111&amp;rft.date=1966&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1270070&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F5971771&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1042%2Fbj1010103&amp;rft.aulast=Hatch&amp;rft.aufirst=MD&amp;rft.au=Slack%2C+CR&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1270070&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chapin159-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Chapin159_90-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Chapin FS, Matson PA, Mooney HA (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=shsBCAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA97">&#12298;Principles of Terrestrial Ecosystem Ecology&#12299;</a>. New York: Springer. 97–104쪽. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/978-0-387-95443-1" title="특수:책찾기/978-0-387-95443-1"><bdi>978-0-387-95443-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Principles+of+Terrestrial+Ecosystem+Ecology&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pages=97-104&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-387-95443-1&amp;rft.aulast=Chapin&amp;rft.aufirst=F.+Stuart&amp;rft.au=Matson%2C+Pamela+A.&amp;rft.au=Mooney%2C+Harold+A.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DshsBCAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA97&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jones-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-jones_91-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Jones HG (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BYALAgAAQBAJ">&#12298;Plants and Microclimate: a Quantitative Approach to Environmental Plant Physiology&#12299;</a> Thi판. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/978-0-521-27959-8" title="특수:책찾기/978-0-521-27959-8"><bdi>978-0-521-27959-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Plants+and+Microclimate%3A+a+Quantitative+Approach+to+Environmental+Plant+Physiology&amp;rft.place=Cambridge&amp;rft.edition=Third&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-521-27959-8&amp;rft.aulast=Jones&amp;rft.aufirst=Hamlyn+G.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBYALAgAAQBAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="더_읽을거리"><span id=".EB.8D.94_.EC.9D.BD.EC.9D.84.EA.B1.B0.EB.A6.AC"></span>더 읽을거리</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1&amp;action=edit&amp;section=25" title="부분 편집: 더 읽을거리"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="단행본"><span id=".EB.8B.A8.ED.96.89.EB.B3.B8"></span>단행본</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1&amp;action=edit&amp;section=26" title="부분 편집: 단행본"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r36480451">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 33em"> <ul><li>고빈지(Govindjee) 저. <i>Bioenergetics of Photosynthesis</i>. 뉴욕: 아카데믹 프레스, 1975년.</li> <li>R.P.F. 그레고리 저. <i>Biochemistry of Photosynthesis</i>. 벨파스트: 유니버시티즈 프레스, 1971년.</li> <li>라비노비치, <a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EC%A7%84_%ED%8C%8C%EC%BB%A4" title="유진 파커">유진</a>, 고빈지(Govindjee) 저. <i>Photosynthesis</i>. 뉴욕: 존 윌리 앤드 선즈(John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.), 1969년.</li> <li><cite class="citation book">Bidlack JE, Stern KR, Jansky S (2003). &#12298;Introductory Plant Biology&#12299;. New York: McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/978-0-07-290941-8" title="특수:책찾기/978-0-07-290941-8"><bdi>978-0-07-290941-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Introductory+Plant+Biology&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-07-290941-8&amp;rft.aulast=Bidlack&amp;rft.aufirst=JE&amp;rft.au=Stern%2C+KR&amp;rft.au=Jansky%2C+S&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Blankenship RE (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jQztAgAAQBAJ">&#12298;Molecular Mechanisms of Photosynthesis&#12299;</a> 2판. John Wiley &amp; Sons. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/978-1-4051-8975-0" title="특수:책찾기/978-1-4051-8975-0"><bdi>978-1-4051-8975-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Molecular+Mechanisms+of+Photosynthesis&amp;rft.edition=2nd&amp;rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-4051-8975-0&amp;rft.aulast=Blankenship&amp;rft.aufirst=RE&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjQztAgAAQBAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Govindjee, Beatty JT, Gest H, Allen JF (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I3gy4r-aBusC">&#12298;Discoveries in Photosynthesis&#12299;</a>. Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration <b>20</b>. Berlin: Springer. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/978-1-4020-3323-0" title="특수:책찾기/978-1-4020-3323-0"><bdi>978-1-4020-3323-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Discoveries+in+Photosynthesis&amp;rft.place=Berlin&amp;rft.series=Advances+in+Photosynthesis+and+Respiration&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-4020-3323-0&amp;rft.au=Govindjee&amp;rft.au=Beatty%2C+JT&amp;rft.au=Gest%2C+H&amp;rft.au=Allen%2C+JF&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI3gy4r-aBusC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Reece JB, 외. (2013). &#12298;Campbell Biology&#12299;. Benjamin Cummings. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/978-0-321-77565-8" title="특수:책찾기/978-0-321-77565-8"><bdi>978-0-321-77565-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Campbell+Biology&amp;rft.pub=Benjamin+Cummings&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-321-77565-8&amp;rft.aulast=Reece&amp;rft.aufirst=JB&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="논문"><span id=".EB.85.BC.EB.AC.B8"></span>논문</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1&amp;action=edit&amp;section=27" title="부분 편집: 논문"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r36480451"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 33em"> <ul><li><cite class="citation journal">Gupta RS, Mukhtar T, Singh B (Jun 1999). &#8220;Evolutionary relationships among photosynthetic prokaryotes (<i>Heliobacterium chlorum</i>, <i>Chloroflexus aurantiacus</i>, cyanobacteria, <i>Chlorobium tepidum</i> and proteobacteria): implications regarding the origin of photosynthesis&#8221;. &#12298;Molecular Microbiology&#12299; <b>32</b> (5): 893–906. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-2958.1999.01417.x">10.1046/j.1365-2958.1999.01417.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10361294">10361294</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Molecular+Microbiology&amp;rft.atitle=Evolutionary+relationships+among+photosynthetic+prokaryotes+%28Heliobacterium+chlorum%2C+Chloroflexus+aurantiacus%2C+cyanobacteria%2C+Chlorobium+tepidum+and+proteobacteria%29%3A+implications+regarding+the+origin+of+photosynthesis&amp;rft.volume=32&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=893-906&amp;rft.date=1999-06&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1365-2958.1999.01417.x&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10361294&amp;rft.aulast=Gupta&amp;rft.aufirst=RS&amp;rft.au=Mukhtar%2C+T&amp;rft.au=Singh%2C+B&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Rutherford AW, Faller P (Jan 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1693113">&#8220;Photosystem II: evolutionary perspectives&#8221;</a>. &#12298;Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences&#12299; <b>358</b> (1429): 245–253. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.2002.1186">10.1098/rstb.2002.1186</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C_%EC%84%BC%ED%8A%B8%EB%9F%B4" title="펍메드 센트럴">PMC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1693113">1693113</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12594932">12594932</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London.+Series+B%2C+Biological+Sciences&amp;rft.atitle=Photosystem+II%3A+evolutionary+perspectives&amp;rft.volume=358&amp;rft.issue=1429&amp;rft.pages=245-253&amp;rft.date=2003-01&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1693113&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12594932&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstb.2002.1186&amp;rft.aulast=Rutherford&amp;rft.aufirst=AW&amp;rft.au=Faller%2C+P&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1693113&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="외부_링크"><span id=".EC.99.B8.EB.B6.80_.EB.A7.81.ED.81.AC"></span>외부 링크</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1&amp;action=edit&amp;section=28" title="부분 편집: 외부 링크"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.life.uiuc.edu/govindjee/linksPSed.htm">A collection of photosynthesis pages for all levels from a renowned expert (Govindjee)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.life.uiuc.edu/govindjee/paper/gov.html">In depth, advanced treatment of photosynthesis, also from Govindjee</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090428090455/http://scienceaid.co.uk/biology/biochemistry/photosynthesis.html">Science Aid: Photosynthesis</a> Article appropriate for high school science</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050316052050/http://www.biochemweb.org/metabolism.shtml">Metabolism, Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis – The Virtual Library of Biochemistry and Cell Biology</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060420081033/http://www.chemsoc.org/networks/learnnet/cfb/Photosynthesis.htm">Overall examination of Photosynthesis at an intermediate level</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.life.uiuc.edu/govindjee/photosynBook.html">Overall Energetics of Photosynthesis</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100126064437/http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp08/0802001.html">The source of oxygen produced by photosynthesis</a> Interactive animation, a textbook tutorial</li> <li><cite class="citation web">Marshall J (2011년 3월 29일). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120322025811/http://news.discovery.com/earth/artificial-leaf-technology-solar-110329.html">&#8220;First practical artificial leaf makes debut&#8221;</a>. Discovery News. 2012년 3월 22일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.discovery.com/earth/artificial-leaf-technology-solar-110329.html">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2019년 8월 16일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=First+practical+artificial+leaf+makes+debut&amp;rft.pub=Discovery+News&amp;rft.date=2011-03-29&amp;rft.aulast=Marshall&amp;rft.aufirst=J&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.discovery.com%2Fearth%2Fartificial-leaf-technology-solar-110329.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biology-innovation.co.uk/pages/plant-biology-ecology/photosynthesis/">Photosynthesis – Light Dependent &amp; Light Independent Stages</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110910160803/http://www.biology-innovation.co.uk/pages/plant-biology-ecology/photosynthesis/">보관됨</a> 2011-09-10 - <a href="/wiki/%EC%9B%A8%EC%9D%B4%EB%B0%B1_%EB%A8%B8%EC%8B%A0" title="웨이백 머신">웨이백 머신</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.khanacademy.org/video/photosynthesis?playlist=Biology">Khan Academy, video introduction</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r36480591">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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title="분열조직">분열조직</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%A0%80%EC%9E%A5_%EA%B8%B0%EA%B4%80&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="저장 기관 (없는 문서)">저장 기관</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%BD%94%EB%A5%B4%ED%81%AC%ED%98%95%EC%84%B1%EC%B8%B5&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="코르크형성층 (없는 문서)">코르크형성층</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #C3EEC3;">영양</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EB%95%85%EC%86%8D%EC%A4%84%EA%B8%B0" title="땅속줄기">땅속줄기</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EB%8A%98%EC%A4%84%EA%B8%B0" title="비늘줄기">비늘줄기</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%BF%8C%EB%A6%AC" title="뿌리">뿌리</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%B9" title="싹">싹</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EB%88%88_(%EC%8B%9D%EB%AC%BC%ED%95%99)" title="눈 (식물학)">눈</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9E%8E" title="잎">잎</a> <ul><li><a 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title="삭과">삭과</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B2%AC%EA%B3%BC" title="견과">견과</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%95%B5%EA%B3%BC" title="핵과">핵과</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%94%A8" title="씨">씨</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%A2%85%EC%9E%90_%EC%82%B0%ED%8F%AC&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="종자 산포 (없는 문서)">종자 산포</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B0%B0%EC%A0%96" class="mw-redirect" title="배젖">배젖</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%BD%83" title="꽃">꽃</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%9C%A0%EC%97%BD%ED%83%9C&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="유엽태 (없는 문서)">유엽태</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%99%94%EC%8B%9D%EB%8F%84" title="화식도">화식도</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%99%94%EC%8B%9D_(%EC%8B%9D%EB%AC%BC%ED%95%99)" title="화식 (식물학)">화식</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%BD%83%EB%8C%80%EC%B9%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="꽃대칭 (없는 문서)">꽃대칭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%8F%8C%EB%A0%A4%EB%82%98%EA%B8%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="돌려나기">돌려나기</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%BD%83%EB%B0%9B%EC%B9%A8%ED%86%B5&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="꽃받침통 (없는 문서)">꽃받침통</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%BD%83%EB%8D%AE%EA%B0%9C&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="꽃덮개 (없는 문서)">꽃덮개</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%99%94%ED%94%BC%ED%8E%B8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="화피편 (없는 문서)">화피편</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%BD%83%EC%9E%8E" title="꽃잎">꽃잎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%BD%83%EB%B0%9B%EC%B9%A8" title="꽃받침">꽃받침</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%BD%83%EC%88%A0%EB%8C%80&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="꽃술대 (없는 문서)">꽃술대</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%BD%83%EC%B0%A8%EB%A1%80" title="꽃차례">꽃차례</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EC%97%BD" title="포엽">포엽</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9E%91%EC%9D%80%EA%BD%83%EC%9E%90%EB%A3%A8" title="작은꽃자루">작은꽃자루</a></li> <li><a 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href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%9C%B5%EB%8B%A8_%EC%A1%B0%EC%A7%81&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="융단 조직 (없는 문서)">융단 조직</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%95%94%EC%88%A0%EA%B5%B0&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="암술군 (없는 문서)">암술군</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%AC%ED%94%BC" title="심피">심피</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%94%A8%EB%B0%A9" title="씨방">씨방</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%94%A8%EB%B0%A9%EC%8B%A4&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="씨방실 (없는 문서)">씨방실</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B0%91%EC%94%A8" title="밑씨">밑씨</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%95%94%EC%88%A0%EB%A8%B8%EB%A6%AC&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="암술머리 (없는 문서)">암술머리</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%95%94%EC%88%A0%EB%8C%80&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="암술대 (없는 문서)">암술대</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9E%A5%EB%9E%80%EA%B8%B0" title="장란기">장란기</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9E%A5%EC%A0%95%EA%B8%B0" title="장정기">장정기</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8F%AC%EC%9E%90%EC%97%BD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="포자엽 (없는 문서)">포자엽</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EC%9E%90%EC%B2%B4" title="포자체">포자체</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #C3EEC3;">외피</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%EA%B3%B5_(%EC%8B%9D%EB%AC%BC%ED%95%99)" title="기공 (식물학)">기공</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%BD%83%EA%BF%80" title="꽃꿀">꽃꿀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%AA%A8%EC%9A%A9" title="모용">모용</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%9D%EB%AC%BC_%ED%81%90%ED%8B%B0%ED%81%B4" title="식물 큐티클">큐티클</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%91%9C%ED%94%BC_(%EC%8B%9D%EB%AC%BC%ED%95%99)" title="표피 (식물학)">표피</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%91%9C%ED%94%BC_%EC%99%81%EC%8A%A4&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="표피 왁스 (없는 문서)">표피 왁스</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #C3EEC3;"><a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%9D%EB%AC%BC%EC%83%9D%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99" title="식물생리학">식물생리학</a> 물질</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">광합성</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%BD%EB%A1%9D%EC%86%8C" title="엽록소">엽록소</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%85%B9%EB%A7%90" title="녹말">녹말</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B6%80%ED%94%BC_%EC%9C%A0%EB%8F%99" title="부피 유동">부피 유동</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%84%A4%ED%83%95" title="설탕">설탕</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%85%80%EB%A3%B0%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4" title="셀룰로스">셀룰로스</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%88%98%EC%95%A1_(%EC%8B%9D%EB%AC%BC%ED%95%99)" title="수액 (식물학)">수액</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%8B%9D%EB%AC%BC_%EC%98%81%EC%96%91%EC%86%8C&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="식물 영양소 (없는 문서)">식물 영양소</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%9D%EB%AC%BC_%ED%98%B8%EB%A5%B4%EB%AA%AC" title="식물 호르몬">식물 호르몬</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%95%EC%95%84_%EC%9A%B0%EC%84%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="정아 우세">정아 우세</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A6%9D%EC%82%B0" title="증산">증산</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8C%BD%EC%9E%85&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="팽입 (없는 문서)">팽입</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%94%BC%ED%86%A0%EB%A9%9C%EB%9D%BC%EB%8B%8C&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="피토멜라닌 (없는 문서)">피토멜라닌</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%98%B8%EB%B6%84" title="호분">호분</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%98%B8%ED%9D%A1#식물" title="호흡">호흡</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%84%B8%ED%8F%AC_%ED%98%B8%ED%9D%A1" title="세포 호흡">세포 호흡</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #C3EEC3;">식물의 생식·진화·<a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%9D%EB%AC%BC%EC%83%9D%ED%83%9C%ED%95%99" title="식물생태학">생태학</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%84%B8%EB%8C%80_%EA%B5%90%EB%B2%88" title="세대 교번">세대 교번</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EB%B3%B5_%EC%88%98%EC%A0%95" title="중복 수정">중복 수정</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%9D%EB%AC%BC%EC%9D%98_%EC%A7%84%ED%99%94" title="식물의 진화">진화</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%9D%EB%AC%BC%EC%83%81" title="식물상">식물상</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B0%9C%EC%95%84" title="발아">발아</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%BD%83%EA%B0%80%EB%A3%A8%EB%B0%9B%EC%9D%B4" title="꽃가루받이">꽃가루받이</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EA%B3%B5_%EC%88%98%EB%B6%84" title="인공 수분">인공 수분</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%BD%83%EA%B0%80%EB%A3%A8_%EB%A7%A4%EA%B0%9C%EC%9E%90" title="꽃가루 매개자">꽃가루 매개자</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%BD%83%EA%B0%80%EB%A3%A8%EA%B4%80&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="꽃가루관 (없는 문서)">꽃가루관</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EA%B0%80_%EC%88%98%EB%B6%84" title="자가 수분">자가 수분</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8F%AC%EC%9E%90%EB%82%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="포자낭 (없는 문서)">포자낭</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EC%9E%90" title="포자">포자</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%86%8C%ED%8F%AC%EC%9E%90%EB%82%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="소포자낭 (없는 문서)">소포자낭</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%86%8C%ED%8F%AC%EC%9E%90&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="소포자 (없는 문서)">소포자</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%8C%80%ED%8F%AC%EC%9E%90%EB%82%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="대포자낭 (없는 문서)">대포자낭</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%8C%80%ED%8F%AC%EC%9E%90&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="대포자 (없는 문서)">대포자</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #C3EEC3;"><a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%9D%EB%AC%BC%EB%B6%84%EB%A5%98%ED%95%99" title="식물분류학">식물분류학</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B6%84%EB%A5%98%ED%95%99" title="분류학">분류학</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%8B%9D%EB%AC%BC_%EB%AA%85%EB%AA%85%EB%B2%95&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="식물 명명법 (없는 문서)">식물 명명법</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%8B%9D%EB%AC%BC%EB%AA%85&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="식물명 (없는 문서)">식물명</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%A0%95%EB%AA%85_(%EB%B6%84%EB%A5%98%ED%95%99)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="정명 (분류학) (없는 문서)">정명</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%80%EC%9E%90_%EC%9D%B8%EC%9A%A9_(%EC%8B%9D%EB%AC%BC%ED%95%99)" title="저자 인용 (식물학)">저자 인용</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C%EC%A1%B0%EB%A5%98%EA%B7%A0%EB%A5%98%EC%8B%9D%EB%AC%BC%EB%AA%85%EB%AA%85%EA%B7%9C%EC%95%BD" title="국제조류균류식물명명규약">국제조류균류식물명명규약</a> (ICN)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C%EC%9E%AC%EB%B0%B0%EC%8B%9D%EB%AC%BC%EB%AA%85%EB%AA%85%EA%B7%9C%EC%95%BD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="국제재배식물명명규약 (없는 문서)">국제재배식물명명규약</a> (ICNCP)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%9E%AC%EB%B0%B0%EC%8B%9D%EB%AC%BC%EB%B6%84%EB%A5%98%ED%95%99&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="재배식물분류학 (없는 문서)">재배식물분류학</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9E%AC%EB%B0%B0%EC%A2%85" title="재배종">재배종</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9E%AC%EB%B0%B0%ED%92%88%EC%A2%85" title="재배품종">재배품종</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%97%88%EB%B0%94%EB%A5%A8" title="허바륨">허바륨</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C%EC%8B%9D%EB%AC%BC%EB%B6%84%EB%A5%98%ED%95%99%ED%9A%8C&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="국제식물분류학회 (없는 문서)">국제식물분류학회</a> (IAPT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B6%84%EB%A5%98%ED%95%99%EC%A0%81_%EA%B3%84%EA%B8%89" title="분류학적 계급">분류학적 계급</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #C3EEC3;">응용</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EB%86%8D%ED%95%99" title="농학">농학</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%99%94%ED%9B%BC_%EC%9E%AC%EB%B0%B0" title="화훼 재배">화훼 재배</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9E%84%EC%97%85" title="임업">임업</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9B%90%EC%98%88" title="원예">원예</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%94%BC%ED%86%A0%EC%BC%80%EB%AF%B8%EC%BB%AC" title="피토케미컬">피토케미컬</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #C3EEC3;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/%EB%B6%84%EB%A5%98:%EC%8B%9D%EB%AC%BC%ED%95%99" title="분류:식물학">분류</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%ED%84%B8:%EC%8B%9D%EB%AC%BC" title="포털:식물">포털</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r36480591"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r36429174"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="물질대사:_이화작용,_동화작용" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r36480591"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r34311309"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-보기"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8B%80:%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88%EB%8C%80%EC%82%AC" title="틀:물질대사"><abbr title="이 틀을 보기" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-토론"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8B%80%ED%86%A0%EB%A1%A0:%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88%EB%8C%80%EC%82%AC" title="틀토론:물질대사"><abbr title="이 틀에 관해 토론하기" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-편집"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EB%AC%B8%EC%84%9C%ED%8E%B8%EC%A7%91/%ED%8B%80:%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88%EB%8C%80%EC%82%AC" title="특수:문서편집/틀:물질대사"><abbr title="이 틀을 편집하기" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="물질대사:_이화작용,_동화작용" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88%EB%8C%80%EC%82%AC" title="물질대사">물질대사</a>: <a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%ED%99%94%EC%9E%91%EC%9A%A9" title="이화작용">이화작용</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EB%8F%99%ED%99%94%EC%9E%91%EC%9A%A9" title="동화작용">동화작용</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">일반</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%83%9D%EC%B2%B4%EC%97%90%EB%84%88%EC%A7%80%ED%95%99" title="생체에너지학">생체에너지학</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%8C%80%EC%82%AC%EA%B2%BD%EB%A1%9C" title="대사경로">대사경로</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%8C%80%EC%82%AC%EB%A7%9D" title="대사망">대사망</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%98%81%EC%96%91%EC%A0%81_%EB%B6%84%EB%A5%98" title="영양적 분류">영양적 분류</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%A8%EB%B0%B1%EC%A7%88_%EB%8C%80%EC%82%AC" title="단백질 대사">단백질 대사</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%A8%EB%B0%B1%EC%A7%88_%EC%83%9D%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" title="단백질 생합성">단백질 생합성</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%A8%EB%B0%B1%EC%A7%88_%EC%9D%B4%ED%99%94%EC%9E%91%EC%9A%A9" title="단백질 이화작용">단백질 분해</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%AF%B8%EB%85%B8%EC%82%B0" title="아미노산">아미노산</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%AF%B8%EB%85%B8%EC%82%B0_%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" title="아미노산 합성">아미노산 합성</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%AF%B8%EB%85%B8%EC%82%B0_%EB%B6%84%ED%95%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="아미노산 분해">아미노산 분해</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9A%94%EC%86%8C_%ED%9A%8C%EB%A1%9C" title="요소 회로">요소 회로</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EC%8A%A4%ED%85%8C%EC%9D%B8_%EB%8C%80%EC%82%AC" title="시스테인 대사">시스테인 대사</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%ED%82%B4%EC%82%B0_%EA%B2%BD%EB%A1%9C" title="시킴산 경로">시킴산 경로</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%ED%83%84%EC%88%98%ED%99%94%EB%AC%BC_%EB%8C%80%EC%82%AC" title="탄수화물 대사">탄수화물 대사</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%ED%83%84%EC%88%98%ED%99%94%EB%AC%BC_%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" title="탄수화물 합성">탄수화물 합성</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EB%8F%84%EB%8B%B9%EC%8B%A0%EC%83%9D%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" title="포도당신생합성">포도당신생합성</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%80%EB%A6%AC%EC%BD%94%EC%A0%A0_%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" title="글리코젠 합성">글리코젠 합성</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">광합성</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EB%AA%85%EB%B0%98%EC%9D%91" title="명반응">명반응</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%95%94%EB%B0%98%EC%9D%91" class="mw-redirect" title="암반응">암반응</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%82%B0%EC%86%8C_%EB%B9%84%EB%B0%9C%EC%83%9D_%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" title="산소 비발생 광합성">산소 비발생 광합성</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%ED%83%84%EC%88%98%ED%99%94%EB%AC%BC_%EB%B6%84%ED%95%B4" title="탄수화물 분해">탄수화물 분해</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%84%B8%ED%8F%AC_%ED%98%B8%ED%9D%A1" title="세포 호흡">세포 호흡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%95%B4%EB%8B%B9%EA%B3%BC%EC%A0%95" title="해당과정">해당과정</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%94%BC%EB%A3%A8%EB%B8%8C%EC%82%B0_%EC%82%B0%ED%99%94" title="피루브산 산화">피루브산 산화</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%ED%8A%B8%EB%A5%B4%EC%82%B0_%ED%9A%8C%EB%A1%9C" title="시트르산 회로">시트르산 회로</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%82%B0%ED%99%94%EC%A0%81_%EC%9D%B8%EC%82%B0%ED%99%94" title="산화적 인산화">산화적 인산화</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90%EC%A0%84%EB%8B%AC%EA%B3%84" title="전자전달계">전자전달계</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATP_%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1%ED%9A%A8%EC%86%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="ATP 합성효소">ATP 생성효소</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B0%9C%ED%9A%A8" title="발효">발효</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%96%EC%82%B0_%EB%B0%9C%ED%9A%A8" title="젖산 발효">젖산 발효</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%90%ED%83%84%EC%98%AC_%EB%B0%9C%ED%9A%A8" title="에탄올 발효">에탄올 발효</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%EC%A7%88%EC%88%98%EC%A4%80_%EC%9D%B8%EC%82%B0%ED%99%94" title="기질수준 인산화">기질수준 인산화</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%80%EB%A6%AC%EC%BD%94%EC%A0%A0_%EB%B6%84%ED%95%B4" title="글리코젠 분해">글리코젠 분해</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">기타</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%98%A4%ED%83%84%EB%8B%B9_%EC%9D%B8%EC%82%B0_%EA%B2%BD%EB%A1%9C" title="오탄당 인산 경로">오탄당 인산 경로</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%BD%94%EB%A6%AC_%ED%9A%8C%EB%A1%9C" title="코리 회로">코리 회로</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B3%B4%EC%B6%A9%EB%8C%80%EC%82%AC_%EB%B0%98%EC%9D%91" title="보충대사 반응">보충대사 반응</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%A3%A8%EB%B2%A0%EB%A7%81-%EB%9D%BC%ED%8F%AC%ED%8F%AC%ED%8A%B8_%EA%B2%BD%EB%A1%9C" title="루베링-라포포트 경로">루베링-라포포트 경로</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EC%A7%88_%EB%8C%80%EC%82%AC" title="지질 대사">지질 대사</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B2%A0%ED%83%80_%EC%82%B0%ED%99%94" title="베타 산화">β 산화</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EB%B0%A9%EC%82%B0_%EB%B6%84%ED%95%B4" title="지방산 분해">지방산 분해</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EB%B0%A9%EC%82%B0_%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" title="지방산 합성">지방산 합성</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EB%B0%A9_%EC%83%9D%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" title="지방 생합성">지방 생합성</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%ED%95%B5%EC%82%B0_%EB%8C%80%EC%82%AC" title="핵산 대사">핵산 대사</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%ED%93%A8%EB%A6%B0_%EB%8C%80%EC%82%AC" title="퓨린 대사">퓨린 대사</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%94%BC%EB%A6%AC%EB%AF%B8%EB%94%98_%EB%8C%80%EC%82%AC" title="피리미딘 대사">피리미딘 대사</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%89%B4%ED%81%B4%EB%A0%88%EC%98%A4%ED%83%80%EC%9D%B4%EB%93%9C_%ED%9A%8C%EC%88%98_%EA%B2%BD%EB%A1%9C" title="뉴클레오타이드 회수 경로">뉴클레오타이드 회수 경로</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">기타</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EB%8F%84%EB%8B%B9-%EC%95%8C%EB%9D%BC%EB%8B%8C_%ED%9A%8C%EB%A1%9C" title="포도당-알라닌 회로">포도당-알라닌 회로</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%80%EB%A6%AC%EC%98%A5%EC%8B%A4%EC%82%B0_%ED%9A%8C%EB%A1%9C" title="글리옥실산 회로">글리옥실산 회로</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%82%AD%EB%B9%84_%ED%9A%8C%EB%A1%9C" title="낭비 회로">낭비 회로</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q_%ED%9A%8C%EB%A1%9C" title="Q 회로">Q 회로</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%AD%EC%8B%9C%ED%8A%B8%EB%A5%B4%EC%82%B0_%ED%9A%8C%EB%A1%9C" title="역시트르산 회로">역시트르산 회로</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r36480591"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r36429174"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%84%ED%82%A4%EB%B0%B1%EA%B3%BC:%EC%A0%84%EA%B1%B0_%ED%86%B5%EC%A0%9C" title="위키백과:전거 통제">전거 통제</a>: 국가 <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11982#identifiers" title="위키데이터에서 편집하기"><img alt="위키데이터에서 편집하기" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><abbr title="Photosynthèse"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11933125t">프랑스</a></abbr></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><abbr title="Photosynthèse"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11933125t">BnF 데이터</a></abbr></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><abbr title="11#"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4045936-6">독일</a></abbr></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&amp;local_base=NLX10&amp;find_code=UID&amp;request=987007545903705171">이스라엘</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><abbr title="Photosynthesis"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85101413">미국</a></abbr></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00566168">일본</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><abbr title="fotosyntéza"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&amp;local_base=aut&amp;ccl_term=ica=ph120339&amp;CON_LNG=ENG">체코</a></abbr></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐5dc468848‐vrqkz Cached time: 20241123010545 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.986 seconds Real time usage: 1.249 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 6472/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 256012/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1536/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 19/100 Expensive parser function count: 20/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 166052/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.482/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 7923081/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 1006.038 1 -total 49.24% 495.369 1 틀:각주 19.80% 199.210 58 틀:저널_인용 13.26% 133.372 1 틀:위키데이터_속성_추적 12.83% 129.068 22 틀:서적_인용 9.41% 94.674 11 틀:웹_인용 9.01% 90.621 4 틀:둘러보기_상자 8.05% 80.960 1 틀:식물학 5.18% 52.162 1 틀:위키공용분류 4.87% 49.031 1 틀:Sister --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key kowiki:pcache:idhash:8783-0!canonical and timestamp 20241123010545 and revision id 37984833. 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