CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '9179984cfa7b9cb9',cH: 'oWZm7OunEQk9vxTqiXfMYpjC0LaYyKA5_iBJmsfr31E-1740506426-1.2.1.1-GGgMAhsWT3.BSlrILpmMbQEiHM2TxkC9FQAlg_a2G.bVk83yc3skHlT61RXFsfXd',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=symbols&__cf_chl_tk=A6K8LWp_z6hPxxzWJqOnIJg2IysDeB2CQBZ5pyQsvgU-1740506426-1.0.1.1-9XkOjHfj1HKHSJV51YZssbfjZ3GmSjeytc4h3nhFZb0",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1740506426',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=symbols&__cf_chl_f_tk=A6K8LWp_z6hPxxzWJqOnIJg2IysDeB2CQBZ5pyQsvgU-1740506426-1.0.1.1-9XkOjHfj1HKHSJV51YZssbfjZ3GmSjeytc4h3nhFZb0",md: "_8sEChEylfiFjgHGIB.UcxiSXMjXqKDYIJ8BRYgE3fk-1740506426-1.2.1.1-4PsgVAXsjo4aEqe657jFE.YfJxMI37NAutAZR1Hfez6yHAZKZ48ttv825j5tyCB0FFFHLlj5qpmBIEAxkSHjQ1ab7dCeheowAY1vurzMGQKZAOSjcC7qOuEGtPKUlDSJz3glRZpv6rvRpiPPf6RvU4p.9iByan1UhNqOrc4RNzCsLcHLhkpZ0PjYgkvwFIR6gqzZHw0srd3ZrD1c9.rdqfTkdtIsvOrs4P0xR6teI8bkrT0A1QjJKvGMH3cWSoxVDIl3kHn7XEC1VN.5chVLfUlRKILZgd6W9hJTdo6FV6O3yGnCBxidGVEfIJMxyUcj5091P1cOvWlSIEXVW5SLMjapE8HHxmT8UGDBvfIOeoDO.p9ZZBumOTpq59TGyuaTNlf9adMTae1A55ZHYFA9a5aYO_lS8andxFQ6eCY38iA1YesT5_RkA0l.hSB80gcT2_obA3eY2_aX.UMb8NkKE1TytOxVrzjIgrWZ4fjUG7j8.mgxfR4CTqtbB0NAH2T7JzEJvJIg7DjtR0Vyctxj0RhzbGbeo2Wpp_74C1jd4HqD3FL8nQltEhjWa.BLV4lACoDgQwEmz4whVjFQRbkfZOaedQ7VleQA9gCdnHqIaYwX5iIxyXSOIjMVemgaRN9luFk6r8hgtzzENLOxHvNB8rDfLY8v1U9nM6fI54XS6qu1ebMVf4SvmoP3z7KXie9MR88qSQCBkUcRFeuz0p8EJ7BdjSBL_HVr_FlMu..R4J0zhJvDCHlcePBB2.0wTX5xIFfHmmioU11Ed9ZRrTGSW8Yn00ms3QKHyTGLOezpgXbRhANZEoxS.VR6eoYoEoGee3QndH6NSzx.xRamYfaQAV1WIVvPjGt3RvQ_iOSe0us0Xxm1L_LzoyMt2fySDinxUCOQR8ccK4RbXAXP_hWRe9pMji3D_cN4Q08JTwJoC_6qpYcrpzqfc.XV5GykRYBB9xj0e42MP5XACjOnCw35tMjma_MkHAQKcIXP76C.99ee2ZvsphvFTdff_js5v6nV4TqiPXQi6._QDH.FRk09TactGFws_gr2Ed6x.kRh4SoXiAa6XEG3cWjOCBkClD8ScLXWU6NYOgPm2vnX6CXreXbMGJgFzpq_2InJ6Q3x4dTCPyGFKYBMEaVF4UjnRIZ3JG052wTdL7B5VYo.UooieWZ1v2xM1wUT5foBvlaU9AZIYLwdufhLVJVP1QA4zip4_k_PiC.r4e5DevOn0lU6v8hUXwalG.tKj3SnoO39V.7ELuzhh3_Fr1r0.J_yY6S9HKCpVxFhKZA0gB9sX9fKNimohnPCn981SjQfFqFrVOUrPC6xwoiifj.BEniLdq8qO9Bl0fTmpxGGzcvJxU2NVTtkMzMT249tWhx263B0BwAaYwtdDoALfocC472u14WytOIvqsjStcAg188BrkZ9yWWL92imis2J_GI4I7Zo8ADZEIRB2Mn.u6PO2JMis1zMB0E0pOdkkjYEf5VXtCDe4Kc5V5E2ym51e7D0ZULrzQW.ajRS96RX99GJYoFqHgo_IxgqjZYsoLB8V7Hf3g22jliCWekE5B.olwe7B1fL99URTJrrFsMv_FopfT2kDioNzpE74JISCuJP7Yje.d_Qs95W_SPUR.aW2uOf7VYr5NyRZXsUBIjCGXkXCHZ5_TyPOUt5UHM5Fk_y1DuE7vnXJgBb_KjcQ.IM2tb3mD8P2zPdpA_TLVKziPVnfj_FS.FhAzyMUank4aU6xlwYW4ShwVRg2PIO.CBHMWwdB261nAzvFn3bHZ6DH7lMQguGSK56BJhpFLpHlUG9Dshv1.PbOAFRCY8qsVoejZZspFIkbQpdFqYYrVkBhV42ITgb84s1ubVFBZnNYiqrF.65_Zg9JflKKzQsB7lemmFRFEdQMrRYkCDkLORYCftbOEoLHqabvhjy5BcR70GrJ1Le2IFl2g",mdrd: "dVPyTUXHbVYeMU42b0U5Q56zm_TUjflLdUECHWhl.xc-1740506426-1.2.1.1-6FhfKCwK_iZS..3YNAYwA526Ku5pBDKb1rAfOn1WxWZEP3rQ_8yLpT6Fz5SiUeOhCqJ2d6VYU7AXpgPNQD56mJgZ1vMc7vhsdjw9G_bSsOR7FKTWNuYIBpHBVbwjVSMiZApSJj2DPOqiN5zo68fzzxcFYtW9KRqkwZ1dvDFJf4UWPv3tl1Vae1EzJgLhs_gdlB7EYHe8OotnD5WCpZOqOvDPy0IGMujr0KL3dyo.ANdyElLgROqfA.pQVJWqdHAyTYNHgJR4Q6eFiiqB6dcep_YZM21f445wJ_raZ3IqDPDXcQ5DpY3emo9HurVag4PxPR_wTmLr4v7rVmEBxLzx1xtcnZqYdGDL9Sd1quIYxqUQpGtdxGJNIMrtePBy0S0pio.Y.tVfHD6LCFkQhvGxTyPOMe1FEV8Je.K209aFj_Xzp4M6EpIRFeNufd5CeY.f.wT.WaTc2fVnJqqcSyB0FNueCxn3KTbVOgUOJ4ICf1BtJQPVgwnaU8LmAVcnd_XM4VvRDF26zvmgB7C9GB9VBj1FbW6zrzkRUfMnwYJukhxI18pxGjulXmYt28nJisnRyEimWftHInyuZ_21RnBIvxWcI3vekxYWOFK10T3HW4aoQ5VUuPALMx5VxBzJyWtEOqzM.VxVAjObR9If1sZcNVYGcQGJ0ErApZX4c2PNZ5Q5LyO8i.J1Xz.0zAlD4UaPkRz4ZfYGlp7ahoDWypTHyYzr.a0VhQJgV4rYJliI4vmc4yvVnH3HWcphB2_X9ddx6kGOqv6If7MTZAmEGrff378w_p1EPeu90AdWrrxQeGLUQNK_Qpn4.jAVmmZoxnOTLsAsWULKyFkUDTWxXXd.0tDjKLB9SiAVilW.gVgBYVzJ7s2jInPt.JzZ6J.uKncSiFPm3SW6ylpTgEZ4uW0Csf2d3AGmo9mxE4abqKeEnpWOxMtKRdK2i6WYCj2.Dz6vZOJ1GU_YAU5SvRApfMmRRWdQK4mdTC98um8shwJ9SKoJyokakqmQ0ZgA4Na2hO1fiyfyBYt7UdCQJHsCENjPZUYS4KEA1Fk4do7OsEt09RkDkKSwLSPlNGjd82gYBjbnPvbW9HL4G72cEks1KiOKb8eyELpE83ndeSOt8ArBtCcIzQuSHnEuo15ZR56a5tvyeGSl09wjmpbBM26TYd0ZJoEIsskPi7hXI2KVNsBYXF.h5xIA5GvBhE1hgnmaOpzwOkFrkPUwLvU8dGV6sf6FoJfBIFgXeaLXyXCnIouWohILzt1A4bzQ4br28x5r2rTwO7lhOscveGkmq9Knx05QiExZL3S6AVaTm1p6z371xpcBKRcXOTH8ZH8a7iOuIjx9sov4JY0AiR5aFBSo632t9eL.6wGae_.KowHFMj3J2cGnpwxLgxk_XWpwvtyXLfSWHZTfiaisAaY8B2oSCQK5Q9vKSPLP6NrgWF61XFoE7b1O5T2RLpQsQvESy0cWCYTkYxiul3dmxrdvGLYVhxvmWTqc6xfmaMKrF8Hkg1ng3a2qeMTd7s08vpyhZMn0.3YYG5TLvSAkEJZARD4PJbsgMMX.GAjQ9REfwGvUBSDUPlGtQUjY110rA_mco2O2COUStjC5JR60iA9p.NIL0YdQQ.zFYzW83L6MDUXH8Lad0H9BQNWizyJpQ91yiOearolyTJHfCtwFYsryhMqK4nKqfazZunroRYtOdkgTbyJQ8f5jdRwL7rMT.5uwhox1bUEcq3oYybUHhZNNMNzR57ScM4FlS9TDBQHI0gj9IhB1je8Kz7UzzFv9iGfUa1XA20MOAkFly38IrezOWycTDW24G.iTANOzjN7okAvIiY_2JpdshQkvJmBt_SkBTWc2PXKWmLjJXRhgMXciUMk_GCB7ycI8cbCjW9tzJy8BdN7HLzgG0NzPc3ozW6cT0az6XIk1LGQIWTm8IXonZlwa25smMALf9xKxb8dIae8dHxtEDntAO6lRK8P2ACAvHEFipi7ygmYffE2X.WvJR_UFHpPHhg"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=9179984cfa7b9cb9';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=symbols&__cf_chl_rt_tk=A6K8LWp_z6hPxxzWJqOnIJg2IysDeB2CQBZ5pyQsvgU-1740506426-1.0.1.1-9XkOjHfj1HKHSJV51YZssbfjZ3GmSjeytc4h3nhFZb0" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>