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class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Галоўнае меню</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Галоўнае меню</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">перанесці да бакавой панэлі</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">схаваць</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Навігацыя </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Адкрыць Галоўную старонку [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Галоўная старонка</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F:%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Пра праект, чым можна заняцца, дзе што шукаць"><span>Супольнасць</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:RecentChanges" title="Пералік нядаўніх змяненняў у віксе. [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Апошнія змены</span></a></li><li id="n-newpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:NewPages"><span>Новыя старонкі</span></a></li><li id="n-Village-pump" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F:%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BC"><span>Форум</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:Random" title="Паказаць выпадковую старонку [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Выпадковая старонка</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F:%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Дзе можна атрымаць тлумачэнні."><span>Даведка</span></a></li><li id="n-bug_in_article" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%96"><span>Паведаміць пра памылку</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Вікіпедыя" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-be.svg" style="width: 7.625em; height: 1.3125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-be.svg" width="117" height="12" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.75em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Знайсці ў Вікіпедыі [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Пошук</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Шукаць у Вікіпедыі" aria-label="Шукаць у Вікіпедыі" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Знайсці ў Вікіпедыі [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Адмысловае:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Пошук</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Асабістыя інструменты"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Выгляд"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Выгляд" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Выгляд</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_be.wikipedia.org&uselang=be" class=""><span>Ахвяраваць</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:CreateAccount&returnto=%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Вам прапануецца стварыць уліковы запіс і ўвайсці ў сістэму, але гэта не абавязкова" class=""><span>Стварыць уліковы запіс</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:UserLogin&returnto=%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Вам прапануецца ўвайсці ў сістэму, але гэта неабавязкова. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Увайсці</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Больш магчымасцей" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Асабістыя інструменты" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Асабістыя інструменты</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Меню ўдзельніка" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_be.wikipedia.org&uselang=be"><span>Ахвяраваць</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:CreateAccount&returnto=%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Вам прапануецца стварыць уліковы запіс і ўвайсці ў сістэму, але гэта не абавязкова"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Стварыць уліковы запіс</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:UserLogin&returnto=%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Вам прапануецца ўвайсці ў сістэму, але гэта неабавязкова. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Увайсці</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Старонкі для ананімных рэдактараў <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0:%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0" aria-label="Даведацца больш пра праўку"><span>даведацца больш</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:MyContributions" title="Спіс правак, зробленых з гэтага IP-адраса [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Уклад</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:MyTalk" title="Размовы пра праўкі, зробленыя з гэтага IP-адраса [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Размовы</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Праект"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Змест" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Змест</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">перанесці да бакавой панэлі</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">схаваць</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Пачатак</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Гісторыя_атамнай_тэорыі" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Гісторыя_атамнай_тэорыі"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Гісторыя атамнай тэорыі</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Гісторыя_атамнай_тэорыі-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Змяніць стан падраздзелу Гісторыя атамнай тэорыі</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Гісторыя_атамнай_тэорыі-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Гістарычныя_мадэлі_атама" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Гістарычныя_мадэлі_атама"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Гістарычныя мадэлі атама</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Гістарычныя_мадэлі_атама-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Квантава-механічная_мадэль_атама" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Квантава-механічная_мадэль_атама"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Квантава-механічная мадэль атама</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Квантава-механічная_мадэль_атама-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Будова_атама" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Будова_атама"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Будова атама</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Будова_атама-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Змяніць стан падраздзелу Будова атама</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Будова_атама-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Субатамныя_часціцы" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Субатамныя_часціцы"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Субатамныя часціцы</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Субатамныя_часціцы-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Электроны_ў_атаме" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Электроны_ў_атаме"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Электроны ў атаме</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Электроны_ў_атаме-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Зноскі" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Зноскі"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Зноскі</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Зноскі-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Літаратура" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Літаратура"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Літаратура</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Літаратура-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Спасылкі" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Спасылкі"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Спасылкі</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Спасылкі-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Змест" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Пераключыць змест" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Пераключыць змест</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Атам</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Перайсці да артыкула на іншай мове. Даступны на 220 мовах." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-220" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">220 моў</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atoom" title="Atoom – афрыкаанс" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Atoom" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="афрыкаанс" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom – швейцарская нямецкая" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="швейцарская нямецкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%89%B6%E1%88%9D" title="አቶም – амхарская" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አቶም" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="амхарская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomo" title="Atomo – арагонская" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Atomo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="арагонская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mot" title="Mot – стараанглійская" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Mot" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="стараанглійская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/At%E1%BB%8Dm" title="Atọm – абола" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Atọm" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="абола" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Obolo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81" title="परमाणु – ангіка" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="परमाणु" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="ангіка" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B0%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="ذرة – арабская" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ذرة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="арабская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="درة – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="درة" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B0%D8%B1%D9%87" title="ذره – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ذره" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%81" title="পৰমাণু – асамская" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="পৰমাণু" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="асамская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81tomu" title="Átomu – астурыйская" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Átomu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="астурыйская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81" title="परमाणु – авадхі" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="परमाणु" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="авадхі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom – азербайджанская" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="азербайджанская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85" title="آتوم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آتوم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Атом – башкірская" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Атом" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="башкірская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom – балійская" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="балійская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atuoms" title="Atuoms – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Atuoms" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomo" title="Atomo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Atomo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Атам – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Атам" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="выдатны артыкул"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Атом – балгарская" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Атом" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="балгарская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81" title="परमाणु – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="परमाणु" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%B2%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA" title="အဲစ်တမ် – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="အဲစ်တမ်" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%81" title="পরমাণু – бенгальская" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পরমাণু" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="бенгальская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom – брэтонская" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="брэтонская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="выдатны артыкул"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom – баснійская" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="баснійская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atong" title="Atong – бугіс" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="Atong" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="бугіс" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Ugi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Атом – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Атом" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="выдатны артыкул"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80tom" title="Àtom – каталанская" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Àtom" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="каталанская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81tomo" title="Átomo – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Átomo" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngu%C3%B2ng-c%E1%B9%B3%CC%84" title="Nguòng-cṳ̄ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Nguòng-cṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Атом – чачэнская" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Атом" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="чачэнская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom – себуана" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="себуана" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8F%93%E1%8E%BB" title="ᎠᏓᎻ – чэрокі" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᏓᎻ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="чэрокі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%95" title="گەردیلە – цэнтральнакурдская" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گەردیلە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="цэнтральнакурдская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomu" title="Atomu – карсіканская" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Atomu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="карсіканская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom – чэшская" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="чэшская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%8A" title="Атомъ – царкоўнаславянская" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Атомъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="царкоўнаславянская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Атом – чувашская" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Атом" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="чувашская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom – валійская" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="валійская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom – дацкая" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="дацкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="выдатны артыкул"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom – нямецкая" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="нямецкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom – ніжнялужыцкая" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="ніжнялужыцкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%BF" title="Άτομο – грэчаская" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άτομο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="грэчаская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80tum" title="Àtum – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Àtum" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom – англійская" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="англійская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomo" title="Atomo – эсперанта" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Atomo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="эсперанта" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81tomo" title="Átomo – іспанская" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Átomo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="іспанская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aatom" title="Aatom – эстонская" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Aatom" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="эстонская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomo" title="Atomo – баскская" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Atomo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="баскская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81tomu" title="Átomu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Átomu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%85" title="اتم – фарсі" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اتم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="фарсі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomi" title="Atomi – фінская" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Atomi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="фінская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aadom" title="Aadom – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Aadom" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom – фарэрская" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="фарэрская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atome" title="Atome – французская" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Atome" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="французская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="добры артыкул"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atoom" title="Atoom – паўночнафрызская" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Atoom" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="паўночнафрызская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atoom" title="Atoom – заходняя фрызская" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Atoom" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="заходняя фрызская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adamh" title="Adamh – ірландская" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Adamh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="ірландская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90" title="原子 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="原子" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomm" title="Atomm – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Atomm" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atam" title="Atam – шатландская гэльская" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Atam" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="шатландская гэльская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81tomo" title="Átomo – галісійская" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Átomo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="галісійская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumingue%27a" title="Tumingue'a – гуарані" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tumingue'a" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="гуарані" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom – гарантала" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="гарантала" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%85%E0%AA%A3%E0%AB%81" title="અણુ – гуджараці" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="અણુ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="гуджараці" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breneen" title="Breneen – мэнская" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Breneen" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="мэнская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwayar_Zarra" title="Kwayar Zarra – хауса" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Kwayar Zarra" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="хауса" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngi%C3%A8n-ch%E1%B9%B3%CC%81" title="Ngièn-chṳ́ – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Ngièn-chṳ́" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BB%C4%80toma" title="ʻĀtoma – гавайская" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="ʻĀtoma" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="гавайская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9D" title="אטום – іўрыт" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אטום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="іўрыт" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81" title="परमाणु – хіндзі" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="परमाणु" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="хіндзі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parmaanu" title="Parmaanu – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Parmaanu" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom – харвацкая" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="харвацкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom – верхнялужыцкая" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="верхнялужыцкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/At%C3%B2m" title="Atòm – гаіцянская крэольская" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Atòm" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="гаіцянская крэольская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom – венгерская" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="венгерская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%B4" title="Ատոմ – армянская" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ատոմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="армянская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%AC%D5%A7" title="Հիւլէ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Հիւլէ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomo" title="Atomo – інтэрлінгва" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Atomo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="інтэрлінгва" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="выдатны артыкул"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom – інданезійская" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="інданезійская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom – інтэрлінгвэ" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="інтэрлінгвэ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomo" title="Atomo – ілакана" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Atomo" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ілакана" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomo" title="Atomo – іда" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Atomo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="іда" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frumeind" title="Frumeind – ісландская" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Frumeind" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="ісландская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomo" title="Atomo – італьянская" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Atomo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="італьянская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90" title="原子 – японская" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="原子" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="японская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atam" title="Atam – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Atam" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/ratni" title="ratni – ложбан" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="ratni" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="ложбан" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="выдатны артыкул"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom – яванская" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="яванская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ატომი – грузінская" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ატომი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="грузінская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abelkim" title="Abelkim – кабільская" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Abelkim" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="кабільская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisi%C5%8B_t%CA%8B" title="Sisiŋ tʋ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Sisiŋ tʋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomu" title="Atomu – кікуйю" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Atomu" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="кікуйю" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Атом – казахская" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Атом" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="казахская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8E%E1%9E%BC" title="បរមាណូ – кхмерская" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="បរមាណូ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="кхмерская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A3%E0%B3%81" title="ಪರಮಾಣು – канада" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪರಮಾಣು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="канада" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9B%90%EC%9E%90" title="원자 – карэйская" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="원자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="карэйская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%DB%81%D9%95" title="کنہٕ – кашмірская" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="کنہٕ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="кашмірская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom – курдская" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="курдская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom – корнская" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="корнская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Атом – кіргізская" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Атом" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="кіргізская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomus" title="Atomus – лацінская" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Atomus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="лацінская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom – люксембургская" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="люксембургская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Атом – лезгінская" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Атом" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="лезгінская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atoeam" title="Atoeam – лімбургская" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Atoeam" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="лімбургская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomo" title="Atomo – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Atomo" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atum" title="Atum – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Atum" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atome" title="Atome – лінгала" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Atome" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="лінгала" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B9" title="ປະລະມານູ – лаоская" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະລະມານູ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="лаоская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomas" title="Atomas – літоўская" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Atomas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="літоўская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atoms" title="Atoms – латышская" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Atoms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="латышская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom – мадурская" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="мадурская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81" title="परमाणु – майтхілі" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="परमाणु" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="майтхілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Атомсь – макшанская" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Атомсь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="макшанская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/At%C3%B4ma" title="Atôma – малагасійская" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Atôma" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="малагасійская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Атом – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Атом" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom – мінангкабау" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="мінангкабау" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Атом – македонская" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Атом" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="македонская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%81" title="അണു – малаялам" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അണു" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="малаялам" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Атом – мангольская" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Атом" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="мангольская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%82" title="अणू – маратхі" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अणू" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="маратхі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom – малайская" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="малайская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomu" title="Atomu – мальтыйская" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Atomu" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="мальтыйская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81tomo" title="Átomo – мірандыйская" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Átomo" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="мірандыйская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA" title="အက်တမ် – бірманская" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အက်တမ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="бірманская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nantzintetl" title="Nantzintetl – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Nantzintetl" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomo" title="Atomo – неапалітанская" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Atomo" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="неапалітанская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom – ніжненямецкая" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="ніжненямецкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81" title="परमाणु – непальская" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="परमाणु" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="непальская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81" title="अणु – неўары" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="अणु" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="неўары" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atoom" title="Atoom – нідэрландская" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Atoom" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="нідэрландская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom – нарвежская (нюношк)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="нарвежская (нюношк)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="добры артыкул"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom – нарвежская (букмол)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="нарвежская (букмол)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atome" title="Atome – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Atome" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/At%C3%B4me" title="Atôme – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Atôme" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/At%C3%B2m" title="Atòm – аксітанская" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Atòm" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="аксітанская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomu" title="Atomu – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Atomu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buxusa" title="Buxusa – арома" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Buxusa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="арома" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%81" title="ପରମାଣୁ – орыя" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ପରମାଣୁ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="орыя" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Атом – асецінская" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Атом" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="асецінская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A3%E0%A9%82" title="ਪਰਮਾਣੂ – панджабі" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪਰਮਾਣੂ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="панджабі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="выдатны артыкул"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81tomu" title="Átomu – пампанга" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Átomu" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="пампанга" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcm mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom – нігерыйскі піджын" lang="pcm" hreflang="pcm" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Naijá" data-language-local-name="нігерыйскі піджын" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Naijá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etem" title="Etem – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Etem" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="выдатны артыкул"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom – польская" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="польская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80tom" title="Àtom – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Àtom" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%B9%D9%85" title="ایٹم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ایٹم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%BC%D9%88%D9%85" title="اټوم – пушту" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اټوم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="пушту" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="выдатны артыкул"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81tomo" title="Átomo – партугальская" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Átomo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="партугальская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%B1uku" title="Iñuku – кечуа" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Iñuku" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="кечуа" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom – румынская" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="румынская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Атом – руская" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Атом" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="руская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Атом – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Атом" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%83" title="परमाणुः – санскрыт" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="परमाणुः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="санскрыт" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Атом – якуцкая" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Атом" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="якуцкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80tomu" title="Àtomu – сардзінская" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Àtomu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="сардзінская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80tumu" title="Àtumu – сіцылійская" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Àtumu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="сіцылійская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="выдатны артыкул"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom – шатландская" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="шатландская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%BD%D9%85" title="ائٽم – сіндхі" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ائٽم" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="сіндхі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atoma" title="Atoma – паўночнасаамская" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Atoma" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="паўночнасаамская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom – сербскахарвацкая" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="сербскахарвацкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ablkim" title="Ablkim – ташэльхіт" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Ablkim" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="ташэльхіт" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AB%E0%B7%94" title="පරමාණු – сінгальская" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පරමාණු" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="сінгальская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/At%C3%B3m" title="Atóm – славацкая" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Atóm" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="славацкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%B9%D9%85" title="ایٹم – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="ایٹم" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom – славенская" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="славенская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom – самалі" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="самалі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomi" title="Atomi – албанская" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Atomi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="албанская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Атом – сербская" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Атом" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="сербская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="выдатны артыкул"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomi" title="Atomi – сранан-тонга" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Atomi" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="сранан-тонга" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sranantongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom – сунда" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="сунда" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom – шведская" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="шведская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomu" title="Atomu – суахілі" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Atomu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="суахілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/At%C5%AFm" title="Atům – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Atům" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%81" title="அணு – тамільская" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அணு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="тамільская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A3%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%81" title="పరమాణువు – тэлугу" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పరమాణువు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="тэлугу" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Атом – таджыкская" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Атом" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="таджыкская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="выдатны артыкул"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1" title="อะตอม – тайская" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อะตอม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="тайская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A3%E1%89%B6%E1%88%9B%E1%89%B5" title="ኣቶማት – тыгрынья" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ኣቶማት" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="тыгрынья" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ትግርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomo" title="Atomo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Atomo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom – турэцкая" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="турэцкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athomu" title="Athomu – тсонга" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Athomu" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="тсонга" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Атом – татарская" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Атом" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="татарская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Атом – тувінская" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Атом" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="тувінская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Атом – удмурцкая" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Атом" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="удмурцкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85" title="ئاتوم – уйгурская" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئاتوم" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="уйгурская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="добры артыкул"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Атом – украінская" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Атом" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="украінская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%DB%81%D8%B1" title="جوہر – урду" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جوہر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="урду" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom – узбекская" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="узбекская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80tomo" title="Àtomo – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Àtomo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="выдатны артыкул"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%AD" title="Nguyên tử – в’етнамская" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nguyên tử" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="в’етнамская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atoom" title="Atoom – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Atoom" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taum" title="Taum – валапюк" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Taum" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="валапюк" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/At%C3%B4me" title="Atôme – валонская" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Atôme" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="валонская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomo" title="Atomo – варай" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Atomo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="варай" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xarefulwoon" title="Xarefulwoon – валоф" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Xarefulwoon" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="валоф" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90" title="原子 – ву" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="原子" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="ву" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Атом – калмыцкая" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Атом" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="калмыцкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom – коса" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="коса" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ატომი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ატომი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%98%D7%90%D7%9D" title="אטאם – ідыш" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אטאם" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="ідыш" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom – ёруба" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="ёруба" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yenzswj" title="Yenzswj – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Yenzswj" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B1%E2%B5%8D%E2%B4%BD%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%8E" title="ⴰⴱⵍⴽⵉⵎ – стандартная мараканская тамазіхт" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⴱⵍⴽⵉⵎ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="стандартная мараканская тамазіхт" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90" title="原子 – кітайская" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="原子" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="кітайская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90" title="原子 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="原子" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go%C3%A2n-ch%C3%BA" title="Goân-chú – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Goân-chú" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90" title="原子 – кантонскі дыялект кітайскай" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="原子" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="кантонскі дыялект кітайскай" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IChwe" title="IChwe – зулу" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IChwe" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="зулу" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q9121#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Правіць міжмоўныя спасылкі" class="wbc-editpage">Правіць спасылкі</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Выгляд"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Выгляд</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">перанесці да бакавой панэлі</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">схаваць</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">З Вікіпедыі, свабоднай энцыклапедыі</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="be" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC.jpg/220px-%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC.jpg/330px-%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC.jpg/440px-%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="722" data-file-height="519" /></a><figcaption>Прадстаўленне атама.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>А́там</b> — электранейтральная <a href="/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%96%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Часціца">часціца</a>, якая складаецца з дадатна зараджанага ядра і адмоўна зараджаных <a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Электрон">электронаў</a>, якія рухаюцца вакол яго. </p><p>Атам складаецца з масіўнага <a href="/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="Ядро атамнае">ядра</a>, якое мае дадатны <a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="Зарад электрычны">электрычны зарад</a>, і некалькіх лягчэйшых <a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Электрон">электронаў</a>, якія маюць адмоўны <a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="Зарад электрычны">электрычны зарад</a> і ўтвараюць вакол <a href="/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="Ядро атамнае">ядра</a> электронныя абалонкі. Памеры атама нашмат большыя за памер <a href="/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="Ядро атамнае">ядра</a> і вызначаюцца памерамі электронных абалонак. Парадак лінейных памераў атама — 0,1 нм. </p><p>Ядро складаецца з <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Пратон">пратонаў</a> і <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Нейтрон">нейтронаў</a>. </p><p>Атамы класіфікуюцца па колькасці пратонаў і нейтронаў у ядры: лік пратонаў Z адпавядае парадкаваму нумару атама ў <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Перыядычная сістэма элементаў">перыядычнай сістэме элементаў</a> і вызначае яго прыналежнасць да некаторага хімічнага элементу, а лік нейтронаў N — вызначае тып ізатопу гэтага элемента. Адзіны стабільны атам, не які змяшчае нейтронаў у ядры — лёгкі вадарод. Лік Z таксама вызначае сумарны дадатны электрычны зарад (Ze) атамнага ядра і лік электронаў у нейтральным атаме, які задае яго памер<sup id="cite_ref-test_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-test-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Фізічныя і хімічныя ўласцівасці атама вызначаюцца яго будовай, якая апісваецца квантавымі законамі. </p><p>У залежнасці ад кантэксту, гаворачы пра атам, маюць на ўвазе як электранейтральныя атамы, так і <a href="/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Іон">іоны</a> згаданага <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Хімічны элемент">хімічнага элемента</a>, або гавораць пра атам, каб адрозніць нейтральную часціцу рэчыва ад іона, які мае электрычны зарад. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Гісторыя_атамнай_тэорыі"><span id=".D0.93.D1.96.D1.81.D1.82.D0.BE.D1.80.D1.8B.D1.8F_.D0.B0.D1.82.D0.B0.D0.BC.D0.BD.D0.B0.D0.B9_.D1.82.D1.8D.D0.BE.D1.80.D1.8B.D1.96"></span>Гісторыя атамнай тэорыі</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Правіць раздзел: Гісторыя атамнай тэорыі" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>правіць</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC&action=edit&section=1" title="Правіць зыходнік раздзела: Гісторыя атамнай тэорыі"><span>правіць зыходнік</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Асноўны артыкул: <b><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Атамная тэорыя">Атамная тэорыя</a></b></div> <p>Слова «атам» было прыдумана ў Старажытнай Грэцыі, гэта слова значыць «недзялімасць». Толькі ў XIX стагоддзі навукоўцы вынайшлі субатамныя часціцы, і стала зразумела, што атам не з’яўляецца недзялімым. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Гістарычныя_мадэлі_атама"><span id=".D0.93.D1.96.D1.81.D1.82.D0.B0.D1.80.D1.8B.D1.87.D0.BD.D1.8B.D1.8F_.D0.BC.D0.B0.D0.B4.D1.8D.D0.BB.D1.96_.D0.B0.D1.82.D0.B0.D0.BC.D0.B0"></span>Гістарычныя мадэлі атама</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Правіць раздзел: Гістарычныя мадэлі атама" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>правіць</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC&action=edit&section=2" title="Правіць зыходнік раздзела: Гістарычныя мадэлі атама"><span>правіць зыходнік</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Кавалачкі <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F_(%D1%84%D1%96%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Матэрыя (фізіка)">матэрыі</a>. <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82" title="Дэмакрыт">Дэмакрыт</a> меркаваў, што ўласцівасці таго ці іншага рэчыва вызначаюцца <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Формай (няма такой старонкі)">формай</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Маса">масай</a>, і іншымі характарыстыкамі атамаў, якія яго ўтвараюць. Так, скажам, у агню атамы вострыя, таму агонь здольны апальваць, у <a href="/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B2%D1%91%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Цвёрдае цела">цвёрдых целаў</a> яны шурпатыя, таму моцна счапляюцца адзін з адным, у <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Вада">вады</a> — гладкія, таму яна здольна цячы. Нават душа чалавека, згодна з Дэмакрытам, складаецца з атамаў<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Мадэль атама Томсана">Мадэль атама Томсана</a> 1904 г. (мадэль «пудынг з разынкамі»). <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Джозеф Джон Томсан">Джозеф Джон Томсан</a> прапанаваў разглядаць атам як некаторае дадатна зараджанае цела, унутры якога знаходзяцца <a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Электрон">электроны</a>. Была канчаткова адхілена <a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%A0%D1%8D%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Эрнэст Рэзерфорд">Резерфордам</a> пасля праведзенага ім знакамітага вопыту па рассейванню <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D0%B0-%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%96%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Альфа-часціца">альфа-часціц</a>.</li> <li>Ранняя планетарная мадэль атама Нагаока. У 1904 годзе японскі фізік <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Хантаро Нагаока (няма такой старонкі)">Хантаро Нагаока</a> прапанаваў мадэль атама, пабудаваную па аналогіі з планетай <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0)" title="Сатурн (планета)">Сатурн</a>. У гэтай мадэлі вакол маленькага дадатна зараджанага ядра па арбітах круціліся электроны, аб’яднаныя ў колцы. Мадэль аказалася памылковай.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Планетарная мадэль атама">Планетарная мадэль атама</a> Рэзерфорда (1911)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> і пазнейшая <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Бораўская мадэль атама">бораўская мадэль атама</a> (1913). Эрнэст Рэзерфорд, правёўшы шэраг эксперыментаў, прыйшоў да высновы, што атам уяўляе сабой падабенства <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Планетная сістэма">планетнай сістэмы</a>, у якой электроны рухаюцца па арбітах вакол размешчанага ў цэнтры атама цяжкага дадатна зараджанага ядра («мадэль атама Рэзерфорда»). Аднак такое апісанне атама ўвайшло ў супярэчнасць з <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Класічная электрадынаміка">класічнай электрадынамікай</a>. Справа ў тым, што, згодна з класічнай электрадынамікай, электрон пры руху з цэнтраімклівым паскарэннем павінен выпраменьваць <a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%85%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96" class="mw-redirect" title="Электрамагнітныя хвалі">электрамагнітныя хвалі</a> і, такім чынам, губляць <a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Энергія">энергію</a>. Разлікі паказвалі, што час, за які электрон у такім атаме ўпадзе на ядро, вельмі малы. Для тлумачэння стабільнасці атамаў <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Нільс Бор">Нільсу Бору</a> прыйшлося ўвесці <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Пастулаты Бора">пастулаты</a>, якія зводзіліся да таго, што электрон у атаме, знаходзячыся ў некаторых спецыяльных энергетычных станах, не выпраменьвае энергію («мадэль атама Бора-Рэзерфорда»). Увядзенне пастулатаў Бора стала вынікам усведамлення таго, што для апісання атама класічная механіка непрыдатна. Далейшае вывучэнне выпраменьвання атама прывяло да стварэння <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Квантавая механіка">квантавай механікі</a>, якая дазволіла растлумачыць пераважную большасць назіраных фактаў.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Квантава-механічная_мадэль_атама"><span id=".D0.9A.D0.B2.D0.B0.D0.BD.D1.82.D0.B0.D0.B2.D0.B0-.D0.BC.D0.B5.D1.85.D0.B0.D0.BD.D1.96.D1.87.D0.BD.D0.B0.D1.8F_.D0.BC.D0.B0.D0.B4.D1.8D.D0.BB.D1.8C_.D0.B0.D1.82.D0.B0.D0.BC.D0.B0"></span>Квантава-механічная мадэль атама</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Правіць раздзел: Квантава-механічная мадэль атама" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>правіць</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC&action=edit&section=3" title="Правіць зыходнік раздзела: Квантава-механічная мадэль атама"><span>правіць зыходнік</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Сучасная мадэль атама з’явілася ў выніку развіцця планетарнай мадэлі Бора-Рэзерфорда. Згодна сучаснай мадэлі, ядро атама складаецца з дадатна зараджаных <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Пратон">пратонаў</a> і <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Нейтрон">нейтронаў</a>, якія не маюць зарада. Ядро акружана адмоўна зараджанымі <a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Электрон">электронамі</a>. Аднак тэорыя квантавай механікі не дазваляе лічыць, што электроны рухаюцца вакол ядра па дакладна вызначаных траекторыях (<a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%BF_%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%96_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Прынцып нявызначанасці Гейзенберга">нявызначанасць</a> каардынат электрона ў атаме можа быць параўнальная з памерамі самога атама). </p><p>Хімічныя ўласцівасці атамаў вызначаюцца канфігурацыяй <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Электронная абалонка (няма такой старонкі)">электроннай абалонкі</a> і апісваюцца <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Квантавая механіка">квантавай механікай</a>. Месца ў <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Перыядычная сістэма элементаў">перыядычнай сістэме элементаў</a> вызначаецца <a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Электрычны зарад">электрычным зарадам</a> ядра атама (гэта значыць, колькасцю пратонаў), у той час як колькасць нейтронаў прынцыпова не ўплывае на хімічныя ўласцівасці; пры гэтым нейтронаў ў ядры, як правіла, больш, чым пратонаў (гл.: <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D1%8F%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Атамнае ядро">атамнае ядро</a>). Атам мае нейтральны зарад, г.зн. колькасць электронаў у ім роўна колькасці пратонаў. Асноўная маса атама сканцэнтравана ў ядры, а масавая доля электронаў у агульнай масе атама нязначная (некалькі сотых адсотка масы ядра). </p><p>Масу атама прынята вымяраць ў <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Атамная адзінка масы">атамных адзінках масы</a>, роўных <sup>1</sup><big>⁄</big><sub>12</sub> ад масы атама стабільнага <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%86%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF_%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ізатоп вугляроду (няма такой старонкі)">ізатопа вугляроду</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=12C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="12C (няма такой старонкі)"><sup>12</sup>C</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Будова_атама"><span id=".D0.91.D1.83.D0.B4.D0.BE.D0.B2.D0.B0_.D0.B0.D1.82.D0.B0.D0.BC.D0.B0"></span>Будова атама</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Правіць раздзел: Будова атама" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>правіць</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC&action=edit&section=4" title="Правіць зыходнік раздзела: Будова атама"><span>правіць зыходнік</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Субатамныя_часціцы"><span id=".D0.A1.D1.83.D0.B1.D0.B0.D1.82.D0.B0.D0.BC.D0.BD.D1.8B.D1.8F_.D1.87.D0.B0.D1.81.D1.86.D1.96.D1.86.D1.8B"></span>Субатамныя часціцы</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Правіць раздзел: Субатамныя часціцы" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>правіць</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC&action=edit&section=5" title="Правіць зыходнік раздзела: Субатамныя часціцы"><span>правіць зыходнік</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Хоць слова «атам» у першапачатковым значэнні азначала часціцу, якая не дзеліцца на некалькі меншых, паводле навуковых уяўленняў ён складаецца з больш дробных часціц, названых <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%96%D1%86%D1%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Субатамныя часціцы (няма такой старонкі)">субатамнымі часціцамі</a>. Атам складаецца з <a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Электрон">электронаў</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Пратон">пратонаў</a>, усе атамы, акрамя вадароду-1, маюць таксама <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Нейтрон">нейтроны</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Электрон">Электрон</a> з’яўляецца самай лёгкай з часціц, якія складаюць атам, з масай <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 9,11*10^{-31}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>9</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>11</mn> <mo>∗</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>31</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 9,11*10^{-31}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ae97814df8d66766574a3fc233b5ecfb1a7062a1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:12.196ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 9,11*10^{-31}}"></span> кг, адмоўным зарадам і памерам, занадта малым для вымярэння сучаснымі метадамі<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDemtröder2002_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemtröder2002-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Эксперыменты па звышдакладным вызначэнні <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Магнітны момант">магнітнага моманту</a> электрона (<a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Нобелеўская прэмія">Нобелеўская прэмія</a> 1989 года) паказваюць, што памеры электрона не большыя за <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 10^{-20}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>20</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 10^{-20}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/893413600cac4aad6821df6c7f26120ba63000e5" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.48ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 10^{-20}}"></span> сантыметра<sup id="cite_ref-DemeltRus_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DemeltRus-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Demelt_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Demelt-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Пратон">Пратоны</a> маюць дадатны зарад і ў 1836 разоў цяжэйшыя за электрон (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1,6726*10^{-27}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>6726</mn> <mo>∗</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>27</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1,6726*10^{-27}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/378db0ae28a34bda78123cd2ebd93d543b034b8f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:14.521ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1,6726*10^{-27}}"></span> кг). Нейтроны не маюць <a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Электрычны зарад">электрычнага зарада</a> і ў 1839 разоў цяжэйшыя за электрон (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1,6749*10^{-27}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>6749</mn> <mo>∗</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>27</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1,6749*10^{-27}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9fc2499a692c01a91bf0c86837eaaa93ad8ae991" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:14.521ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1,6749*10^{-27}}"></span> кг)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoan2000_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoan2000-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Пры гэтым маса <a href="/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Ядро атама">ядра</a> меншая за суму мас складаючых яго пратонаў і нейтронаў з-за <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Дэфект масы">дэфекту масы</a>. Нейтроны і пратоны маюць параўнальны памер, каля <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 2,5*10^{-15}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>2</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>5</mn> <mo>∗</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>15</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 2,5*10^{-15}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4c7e50af1a65601e10e62c4288b17e6edfcd6a5d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:11.033ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 2,5*10^{-15}}"></span> м, хоць памеры гэтых часціц вызначаны недастаткова дакладна<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacGregor1992_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacGregor1992-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>У стандартнай мадэлі элементарных часціц як пратоны, так і нейтроны складаюцца з элементарных часціц, названых <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Кварк">кваркамі</a>. Разам з <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Лептон">лептонамі</a>, кваркі з’яўляюцца адным з асноўных складнікаў матэрыі. І першыя, і другія з’яўляюцца <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%91%D0%BD" title="Ферміён">ферміёнамі</a>. Існуе шэсць тыпаў кваркаў, кожны з якіх мае дробны электрычны зарад, роўны <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle +\left({\frac {2}{3}}\right)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>+</mo> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>2</mn> <mn>3</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle +\left({\frac {2}{3}}\right)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5de2f34a8c64244e040bdb2111150110e3d0c9f1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:7.615ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle +\left({\frac {2}{3}}\right)}"></span> або <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -\left({\frac {1}{3}}\right)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>−</mo> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>3</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -\left({\frac {1}{3}}\right)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a48537e513c4e156a9ba06666adba5683584eb19" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:7.615ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -\left({\frac {1}{3}}\right)}"></span>элементарнага. Пратоны складаюцца з двух u-кваркаў і аднаго d-кварка, а нейтрон — з аднаго u-кварка і двух d-кваркаў. Гэтае адрозненне тлумачыць розніцу ў масах і зарадах пратона і нейтрона. Кваркі звязаныя паміж сабой моцнымі ядзернымі ўзаемадзеяннямі, якія перадаюцца <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Глюон">глюонамі</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Электроны_ў_атаме"><span id=".D0.AD.D0.BB.D0.B5.D0.BA.D1.82.D1.80.D0.BE.D0.BD.D1.8B_.D1.9E_.D0.B0.D1.82.D0.B0.D0.BC.D0.B5"></span>Электроны ў атаме</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Правіць раздзел: Электроны ў атаме" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>правіць</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC&action=edit&section=6" title="Правіць зыходнік раздзела: Электроны ў атаме"><span>правіць зыходнік</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Асноўны артыкул: <b><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Атамная арбіталь">Атамная арбіталь</a></b></div> <p>Пры апісанні электронаў у атаме ў рамках <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Квантавая механіка">квантавай механікі</a> звычайна разглядаюць размеркаванне <a href="/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Імавернасць">імавернасцей</a> у 3n-мернай прасторы для сістэмы n электронаў. </p><p>Электроны ў атаме прыцягваюцца да ядра, паміж электронамі таксама дзейнічае <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D1%9E%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Кулонаўскае ўзаемадзеянне (няма такой старонкі)">кулонаўскае ўзаемадзеянне</a>. Гэтыя ж сілы ўтрымліваюць электроны ўнутры <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%E2%80%99%D0%B5%D1%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Патэнцыйны бар’ер (няма такой старонкі)">патэнцыйнага бар’ера</a>, які акружае ядро. Для таго каб электрон змог пераадолець прыцягненне ядра, яму неабходна атрымаць энергію ад вонкавай крыніцы. Чым бліжэй электрон знаходзіцца да ядра, тым больш энергіі для гэтага неабходна. </p><p>Электронам, як і іншым часціцам, уласцівы <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D1%85%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Карпускулярна-хвалевы дуалізм">карпускулярна-хвалевы дуалізм</a>. Часам кажуць, што электрон рухаецца па <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Атамныя арбіталі (няма такой старонкі)">арбіталі</a>, што няправільна. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Квантавы стан (няма такой старонкі)">Стан</a> электронаў апісваецца <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%84%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Хвалевая функцыя">хвалевай функцыяй</a>, квадрат модуля якой характарызуе шчыльнасць верагоднасці знаходжання часціц у дадзеным пункце прасторы ў дадзены момант часу, або, у агульным выпадку, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%86%D0%B0_%D1%88%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Матрыца шчыльнасці (няма такой старонкі)">аператарам шчыльнасці</a>. Існуе дыскрэтны набор <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Атамная арбіталь">атамных арбіталей</a>, якім адпавядаюць стацыянарныя чыстыя станы электронаў у атаме. </p><p>Кожнай арбіталі адпавядае свой <a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%9E%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Энергетычны ўзровень">узровень энергіі</a>. Электрон у атаме можа перайсці на ўзровень з большай энергіяй пры сутыкненні дадзенага атама з іншым атамам, электронам, іонам, або паглынуўшы <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Фатон">фатон</a> адпаведнай энергіі. Пры пераходзе на больш нізкі ўзровень электрон аддае энергію шляхам выпраменьвання фатона, альбо шляхам перадачы энергіі іншаму электрону. Як і ў выпадку паглынання, пры выпраменьвальным пераходзе энергія фатона роўна рознасці энергій электрона на гэтых узроўнях (гл .: <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Пастулаты Бора">пастулаты Бора</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Зноскі"><span id=".D0.97.D0.BD.D0.BE.D1.81.D0.BA.D1.96"></span>Зноскі</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Правіць раздзел: Зноскі" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>правіць</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC&action=edit&section=7" title="Правіць зыходнік раздзела: Зноскі"><span>правіць зыходнік</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-test-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-test_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://goldbook.iupac.org/A00493.html">Atom</a> // IUPAC Gold Book</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Демокрит // <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.ru/books?id=zSzUPskLA9kC&pg=PA281">Школьная энциклопедия «Руссика». История Древнего мира</a> / А. О. Чубарьян. — <abbr>М.</abbr>: Olma Media Group, 2003. — С. 281—282. — 815 с. — ISBN 5-948-49307-5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ido.rudn.ru/nfpk/fizika/mkt/1.html">Планетарная модель атома</a> <small><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080615135557/http://www.ido.rudn.ru/nfpk/fizika/mkt/1.html">Архівавана</a> 15 чэрвеня 2008.</span></small></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemtröder2002-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDemtröder2002_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDemtröder2002">Demtröder 2002</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DemeltRus-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-DemeltRus_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Демельт Х.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ufn.ru/ru/articles/1990/12/e/">«Эксперименты с покоящейся изолированной субатомной частицей»</a> // <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A3%D0%A4%D0%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="УФН (няма такой старонкі)">УФН</a>, т. 160 (12), с. 129—139, 1990</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Demelt-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Demelt_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nobel lecture, December, 8, 1989, Hans D. Dehmelt <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1989/dehmelt-lecture.pdf">Experiments with an isolated subatomic particle at rest</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoan2000-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoan2000_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWoan2000">Woan 2000</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacGregor1992-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacGregor1992_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacGregor1992">MacGregor 1992</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><span style="" lang="und"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.particleadventure.org/">The Particle Adventure</a></span><span class="hidden-ref" style="display:none"><b> <span class="ref-info" style="cursor:help;" title="нявызначанай мовай">(нявызн.)</span></b></span>. <i>Particle Data Group</i>.  Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (16 лістапада 2002). <small><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/616PyklA5?url=http://www.particleadventure.org/">Архівавана</a> з першакрыніцы 21 жніўня 2011.</small> <small>Праверана 3 января 2009.</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><i>James Schombert.</i>. <span style="" lang="und"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/ast123/lectures/lec07.html">Elementary Particles</a></span><span class="hidden-ref" style="display:none"><b> <span class="ref-info" style="cursor:help;" title="нявызначанай мовай">(нявызн.)</span></b></span>.  University of Oregon (18 апреля 2006). <small><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/616PzI2QM?url=http://abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/ast123/lectures/lec07.html">Архівавана</a> з першакрыніцы 21 жніўня 2011.</small> <small>Праверана 3 января 2007.</small></span></span> </li> </ol></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Літаратура"><span id=".D0.9B.D1.96.D1.82.D0.B0.D1.80.D0.B0.D1.82.D1.83.D1.80.D0.B0"></span>Літаратура</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Правіць раздзел: Літаратура" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>правіць</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC&action=edit&section=8" title="Правіць зыходнік раздзела: Літаратура"><span>правіць зыходнік</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>На англійскай мове</dt></dl> <ul><li><span class="citation no-wikidata" data-wikidata-property-id="P1343"><i>Michael F. L’Annunziata.</i> Handbook of Radioactivity Analysis. — 2003. — <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:BookSources/0124366031" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0124366031</a>.</span></li> <li><span class="citation no-wikidata" data-wikidata-property-id="P1343"><i>H. F. Beyer, V. P. Shevelko.</i> Introduction to the Physics of Highly Charged Ions. — CRC Press, 2003. — <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:BookSources/0750304812" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0750304812</a>.</span></li> <li><span class="citation no-wikidata" data-wikidata-property-id="P1343"><i>Gregory R. Choppin, Jan-Olov Liljenzin, Jan Rydberg.</i> Radiochemistry and Nuclear Chemistry. — Elsevier, 2001. — <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:BookSources/0750674636" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0750674636</a>.</span></li> <li><span class="citation no-wikidata" data-wikidata-property-id="P1343"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Dalton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Dalton (няма такой старонкі)">J. Dalton</a>.</i> A New System of Chemical Philosophy, Part 1. — London and Manchester: S. Russell, 1808.</span></li> <li><span class="citation no-wikidata" data-wikidata-property-id="P1343" id="CITEREFDemtröder2002"><i>Wolfgang Demtröder.</i> Atoms, Molecules and Photons: An Introduction to Atomic- Molecular- and Quantum Physics. — 1st ed. — Springer, 2002. — <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:BookSources/3540206310" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3540206310</a>.</span></li> <li><span class="citation no-wikidata" data-wikidata-property-id="P1343"><i>Richard Feynman.</i> Six Easy Pieces. — The Penguin Group, 1995. — <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:BookSources/9780140276664" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-140-27666-4</a>.</span></li> <li><span class="citation no-wikidata" data-wikidata-property-id="P1343"><i>Grant R. Fowles.</i> Introduction to Modern Optics. — Courier Dover Publications, 1989. — <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:BookSources/0486659577" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0486659577</a>.</span></li> <li><span class="citation no-wikidata" data-wikidata-property-id="P1343"><i>Mrinalkanti Gangopadhyaya.</i> Indian Atomism: History and Sources. — Atlantic Highlands, New Jersey: Humanities Press, 1981. — <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:BookSources/039102177X" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-391-02177-X</a>.</span></li> <li><span class="citation no-wikidata" data-wikidata-property-id="P1343"><i>David L. Goodstein.</i> States of Matter. — Courier Dover Publications, 2002. — <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:BookSources/048649506X" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 048649506X</a>.</span></li> <li><span class="citation no-wikidata" data-wikidata-property-id="P1343"><i>Edward Robert Harrison.</i> Masks of the Universe: Changing Ideas on the Nature of the Cosmos. — Cambridge University Press, 2003. — <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:BookSources/0521773512" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0521773512</a>.</span></li> <li><span class="citation no-wikidata" data-wikidata-property-id="P1343"><i>Tatjana Jevremovic.</i> Nuclear Principles in Engineering. — Springer, 2005. — <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:BookSources/0387232842" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0387232842</a>.</span></li> <li><span class="citation no-wikidata" data-wikidata-property-id="P1343"><i>James Lequeux.</i> The Interstellar Medium. — Springer, 2005. — <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:BookSources/3540213260" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3540213260</a>.</span></li> <li><span class="citation no-wikidata" data-wikidata-property-id="P1343"><i>Z.-P. Liang, E. M. Haacke.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/8734/27658/01233976.pdf?arnumber=1233976">Encyclopedia of Electrical and Electronics Engineering: Magnetic Resonance Imaging</a> / J. G. Webster. — John Wiley & Sons, 1999. — Т. 2. — P. 412—26. — <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:BookSources/0471139467" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0471139467</a>.</span></li> <li><span class="citation no-wikidata" data-wikidata-property-id="P1343" id="CITEREFMacGregor1992"><i>Malcolm H. MacGregor.</i> The Enigmatic Electron. — Oxford University Press, 1992. — <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:BookSources/0195218337" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0195218337</a>.</span></li> <li><span class="citation no-wikidata" data-wikidata-property-id="P1343"><i>Oliver Manuel.</i> Origin of Elements in the Solar System: Implications of Post-1957 Observations. — Springer, 2001. — <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:BookSources/0306465620" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0306465620</a>.</span></li> <li><span class="citation no-wikidata" data-wikidata-property-id="P1343"><i>Robert M. Mazo.</i> Brownian Motion: Fluctuations, Dynamics, and Applications. — Oxford University Press, 2002. — <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:BookSources/0198515677" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0198515677</a>.</span></li> <li><span class="citation no-wikidata" data-wikidata-property-id="P1343"><i>Ian Mills, Tomislav Cvitaš, Klaus Homann, Nikola Kallay, Kozo Kuchitsu.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iupac.org/publications/books/gbook/green_book_2ed.pdf">Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry</a>. — 2nd ed. — Oxford: <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (няма такой старонкі)">International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry</a>, Commission on Physiochemical Symbols Terminology and Units, Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1993. — <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:BookSources/0632035838" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-632-03583-8</a>.</span></li> <li><span class="citation no-wikidata" data-wikidata-property-id="P1343"><i>Richard Myers.</i> The Basics of Chemistry. — Greenwood Press, 2003. — <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:BookSources/0313316643" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0313316643</a>.</span></li> <li><span class="citation no-wikidata" data-wikidata-property-id="P1343"><i>Michael J. Padilla, Ioannis Miaoulis, Martha Cyr.</i> Prentice Hall Science Explorer: Chemical Building Blocks. — Upper Saddle River, New Jersey USA: Prentice-Hall, 2002. — <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:BookSources/0130540919" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-13-054091-9</a>.</span></li> <li><span class="citation no-wikidata" data-wikidata-property-id="P1343"><i>Linus Pauling.</i> The Nature of the Chemical Bond. — Cornell University Press, 1960. — <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:BookSources/0801403332" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0801403332</a>.</span></li> <li><span class="citation no-wikidata" data-wikidata-property-id="P1343"><i>Jeremy I. Pfeffer, Shlomo Nir.</i> Modern Physics: An Introductory Text. — Imperial College Press, 2000. — <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:BookSources/1860942504" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1860942504</a>.</span></li> <li><span class="citation no-wikidata" data-wikidata-property-id="P1343"><i>Leonid Ivanovich Ponomarev.</i> The Quantum Dice. — CRC Press, 1993. — <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:BookSources/0750302518" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0750302518</a>.</span></li> <li><span class="citation no-wikidata" data-wikidata-property-id="P1343"><i>J. Kenneth Shultis, Richard E. Faw.</i> Fundamentals of Nuclear Science and Engineering. — CRC Press, 2002. — <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:BookSources/0824708342" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0824708342</a>.</span></li> <li><span class="citation no-wikidata" data-wikidata-property-id="P1343"><i>Robert Siegfried.</i> From Elements to Atoms: A History of Chemical Composition. — DIANE, 2002. — <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:BookSources/0871699249" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0871699249</a>.</span></li> <li><span class="citation no-wikidata" data-wikidata-property-id="P1343"><i>Alan D. Sills.</i> Earth Science the Easy Way. — Barron’s Educational Series, 2003. — <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:BookSources/0764121464" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0764121464</a>.</span></li> <li><span class="citation no-wikidata" data-wikidata-property-id="P1343"><i>Boris M. Smirnov.</i> Physics of Atoms and Ions. — Springer, 2003. — <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:BookSources/038795550X" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 038795550X</a>.</span></li> <li><span class="citation no-wikidata" data-wikidata-property-id="P1343"><i>Dick Teresi.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=pheL_ubbXD0C&dq">Lost Discoveries: The Ancient Roots of Modern Science</a>. — Simon & Schuster, 2003. — P. 213—214. — <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:BookSources/074324379X" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 074324379X</a>.</span></li> <li><span class="citation no-wikidata" data-wikidata-property-id="P1343" id="CITEREFWoan2000"><i>Graham Woan.</i> The Cambridge Handbook of Physics. — Cambridge University Press, 2000. — <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:BookSources/0521575079" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0521575079</a>.</span></li> <li><span class="citation no-wikidata" data-wikidata-property-id="P1343"><i>Charles Adolphe Wurtz.</i> The Atomic Theory. — New York: D. Appleton and company, 1881.</span></li> <li><span class="citation no-wikidata" data-wikidata-property-id="P1343"><i>Marco Zaider, Harald H. Rossi.</i> Radiation Science for Physicians and Public Health Workers. — Springer, 2001. — <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:BookSources/0306464039" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0306464039</a>.</span></li> <li><span class="citation no-wikidata" data-wikidata-property-id="P1343"><i>Steven S. Zumdahl.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://college.hmco.com/chemistry/intro/zumdahl/intro_chemistry/5e/students/protected/periodictables/pt/pt/pt_ar5.html">Introductory Chemistry: A Foundation</a>. — 5th ed. — Houghton Mifflin, 2002. — <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:BookSources/0618343423" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-618-34342-3</a>.</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Спасылкі"><span id=".D0.A1.D0.BF.D0.B0.D1.81.D1.8B.D0.BB.D0.BA.D1.96"></span>Спасылкі</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Правіць раздзел: Спасылкі" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>правіць</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC&action=edit&section=9" title="Правіць зыходнік раздзела: Спасылкі"><span>правіць зыходнік</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%81%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%88%D1%87%D0%B0" title="Лагатып Вікісховішча"><img alt="Лагатып Вікісховішча" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> На <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%81%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%88%D1%87%D0%B0" title="Вікісховішча">Вікісховішчы</a> ёсць медыяфайлы па тэме <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Atom" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Atom">Атам</a></b></li> <li><span class="citation"><span style="" lang="und"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xumuk.ru/encyklopedia/401.html">Атам</a></span><span class="hidden-ref" style="display:none"><b> <span class="ref-info" style="cursor:help;" title="нявызначанай мовай">(нявызн.)</span></b></span>.  Хімічная энцыклапедыя. <small>Праверана 3 сакавіка 2008.</small></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.femto.com.ua/articles/part_1/0220.html">Атам</a> у Фізічнай энцыклапедыі</li> <li><span class="citation"><i>Eden Francis.</i>. <span style="" lang="und"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dl.clackamas.cc.or.us/ch104-07/atomic_size.htm">Atomic Size</a></span><span class="hidden-ref" style="display:none"><b> <span class="ref-info" style="cursor:help;" title="нявызначанай мовай">(нявызн.)</span></b></span><span class="ref-info">(недаступная спасылка)</span>.  Clackamas Community College (2002). <small><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070204073653/http://dl.clackamas.cc.or.us/ch104-07/atomic_size.htm">Архівавана</a> з першакрыніцы 4 лютага 2007.</small> <small>Праверана 9 студзеня 2007.</small></span></li> <li><span class="citation"><i>Craig C. Freudenrich.</i>. <span style="" lang="und"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dl.clackamas.cc.or.us/ch104-07/atomic_size.htm">How Atoms Work</a></span><span class="hidden-ref" style="display:none"><b> <span class="ref-info" style="cursor:help;" title="нявызначанай мовай">(нявызн.)</span></b></span><span class="ref-info">(недаступная спасылка)</span>.  How Stuff Works. <small><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070204073653/http://dl.clackamas.cc.or.us/ch104-07/atomic_size.htm">Архівавана</a> з першакрыніцы 4 лютага 2007.</small> <small>Праверана 9 студзеня 2007.</small></span></li> <li><span class="citation"><span style="" lang="und"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scienceaid.co.uk/chemistry/basics/theatom.html">The atom</a></span><span class="hidden-ref" style="display:none"><b> <span class="ref-info" style="cursor:help;" title="нявызначанай мовай">(нявызн.)</span></b></span><span class="ref-info">(недаступная спасылка)</span>.  Science aid+ (2007). — A guide to the atom for teens. <small><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722164749/http://www.scienceaid.co.uk/chemistry/basics/theatom.html">Архівавана</a> з першакрыніцы 22 ліпеня 2011.</small> <small>Праверана 9 студзеня 2007.</small></span></li> <li><span class="citation"><span style="" lang="und"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A6672963">Atoms and Atomic Structure</a></span><span class="hidden-ref" style="display:none"><b> <span class="ref-info" style="cursor:help;" title="нявызначанай мовай">(нявызн.)</span></b></span>.  <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> (3 студзеня 2006). <small>Праверана 11 студзеня 2007.</small></span></li> <li><span class="citation"><span style="" lang="und"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.colorado.edu/physics/2000/index.pl?Type=TOC">Physics 2000</a></span><span class="hidden-ref" style="display:none"><b> <span class="ref-info" style="cursor:help;" title="нявызначанай мовай">(нявызн.)</span></b></span><span class="ref-info">(недаступная спасылка)</span>.  University of Colorado (3 студзеня 2006). <small><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080114002007/http://www.colorado.edu/physics/2000/index.pl?Type=TOC">Архівавана</a> з першакрыніцы 14 студзеня 2008.</small> <small>Праверана 11 студзеня 2008.</small></span></li> <li><span class="citation"><span style="" lang="und"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://korrespondent.net/tech/science/969021">Украінскія вучоныя ўпершыню сфатаграфавалі атам</a></span><span class="hidden-ref" style="display:none"><b> <span class="ref-info" style="cursor:help;" title="нявызначанай мовай">(нявызн.)</span></b></span> (16 верасня 2009).</span></li> <li><span class="citation"><span style="" lang="und"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://globalscience.ru/article/read/18783/">Вучоныя ізалявалі, захапілі і сфатаграфавалі атам Рубідыя 85</a></span><span class="hidden-ref" style="display:none"><b> <span class="ref-info" style="cursor:help;" title="нявызначанай мовай">(нявызн.)</span></b></span>.  Physorg.com (1 кастрычніка 2010). <small>Праверана 1 кастрычніка 2010.</small></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://univertv.ru/video/himiya/obwaya_himiya/stroenie_atoma/?mark=all">Будова атама</a> <small><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230514071622/http://univertv.ru/video/himiya/obwaya_himiya/stroenie_atoma/?mark=all">Архівавана</a> 14 мая 2023.</span></small></li> <li><span class="citation"><span style="" lang="und"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nist.gov/pml/data/atomspec.cfm">Спектры атамаў</a></span><span class="hidden-ref" style="display:none"><b> <span class="ref-info" style="cursor:help;" title="нявызначанай мовай">(нявызн.)</span></b></span>. <small>Праверана 10 кастрычніка 2010.</small></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r4785216">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px 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href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02051c.htm">Catholic (1997—…)</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/atomo">Treccani</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/atome/">Universalis</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/description-de-l-atome/">Universalis</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=44603">Сучаснай Украіны</a> · <a href="https://be.wikisource.org/wiki/ru:%D0%AD%D0%A1%D0%93/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC" class="extiw" title="s:ru:ЭСГ/Атом">Гранат</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r3748793">.mw-parser-output .ts-navbox-plaintitle{font-size:100%!important;margin:0 6em!important}</style></div><table class="nowraplinks authoritycontrol collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Нарматыўны_кантроль" class="ts-navbox-plaintitle" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Нарматыўны кантроль">Нарматыўны кантроль</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%96" title="Нацыянальная бібліятэка Францыі">BNF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11930986h">11930986h</a> · <a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4003412-4">4003412-4</a> · <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%91%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Кантрольны нумар Бібліятэкі Кангрэса">LCCN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85009333">sh85009333</a> · <span title="Microsoft Academic" style="border-bottom: 1px dotted; cursor: help;">Microsoft</span>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.microsoft.com/#/detail/181819025">181819025</a> · <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%96" title="Нацыянальная парламенцкая бібліятэка Японіі">NDL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00562368">00562368</a> · <span title="Нацыянальная бібліятэка Чэхіі" style="border-bottom: 1px dotted; cursor: help;">NKC</span>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aut.nkp.cz/ph170602">ph170602</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Узята з "<a dir="ltr" href="https://be.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Атам&oldid=4812967">https://be.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Атам&oldid=4812967</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:Categories" title="Адмысловае:Categories">Катэгорыі</a>: 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