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id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=PNG" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=PNG" title="You're encouraged to log in; 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class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" 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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>PNG Working Group</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-PNG_Working_Group-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-File_format" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#File_format"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>File format</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-File_format-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle File format subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-File_format-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-File_header" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#File_header"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>File header</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-File_header-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Chunks"_within_the_file" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Chunks"_within_the_file"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>"Chunks" within the file</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Chunks"_within_the_file-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Critical_chunks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critical_chunks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Critical chunks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Critical_chunks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancillary_chunks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancillary_chunks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Ancillary chunks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancillary_chunks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pixel_format" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pixel_format"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Pixel format</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pixel_format-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transparency_of_image" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transparency_of_image"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Transparency of image</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transparency_of_image-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Compression</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Filtering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filtering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.1</span> <span>Filtering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Filtering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interlacing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interlacing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Interlacing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interlacing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Animation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Animation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advantages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advantages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Advantages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advantages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_with_other_file_formats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_with_other_file_formats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Comparison with other file formats</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Comparison_with_other_file_formats-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Comparison with other file formats subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Comparison_with_other_file_formats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Graphics_Interchange_Format_(GIF)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Graphics_Interchange_Format_(GIF)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Graphics Interchange Format (GIF)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Graphics_Interchange_Format_(GIF)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-JPEG" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#JPEG"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>JPEG</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-JPEG-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-JPEG-LS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#JPEG-LS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>JPEG-LS</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-JPEG-LS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-TIFF" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#TIFF"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>TIFF</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-TIFF-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-WebP" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#WebP"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>WebP</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-WebP-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-AVIF" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#AVIF"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>AVIF</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-AVIF-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Software_support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Software_support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Software support</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Software_support-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Software support subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Software_support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bitmap_graphics_editor_support_for_PNG" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bitmap_graphics_editor_support_for_PNG"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Bitmap graphics editor support for PNG</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bitmap_graphics_editor_support_for_PNG-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Web_browser_support_for_PNG" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Web_browser_support_for_PNG"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Web browser support for PNG</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Web_browser_support_for_PNG-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operating_system_support_for_PNG_icons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operating_system_support_for_PNG_icons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Operating system support for PNG icons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operating_system_support_for_PNG_icons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-File_size_and_optimization_software" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#File_size_and_optimization_software"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>File size and optimization software</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-File_size_and_optimization_software-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle File size and optimization software subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-File_size_and_optimization_software-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Compared_to_GIF" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compared_to_GIF"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Compared to GIF</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compared_to_GIF-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-File_size_factors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#File_size_factors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>File size factors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-File_size_factors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lossy_PNG_compression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lossy_PNG_compression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.1</span> <span>Lossy PNG compression</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lossy_PNG_compression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Image_editing_software" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Image_editing_software"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Image editing software</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Image_editing_software-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Optimizing_tools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Optimizing_tools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Optimizing tools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Optimizing_tools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tool_list" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tool_list"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4.1</span> <span>Tool list</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tool_list-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancillary_chunk_removal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancillary_chunk_removal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4.2</span> <span>Ancillary chunk removal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancillary_chunk_removal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Filter_optimization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filter_optimization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4.3</span> <span>Filter optimization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Filter_optimization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-DEFLATE_optimization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#DEFLATE_optimization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4.4</span> <span>DEFLATE optimization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-DEFLATE_optimization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Icon_optimization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Icon_optimization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Icon optimization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Icon_optimization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">PNG</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 57 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-57" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">57 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/PNG" title="PNG – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="PNG" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Network_Graphics" title="Portable Network Graphics – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Portable Network Graphics" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D8%A5%D9%86_%D8%AC%D9%8A_(%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AA)" title="بي إن جي (صيغة ملفات) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بي إن جي (صيغة ملفات)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Network_Graphics" title="Portable Network Graphics – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Portable Network Graphics" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/PNG" title="PNG – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="PNG" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8" title="পোর্টেবল নেটওয়ার্ক গ্রাফিক্স – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পোর্টেবল নেটওয়ার্ক গ্রাফিক্স" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/PNG" title="PNG – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="PNG" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Network_Graphics" title="Portable Network Graphics – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Portable Network Graphics" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/PNG" title="PNG – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="PNG" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/PNG" title="PNG – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="PNG" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Network_Graphics" title="Portable Network Graphics – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Portable Network Graphics" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Network_Graphics" title="Portable Network Graphics – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Portable Network Graphics" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Network_Graphics" title="Portable Network Graphics – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Portable Network Graphics" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/PNG" title="PNG – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="PNG" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/PNG" title="PNG – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="PNG" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Network_Graphics" title="Portable Network Graphics – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Portable Network Graphics" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/PNG" title="PNG – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="PNG" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/PNG" title="PNG – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="PNG" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/PNG" title="PNG – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="PNG" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Network_Graphics" title="Portable Network Graphics – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Portable Network Graphics" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Network_Graphics" title="Portable Network Graphics – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Portable Network Graphics" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/PNG" title="PNG – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="PNG" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/PNG" title="PNG – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="PNG" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/PNG" title="PNG – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="PNG" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafis_Jaringan_Mudah_Alih" title="Grafis Jaringan Mudah Alih – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Grafis Jaringan Mudah Alih" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/PNG" title="PNG – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="PNG" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Network_Graphics" title="Portable Network Graphics – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Portable Network Graphics" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/PNG" title="PNG – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="PNG" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Network_Graphics" title="Portable Network Graphics – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Portable Network Graphics" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/PNG" title="PNG – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="PNG" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/PNG_(formatas)" title="PNG (formatas) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="PNG (formatas)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/PNG" title="PNG – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="PNG" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BE_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="പോർട്ടബിൾ നെറ്റ്‍വർക്ക് ഗ്രാഫിക്സ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പോർട്ടബിൾ നെറ്റ്‍വർക്ക് ഗ്രാഫിക്സ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafik_Rangkaian_Mudah_Alih" title="Grafik Rangkaian Mudah Alih – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Grafik Rangkaian Mudah Alih" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_network_graphics" title="Portable network graphics – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Portable network graphics" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Network_Graphics" title="Portable Network Graphics – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Portable Network Graphics" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Network_Graphics" title="Portable Network Graphics – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Portable Network Graphics" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/PNG" title="PNG – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="PNG" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Network_Graphics" title="Portable Network Graphics – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Portable Network Graphics" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/PNG" title="PNG – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="PNG" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Network_Graphics" title="Portable Network Graphics – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Portable Network Graphics" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/PNG" title="PNG – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="PNG" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Network_Graphics" title="Portable Network Graphics – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Portable Network Graphics" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Network_Graphics" title="Portable Network Graphics – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Portable Network Graphics" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/PNG" title="PNG – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="PNG" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/PNG" title="PNG – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="PNG" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/PNG" title="PNG – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="PNG" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/PNG" title="PNG – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="PNG" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B5" title="พีเอ็นจี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พีเอ็นจี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Network_Graphics" title="Portable Network Graphics – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Portable Network Graphics" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/PNG" title="PNG – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="PNG" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Network_Graphics" title="Portable Network Graphics – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Portable Network Graphics" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/PNG" title="PNG – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="PNG" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/PNG" title="PNG – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="PNG" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Network_Graphics" title="Portable Network Graphics – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Portable Network Graphics" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/PNG" title="PNG – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="PNG" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/PNG" title="PNG – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="PNG" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q178051#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Portable_Network_Graphics&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Portable Network Graphics">Portable Network Graphics</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Family of lossless-compression image file formats</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the file format. For the country, see <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/PNG_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="PNG (disambiguation)">PNG (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs to be <b>updated</b>. The reason given is: add a comparison to the <a href="/wiki/JPEG_XL" title="JPEG XL">JPEG XL</a> image format.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. <br /><small>Last update: 26 September 2024</small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="padding-bottom:0.15em;">Portable Network Graphics</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div style="background-color: #fff; background-image: linear-gradient(45deg, #eee 25%, transparent 25%, transparent 75%, #eee 75%, #eee), linear-gradient(45deg, #eee 25%, transparent 25%, transparent 75%, #eee 75%, #eee); background-size:20px 20px; background-position:0 0, 10px 10px; background-attachment: fixed; width: -moz-fit-content; width: -webkit-fit-content; width: fit-content; margin: 0 auto;"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PNG_transparency_demonstration_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/PNG_transparency_demonstration_1.png/280px-PNG_transparency_demonstration_1.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/PNG_transparency_demonstration_1.png/420px-PNG_transparency_demonstration_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/PNG_transparency_demonstration_1.png/560px-PNG_transparency_demonstration_1.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </p> </div><div class="infobox-caption">A PNG image of four differently colored <a href="/wiki/Dice" title="Dice">dice</a> with an 8-bit transparency channel, overlaid onto a checkered background, typically used in <a href="/wiki/Graphics_software" title="Graphics software">graphics software</a> to indicate transparency</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Filename_extension" title="Filename extension">Filename extension</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><div class="monospaced"> <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">.png</code></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Media_type" title="Media type">Internet media type</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><div class="monospaced"> <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">image/png</code></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Type_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Type code">Type code</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;">PNGf<br />PNG (including a single trailing space)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Uniform_Type_Identifier" title="Uniform Type Identifier">Uniform Type Identifier (UTI)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;">public.png</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">UTI conformation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;">public.image</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/File_format#Magic_number" title="File format">Magic number</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">89 50 4e 47 0d 0a 1a 0a</code> (8 bytes <a href="/wiki/Hexadecimal" title="Hexadecimal">Hexadecimal</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Developed by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;">PNG Development Group (donated to <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Initial release</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;">1 October 1996<span class="noprint">; 28 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1996-10-01</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Type of format</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Lossless_data_compression" class="mw-redirect" title="Lossless data compression">Lossless</a> <a href="/wiki/Raster_graphics" title="Raster graphics">bitmap</a> <a href="/wiki/Graphics_file_format" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphics file format">image format</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Extended to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/APNG" title="APNG">APNG</a>, <a href="/wiki/JPEG_Network_Graphics" title="JPEG Network Graphics">JNG</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Multiple-image_Network_Graphics" title="Multiple-image Network Graphics">MNG</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/International_standard" title="International standard">Standard</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a>/<a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">IEC</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards" title="List of ISO standards">15948</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-iso_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iso-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">IETF</a> RFC 2083</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Open_file_format" title="Open file format">Open format</a>?</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;">Yes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/png/">www<wbr />.w3<wbr />.org<wbr />/TR<wbr />/png<wbr />/</a></span> (specification)</li> <li><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libpng.org/pub/png/">libpng<wbr />.org<wbr />/pub<wbr />/png<wbr />/</a></span> (home site)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Portable Network Graphics</b> (<b>PNG</b>, officially pronounced <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ŋ/: 'ng' in 'sing'">ŋ</span></span>/</a></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-pnghist_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pnghist-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEW3C2003[httpswwww3orgTRPNG1Scope_1_Scope]_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEW3C2003[httpswwww3orgTRPNG1Scope_1_Scope]-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">PING</span></i></a>, colloquially pronounced <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span></span>/</a></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">PEE</span>-en-<span style="font-size:90%">JEE</span></i></a>) is a <a href="/wiki/Raster_graphics" title="Raster graphics">raster-graphics</a> file <a href="/wiki/Graphics_file_format" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphics file format">format</a> that supports <a href="/wiki/Lossless_data_compression" class="mw-redirect" title="Lossless data compression">lossless data compression</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> PNG was developed as an improved, non-patented replacement for <a href="/wiki/Graphics_Interchange_Format" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphics Interchange Format">Graphics Interchange Format</a> (GIF)—unofficially, the initials <i>PNG</i> stood for the <a href="/wiki/Recursive_acronym" title="Recursive acronym">recursive acronym</a> "PNG's not GIF".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>PNG supports palette-based images (with palettes of 24-bit <a href="/wiki/RGB_color_model" title="RGB color model">RGB</a> or 32-bit <a href="/wiki/RGBA_color_space" class="mw-redirect" title="RGBA color space">RGBA</a> colors), <a href="/wiki/Grayscale" title="Grayscale">grayscale</a> images (with or without an <a href="/wiki/Alpha_compositing" title="Alpha compositing">alpha channel</a> for transparency), and full-color non-palette-based RGB or RGBA images. The PNG working group designed the format for transferring images on the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>, not for professional-quality print graphics; therefore, non-RGB <a href="/wiki/Color_space" title="Color space">color spaces</a> such as <a href="/wiki/CMYK_color_model" title="CMYK color model">CMYK</a> are not supported. A PNG file contains a single image in an extensible structure of <i>chunks</i>, encoding the basic <a href="/wiki/Pixel" title="Pixel">pixels</a> and other information such as textual comments and <a href="/wiki/Integrity_checker" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrity checker">integrity checks</a> documented in <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> 2083.<sup id="cite_ref-" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>PNG files have the ".png" <a href="/wiki/File_extension" class="mw-redirect" title="File extension">file extension</a> and the "image/png" <a href="/wiki/MIME_type" class="mw-redirect" title="MIME type">MIME</a> media type.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> PNG was published as an <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments#Informational" title="Request for Comments">informational</a> RFC 2083 in March 1997 and as an <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO/IEC">ISO/IEC</a> 15948 standard in 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-iso_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iso-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_development">History and development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PNG&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History and development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Graphics_Interchange_Format#Unisys_and_LZW_patent_enforcement" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphics Interchange Format">Graphics Interchange Format § Unisys and LZW patent enforcement</a></div> <p>The motivation for creating the PNG format was the realization, on 28 December 1994, that the <a href="/wiki/Lempel%E2%80%93Ziv%E2%80%93Welch" title="Lempel–Ziv–Welch">Lempel–Ziv–Welch</a> (LZW) <a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">data compression</a> algorithm used in the <a href="/wiki/Graphics_Interchange_Format" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphics Interchange Format">Graphics Interchange Format</a> (GIF) format was <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patented</a> by <a href="/wiki/Unisys" title="Unisys">Unisys</a>. The patent required that all software supporting GIF pay royalties, leading to a flurry of criticism from <a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a> users. One of them was Thomas Boutell, who on 4 January 1995 posted a precursory discussion thread on the <a href="/wiki/Usenet_newsgroup" title="Usenet newsgroup">Usenet newsgroup</a> "comp.graphics" in which he devised a plan for a free alternative to GIF. Other users in that thread put forth many propositions that would later be part of the final file format. Oliver Fromme, author of the popular <a href="/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG">JPEG</a> viewer <a href="/w/index.php?title=QPEG&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="QPEG (page does not exist)">QPEG</a>, proposed the PING name, eventually becoming PNG, a <a href="/wiki/Recursive_acronym" title="Recursive acronym">recursive acronym</a> meaning <i>PING is not GIF</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and also the .png <a href="/wiki/Filename_extension" title="Filename extension">extension</a>. Other suggestions later implemented included the <a href="/wiki/Deflate" title="Deflate">deflate compression algorithm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Color_depth#True_color_(24-bit)" title="Color depth">24-bit color</a> support, the lack of the latter in GIF also motivating the team to create their file format. The group would become known as the PNG Development Group, and as the discussion rapidly expanded, it later used a mailing list associated with a <a href="/wiki/CompuServe" title="CompuServe">CompuServe</a> forum.<sup id="cite_ref-pnghist_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pnghist-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoelofs1999Chapter_7._History_of_the_Portable_Network_Graphics_Format_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoelofs1999Chapter_7._History_of_the_Portable_Network_Graphics_Format-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The full specification of PNG was released under the approval of <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</a> on 1 October 1996, and later as <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> 2083 on 15 January 1997. The specification was revised on 31 December 1998 as version 1.1, which addressed technical problems for <a href="/wiki/Gamma_correction" title="Gamma correction">gamma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Color_correction" title="Color correction">color correction</a>. Version 1.2, released on 11 August 1999, added the iTXt chunk as the specification's only change, and a reformatted version of 1.2 was released as a second edition of the W3C standard on 10 November 2003,<sup id="cite_ref-w3IHDR_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-w3IHDR-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as an International Standard (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/en/CatalogueDetailPage.CatalogueDetail?CSNUMBER=29581&scopelist=PROGRAMME">ISO/IEC 15948:2004</a>) on 3 March 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-iso_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iso-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although GIF allows for <a href="/wiki/Computer_animation" title="Computer animation">animation</a>, it was initially decided that PNG should be a single-image format.<sup id="cite_ref-" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2001, the developers of PNG published the <a href="/wiki/Multiple-image_Network_Graphics" title="Multiple-image Network Graphics">Multiple-image Network Graphics</a> (MNG) format, with support for animation. MNG achieved moderate application support, but not enough among mainstream web browsers and no usage among web site designers or publishers. In 2008, certain <a href="/wiki/Mozilla" title="Mozilla">Mozilla</a> developers published the <a href="/wiki/Animated_Portable_Network_Graphics" class="mw-redirect" title="Animated Portable Network Graphics">Animated Portable Network Graphics</a> (APNG) format with similar goals. APNG is a format that is natively supported by <a href="/wiki/Gecko_(software)" title="Gecko (software)">Gecko</a>- and <a href="/wiki/Presto_(browser_engine)" title="Presto (browser engine)">Presto</a>-based web browsers and is also commonly used for thumbnails on Sony's <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_Portable" title="PlayStation Portable">PlayStation Portable</a> system (using the normal PNG file extension). In 2017, Chromium based browsers adopted APNG support. In January 2020, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Edge" title="Microsoft Edge">Microsoft Edge</a> became <a href="/wiki/Chromium_(web_browser)" title="Chromium (web browser)">Chromium</a> based, thus inheriting support for APNG. With this all major browsers now support APNG. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="PNG_Working_Group">PNG Working Group</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PNG&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: PNG Working Group"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The original PNG specification was authored by an ad hoc group of <a href="/wiki/Computer_graphics" title="Computer graphics">computer graphics</a> experts and enthusiasts. Discussions and decisions about the format were conducted by email. The original authors listed on RFC 2083 are:<sup id="cite_ref-rfc2083_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc2083-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Editor: Thomas Boutell</li> <li>Contributing Editor: <a href="/wiki/Tom_Lane_(computer_scientist)" title="Tom Lane (computer scientist)">Tom Lane</a></li> <li>Authors (in alphabetical order by last name): <a href="/wiki/Mark_Adler" title="Mark Adler">Mark Adler</a>, Thomas Boutell, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Brunschen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christian Brunschen (page does not exist)">Christian Brunschen</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adam_M._Costello&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adam M. Costello (page does not exist)">Adam M. Costello</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lee_Daniel_Crocker" title="Lee Daniel Crocker">Lee Daniel Crocker</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andreas_Dilger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andreas Dilger (page does not exist)">Andreas Dilger</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oliver_Fromme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oliver Fromme (page does not exist)">Oliver Fromme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-loup_Gailly" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-loup Gailly">Jean-loup Gailly</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chris_Herborth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chris Herborth (page does not exist)">Chris Herborth</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleks_Jakulin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aleks Jakulin (page does not exist)">Aleks Jakulin</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neal_Kettler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neal Kettler (page does not exist)">Neal Kettler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tom_Lane_(computer_scientist)" title="Tom Lane (computer scientist)">Tom Lane</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Lehmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander Lehmann (page does not exist)">Alexander Lehmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chris_Lilley_(computer_scientist)" title="Chris Lilley (computer scientist)">Chris Lilley</a>, Dave Martindale, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Owen_Mortensen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Owen Mortensen (page does not exist)">Owen Mortensen</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Keith_S._Pickens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keith S. Pickens (page does not exist)">Keith S. Pickens</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_P._Poole&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert P. Poole (page does not exist)">Robert P. Poole</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Glenn_Randers-Pehrson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glenn Randers-Pehrson (page does not exist)">Glenn Randers-Pehrson</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Greg_Roelofs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Greg Roelofs (page does not exist)">Greg Roelofs</a>, Willem van Schaik, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guy_Schalnat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guy Schalnat (page does not exist)">Guy Schalnat</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Schmidt_(computer_programmer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Schmidt (computer programmer) (page does not exist)">Paul Schmidt</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tim_Wegner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tim Wegner (page does not exist)">Tim Wegner</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeremy_Wohl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jeremy Wohl (page does not exist)">Jeremy Wohl</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="File_format">File format</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PNG&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: File format"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PNG-Gradient_hex.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/PNG-Gradient_hex.png/220px-PNG-Gradient_hex.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/PNG-Gradient_hex.png/330px-PNG-Gradient_hex.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/PNG-Gradient_hex.png/440px-PNG-Gradient_hex.png 2x" data-file-width="812" data-file-height="621" /></a><figcaption>The PNG image <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PNG-Gradient.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/PNG-Gradient.png/30px-PNG-Gradient.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/PNG-Gradient.png/45px-PNG-Gradient.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/PNG-Gradient.png/60px-PNG-Gradient.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="68" /></a></span> viewed with a <a href="/wiki/Hex_editor" title="Hex editor">hex editor</a> application for <a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_OS" class="mw-redirect" title="Ubuntu OS">Ubuntu</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="File_header">File header</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PNG&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: File header"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A PNG file starts with an eight-<a href="/wiki/Byte" title="Byte">byte</a> <a href="/wiki/Binary_signature" class="mw-redirect" title="Binary signature">signature</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEW3C2003[httpswwww3orgTRPNG5PNG-file-signature_5.2_PNG_signature]_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEW3C2003[httpswwww3orgTRPNG5PNG-file-signature_5.2_PNG_signature]-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (refer to hex editor image on the right): </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="text-align:left; background:#def;">Values (<a href="/wiki/Hexadecimal" title="Hexadecimal">hex</a>) </th> <th style="text-align:left; background:#def;">Purpose </th></tr> <tr> <td><code>89</code> </td> <td>Has the high bit set to detect transmission systems that do not support <a href="/wiki/8-bit_clean" title="8-bit clean">8-bit data</a> and to reduce the chance that a text file is mistakenly interpreted as a PNG, or vice versa. </td></tr> <tr> <td><code>504E47</code> </td> <td>In <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a>, the letters <i>PNG</i>, allowing a person to identify the format easily if it is viewed in a text editor. </td></tr> <tr> <td><code>0D 0A</code> </td> <td>A <a href="/wiki/DOS" title="DOS">DOS</a>-style <a href="/wiki/Newline" title="Newline">line ending</a> (CRLF) to detect DOS-Unix line ending conversion of the data. </td></tr> <tr> <td><code>1A</code> </td> <td>A byte that stops display of the file under DOS when the command <a href="/wiki/TYPE_(DOS_command)" title="TYPE (DOS command)">type</a> has been used—the <a href="/wiki/End-of-file" title="End-of-file">end-of-file</a> character. </td></tr> <tr> <td><code>0A</code> </td> <td>A Unix-style line ending (LF) to detect Unix-DOS line ending conversion. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Chunks"_within_the_file"><span id=".22Chunks.22_within_the_file"></span>"Chunks" within the file</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PNG&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: "Chunks" within the file"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the header, comes a series of <a href="/wiki/Chunk_(information)" title="Chunk (information)">chunks</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEW3C2003[httpswwww3orgTRPNG5Chunk-layout_5.3_Chunk_layout]_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEW3C2003[httpswwww3orgTRPNG5Chunk-layout_5.3_Chunk_layout]-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> each of which conveys certain information about the image. Chunks declare themselves as <i>critical</i> or <i>ancillary</i>, and a program encountering an ancillary chunk that it does not understand can safely ignore it. This chunk-based storage layer structure, similar in concept to a <a href="/wiki/Container_format_(digital)" class="mw-redirect" title="Container format (digital)">container format</a> or to <a href="/wiki/Amiga" title="Amiga">Amiga</a><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s <a href="/wiki/Interchange_File_Format" title="Interchange File Format">IFF</a>, is designed to allow the PNG format to be extended while maintaining compatibility with older versions—it provides <a href="/wiki/Forward_compatibility" title="Forward compatibility">forward compatibility</a>, and this same file structure (with different signature and chunks) is used in the associated <a href="/wiki/Multiple-image_Network_Graphics" title="Multiple-image Network Graphics">MNG</a>, <a href="/wiki/JPEG_Network_Graphics" title="JPEG Network Graphics">JNG</a>, and <a href="/wiki/APNG" title="APNG">APNG</a> formats. </p><p>A chunk consists of four parts: length (4 bytes,<sup id="cite_ref-PoCorGTFO_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PoCorGTFO-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Endianness" title="Endianness">big-endian</a>), chunk type/name (4 bytes<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), chunk data (length bytes) and <a href="/wiki/Cyclic_redundancy_check" title="Cyclic redundancy check">CRC</a> (cyclic redundancy code/checksum; 4 bytes<sup id="cite_ref-PoCorGTFO_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PoCorGTFO-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). The CRC is a network-byte-order <a href="/wiki/Computation_of_cyclic_redundancy_checks" title="Computation of cyclic redundancy checks">CRC-32</a> computed over the chunk type and chunk data, but not the length. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width: 8em">Length </th> <th style="width: 8em">Chunk type </th> <th style="width: 16em">Chunk data </th> <th style="width: 8em">CRC </th></tr> <tr> <td>4 bytes </td> <td>4 bytes </td> <td><i>Length</i> bytes </td> <td>4 bytes </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Chunk types are given a four-letter <a href="/wiki/Case_sensitivity" title="Case sensitivity">case sensitive</a> ASCII type/name; compare <a href="/wiki/FourCC" title="FourCC">FourCC</a>. The case of the different letters in the name (bit 5 of the numeric value of the character) is a <a href="/wiki/Bit_field" title="Bit field">bit field</a> that provides the <a href="/wiki/Codec" title="Codec">decoder</a> with some information on the nature of chunks it does not recognize. </p><p>The case of the first letter indicates whether the chunk is critical or not. If the first letter is uppercase, the chunk is critical; if not, the chunk is ancillary. Critical chunks contain information that is necessary to read the file. If a decoder encounters a critical chunk it does not recognize, it must abort reading the file or supply the user with an appropriate warning. </p><p>The case of the second letter indicates whether the chunk is "public" (either in the specification or the registry of special-purpose public chunks) or "private" (not standardized). Uppercase is public and lowercase is private. This ensures that public and private chunk names can never conflict with each other (although two private chunk names could conflict). </p><p>The third letter must be uppercase to conform to the PNG specification. It is reserved for future expansion. Decoders should treat a chunk with a lower case third letter the same as any other unrecognized chunk. </p><p>The case of the fourth letter indicates whether the chunk is safe to copy by editors that do not recognize it. If lowercase, the chunk may be safely copied regardless of the extent of modifications to the file. If uppercase, it may only be copied if the modifications have not touched any critical chunks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Critical_chunks">Critical chunks</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PNG&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Critical chunks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A decoder must be able to interpret critical chunks to read and render a PNG file. </p> <ul><li><code>IHDR</code> must be the first chunk; it contains (in this order) the image's <ul><li>width (4 bytes)</li> <li>height (4 bytes)</li> <li>bit depth (1 byte, values 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16)</li> <li>color type (1 byte, values 0, 2, 3, 4, or 6)</li> <li>compression method (1 byte, value 0)</li> <li>filter method (1 byte, value 0)</li> <li>interlace method (1 byte, values 0 "no interlace" or 1 "<a href="/wiki/Adam7" class="mw-redirect" title="Adam7">Adam7</a> interlace") (13 data bytes total).<sup id="cite_ref-w3IHDR_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-w3IHDR-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <p>As stated in the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">World Wide Web Consortium</a>, bit depth is defined as "the number of bits per sample or per palette index (not per pixel)".<sup id="cite_ref-w3IHDR_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-w3IHDR-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><code>PLTE</code> contains the <a href="/wiki/Palette_(computing)" title="Palette (computing)">palette</a>: a list of colors.</li> <li><code>IDAT</code> contains the image, which may be split among multiple IDAT chunks. Such splitting slightly increases the file size, but makes it possible to generate a PNG in a streaming manner. The IDAT chunk contains the actual image data, which is the output stream of the compression algorithm.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEW3C2003[httpswwww3orgTRPNG11IDAT_11.2.4_<code>IDAT</code>_Image_data]_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEW3C2003[httpswwww3orgTRPNG11IDAT_11.2.4_<code>IDAT</code>_Image_data]-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><code>IEND</code> marks the image end; the data field of the IEND chunk has 0 bytes/is empty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEW3C2003[httpswwww3orgTRPNG11IEND_11.2.5_<code>IEND</code>_Image_trailer]_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEW3C2003[httpswwww3orgTRPNG11IEND_11.2.5_<code>IEND</code>_Image_trailer]-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The <code>PLTE</code> chunk is essential for color type 3 (indexed color). It is optional for color types two and six (truecolor and truecolor with alpha) and it must not appear for color types 0 and 4 (grayscale and grayscale with alpha). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ancillary_chunks">Ancillary chunks</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PNG&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ancillary chunks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other image attributes that can be stored in PNG files include <a href="/wiki/Gamma_correction" title="Gamma correction">gamma</a> values, background color, and textual <a href="/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata">metadata</a> information. PNG also supports <a href="/wiki/Color_management" title="Color management">color management</a> through the inclusion of <a href="/wiki/ICC_profile" title="ICC profile">ICC color profiles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEW3C2003[httpswwww3orgTRPNG11iCCP_11.3.3.3_<code>iCCP</code>_Embedded_ICC_profile]_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEW3C2003[httpswwww3orgTRPNG11iCCP_11.3.3.3_<code>iCCP</code>_Embedded_ICC_profile]-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><code>bKGD</code> gives the default background color. It is intended for use when there is no better choice available, such as in standalone image viewers (but not web browsers; see below for more details).</li> <li><code>cHRM</code> gives the <a href="/wiki/Chromaticity" title="Chromaticity">chromaticity</a> coordinates of the display <a href="/wiki/Primary_color" title="Primary color">primaries</a> and <a href="/wiki/White_point" title="White point">white point</a>.</li> <li><code>cICP</code> specifies the color space, transfer function and matrix coefficients as defined in ITU-T <a href="/wiki/H.273" class="mw-redirect" title="H.273">H.273</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is intended for use with <a href="/wiki/High-dynamic-range_television" title="High-dynamic-range television">HDR imagery</a> without requiring a color profile.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><code>dSIG</code> is for storing digital signatures.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><code>eXIf</code> stores <a href="/wiki/Exif" title="Exif">Exif</a> metadata.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><code>gAMA</code> specifies <a href="/wiki/Gamma_correction" title="Gamma correction">gamma</a>. The gAMA chunk contains only 4 bytes, and its value represents the gamma value multiplied by 100,000; for example, the gamma value 1/3.4 calculates to 29411.7647059 ((1/3.4)*(100,000)) and is converted to an integer (29412) for storage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEW3C2003[httpswwww3orgTRPNG11gAMA_11.3.3.2_<code>gAMA</code>_Image_gamma]_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEW3C2003[httpswwww3orgTRPNG11gAMA_11.3.3.2_<code>gAMA</code>_Image_gamma]-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><code>hIST</code> can store the histogram, or total amount of each color in the image.</li> <li><code>iCCP</code> is an <a href="/wiki/ICC_color_profile" class="mw-redirect" title="ICC color profile">ICC color profile</a>.</li> <li><code>iTXt</code> contains a keyword and <a href="/wiki/UTF-8" title="UTF-8">UTF-8</a> text, with encodings for possible compression and translations marked with <a href="/wiki/IETF_language_tag" title="IETF language tag">language tag</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Extensible_Metadata_Platform" title="Extensible Metadata Platform">Extensible Metadata Platform</a> (XMP) uses this chunk with a keyword 'XML:com.adobe.xmp'</li> <li><code>pHYs</code> holds the intended pixel size (or pixel aspect ratio); the pHYs contains "Pixels per unit, X axis" (4 bytes), "Pixels per unit, Y axis" (4 bytes), and "Unit specifier" (1 byte) for a total of 9 bytes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEW3C2003[httpswwww3orgTRPNG11pHYs_11.3.5.3_<code>pHYs</code>_Physical_pixel_dimensions]_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEW3C2003[httpswwww3orgTRPNG11pHYs_11.3.5.3_<code>pHYs</code>_Physical_pixel_dimensions]-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><code>sBIT</code> (significant bits) indicates the color-accuracy of the source data; this chunk contains a total of between 1 and 5 bytes, depending on the color type.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEW3C2003[httpswwww3orgTRPNG11sBIT_11.3.3.4_<code>sBIT</code>_Significant_bits]_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEW3C2003[httpswwww3orgTRPNG11sBIT_11.3.3.4_<code>sBIT</code>_Significant_bits]-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoelofs2003[httplibpngorgpubpngbookchapter11htmlpngch11div7_Significant_Bits_(sBIT)]_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoelofs2003[httplibpngorgpubpngbookchapter11htmlpngch11div7_Significant_Bits_(sBIT)]-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><code>sPLT</code> suggests a palette to use if the full range of colors is unavailable.</li> <li><code>sRGB</code> indicates that the standard <a href="/wiki/SRGB_color_space" class="mw-redirect" title="SRGB color space">sRGB color space</a> is used; the sRGB chunk contains only 1 byte, which is used for "rendering intent" (4 values—0, 1, 2, and 3—are defined for rendering intent).<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><code>sTER</code> stereo-image indicator chunk for <a href="/wiki/Stereoscopic" class="mw-redirect" title="Stereoscopic">stereoscopic</a> images.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><code>tEXt</code> can store text that can be represented in <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-1" title="ISO/IEC 8859-1">ISO/IEC 8859-1</a>, with one <a href="/wiki/Attribute%E2%80%93value_pair" class="mw-redirect" title="Attribute–value pair">key-value</a> pair for each chunk. The "key" must be between one and 79 characters long. Separator is a null character. The "value" can be any length, including zero up to the maximum permissible chunk size minus the length of the keyword and separator. Neither "key" nor "value" can contain null character. Leading or trailing spaces are also disallowed.</li> <li><code>tIME</code> stores the time that the image was last changed.</li> <li><code>tRNS</code> contains transparency information. For indexed images, it stores alpha channel values for one or more palette entries. For truecolor and grayscale images, it stores a single pixel value that is to be regarded as fully transparent.</li> <li><code>zTXt</code> contains compressed text (and a compression method marker) with the same limits as <code>tEXt</code>.</li></ul> <p>The lowercase first letter in these chunks indicates that they are not needed for the PNG specification. The lowercase last letter in some chunks indicates that they are safe to copy, even if the application concerned does not understand them. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pixel_format">Pixel format</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PNG&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Pixel format"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable floatcenter"> <caption>Allowed combinations of color type and bit depth<sup id="cite_ref-w3IHDR_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-w3IHDR-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Color type </th> <th rowspan="2">Channels </th> <th colspan="5">Bits per channel </th></tr> <tr> <th>1</th> <th>2</th> <th>4</th> <th>8</th> <th>16 </th></tr> <tr> <th>Indexed </th> <th>1 </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">1</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">2</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">4</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">8</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no"> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Grayscale </th> <th>1 </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">1</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">2</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">4</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">8</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">16 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Grayscale and alpha </th> <th>2 </th> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no"></td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no"></td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no"></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">16</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">32 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Truecolor </th> <th>3 </th> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no"></td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no"></td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no"></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">24</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">48 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Truecolor and alpha </th> <th>4 </th> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no"></td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no"></td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no"></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">32</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">64 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Pixels in PNG images are numbers that may be either indices of sample data in the <a href="/wiki/Palette_(computing)" title="Palette (computing)">palette</a> or the sample data itself. The palette is a separate table contained in the PLTE chunk. Sample data for a single <a href="/wiki/Pixel" title="Pixel">pixel</a> consists of a tuple of between one and four numbers. Whether the pixel data represents palette indices or explicit sample values, the numbers are referred to as <a href="/wiki/Channel_(digital_image)" title="Channel (digital image)">channels</a> and every number in the image is encoded with an identical format. </p><p>The permitted formats encode each number as an unsigned integer value using a fixed number of bits, referred to in the PNG specification as the <i>bit depth</i>. Notice that this is not the same as <a href="/wiki/Color_depth" title="Color depth">color depth</a>, which is commonly used to refer to the total number of bits in each pixel, not each channel. The permitted bit depths are summarized in the table along with the total number of bits used for each pixel. </p><p>The number of channels depends on whether the image is grayscale or color and whether it has an <a href="/wiki/Alpha_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha channel">alpha channel</a>. PNG allows the following combinations of channels, called the <i>color type</i>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PNG_color_depth_comparison.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/PNG_color_depth_comparison.png/330px-PNG_color_depth_comparison.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/PNG_color_depth_comparison.png/495px-PNG_color_depth_comparison.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/PNG_color_depth_comparison.png 2x" data-file-width="574" data-file-height="294" /></a><figcaption>A demonstration of the color depth in a PNG file, in bits per channel. Left: 8 bits; Right: 16 bits. Note the <a href="/wiki/Digital_artifact" title="Digital artifact">artifacts</a>, adjusted contrast for clarity.</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>0 (000<sub>2</sub>)</td> <td>grayscale </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 (010<sub>2</sub>)</td> <td>red, green and blue: rgb/truecolor </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 (011<sub>2</sub>)</td> <td>indexed: channel containing indices into a palette of colors </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 (100<sub>2</sub>)</td> <td>grayscale and alpha: level of <a href="/wiki/Opacity_(optics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Opacity (optics)">opacity</a> for each pixel </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 (110<sub>2</sub>)</td> <td>red, green, blue and alpha </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The color type is specified as an 8-bit value however only the low three bits are used and, even then, only the five combinations listed above are permitted. So long as the color type is valid it can be considered as a bit field as summarized in the adjacent table: </p> <table class="wikitable floatcenter"> <caption>PNG color types </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Color<br /> type </th> <th rowspan="2">Name </th> <th colspan="4">Binary </th> <th rowspan="2">Masks </th></tr> <tr> <th title="undefined"> </th> <th title="alpha">A</th> <th title="color">C</th> <th title="palette">P </th></tr> <tr> <th>0</th> <th>Grayscale </th> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">0</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">0</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">0</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">0 </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <th>2</th> <th>Truecolor </th> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">0</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">0</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">1</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">0 </td> <td>color </td></tr> <tr> <th>3</th> <th>Indexed </th> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">0</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">0</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">1</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">1 </td> <td>color, palette </td></tr> <tr> <th>4</th> <th>Grayscale and alpha </th> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">0</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">1</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">0</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">0 </td> <td>alpha </td></tr> <tr> <th>6</th> <th>Truecolor and alpha </th> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">0</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">1</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">1</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">0 </td> <td>alpha, color </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>bit value 1: the image data stores palette indices. This is only valid in combination with bit value 2;</li> <li>bit value 2: the image samples contain three channels of data encoding <a href="/wiki/Trichromacy" title="Trichromacy">trichromatic</a> <a href="/wiki/Color" title="Color">colors</a>, otherwise the image samples contain one channel of data encoding <a href="/wiki/Relative_luminance" title="Relative luminance">relative luminance</a>,</li> <li>bit value 4: the image samples also contain an alpha channel expressed as a linear measure of the opacity of the pixel. This is not valid in combination with bit value 1.</li></ul> <p>With indexed color images, the palette always stores trichromatic colors at a depth of 8 bits per channel (24 bits per palette entry). Additionally, an optional list of 8-bit alpha values for the palette entries may be included; if not included, or if shorter than the palette, the remaining palette entries are assumed to be opaque. The palette must not have more entries than the image bit depth allows for, but it may have fewer (for example, if an image with 8-bit pixels only uses 90 colors then it does not need palette entries for all 256 colors). The palette must contain entries for all the pixel values present in the image. </p><p>The standard allows indexed color PNGs to have 1, 2, 4 or 8 bits per pixel; grayscale images with no alpha channel may have 1, 2, 4, 8 or 16 bits per pixel. Everything else uses a bit depth per channel of either 8 or 16. The combinations this allows are given in the table above. The standard requires that decoders can read all supported color formats, but many image editors can only produce a small subset of them. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transparency_of_image">Transparency of image</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PNG&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Transparency of image"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>PNG offers a variety of transparency options. With true-color and grayscale images either a single pixel value can be declared as transparent or an <a href="/wiki/Alpha_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha channel">alpha channel</a> can be added (enabling any percentage of partial transparency to be used). For paletted images, alpha values can be added to palette entries. The number of such values stored may be less than the total number of palette entries, in which case the remaining entries are considered fully opaque. </p><p>The scanning of pixel values for binary transparency is supposed to be performed before any color reduction to avoid pixels becoming unintentionally transparent. This is most likely to pose an issue for systems that can decode 16-bits-per-channel images (as is required for compliance with the specification) but only output at 8 bits per channel (the norm for all but the highest end systems). </p><p>Alpha <i>storage</i> can be "associated" ("<a href="/wiki/Alpha_compositing" title="Alpha compositing">premultiplied</a>") or "unassociated", but PNG standardized<sup id="cite_ref-w3.org_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-w3.org-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on "unassociated" ("non-premultiplied") alpha, which means that imagery is not alpha <i>encoded</i>; the emissions represented in RGB are not the emissions at the pixel level. This means that the over operation will multiply the RGB emissions by the alpha, and cannot represent emission and occlusion properly. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compression">Compression</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PNG&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Compression"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>PNG uses a two-stage compression process: </p> <ul><li>pre-compression: filtering (prediction)</li> <li>compression: <a href="/wiki/DEFLATE" class="mw-redirect" title="DEFLATE">DEFLATE</a></li></ul> <p>PNG uses <a href="/wiki/DEFLATE" class="mw-redirect" title="DEFLATE">DEFLATE</a>, a non-patented <a href="/wiki/Lossless_data_compression" class="mw-redirect" title="Lossless data compression">lossless data compression</a> <a href="/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">algorithm</a> involving a combination of <a href="/wiki/LZ77_and_LZ78" title="LZ77 and LZ78">LZ77</a> and <a href="/wiki/Huffman_coding" title="Huffman coding">Huffman coding</a>. <a href="/wiki/Permissive_software_licence" class="mw-redirect" title="Permissive software licence">Permissively licensed</a> DEFLATE implementations, such as <a href="/wiki/Zlib" title="Zlib">zlib</a>, are widely available. </p><p>Compared to formats with <a href="/wiki/Lossy_compression" title="Lossy compression">lossy compression</a> such as JPEG, choosing a compression setting higher than average delays processing, but often does not result in a significantly smaller file size. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Filtering">Filtering</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PNG&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Filtering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pixel-prediction.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Pixel-prediction.svg/128px-Pixel-prediction.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Pixel-prediction.svg/192px-Pixel-prediction.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Pixel-prediction.svg/256px-Pixel-prediction.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="161" data-file-height="157" /></a><figcaption>PNG's filter method 0 can use the data in pixels A, B, and C to predict the value for X.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PNG-Gradient.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/PNG-Gradient.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="68" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="68" /></a><figcaption>A PNG with 256 colors, which is only 251 bytes large with pre-filter. The same image as a GIF would be more than thirteen times larger.</figcaption></figure> <p>Before DEFLATE is applied, the data is transformed via a prediction method: a single <i>filter method</i> is used for the entire image, while for each image line, a <i>filter type</i> is chosen to transform the data to make it more efficiently compressible.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEW3C2003[httpswwww3orgTRPNG9Filters_9_Filtering]_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEW3C2003[httpswwww3orgTRPNG9Filters_9_Filtering]-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The filter type used for a scanline is prepended to the scanline to enable inline decompression. </p><p>There is only one filter method in the current PNG specification (denoted method 0), and thus in practice the only choice is which filter type to apply to each line. For this method, the filter predicts the value of each pixel based on the values of previous neighboring pixels, and subtracts the predicted color of the pixel from the actual value, as in <a href="/wiki/DPCM" class="mw-redirect" title="DPCM">DPCM</a>. An image line filtered in this way is often more compressible than the raw image line would be, especially if it is similar to the line above, since the differences from prediction will generally be clustered around 0, rather than spread over all possible image values. This is particularly important in relating separate rows, since DEFLATE has no understanding that an image is a 2D entity, and instead just sees the image data as a stream of bytes. </p><p>There are five filter types for filter method 0; each type predicts the value of each byte (of the image data before filtering) based on the corresponding byte of the pixel to the left (<i>A</i>), the pixel above (<i>B</i>), and the pixel above and to the left (<i>C</i>) or some combination thereof, and encodes the <i>difference</i> between the predicted value and the actual value. Filters are applied to byte values, not pixels; pixel values may be one or two bytes, or several values per byte, but never cross byte boundaries. The filter types are:<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Type byte</th> <th>Filter name</th> <th>Predicted value </th></tr> <tr> <td>0</td> <td>None</td> <td>Zero (so that the raw byte value passes through unaltered) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>Sub</td> <td>Byte <i>A</i> (to the left) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>Up</td> <td>Byte <i>B</i> (above) </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>Average</td> <td>Mean of bytes <i>A</i> and <i>B</i>, rounded down </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>Paeth</td> <td><i>A</i>, <i>B</i>, or <i>C</i>, whichever is closest to <span class="nowrap"><i>p</i> = <i>A</i> + <i>B</i> − <i>C</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Paeth filter is based on an algorithm by <a href="/wiki/Alan_W._Paeth" title="Alan W. Paeth">Alan W. Paeth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compare to the version of <a href="/wiki/DPCM" class="mw-redirect" title="DPCM">DPCM</a> used in <a href="/wiki/Lossless_JPEG" title="Lossless JPEG">lossless JPEG</a>, and to the <a href="/wiki/Discrete_wavelet_transform" title="Discrete wavelet transform">discrete wavelet transform</a> using 1 × 2, 2 × 1, or (for the Paeth predictor) 2 × 2 windows and <a href="/wiki/Haar_wavelet" title="Haar wavelet">Haar wavelets</a>. </p><p>Compression is further improved by choosing filter types adaptively on a line-by-line basis. This improvement, and a heuristic method of implementing it commonly used by PNG-writing software, were created by <a href="/wiki/Lee_Daniel_Crocker" title="Lee Daniel Crocker">Lee Daniel Crocker</a>, who tested the methods on many images during the creation of the format;<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the choice of filter is a component of file size optimization, as discussed below. </p><p>If interlacing is used, each stage of the interlacing is filtered separately, meaning that the image can be progressively rendered as each stage is received; however, interlacing generally makes compression less effective. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interlacing">Interlacing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PNG&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Interlacing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adam7_passes.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Adam7_passes.gif" decoding="async" width="149" height="149" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="149" data-file-height="149" /></a><figcaption>An illustration of Adam7 interlacing over a 16×16 image</figcaption></figure> <p>PNG offers an optional 2-dimensional, 7-pass <a href="/wiki/Interlacing_(bitmaps)" title="Interlacing (bitmaps)">interlacing</a> scheme—the <a href="/wiki/Adam7_algorithm" title="Adam7 algorithm">Adam7 algorithm</a>. This is more sophisticated than GIF's 1-dimensional, 4-pass scheme, and allows a clearer low-resolution image to be visible earlier in the transfer, particularly if interpolation algorithms such as <a href="/wiki/Bicubic_interpolation" title="Bicubic interpolation">bicubic interpolation</a> are used.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the 7-pass scheme tends to reduce the data's compressibility more than simpler schemes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Animation">Animation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PNG&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Animation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Animated_PNG_example_bouncing_beach_ball.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Animated_PNG_example_bouncing_beach_ball.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a><figcaption>An APNG (animated PNG) file (displays as static image in <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_web_browsers#Image_format_support" title="Comparison of web browsers">some web browsers</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>The core PNG format does not support animation. <a href="/wiki/Multiple-image_Network_Graphics" title="Multiple-image Network Graphics">MNG</a> is an extension to PNG that does; it was designed by members of the PNG Group. MNG shares PNG's basic structure and chunks, but it is significantly more complex and has a different file signature, which automatically renders it incompatible with standard PNG decoders. This means that most web browsers and applications either never supported MNG or dropped support for it. </p><p>The complexity of MNG led to the proposal of <a href="/wiki/APNG" title="APNG">APNG</a> by developers at the Mozilla Foundation. It is based on PNG, supports animation and is simpler than MNG. APNG offers fallback to single-image display for PNG decoders that do not support APNG. Today, the APNG format is supported by all major web browsers.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> APNG is supported in <a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Firefox" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozilla Firefox">Firefox</a> 3.0 and up, <a href="/wiki/Pale_Moon_(web_browser)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pale Moon (web browser)">Pale Moon</a> (all versions), and <a href="/wiki/Safari_(web_browser)" title="Safari (web browser)">Safari</a> 8.0 and up.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chromium 59.0 added APNG support,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> followed by Google Chrome. <a href="/wiki/Opera_(web_browser)" title="Opera (web browser)">Opera</a> supported APNG in versions 10–12.1, but support lapsed in version 15 when it switched to the <a href="/wiki/Blink_(browser_engine)" title="Blink (browser engine)">Blink</a> rendering engine; support was re-added in Opera 46 (inherited from Chromium 59).<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Edge" title="Microsoft Edge">Microsoft Edge</a> has supported APNG since version 79.0, when it switched to a Chromium-based engine. </p><p>The PNG Group decided in April 2007 not to embrace APNG.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several alternatives were under discussion, including ANG, aNIM/mPNG, "PNG in GIF" and its subset "RGBA in GIF".<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, currently only APNG has widespread support. </p><p>With the development of the Third Edition of the PNG Specification, now maintained by the PNG working group,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> APNG will finally be incorporated into the specification as an extension.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Examples">Examples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PNG&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Structure of a very simple PNG file </caption> <tbody><tr> <td style="width: 20em"><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">89 50 4E 47 0D 0A 1A 0A</code><br />PNG signature </td> <td style="width: 14em"><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">IHDR</code><br />Image header </td> <td style="width: 26em"><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">IDAT</code><br />Image data </td> <td style="width: 14em"><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">IEND</code><br />Image end </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Contents of a minimal PNG file representing one red pixel </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Hex </th> <th scope="col">As characters </th></tr> <tr> <td style="font-family: Consolas, Andale Mono, Courier New, monospace"> <p><span style="background:#fcc;">89 50 4E 47 0D 0A 1A 0A</span> <span style="background:#cfc;">00 00 00 0D 49 48 44 52</span><br /> <span style="background:#cfc;">00 00 00 01 00 00 00 01 08 02 00 00 00 90 77 53</span><br /> <span style="background:#cfc;">DE</span> <span style="background:#ccf;">00 00 00 0C 49 44 41 54 08 D7 63 F8 CF C0 00</span><br /> <span style="background:#ccf;">00 03 01 01 00 18 DD 8D B0</span> <span style="background:#fec;">00 00 00 00 49 45 4E</span><br /> <span style="background:#fec;">44 AE 42 60 82</span> </p> </td> <td style="font-family: Consolas, Andale Mono, Courier New, monospace"> <p><span style="background:#fcc;">.PNG....</span><span style="background:#cfc;">....IHDR</span><br /> <span style="background:#cfc;">..............wS</span><br /> <span style="background:#cfc;">.</span><span style="background:#ccf;">....IDAT..c....</span><br /> <span style="background:#ccf;">.........</span><span style="background:#fec;">....IEN</span><br /> <span style="background:#fec;">D.B`.</span> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>IHDR Chunk </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Offset into chunk </th> <th>Hex Value </th> <th>Decimal Value </th> <th>Text </th> <th>Meaning </th></tr> <tr> <td>0 </td> <td>0x0D </td> <td>13 </td> <td> </td> <td>IHDR chunk has 13 bytes of content </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td>0x49484452 </td> <td> </td> <td>IHDR </td> <td>Identifies a Header chunk </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td>0x01 </td> <td>1 </td> <td> </td> <td>Image is 1 pixel wide </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 </td> <td>0x01 </td> <td>1 </td> <td> </td> <td>Image is 1 pixel high </td></tr> <tr> <td>16 </td> <td>0x08 </td> <td>8 </td> <td> </td> <td>8 bits per pixel (per channel) </td></tr> <tr> <td>17 </td> <td>0x02 </td> <td>2 </td> <td> </td> <td>Color type 2 (RGB/truecolor) </td></tr> <tr> <td>18 </td> <td>0x00 </td> <td>0 </td> <td> </td> <td>Compression method 0 (only accepted value) </td></tr> <tr> <td>19 </td> <td>0x00 </td> <td>0 </td> <td> </td> <td>Filter method 0 (only accepted value) </td></tr> <tr> <td>20 </td> <td>0x00 </td> <td>0 </td> <td> </td> <td>Not interlaced </td></tr> <tr> <td>21 </td> <td>0x907753DE </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>CRC of chunk's type and content (but not length) </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>IDAT Chunk </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Offset into chunk </th> <th>Hex Value </th> <th>Meaning </th></tr> <tr> <td>0 </td> <td>0x0C </td> <td>IDAT chunk has 12 bytes of content </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td>0x49444154 </td> <td>Identifies a Data chunk </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td>0x08 </td> <td>DEFLATE compression method using a 256-byte window<sup id="cite_ref-rfc1950_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc1950-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td>0xD7 </td> <td>ZLIB FCHECK value, no dictionary used, maximum compression algorithm<sup id="cite_ref-rfc1950_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc1950-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td>0x63F8CFC00000 </td> <td>A compressed DEFLATE block using the static Huffman code that decodes to 0x00 0xFF 0x00 0x00<sup id="cite_ref-rfc1951_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc1951-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>16 </td> <td>0x03010100 </td> <td>The ZLIB check value: the Adler32 checksum of the uncompressed data<sup id="cite_ref-rfc1950_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc1950-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>20 </td> <td>0x18DD8DB0 </td> <td>CRC of chunk's type and content (but not length) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Displayed in the fashion of <a href="/wiki/Hex_editor" title="Hex editor">hex editors</a>, with on the left side byte values shown in <a href="/wiki/Hexadecimal" title="Hexadecimal">hex format</a>, and on the right side their equivalent characters from <a href="/wiki/ISO-8859-1" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO-8859-1">ISO-8859-1</a> with unrecognized and control characters replaced with periods. Additionally the PNG signature and individual chunks are marked with colors. Note they are easy to identify because of their human readable type names (in this example PNG, IHDR, IDAT, and IEND). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Advantages">Advantages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PNG&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Advantages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Reasons to use this International Standard: </p> <ul><li><b>Portability</b>: Transmission is independent of the software and hardware platform.</li> <li><b>Completeness</b>: it's possible to represent truecolor, indexed-color, and grayscale images.</li> <li><b>Coding and decoding in series</b>: allows to generate and read data streams in series, that is, the format of the data stream is used for the generation and visualization of images at the moment through serial communication.</li> <li><b>Progressive presentation</b>: to be able to transmit data flows that are initially an approximation of the entire image and progressively they improve as the data flow is received.</li> <li><b>Soundness to transmission errors</b>: detects the transmission errors of the data stream correctly.</li> <li><b>Losslessness</b>: No loss: filtering and compression preserve all information.</li> <li><b>Efficiency</b>: any progressive image presentation, compression and filtering seeks efficient decoding and presentation.</li> <li><b>Compression</b>: images can be compressed efficiently and consistently.</li> <li><b>Easiness</b>: the implementation of the standard is easy.</li> <li><b>Interchangeability</b>: any PNG decoder that follows the standards can read all PNG data streams.</li> <li><b>Flexibility</b>: allows future extensions and private additions without affecting the previous point.</li> <li><b>Freedom of legal restrictions</b>: the algorithms used are free and accessible.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_with_other_file_formats">Comparison with other file formats</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PNG&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Comparison with other file formats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_graphics_file_formats" title="Comparison of graphics file formats">Comparison of graphics file formats</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Graphics_Interchange_Format_(GIF)"><span id="Graphics_Interchange_Format_.28GIF.29"></span>Graphics Interchange Format (GIF)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PNG&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Graphics Interchange Format (GIF)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>On small images, <a href="/wiki/GIF" title="GIF">GIF</a> can achieve greater compression than PNG (see the <a href="#File_size_and_optimization_software">section on filesize</a>, below).</li> <li>On most images, except for the above case, a GIF file has a larger size than an indexed PNG image.</li> <li>PNG gives a much wider range of transparency options than GIF, including <a href="/wiki/Alpha_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha channel">alpha channel</a> transparency.</li> <li>Whereas GIF is limited to 8-bit <a href="/wiki/Indexed_color" title="Indexed color">indexed color</a>, PNG gives a much wider range of color depths, including 24-bit (8 bits per channel) and 48-bit (16 bits per channel) <a href="/wiki/24-bit_color" class="mw-redirect" title="24-bit color">truecolor</a>, allowing for greater color precision, smoother fades, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When an alpha channel is added, up to 64 bits per pixel (before compression) are possible.</li> <li>When converting an image from the PNG format to GIF, the image quality may suffer due to <a href="/wiki/Posterization" title="Posterization">posterization</a> if the PNG image has more than 256 colors.</li> <li>GIF intrinsically supports animated images. PNG supports animation only via unofficial extensions (see the <a href="#Animation">section on animation</a>, above).</li></ul> <p>PNG images are less widely supported by older browsers. In particular, IE6 has limited support for PNG.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="JPEG">JPEG</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PNG&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: JPEG"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Comparison_of_JPEG_and_PNG.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Comparison_of_JPEG_and_PNG.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>Composite image comparing lossy compression in JPEG with lossless compression in PNG: the JPEG artifacts can be easily visible in the background of this kind of image data, where the PNG image has solid color.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG">JPEG</a> (Joint Photographic Experts Group) format can produce a smaller file than PNG for <a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">photographic</a> (and photo-like) images, since JPEG uses a <a href="/wiki/Lossy_compression" title="Lossy compression">lossy encoding method</a> specifically designed for photographic image data, which is typically dominated by soft, low-contrast transitions, and an amount of noise or similar irregular structures. Using PNG instead of a high-quality JPEG for such images would result in a large increase in file size with <a href="/wiki/Transparency_(data_compression)" title="Transparency (data compression)">negligible</a> gain in quality. In comparison, when storing images that contain text, line art, or graphics – images with sharp transitions and large areas of solid color – the PNG format can compress image data more than JPEG can. Additionally, PNG is lossless, while JPEG produces visual artifacts around high-contrast areas. (Such artifacts depend on the settings used in the JPG compression; they can be quite noticeable when a low-quality [high-compression] setting is used.) Where an image contains both sharp transitions and photographic parts, a choice must be made between the two effects. JPEG does not support transparency. </p><p>JPEG's lossy compression also suffers from <a href="/wiki/Generation_loss" title="Generation loss">generation loss</a>, where repeatedly decoding and re-encoding an image to save it again causes a loss of information each time, degrading the image. Because PNG is lossless, it is suitable for storing images to be edited. While PNG is reasonably efficient when compressing photographic images, there are lossless compression formats designed specifically for photographic images, lossless <a href="/wiki/WebP" title="WebP">WebP</a> and <a href="/wiki/Digital_Negative" title="Digital Negative">Adobe DNG</a> (digital negative) for example. However these formats are either not widely supported, or are proprietary. An image can be stored losslessly and converted to JPEG format only for distribution, so that there is no generation loss. </p><p>While the PNG specification does not explicitly include a standard for embedding <a href="/wiki/Exif" title="Exif">Exif</a> image data from sources such as digital cameras, the preferred method for embedding EXIF data in a PNG is to use the non-critical ancillary chunk label <code>eXIf</code>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early web browsers did not support PNG images; JPEG and GIF were the main image formats. JPEG was commonly used when exporting images containing gradients for web pages, because of GIF's limited color depth. However, JPEG compression causes a gradient to blur slightly. A PNG format reproduces a gradient as accurately as possible for a given bit depth, while keeping the file size small. PNG became the optimal choice for small gradient images as web browser support for the format improved. No images at all are needed to display gradients in modern browsers, as gradients can be created using <a href="/wiki/Cascading_Style_Sheets" class="mw-redirect" title="Cascading Style Sheets">CSS</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="JPEG-LS">JPEG-LS</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PNG&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: JPEG-LS"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/JPEG-LS" class="mw-redirect" title="JPEG-LS">JPEG-LS</a> is an image format by the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Photographic_Experts_Group" title="Joint Photographic Experts Group">Joint Photographic Experts Group</a>, though far less widely known and supported than the other lossy JPEG format discussed above. It is directly comparable with PNG,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="explain in which way it is directly comparable, or is this confused with Lossless JPEG? (March 2010)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and has a standard set of test images.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the Waterloo Repertoire ColorSet, a standard set of test images (unrelated to the JPEG-LS conformance test set), JPEG-LS generally performs better than PNG, by 10–15%, but on some images PNG performs substantially better, on the order of 50–75%.<sup id="cite_ref-pngcf_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pngcf-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, if both of these formats are options and file size is an important criterion, they should both be considered, depending on the image. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="TIFF">TIFF</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PNG&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: TIFF"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Tag_Image_File_Format" class="mw-redirect" title="Tag Image File Format">Tag Image File Format</a> (TIFF) is a format that incorporates an extremely wide range of options. While this makes TIFF useful as a generic format for interchange between professional image editing applications, it makes adding support for it to applications a much bigger task and so it has little support in applications not concerned with image manipulation (such as web browsers). The high level of extensibility also means that most applications provide only a subset of possible features, potentially creating user confusion and compatibility issues. </p><p>The most common general-purpose, lossless compression algorithm used with TIFF is <a href="/wiki/Lempel%E2%80%93Ziv%E2%80%93Welch" title="Lempel–Ziv–Welch">Lempel–Ziv–Welch</a> (LZW). This compression technique, also used in GIF, was covered by patents until 2003. TIFF also supports the compression algorithm PNG uses (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Tag_Image_File_Format#TIFF_Compression_Tag" class="mw-redirect" title="Tag Image File Format">Compression Tag 0008<sub>16</sub></a> '<a href="/wiki/Adobe_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Adobe Systems">Adobe</a>-style') with medium usage and support by applications. TIFF also offers special-purpose lossless compression algorithms like <a href="/wiki/CCITT_Group_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="CCITT Group IV">CCITT Group IV</a>, which can compress <a href="/wiki/Binary_image" title="Binary image">bilevel images</a> (e.g., faxes or black-and-white text) better than PNG's compression algorithm. </p><p>PNG supports non-premultiplied alpha only<sup id="cite_ref-w3.org_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-w3.org-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas TIFF also supports "associated" (premultiplied) alpha. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="WebP">WebP</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PNG&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: WebP"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/WebP" title="WebP">WebP</a> is a format invented by <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> that was intended to replace PNG, JPEG, and GIF.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> WebP files allow for both lossy and lossless compression, while PNG only allows for lossless compression. WebP also supports animation, something that only <a href="/wiki/GIF" title="GIF">GIF</a> files could previously accomplish.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main improvements of WebP over PNG, however, are the large reduction in file size and therefore faster loading times when embedded into websites. Google claims that lossless WebP images are 26% smaller than PNG files.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>WebP has received criticism for being incompatible with various image editing programs and social media websites, unlike PNG.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> WebP is also not supported across all web browsers, which may require web image hosters to create a fallback image to display to the user, negating the potential storage savings of WebP.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="AVIF">AVIF</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PNG&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: AVIF"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/AVIF" title="AVIF">AVIF</a> is an image format developed by the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Open_Media" title="Alliance for Open Media">Alliance for Open Media</a>. AVIF was designed by the foundation to make up for the shortcomings of other image codecs, including <a class="mw-selflink selflink">PNG</a>, <a href="/wiki/GIF" title="GIF">GIF</a>, and <a href="/wiki/WebP" title="WebP">WebP</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Alliance_for_Open_Media-2023_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alliance_for_Open_Media-2023-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>AVIF is generally smaller in size than both WebP and PNG.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> AVIF supports animation while PNG does not and has a superior image quality when compared to PNG.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, like WebP, AVIF is supported across fewer browsers and applications than PNG.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specifically, AVIF is supported by the most used browsers, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Edge" title="Microsoft Edge">Microsoft Edge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Firefox" title="Firefox">Firefox</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Google_Chrome" title="Google Chrome">Google Chrome</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but requires an additional download for use with <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Alliance_for_Open_Media-2023_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alliance_for_Open_Media-2023-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Software_support">Software support</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PNG&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Software support"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The official <a href="/wiki/Reference_implementation" title="Reference implementation">reference implementation</a> of the PNG format is the <a href="/wiki/Library_(computing)" title="Library (computing)">programming library</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Libpng" title="Libpng">libpng</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is published as free software under the terms of a <a href="/wiki/Permissive_free_software_license" class="mw-redirect" title="Permissive free software license">permissive free software license</a>. Therefore, it is usually found as an important system library in free operating systems. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bitmap_graphics_editor_support_for_PNG">Bitmap graphics editor support for PNG</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PNG&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Bitmap graphics editor support for PNG"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_raster_graphics_editors" title="Comparison of raster graphics editors">Comparison of raster graphics editors</a></div> <p>The PNG format is widely supported by graphics programs, including <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Photoshop" title="Adobe Photoshop">Adobe Photoshop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corel" class="mw-redirect" title="Corel">Corel</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Corel_Photo-Paint" title="Corel Photo-Paint">Photo-Paint</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corel_Paint_Shop_Pro" class="mw-redirect" title="Corel Paint Shop Pro">Paint Shop Pro</a>, the <a href="/wiki/GIMP" title="GIMP">GIMP</a>, <a href="/wiki/GraphicConverter" title="GraphicConverter">GraphicConverter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helicon_Filter" title="Helicon Filter">Helicon Filter</a>, <a href="/wiki/ImageMagick" title="ImageMagick">ImageMagick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inkscape" title="Inkscape">Inkscape</a>, <a href="/wiki/IrfanView" title="IrfanView">IrfanView</a>, Pixel image editor, <a href="/wiki/Paint.NET" title="Paint.NET">Paint.NET</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xara_Photo_%26_Graphic_Designer" class="mw-redirect" title="Xara Photo & Graphic Designer">Xara Photo & Graphic Designer</a> and many others (including online graphic design platforms such as <a href="/wiki/Canva" title="Canva">Canva</a>). Some programs bundled with popular <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a> which support PNG include <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Paint" title="Microsoft Paint">Paint</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Photos_(Apple)" title="Photos (Apple)">Photos</a>/<a href="/wiki/IPhoto" title="IPhoto">iPhoto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Preview_(macOS)" title="Preview (macOS)">Preview</a>, with the GIMP also often being bundled with popular <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> distributions. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Fireworks" title="Adobe Fireworks">Adobe Fireworks</a> (formerly by <a href="/wiki/Macromedia" title="Macromedia">Macromedia</a>) uses PNG as its native file format, allowing other image editors and preview utilities to view the flattened image. However, Fireworks by default also stores metadata for layers, animation, vector data, text and effects. Such files should not be distributed directly. Fireworks can instead export the image as an optimized PNG without the extra metadata for use on web pages, etc.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Web_browser_support_for_PNG">Web browser support for PNG</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PNG&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Web browser support for PNG"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_web_browsers#Image_format_support" title="Comparison of web browsers">Web browser image format support</a></div> <p>PNG support first appeared in 1997, in <a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer" title="Internet Explorer">Internet Explorer</a> 4.0b1 (32-bit only for NT), and in <a href="/wiki/Netscape" title="Netscape">Netscape</a> 4.04.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite calls by the <a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">World Wide Web Consortium</a> (W3C),<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tools such as gif2png,<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and campaigns such as Burn All GIFs,<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> PNG adoption on websites was fairly slow due to late and buggy support in Internet Explorer, particularly regarding transparency.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>PNG compatible browsers include: Apple <a href="/wiki/Safari_(web_browser)" title="Safari (web browser)">Safari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Google_Chrome" title="Google Chrome">Google Chrome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Firefox" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozilla Firefox">Mozilla Firefox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Opera_(web_browser)" title="Opera (web browser)">Opera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camino_(web_browser)" title="Camino (web browser)">Camino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer" title="Internet Explorer">Internet Explorer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Edge" title="Microsoft Edge">Microsoft Edge</a> and many others. For the complete comparison, see <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_web_browsers#Image_format_support" title="Comparison of web browsers">Comparison of web browsers (Image format support)</a>. </p><p>Especially versions of Internet Explorer (Windows) below 9.0 (released 2011) had numerous problems which prevented it from correctly rendering PNG images.<sup id="cite_ref-png-msie_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-png-msie-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>4.0 crashes on large PNG chunks.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>4.0 does not include the functionality to view .png files,<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but there is a registry fix.<sup id="cite_ref-png-msie_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-png-msie-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>5.0 and 5.01 have broken OBJECT support.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>5.01 prints palette images with black (or dark gray) backgrounds under Windows 98, sometimes with radically altered colors.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>6.0 fails to display PNG images of 4097 or 4098 bytes in size.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>6.0 cannot open a PNG file that contains one or more zero-length IDAT chunks. This issue was first fixed in security update 947864 (MS08-024). For more information, see this article in the Microsoft Knowledge Base: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://support.microsoft.com/kb/947864/">947864</a> MS08-024: Cumulative Security Update for Internet Explorer.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>6.0 sometimes completely loses ability to display PNGs, but there are various fixes.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>6.0 and below have broken alpha-channel transparency support (will display the default background color instead).<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>7.0 and below cannot combine 8-bit alpha transparency AND element opacity (<a href="/wiki/Cascading_Style_Sheets" class="mw-redirect" title="Cascading Style Sheets">CSS</a> – filter: Alpha (opacity=xx)) without filling partially transparent sections with black.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>8.0 and below have inconsistent/broken gamma support.<sup id="cite_ref-png-msie_73-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-png-msie-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>8.0 and below don't have color-correction support.<sup id="cite_ref-png-msie_73-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-png-msie-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operating_system_support_for_PNG_icons">Operating system support for PNG icons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PNG&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Operating system support for PNG icons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>PNG icons have been supported in most distributions of <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> since at least 1999, in desktop environments such as <a href="/wiki/GNOME" title="GNOME">GNOME</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2006, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a> support for PNG icons was introduced in <a href="/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista">Windows Vista</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> PNG icons are supported in <a href="/wiki/AmigaOS_4" title="AmigaOS 4">AmigaOS 4</a>, <a href="/wiki/AROS" class="mw-redirect" title="AROS">AROS</a>, <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a> and <a href="/wiki/MorphOS" title="MorphOS">MorphOS</a> as well. In addition, <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a> makes extensive use of PNGs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="File_size_and_optimization_software">File size and optimization software</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PNG&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: File size and optimization software"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>PNG file size can vary significantly depending on how it is encoded and compressed; this is discussed and a number of tips are given in <i>PNG: The Definitive Guide.</i><sup id="cite_ref-pngcf_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pngcf-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compared_to_GIF">Compared to GIF</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PNG&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Compared to GIF"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Compared to <a href="/wiki/GIF" title="GIF">GIF</a> files, a PNG file with the same information (256 colors, no ancillary chunks/metadata), compressed by an effective compressor is normally smaller than a GIF image. Depending on the file and the compressor, PNG may range from somewhat smaller (10%) to significantly smaller (50%) to somewhat larger (5%), but is rarely significantly larger<sup id="cite_ref-pngcf_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pngcf-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for large images. This is attributed to the performance of PNG's <a href="/wiki/DEFLATE" class="mw-redirect" title="DEFLATE">DEFLATE</a> compared to GIF's <a href="/wiki/LZW" class="mw-redirect" title="LZW">LZW</a>, and because the added precompression layer of PNG's predictive filters take account of the 2-dimensional image structure to further compress files; as filtered data encodes differences between pixels, they will tend to cluster closer to 0, rather than being spread across all possible values, and thus be more easily compressed by DEFLATE. However, some versions of <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Photoshop" title="Adobe Photoshop">Adobe Photoshop</a>, <a href="/wiki/CorelDRAW" title="CorelDRAW">CorelDRAW</a> and <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Paint" title="Microsoft Paint">MS Paint</a> provide poor PNG compression, creating the impression that GIF is more efficient.<sup id="cite_ref-pngcf_54-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pngcf-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="File_size_factors">File size factors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PNG&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: File size factors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>PNG files vary in size due to a number of factors: </p> <dl><dt>color depth</dt> <dd>Color depth can range from 1 to 64 bits per pixel.</dd> <dt>ancillary chunks</dt> <dd>PNG supports metadata—this may be useful for editing, but unnecessary for viewing, as on websites.</dd> <dt>interlacing</dt> <dd>As each pass of the Adam7 algorithm is separately filtered, this can increase file size.<sup id="cite_ref-pngcf_54-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pngcf-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>filter</dt> <dd>As a precompression stage, each line is filtered by a predictive filter, which can change from line to line. As the ultimate DEFLATE step operates on the whole image's filtered data, one cannot optimize this row-by-row; the choice of filter for each row is thus potentially very variable, though heuristics exist.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>compression</dt> <dd>With additional computation, DEFLATE compressors can produce smaller files.</dd></dl> <p>There is thus a filesize trade-off between high color depth, maximal metadata (including color space information, together with information that does not affect display), interlacing, and speed of compression, which all yield large files, with lower color depth, fewer or no ancillary chunks, no interlacing, and tuned but computationally intensive filtering and compression. For different purposes, different trade-offs are chosen: a maximal file may be best for archiving and editing, while a stripped down file may be best for use on a website, and similarly fast but poor compression is preferred when repeatedly editing and saving a file, while slow but high compression is preferred when a file is stable: when archiving or posting. Interlacing is a trade-off: it dramatically speeds up early rendering of large files (improves latency), but may increase file size (decrease throughput) for little gain, particularly for small files.<sup id="cite_ref-pngcf_54-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pngcf-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lossy_PNG_compression">Lossy PNG compression</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PNG&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Lossy PNG compression"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although PNG is a lossless format, PNG encoders can preprocess image data in a lossy fashion to improve PNG compression. For example, quantizing a truecolor PNG to 256 colors allows the indexed color type to be used for a likely reduction in file size.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Image_editing_software">Image editing software</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PNG&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Image editing software"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some programs are more efficient than others when saving PNG files, this relates to implementation of the PNG compression used by the program. </p><p>Many graphics programs (such as Apple's <a href="/wiki/Preview_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Preview (software)">Preview</a> software) save PNGs with large amounts of <a href="/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata">metadata</a> and color-correction data that are generally unnecessary for <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">Web</a> viewing. Unoptimized PNG files from <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Fireworks" title="Adobe Fireworks">Adobe Fireworks</a> are also notorious for this since they contain options to make the image editable in supported editors. Also CorelDRAW (at least version 11) sometimes produces PNGs which cannot be opened by Internet Explorer (versions 6–8). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Photoshop" title="Adobe Photoshop">Adobe Photoshop</a>'s performance on PNG files has improved in the CS Suite when using the Save For Web feature (which also allows explicit PNG/8 use). </p><p>Adobe's Fireworks saves larger PNG files than many programs by default. This stems from the mechanics of its <i>Save</i> format: the images produced by Fireworks' save function include large, private chunks, containing complete layer and vector information. This allows further lossless editing. When saved with the <i>Export</i> option, Fireworks' PNGs are competitive with those produced by other image editors, but are no longer editable as anything but flattened bitmaps. Fireworks is unable to save size-optimized vector-editable PNGs. </p><p>Other notable examples of poor PNG compressors include: </p> <ul><li>Microsoft's Paint for Windows XP</li> <li>Microsoft Picture It! Photo Premium 9</li></ul> <p>Poor compression increases the PNG file size but does not affect the image quality or compatibility of the file with other programs. </p><p>When the color depth of a <a href="/wiki/24-bit_color" class="mw-redirect" title="24-bit color">truecolor</a> image is reduced to an 8-bit palette (as in GIF), the resulting image data is typically much smaller. Thus a truecolor PNG is typically larger than a color-reduced GIF, although PNG could store the color-reduced version as a palettized file of comparable size. Conversely, some tools, when saving images as PNGs, automatically save them as truecolor, even if the original data use only 8-bit color, thus bloating the file unnecessarily.<sup id="cite_ref-pngcf_54-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pngcf-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both factors can lead to the misconception that PNG files are larger than equivalent GIF files. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Optimizing_tools">Optimizing tools</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PNG&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Optimizing tools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Various tools are available for optimizing PNG files; they do this by: </p> <ul><li>(optionally) removing ancillary chunks,</li> <li>reducing color depth, either: <ul><li>use a palette (instead of RGB) if the image has 256 or fewer colors,</li> <li>use a smaller palette, if the image has 2, 4, or 16 colors, or</li> <li>(optionally) lossily discard some of the data in the original image,</li></ul></li> <li>optimizing line-by-line filter choice, and</li> <li>optimizing DEFLATE compression.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tool_list">Tool list</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PNG&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Tool list"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pngcrush" title="Pngcrush">pngcrush</a> is the oldest of the popular PNG optimizers. It allows for multiple trials on filter selection and compression arguments, and finally chooses the smallest one. This working model is used in almost every png optimizer.</li> <li>advpng and the similar advdef utility in the AdvanceCOMP package recompress the PNG IDAT. Different DEFLATE implementations are applied depending on the selected compression level, trading between speed and file size: zlib at level 1, libdeflate at level 2, <a href="/wiki/7-zip" class="mw-redirect" title="7-zip">7-zip</a>'s <a href="/wiki/LZMA" class="mw-redirect" title="LZMA">LZMA</a> DEFLATE at level 3, and <a href="/wiki/Zopfli" title="Zopfli">zopfli</a> at level 4.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pngout" class="mw-redirect" title="Pngout">pngout</a> was made with the author's own deflater (same to the author's zip utility, kzip), while keeping all facilities of color reduction / filtering. However, pngout doesn't allow for using several trials on filters in a single run. It's suggested to use its commercial GUI version, pngoutwin, or used with a <a href="#Wrapper_tools">wrapper</a> to automate the trials or to recompress using its own deflater while keep the filter line by line.<sup id="cite_ref-pngoutreusefilter_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pngoutreusefilter-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zopfli" title="Zopfli">zopflipng</a> was also made with its own deflater, zopfli. It has all the optimizing features pngcrush has (including automating trials) while providing a very good, but slow deflater.</li></ul> <p>A simple comparison of their features is listed below. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Optimizer</th> <th>Chunk removal</th> <th>Color reduction</th> <th>Filtering</th> <th>Filter reuse<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>Multiple trials on filters in a single run</th> <th>Deflater<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>advpng</td> <td>Yes</td> <td>No<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>0</td> <td>No</td> <td>N/A<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>(multiple) </td></tr> <tr> <td>advdef</td> <td>No</td> <td>No</td> <td>Reuses previous filter set</td> <td>Always</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>(multiple) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pngcrush" title="Pngcrush">pngcrush</a></td> <td>Yes</td> <td>Yes</td> <td>0–4 or adaptive</td> <td>No</td> <td>Yes</td> <td>zlib </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pngout" class="mw-redirect" title="Pngout">pngout</a></td> <td>Yes</td> <td>Yes</td> <td>0–4 or adaptive</td> <td>Yes<sup id="cite_ref-pngoutreusefilter_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pngoutreusefilter-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>No</td> <td>kzip </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zopfli" title="Zopfli">zopflipng</a></td> <td>Yes</td> <td>Yes</td> <td>0–4 or adaptive with 2 different algorithms, or with a brute way</td> <td>Yes</td> <td>Yes</td> <td>zopfli </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Before zopflipng was available, a good way in practice to perform a png optimization is to use a combination of 2 tools in sequence for optimal compression: one which optimizes filters (and removes ancillary chunks), and one which optimizes DEFLATE. Although pngout offers both, only one type of filter can be specified in a single run, therefore it can be used with a <a href="#Wrapper_tools">wrapper tool</a> or in combination with <a href="/wiki/Pngcrush" title="Pngcrush">pngcrush</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pngoutreusefilter_89-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pngoutreusefilter-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> acting as a re-deflater, like advdef. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ancillary_chunk_removal">Ancillary chunk removal</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PNG&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Ancillary chunk removal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For removing ancillary chunks, most PNG optimization tools have the ability to remove all color correction data from PNG files (gamma, white balance, ICC color profile, standard RGB color profile). This often results in much smaller file sizes. For example, the following command line options achieve this with pngcrush: </p><p><code>pngcrush -rem gAMA -rem cHRM -rem iCCP -rem sRGB <i>InputFile.png</i> <i>OutputFile.png</i></code> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Filter_optimization">Filter optimization</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PNG&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Filter optimization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>pngcrush, pngout, and zopflipng all offer options applying one of the filter types 0–4 globally (using the same filter type for all lines) or with a "pseudo filter" (numbered 5), which for each line chooses one of the filter types 0–4 using an adaptive algorithm. Zopflipng offers 3 different adaptive method, including a brute-force search that attempts to optimize the filtering.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>pngout and zopflipng provide an option to preserve/reuse<sup id="cite_ref-pngoutreusefilter_89-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pngoutreusefilter-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the line-by-line filter set present in the input image. </p><p>pngcrush and zopflipng provide options to try different filter strategies in a single run and choose the best. The freeware command line version of pngout doesn't offer this, but the commercial version, pngoutwin, does.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="DEFLATE_optimization">DEFLATE optimization</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PNG&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: DEFLATE optimization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Zopfli" title="Zopfli">Zopfli</a> and the <a href="/wiki/7zip#Software_development_kit" class="mw-redirect" title="7zip">LZMA SDK</a> provide <a href="/wiki/DEFLATE" class="mw-redirect" title="DEFLATE">DEFLATE</a> implementations that can produce higher <a href="/wiki/Data_compression_ratio" title="Data compression ratio">compression ratios</a> than the <a href="/wiki/Zlib" title="Zlib">zlib</a> reference implementation at the cost of performance. AdvanceCOMP's <code>advpng</code> and <code>advdef</code> can use either of these libraries to re-compress PNG files. Additionally, <a href="/wiki/PNGOUT" title="PNGOUT">PNGOUT</a> contains its own <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">proprietary</a> DEFLATE implementation. </p><p><code>advpng</code> doesn't have an option to apply filters and always uses filter 0 globally (leaving the image data unfiltered); therefore it should not be used where the image benefits significantly from filtering. By contrast, <code>advdef</code> from the same package doesn't deal with PNG structure and acts only as a re-deflater, retaining any existing filter settings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Icon_optimization">Icon optimization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PNG&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Icon optimization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since <a href="/wiki/Icon_(computing)" title="Icon (computing)">icons</a> intended for Windows Vista and later versions may contain PNG subimages, the optimizations can be applied to them as well. At least one <a href="/wiki/Icon_(computing)" title="Icon (computing)">icon editor</a>, Pixelformer, is able to perform a special optimization pass while saving <a href="/wiki/ICO_(file_format)" title="ICO (file format)">ICO</a> files, thereby reducing their sizes. <a href="/w/index.php?title=FileOptimizer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FileOptimizer (page does not exist)">FileOptimizer</a> (mentioned above) can also handle ICO files. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Apple_Icon_Image_format" title="Apple Icon Image format">Icons for macOS</a> may also contain PNG subimages, yet there isn't such tool available.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PNG&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_graphics" title="Computer graphics">Computer graphics</a>, including:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_editing" title="Image editing">Image editing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_file_format" title="Image file format">Image file formats</a></li> <li>Related <a href="/wiki/Graphics_file_format" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphics file format">graphics file formats</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/APNG" title="APNG">APNG</a> Animated PNG</li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_Network_Graphics" title="JPEG Network Graphics">JPEG Network Graphics</a> (JNG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple-image_Network_Graphics" title="Multiple-image Network Graphics">Multiple-image Network Graphics</a> (MNG)</li></ul></li> <li>Similar file formats <ul><li><a href="/wiki/X_PixMap" title="X PixMap">X PixMap</a> for portable icons</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalable_Vector_Graphics" class="mw-redirect" title="Scalable Vector Graphics">Scalable Vector Graphics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebP" title="WebP">WebP</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PNG&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The filtering is used to increase the similarity to the data, hence increasing the compression ratio. However, there is theoretically no formula for similarity, nor absolute relationship between the similarity and compressor, thus unless the compression is done, one can't tell one filter set is better than another.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pngoutreusefilter-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pngoutreusefilter_89-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pngoutreusefilter_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pngoutreusefilter_89-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pngoutreusefilter_89-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Use pngout -f6 to reuse previous filter set</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The tools offering such feature could act as a pure re-deflater to PNG files.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Zlib" title="Zlib">zlib</a>, the reference deflate implementation, compression is suboptimal even at the maximum level. See <a href="/wiki/Zopfli" title="Zopfli">Zopfli</a>, <a href="/wiki/7-zip#Others" class="mw-redirect" title="7-zip">zip format in 7-zip</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pngout" class="mw-redirect" title="Pngout">pngout</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Not only does advpng not support color reduction, it also fails on images with a reduced colorspace.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Advpng can only apply filter 0 globally, thus it's neither yes or no, but N/A.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[pngcrush|pngout] -f OR zopflipng --filters</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">zopflipng --filters=p</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pngoutwin's setting dialog for optimization offers the user a selection of filter strategies.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PNG&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-iso-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iso_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iso_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iso_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=29581">"ISO/IEC 15948:2004 – Information technology – Computer graphics and image processing – Portable Network Graphics (PNG): Functional specification"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a>. 3 March 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISO%2FIEC+15948%3A2004+%E2%80%93+Information+technology+%E2%80%93+Computer+graphics+and+image+processing+%E2%80%93+Portable+Network+Graphics+%28PNG%29%3A+Functional+specification&rft.pub=International+Organization+for+Standardization&rft.date=2004-03-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fiso%2Fcatalogue_detail.htm%3Fcsnumber%3D29581&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APNG" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pnghist-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pnghist_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pnghist_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoelofs2010" class="citation web cs1">Roelofs, Greg (29 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libpng.org/pub/png/#history">"History of PNG"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Libpng" title="Libpng">libpng</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+PNG&rft.pub=libpng&rft.date=2010-05-29&rft.aulast=Roelofs&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibpng.org%2Fpub%2Fpng%2F%23history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APNG" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEW3C2003[httpswwww3orgTRPNG1Scope_1_Scope]-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEW3C2003[httpswwww3orgTRPNG1Scope_1_Scope]_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFW3C2003">W3C 2003</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/PNG/#1Scope">1 Scope</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/png">"Definition of PNG noun from the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary"</a>. <i>Oxford Learner's Dictionaries</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Learner%27s+Dictionaries&rft.atitle=Definition+of+PNG+noun+from+the+Oxford+Advanced+Learner%27s+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fenglish%2Fpng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APNG" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://surferhelp.goldensoftware.com/subsys/subsys_portable_network_graphic_file_description.htm">"Portable Network Graphic .PNG File Description"</a>. <i>surferhelp.goldensoftware.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=surferhelp.goldensoftware.com&rft.atitle=Portable+Network+Graphic+.PNG+File+Description&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsurferhelp.goldensoftware.com%2Fsubsys%2Fsubsys_portable_network_graphic_file_description.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APNG" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoelofs" class="citation web cs1">Roelofs, Greg. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://people.apache.org/~jim/NewArchitect/webrevu/1997/05_09/designers/05_09_97_1.html">"Web Review: PNG's NOT GIF!"</a>. <i>people.apache.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=people.apache.org&rft.atitle=Web+Review%3A+PNG%27s+NOT+GIF%21&rft.aulast=Roelofs&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpeople.apache.org%2F~jim%2FNewArchitect%2Fwebrevu%2F1997%2F05_09%2Fdesigners%2F05_09_97_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APNG" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFT._Boutell1997" class="citation cs1">T. Boutell; et al. (March 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2083"><i>PNG (Portable Network Graphics) Specification Version 1.0</i></a>. Network Working Group. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC2083">10.17487/RFC2083</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2083">2083</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=PNG+%28Portable+Network+Graphics%29+Specification+Version+1.0&rft.pub=Network+Working+Group&rft.date=1997-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC2083&rft.au=T.+Boutell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc2083&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APNG" class="Z3988"></span> <i>Informational.</i> sec. 3. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iana.org/assignments/media-types/image/png">"Registration of new Media Type image/png"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority" title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority">IANA</a>. 27 July 1996.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Registration+of+new+Media+Type+image%2Fpng&rft.pub=IANA&rft.date=1996-07-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iana.org%2Fassignments%2Fmedia-types%2Fimage%2Fpng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APNG" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLimer2019" class="citation news cs1">Limer, Eric (30 October 2019). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/a21457/the-gif-is-dead-long-live-the-gif/">"The GIF Is Dead. Long Live the GIF"</a></span>. <i>Popular Mechanics</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Mechanics&rft.atitle=The+GIF+Is+Dead.+Long+Live+the+GIF.&rft.date=2019-10-30&rft.aulast=Limer&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.popularmechanics.com%2Ftechnology%2Fa21457%2Fthe-gif-is-dead-long-live-the-gif%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APNG" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoelofs1999Chapter_7._History_of_the_Portable_Network_Graphics_Format-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoelofs1999Chapter_7._History_of_the_Portable_Network_Graphics_Format_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoelofs1999">Roelofs 1999</a>, Chapter 7. History of the Portable Network Graphics Format.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFRoelofs1999 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-w3IHDR-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-w3IHDR_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-w3IHDR_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-w3IHDR_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-w3IHDR_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFW3C2003">W3C 2003</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/PNG/#11IHDR">11.2.2 <code>IHDR</code> Image header</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoelofs2011" class="citation web cs1">Roelofs, Greg (29 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libpng.org/pub/png/spec/">"Portable Network Graphics (PNG) Specification and Extensions"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Libpng" title="Libpng">libpng</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=libpng&rft.atitle=Portable+Network+Graphics+%28PNG%29+Specification+and+Extensions&rft.date=2011-09-29&rft.aulast=Roelofs&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibpng.org%2Fpub%2Fpng%2Fspec%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APNG" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFT._Boutell1997" class="citation cs1">T. Boutell; et al. (March 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2083"><i>PNG (Portable Network Graphics) Specification Version 1.0</i></a>. Network Working Group. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC2083">10.17487/RFC2083</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2083">2083</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=PNG+%28Portable+Network+Graphics%29+Specification+Version+1.0&rft.pub=Network+Working+Group&rft.date=1997-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC2083&rft.au=T.+Boutell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc2083&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APNG" class="Z3988"></span> <i>Informational.</i> sec. 8.4. <q>PNG itself is strictly a single-image format. (...) In the future, a multiple-image format based on PNG may be defined. Such a format will be considered a separate file format</q> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfc2083-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rfc2083_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFT._Boutell1997" class="citation cs1">T. Boutell; et al. (March 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2083"><i>PNG (Portable Network Graphics) Specification Version 1.0</i></a>. Network Working Group. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC2083">10.17487/RFC2083</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2083">2083</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=PNG+%28Portable+Network+Graphics%29+Specification+Version+1.0&rft.pub=Network+Working+Group&rft.date=1997-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC2083&rft.au=T.+Boutell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc2083&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APNG" class="Z3988"></span> <i>Informational.</i> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEW3C2003[httpswwww3orgTRPNG5PNG-file-signature_5.2_PNG_signature]-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEW3C2003[httpswwww3orgTRPNG5PNG-file-signature_5.2_PNG_signature]_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFW3C2003">W3C 2003</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/PNG/#5PNG-file-signature">5.2 PNG signature</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEW3C2003[httpswwww3orgTRPNG5Chunk-layout_5.3_Chunk_layout]-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEW3C2003[httpswwww3orgTRPNG5Chunk-layout_5.3_Chunk_layout]_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFW3C2003">W3C 2003</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/PNG/#5Chunk-layout">5.3 Chunk layout</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PoCorGTFO-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PoCorGTFO_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PoCorGTFO_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaphroaig2017" class="citation book cs1">Laphroaig, Manul (31 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lvMxDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT686"><i>PoC or GTFO</i></a>. No Starch Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781593278984" title="Special:BookSources/9781593278984"><bdi>9781593278984</bdi></a>. <q>Each chunk consists of four parts: Length, a Chunk Type, the Chunk Data, and a 32-bit CRC. The Length is a 32-bit unsigned integer indicating the size of only the Chunk Data field</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=PoC+or+GTFO&rft.pub=No+Starch+Press&rft.date=2017-10-31&rft.isbn=9781593278984&rft.aulast=Laphroaig&rft.aufirst=Manul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlvMxDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT686&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APNG" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaphroaig2017" class="citation book cs1">Laphroaig, Manul (31 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lvMxDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT686"><i>PoC or GTFO</i></a>. No Starch Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781593278984" title="Special:BookSources/9781593278984"><bdi>9781593278984</bdi></a>. <q>Chunk Type is a 32-bit FourCC code such as IHDR, IDAT, or IEND.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=PoC+or+GTFO&rft.pub=No+Starch+Press&rft.date=2017-10-31&rft.isbn=9781593278984&rft.aulast=Laphroaig&rft.aufirst=Manul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlvMxDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT686&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APNG" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEW3C2003[httpswwww3orgTRPNG11IDAT_11.2.4_<code>IDAT</code>_Image_data]-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEW3C2003[httpswwww3orgTRPNG11IDAT_11.2.4_<code>IDAT</code>_Image_data]_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFW3C2003">W3C 2003</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/PNG/#11IDAT">11.2.4 <code>IDAT</code> Image data</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEW3C2003[httpswwww3orgTRPNG11IEND_11.2.5_<code>IEND</code>_Image_trailer]-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEW3C2003[httpswwww3orgTRPNG11IEND_11.2.5_<code>IEND</code>_Image_trailer]_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFW3C2003">W3C 2003</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/PNG/#11IEND">11.2.5 <code>IEND</code> Image trailer</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEW3C2003[httpswwww3orgTRPNG11iCCP_11.3.3.3_<code>iCCP</code>_Embedded_ICC_profile]-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEW3C2003[httpswwww3orgTRPNG11iCCP_11.3.3.3_<code>iCCP</code>_Embedded_ICC_profile]_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFW3C2003">W3C 2003</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/PNG/#11iCCP">11.3.3.3 <code>iCCP</code> Embedded ICC profile</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/png/#cICP-chunk">"PNG Specification (Third Edition), cICP Coding-independent code points for video signal type identification"</a>. <i>w3.org</i>. 21 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=w3.org&rft.atitle=PNG+Specification+%28Third+Edition%29%2C+cICP+Coding-independent+code+points+for+video+signal+type+identification&rft.date=2023-09-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FTR%2Fpng%2F%23cICP-chunk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APNG" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/w3c/ColorWeb-CG/blob/08d0981ae5163b76275d0777d0166eab85396371/hdr-in-png-requirements.md">"Adding support for HDR imagery to the PNG format"</a>. W3C Color on the Web Community Group. 3 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Adding+support+for+HDR+imagery+to+the+PNG+format&rft.pub=W3C+Color+on+the+Web+Community+Group&rft.date=2023-05-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fw3c%2FColorWeb-CG%2Fblob%2F08d0981ae5163b76275d0777d0166eab85396371%2Fhdr-in-png-requirements.md&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APNG" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_Kopp2008" class="citation web cs1">Thomas Kopp (17 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libpng.download/documents/signatures/">"PNG Digital Signatures: Extension Specification"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PNG+Digital+Signatures%3A+Extension+Specification&rft.date=2008-04-17&rft.au=Thomas+Kopp&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibpng.download%2Fdocuments%2Fsignatures%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APNG" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ftp-osl.osuosl.org/pub/libpng/documents/pngext-1.5.0.html">"Extensions to the PNG 1.2 Specification, version 1.5.0"</a>. <i>ftp-osl.osuosl.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ftp-osl.osuosl.org&rft.atitle=Extensions+to+the+PNG+1.2+Specification%2C+version+1.5.0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fftp-osl.osuosl.org%2Fpub%2Flibpng%2Fdocuments%2Fpngext-1.5.0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APNG" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEW3C2003[httpswwww3orgTRPNG11gAMA_11.3.3.2_<code>gAMA</code>_Image_gamma]-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEW3C2003[httpswwww3orgTRPNG11gAMA_11.3.3.2_<code>gAMA</code>_Image_gamma]_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFW3C2003">W3C 2003</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/PNG/#11gAMA">11.3.3.2 <code>gAMA</code> Image gamma</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEW3C2003[httpswwww3orgTRPNG11pHYs_11.3.5.3_<code>pHYs</code>_Physical_pixel_dimensions]-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEW3C2003[httpswwww3orgTRPNG11pHYs_11.3.5.3_<code>pHYs</code>_Physical_pixel_dimensions]_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFW3C2003">W3C 2003</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/PNG/#11pHYs">11.3.5.3 <code>pHYs</code> Physical pixel dimensions</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEW3C2003[httpswwww3orgTRPNG11sBIT_11.3.3.4_<code>sBIT</code>_Significant_bits]-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEW3C2003[httpswwww3orgTRPNG11sBIT_11.3.3.4_<code>sBIT</code>_Significant_bits]_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFW3C2003">W3C 2003</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/PNG/#11sBIT">11.3.3.4 <code>sBIT</code> Significant bits</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/PNG-Chunks.html">"PNG (Portable Network Graphics) Specification \ Version 1.0"</a>. <i>w3.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=w3.org&rft.atitle=PNG+%28Portable+Network+Graphics%29+Specification+%5C+Version+1.0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FTR%2FPNG-Chunks.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APNG" class="Z3988"></span> 4.2.6. sBIT Significant bits, 13 bytes total - color type 2 and 3 totaled 6 bytes</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoelofs2003[httplibpngorgpubpngbookchapter11htmlpngch11div7_Significant_Bits_(sBIT)]-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoelofs2003[httplibpngorgpubpngbookchapter11htmlpngch11div7_Significant_Bits_(sBIT)]_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoelofs2003">Roelofs 2003</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libpng.org/pub/png/book/chapter11.html#png.ch11.div.7">Significant Bits (sBIT)</a>"Grayscale images are the simplest; sBIT then contains a single byte indicating the number of significant bits in the source data"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libpng.org/pub/png/spec/1.2/PNG-Chunks.html#C.sRGB">"PNG Specification: Chunk Specifications"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PNG+Specification%3A+Chunk+Specifications&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibpng.org%2Fpub%2Fpng%2Fspec%2F1.2%2FPNG-Chunks.html%23C.sRGB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APNG" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libpng.org/pub/png/png2006.html">"PNG News from 2006"</a>. Libpng.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PNG+News+from+2006&rft.pub=Libpng.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibpng.org%2Fpub%2Fpng%2Fpng2006.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APNG" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-w3.org-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-w3.org_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-w3.org_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/PNG-Rationale.html">"PNG Specification: Rationale"</a>. <i>w3.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=w3.org&rft.atitle=PNG+Specification%3A+Rationale&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FTR%2FPNG-Rationale.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APNG" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEW3C2003[httpswwww3orgTRPNG9Filters_9_Filtering]-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEW3C2003[httpswwww3orgTRPNG9Filters_9_Filtering]_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFW3C2003">W3C 2003</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/PNG/#9Filters">9 Filtering</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libpng.org/pub/png/spec/1.2/PNG-Filters.html">"Filter Algorithms"</a>. <i>PNG Specification</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PNG+Specification&rft.atitle=Filter+Algorithms&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibpng.org%2Fpub%2Fpng%2Fspec%2F1.2%2FPNG-Filters.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APNG" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaeth1991" class="citation journal cs1">Paeth, Alan W. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Microsoft+Knowledge+Base&rft.atitle=You+cannot+use+Internet+Explorer+6+to+open+a+PNG+file+that+contains+one+or+more+zero-length+IDAT+chunks&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsupport.microsoft.com%2Fkb%2F897242&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APNG" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libpng.org/pub/png/pngfaq.html#msie">"PNG Frequently Asked Questions"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PNG+Frequently+Asked+Questions&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibpng.org%2Fpub%2Fpng%2Fpngfaq.html%23msie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APNG" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://support.microsoft.com/kb/265221">"PhD: Portable Network Graphics Lose Transparency in Web Browser"</a>. <i>Microsoft Knowledge Base</i>.</cite><span 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Microsoft+Knowledge+Base&rft.atitle=PNG+Files+Do+Not+Show+Transparency+in+Internet+Explorer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsupport.microsoft.com%2Fkb%2F294714&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APNG" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLovitt2002" class="citation web cs1">Lovitt, Michael (21 December 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110818032515/http://www.alistapart.com/articles/pngopacity/">"Cross-Browser Variable Opacity with PNG: A Real Solution"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/A_List_Apart" title="A List Apart">A List Apart</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alistapart.com/articles/pngopacity/">the original</a> on 18 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+List+Apart&rft.atitle=Cross-Browser+Variable+Opacity+with+PNG%3A+A+Real+Solution&rft.date=2002-12-21&rft.aulast=Lovitt&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alistapart.com%2Farticles%2Fpngopacity%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APNG" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110827114121/http://channel9.msdn.com/forums/TechOff/257324-IE7-alpha-transparent-PNG--opacity">"IE7 alpha transparent PNG + opacity"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Channel_9_(discussion_forum)" class="mw-redirect" title="Channel 9 (discussion forum)">Channel 9</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://channel9.msdn.com/forums/TechOff/257324-IE7-alpha-transparent-PNG--opacity/">the original</a> on 27 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Channel+9&rft.atitle=IE7+alpha+transparent+PNG+%2B+opacity&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchannel9.msdn.com%2Fforums%2FTechOff%2F257324-IE7-alpha-transparent-PNG--opacity%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APNG" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFulbright1999" class="citation web cs1">Fulbright, Michael (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100130042852/http://developer.gnome.org/doc/whitepapers/libroadmap/">"GNOME 1.0 Library Roadmap"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://developer.gnome.org/doc/whitepapers/libroadmap/">the original</a> on 30 January 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GNOME+1.0+Library+Roadmap&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Fulbright&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdeveloper.gnome.org%2Fdoc%2Fwhitepapers%2Flibroadmap%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APNG" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071111153449/http://www.oone.googlepages.com/windows_vista_icons.htm">"Windows Vista – Icons"</a>. <i>OOne</i>. 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oone.googlepages.com/windows_vista_icons.htm">the original</a> on 11 November 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OOne&rft.atitle=Windows+Vista+%E2%80%93+Icons&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oone.googlepages.com%2Fwindows_vista_icons.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APNG" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pngmini.com/lossypng.html">"PNG can be a lossy format"</a>. Pngmini.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PNG+can+be+a+lossy+format&rft.pub=Pngmini.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpngmini.com%2Flossypng.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APNG" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PNG&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoelofs1997" class="citation journal cs1">Roelofs, Greg (April 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linuxgazette.net/issue13/png.html">"Linux Gazette: History of the Portable Network Graphics (PNG) Format"</a>. <i>Linux Journal</i>. <b>1997</b> (36es). Specialized Systems Consultants, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1075-3583">1075-3583</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Linux+Journal&rft.atitle=Linux+Gazette%3A+History+of+the+Portable+Network+Graphics+%28PNG%29+Format&rft.volume=1997&rft.issue=36es&rft.date=1997-04&rft.issn=1075-3583&rft.aulast=Roelofs&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinuxgazette.net%2Fissue13%2Fpng.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APNG" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoelofs2003" class="citation book cs1">Roelofs, Greg (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pngdefinitivegui00roel"><i>PNG: The Definitive Guide</i></a></span> (2nd ed.). O'Reilly Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56592-542-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-56592-542-4"><bdi>1-56592-542-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=PNG%3A+The+Definitive+Guide&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=O%27Reilly+Media&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-56592-542-4&rft.aulast=Roelofs&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpngdefinitivegui00roel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APNG" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW3C2003" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/PNG/">"Portable Network Graphics (PNG) Specification"</a> (Second ed.). <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</a>. 10 November 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Portable+Network+Graphics+%28PNG%29+Specification&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=W3C&rft.date=2003-11-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FTR%2FPNG%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APNG" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PNG&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/png/">PNG Specification</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libpng.org/pub/png/">PNG Home Site</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libpng.org/pub/png/libpng.html">libpng Home Page</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libpng.org/pub/png/slashpng-1999.html"><i>The Story of PNG</i> by Greg Roelofs</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/Graphics/PNG/Inline-img.html">Test inline PNG images</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2083">2083</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hsivonen.iki.fi/png-gamma/">More information about PNG color correction</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://php.net/gd">The GD-library to generate dynamic PNG-files with PHP</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://schaik.com/png/adam7.html">PNG Adam7 interlacing</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idontplaydarts.com/2012/06/encoding-web-shells-in-png-idat-chunks/">Encoding Web Shells in PNG files</a>: Encoding human readable data inside an IDAT block.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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id="Graphics_file_formats" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Image_file_format" title="Image file format">Graphics file formats</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Raster_graphics" title="Raster graphics">Raster</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ANI_(file_format)" title="ANI (file format)"> ANI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANIM" title="ANIM">ANIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APNG" title="APNG">APNG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ART_image_file_format" title="ART image file format"> ART</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AVIF" title="AVIF">AVIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BMP_file_format" title="BMP file format"> BMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Better_Portable_Graphics" title="Better Portable Graphics"> BPG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSAVE" title="BSAVE"> BSAVE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CALS_Raster_file_format" title="CALS Raster file format"> CAL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cineon" title="Cineon"> CIN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartesian_Perceptual_Compression" title="Cartesian Perceptual Compression"> CPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CPT_(file_format)" title="CPT (file format)"> CPT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DirectDraw_Surface" title="DirectDraw Surface"> DDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Picture_Exchange" title="Digital Picture Exchange"> DPX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECW_(file_format)" title="ECW (file format)"> ECW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenEXR" title="OpenEXR"> EXR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FITS" title="FITS">FITS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FLIC_(file_format)" title="FLIC (file format)"> FLIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Lossless_Image_Format" title="Free Lossless Image Format"> FLIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FlashPix" title="FlashPix"> FPX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GIF" title="GIF">GIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDRi_(data_format)" class="mw-redirect" title="HDRi (data format)"> HDRi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Efficiency_Video_Coding#Main_Still_Picture" title="High Efficiency Video Coding"> HEVC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICER_(file_format)" title="ICER (file format)">ICER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Icon_Image_format" title="Apple Icon Image format"> ICNS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICO_(file_format)" title="ICO (file format)"> ICO / CUR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_Cytometry_Standard" title="Image Cytometry Standard"> ICS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ILBM" title="ILBM">ILBM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JBIG" title="JBIG">JBIG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JBIG2" title="JBIG2">JBIG2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_Network_Graphics" title="JPEG Network Graphics"> JNG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG">JPEG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lossless_JPEG#JPEG-LS" title="Lossless JPEG"> JPEG-LS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_2000" title="JPEG 2000">JPEG 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XL" title="JPEG XL">JPEG XL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XR" title="JPEG XR">JPEG XR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XS" title="JPEG XS">JPEG XS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XT" title="JPEG XT">JPEG XT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JPEG-HDR" class="mw-redirect" title="JPEG-HDR">JPEG-HDR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krita" title="Krita"> KRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple-image_Network_Graphics" title="Multiple-image Network Graphics"> MNG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magick_Image_File_Format" title="Magick Image File Format"> MIFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nearly_raw_raster_data" class="mw-redirect" title="Nearly raw raster data"> NRRD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenRaster" title="OpenRaster"> ORA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netpbm#PAM_graphics_format" title="Netpbm"> PAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netpbm" title="Netpbm"> PBM / PGM / PPM / PNM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PCX" title="PCX">PCX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Graphics_File" title="Progressive Graphics File"> PGF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PICtor_PIC_image_format" title="PICtor PIC image format"> PICtor</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">PNG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Photoshop#PSD" title="Adobe Photoshop"> PSD / PSB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PaintShop_Pro" title="PaintShop Pro"> PSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QOI_(image_format)" title="QOI (image format)"> QOI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QuickTime_VR" title="QuickTime VR"> QTVR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Raster" title="Sun Raster"> RAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RGBE_image_format" title="RGBE image format"> RGBE</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Logluv_TIFF" title="Logluv TIFF">Logluv TIFF</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_Graphics_Image" title="Silicon Graphics Image"> SGI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truevision_TGA" title="Truevision TGA"> TGA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tag_Image_File_Format" class="mw-redirect" title="Tag Image File Format"> TIFF</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TIFF/EP" title="TIFF/EP">TIFF/EP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tag_Image_File_Format#TIFF/IT" class="mw-redirect" title="Tag Image File Format"> TIFF/IT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulead_PhotoImpact" title="Ulead PhotoImpact"> UFO / UFP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format" title="Wireless Application Protocol Bitmap Format"> WBMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebP" title="WebP">WebP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X_BitMap" title="X BitMap"> XBM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XCF_(file_format)" title="XCF (file format)"> XCF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X_PixMap" title="X PixMap"> XPM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xwd" title="Xwd"> XWD</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Raw_image_format" title="Raw image format">Raw</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camera_Image_File_Format" title="Camera Image File Format"> CIFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Negative" title="Digital Negative"> DNG</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vector_graphics" title="Vector graphics">Vector</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Illustrator_Artwork" class="mw-redirect" title="Adobe Illustrator Artwork"> AI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CorelDRAW#CDR_file_format" title="CorelDRAW"> CDR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Graphics_Metafile" title="Computer Graphics Metafile"> CGM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AutoCAD_DXF" title="AutoCAD DXF"> DXF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Metafile" class="mw-redirect" title="Enhanced Metafile"> EMF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMF%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="EMF+">EMF+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerber_format" title="Gerber format"> Gerber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiku_Vector_Icon_Format" class="mw-redirect" title="Haiku Vector Icon Format"> HVIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IGES" title="IGES">IGES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precision_Graphics_Markup_Language" title="Precision Graphics Markup Language"> PGML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalable_Vector_Graphics" class="mw-redirect" title="Scalable Vector Graphics"> SVG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vector_Markup_Language" title="Vector Markup Language"> VML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Metafile" title="Windows Metafile"> WMF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xar_(graphics)" title="Xar (graphics)"> Xar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Image_file_format#Compound_formats" title="Image file format">Compound</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computable_Document_Format" title="Computable Document Format"> CDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DjVu" title="DjVu">DjVu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encapsulated_PostScript" title="Encapsulated PostScript"> EPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MODCA" title="MODCA">MODCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF" title="PDF">PDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PICT" title="PICT">PICT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PostScript" title="PostScript"> PS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SWF" title="SWF">SWF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensible_Application_Markup_Language" title="Extensible Application Markup Language"> XAML</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata">Metadata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exif" title="Exif">Exchangeable image file format (Exif)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Press_Telecommunications_Council#Photo_metadata" title="International Press Telecommunications Council">International Press Telecommunications Council § Photo metadata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensible_Metadata_Platform" title="Extensible Metadata Platform">Extensible Metadata Platform (XMP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GIF#Metadata" title="GIF">GIF § Metadata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steganography" title="Steganography">Steganography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Graphics_file_formats" title="Category:Graphics file formats">Category</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_na_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Non-article page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6a/Symbol_na_class.svg/16px-Symbol_na_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6a/Symbol_na_class.svg/23px-Symbol_na_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6a/Symbol_na_class.svg/31px-Symbol_na_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_graphics_file_formats" title="Comparison of graphics file formats">Comparison</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Multimedia_compression_and_container_formats" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Compression_formats" title="Template:Compression formats"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Compression_formats" title="Template talk:Compression formats"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Compression_formats" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Compression formats"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Multimedia_compression_and_container_formats" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Multimedia" title="Multimedia">Multimedia</a> <a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">compression</a> and <a href="/wiki/Container_format_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Container format (computing)">container</a> formats</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Video_coding_format" title="Video coding format">Video<br />compression</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">IEC</a>, <br /><a href="/wiki/Moving_Picture_Experts_Group" title="Moving Picture Experts Group">MPEG</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DV_(video_format)" title="DV (video format)">DV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_JPEG" title="Motion JPEG">MJPEG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_JPEG_2000" title="Motion JPEG 2000">Motion JPEG 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-1" title="MPEG-1">MPEG-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-2" title="MPEG-2">MPEG-2</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H.262/MPEG-2_Part_2" title="H.262/MPEG-2 Part 2">Part 2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4" title="MPEG-4">MPEG-4</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_2" title="MPEG-4 Part 2">Part 2 / ASP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H.264/MPEG-4_AVC" class="mw-redirect" title="H.264/MPEG-4 AVC">Part 10 / AVC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_IVC" class="mw-redirect" title="MPEG-4 IVC">Part 33 / IVC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-H" title="MPEG-H">MPEG-H</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Efficiency_Video_Coding" title="High Efficiency Video Coding">Part 2 / HEVC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MPEG-I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MPEG-I (page does not exist)">MPEG-I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Versatile_Video_Coding" title="Versatile Video Coding">Part 3 / VVC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-5" class="mw-redirect" title="MPEG-5">MPEG-5</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Essential_Video_Coding" title="Essential Video Coding">Part 1 / EVC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LCEVC" title="LCEVC">Part 2 / LCEVC</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/ITU-T" title="ITU-T">ITU-T</a>, <a href="/wiki/Video_Coding_Experts_Group" title="Video Coding Experts Group">VCEG</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H.120" title="H.120">H.120</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H.261" title="H.261">H.261</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H.262/MPEG-2_Part_2" title="H.262/MPEG-2 Part 2">H.262</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H.263" title="H.263">H.263</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Video_Coding" title="Advanced Video Coding">H.264 / AVC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Efficiency_Video_Coding" title="High Efficiency Video Coding">H.265 / HEVC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Versatile_Video_Coding" title="Versatile Video Coding">H.266 / VVC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Motion_Picture_and_Television_Engineers" title="Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers">SMPTE</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/VC-1" title="VC-1">VC-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirac_(video_compression_format)" title="Dirac (video compression format)">VC-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avid_DNxHD" title="Avid DNxHD">VC-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CineForm" title="CineForm">VC-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VC-6" title="VC-6">VC-6</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/On2_Technologies" title="On2 Technologies">TrueMotion</a> and AOMedia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/On2_Technologies#TrueMotion_S" title="On2 Technologies">TrueMotion S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VP3" title="VP3">VP3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VP6" title="VP6">VP6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VP7" class="mw-redirect" title="VP7">VP7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VP8" title="VP8">VP8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VP9" title="VP9">VP9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AV1" title="AV1">AV1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Chinese Standard</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_Video_Standard#First_generation" title="Audio Video Standard">AVS1 P2/AVS+</a>(GB/T 20090.2/16)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_Video_Standard#Second_generation" title="Audio Video Standard">AVS2 P2</a>(GB/T 33475.2,GY/T 299.1) <ul><li>HDR Vivid(GY/T 358)</li></ul></li> <li>AVS3 P2(GY/T 368)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Video" title="Apple Video">Apple Video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_Video_Standard" title="Audio Video Standard">AVS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bink_Video" title="Bink Video">Bink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinepak" title="Cinepak">Cinepak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daala" title="Daala">Daala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Video_Interactive" title="Digital Video Interactive">DVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FFV1" title="FFV1">FFV1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huffyuv" title="Huffyuv">Huffyuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indeo" title="Indeo">Indeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagarith" title="Lagarith">Lagarith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Video_1" title="Microsoft Video 1">Microsoft Video 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSU_Lossless_Video_Codec" title="MSU Lossless Video Codec">MSU Lossless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OMS_Video" title="OMS Video">OMS Video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixlet" title="Pixlet">Pixlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_ProRes" title="Apple ProRes">ProRes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ProRes_422" class="mw-redirect" title="ProRes 422">422</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ProRes_4444" class="mw-redirect" title="ProRes 4444">4444</a></li></ul></li> <li>QuickTime <ul><li><a href="/wiki/QuickTime_Animation" title="QuickTime Animation">Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QuickTime_Graphics" title="QuickTime Graphics">Graphics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RealVideo" title="RealVideo">RealVideo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTVideo" title="RTVideo">RTVideo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SheerVideo" title="SheerVideo">SheerVideo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smacker_video" title="Smacker video">Smacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorenson_Media" title="Sorenson Media">Sorenson Video/Spark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theora" title="Theora">Theora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor_(video_codec)" title="Thor (video codec)">Thor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ut_Video_Codec_Suite" title="Ut Video Codec Suite">Ut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Media_Video" title="Windows Media Video">WMV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RatDVD" title="RatDVD">XEB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YULS" title="YULS">YULS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Audio_coding_format" title="Audio coding format">Audio<br />compression</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">IEC</a>,<br /> <a href="/wiki/Moving_Picture_Experts_Group" title="Moving Picture Experts Group">MPEG</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-1_Audio_Layer_II" title="MPEG-1 Audio Layer II">MPEG-1 Layer II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MPEG_Multichannel" title="MPEG Multichannel">Multichannel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-1_Audio_Layer_I" title="MPEG-1 Audio Layer I">MPEG-1 Layer I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP3" title="MP3">MPEG-1 Layer III (MP3)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Audio_Coding" title="Advanced Audio Coding">AAC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High-Efficiency_Advanced_Audio_Coding" title="High-Efficiency Advanced Audio Coding">HE-AAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AAC-LD" title="AAC-LD">AAC-LD</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG_Surround" title="MPEG Surround">MPEG Surround</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_Lossless_Coding" title="Audio Lossless Coding">MPEG-4 ALS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_SLS" title="MPEG-4 SLS">MPEG-4 SLS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Audio_CD#DST" title="Super Audio CD">MPEG-4 DST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding" title="Harmonic Vector Excitation Coding">MPEG-4 HVXC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-excited_linear_prediction" title="Code-excited linear prediction">MPEG-4 CELP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding" title="Unified Speech and Audio Coding">MPEG-D USAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-H_3D_Audio" title="MPEG-H 3D Audio">MPEG-H 3D Audio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/ITU-T" title="ITU-T">ITU-T</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G.711" title="G.711">G.711</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A-law_algorithm" title="A-law algorithm">A-law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%9C-law_algorithm" title="Μ-law algorithm">µ-law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.718" title="G.718">G.718</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.719" title="G.719">G.719</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.722" title="G.722">G.722</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.722.1" title="G.722.1">G.722.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_Multi-Rate_Wideband" title="Adaptive Multi-Rate Wideband">G.722.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.723" title="G.723">G.723</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.723.1" title="G.723.1">G.723.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.726" title="G.726">G.726</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.728" title="G.728">G.728</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.729" title="G.729">G.729</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.729.1" title="G.729.1">G.729.1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">IETF</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opus_(audio_format)" title="Opus (audio format)">Opus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Low_Bitrate_Codec" title="Internet Low Bitrate Codec">iLBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speex" title="Speex">Speex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vorbis" title="Vorbis">Vorbis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FLAC" title="FLAC">FLAC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/3GPP" title="3GPP">3GPP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_Multi-Rate_audio_codec" title="Adaptive Multi-Rate audio codec">AMR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_Multi-Rate_Wideband" title="Adaptive Multi-Rate Wideband">AMR-WB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_Adaptive_Multi-Rate_%E2%80%93_Wideband" title="Extended Adaptive Multi-Rate – Wideband">AMR-WB+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec" title="Enhanced Variable Rate Codec">EVRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B" title="Enhanced Variable Rate Codec B">EVRC-B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Voice_Services" title="Enhanced Voice Services">EVS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half_Rate" title="Half Rate">GSM-HR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_Rate" title="Full Rate">GSM-FR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_full_rate" title="Enhanced full rate">GSM-EFR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/ETSI" class="mw-redirect" title="ETSI">ETSI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dolby_Digital" title="Dolby Digital">AC-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolby_AC-4" title="Dolby AC-4">AC-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DTS_(sound_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="DTS (sound system)">DTS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Bluetooth_Special_Interest_Group" title="Bluetooth Special Interest Group">Bluetooth SIG</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SBC_(codec)" title="SBC (codec)">SBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LC3_(codec)" title="LC3 (codec)">LC3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Chinese Standard</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_Video_Standard#First_generation" title="Audio Video Standard">AVS1 P10</a>(GB/T 20090.10)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_Video_Standard#Second_generation" title="Audio Video Standard">AVS2 P3</a>(GB/T 33475.3) <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Audio_Vivid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Audio Vivid (page does not exist)">Audio Vivid</a>(GY/T 363)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation" title="Dynamic Resolution Adaptation">DRA</a>(GB/T 22726)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L2HC" title="L2HC">L2HC</a></li> <li>ExAC(SJ/T 11299.4)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algebraic_code-excited_linear_prediction" title="Algebraic code-excited linear prediction">ACELP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Lossless_Audio_Codec" title="Apple Lossless Audio Codec">ALAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asao_(codec)" title="Asao (codec)">Asao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding" class="mw-redirect" title="Adaptive Transform Acoustic Coding">ATRAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CELT" title="CELT">CELT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codec_2" title="Codec 2">Codec 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec" title="Internet Speech Audio Codec">iSAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyra_(codec)" title="Lyra (codec)">Lyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-excitation_linear_prediction" title="Mixed-excitation linear prediction">MELP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkey%27s_Audio" title="Monkey's Audio">Monkey's Audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT9" title="MT9">MT9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musepack" title="Musepack">Musepack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OptimFROG" title="OptimFROG">OptimFROG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_Sound_Quality" title="Original Sound Quality">OSQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualcomm_code-excited_linear_prediction" title="Qualcomm code-excited linear prediction">QCELP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relaxed_code-excited_linear_prediction" title="Relaxed code-excited linear prediction">RCELP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RealAudio" title="RealAudio">RealAudio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTAudio" title="RTAudio">RTAudio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avid_Audio#Sound_Designer_file_formats" title="Avid Audio">SD2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shorten_file_format" class="mw-redirect" title="Shorten file format">SHN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SILK" title="SILK">SILK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siren_(codec)" title="Siren (codec)">Siren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selectable_Mode_Vocoder" title="Selectable Mode Vocoder">SMV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SVOPC" title="SVOPC">SVOPC</a></li> <li>TTA <ul><li>True Audio</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TwinVQ" title="TwinVQ">TwinVQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable-Rate_Multimode_Wideband" title="Variable-Rate Multimode Wideband">VMR-WB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vector_sum_excited_linear_prediction" title="Vector sum excited linear prediction">VSELP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WavPack" title="WavPack">WavPack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Media_Audio" title="Windows Media Audio">WMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_Quality_Authenticated" title="Master Quality Authenticated">MQA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AptX" title="AptX">aptX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AptX#aptX_HD" title="AptX">aptX HD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AptX#aptX_Low_Latency" title="AptX">aptX Low Latency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AptX#aptX_Adaptive" title="AptX">aptX Adaptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LDAC_(codec)" title="LDAC (codec)">LDAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LHDC_(codec)" title="LHDC (codec)">LHDC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LHDC_(codec)#LLAC" title="LHDC (codec)">LLAC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">Image<br />compression</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">IEC</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">IETF</a>, <br /><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</a>, <a href="/wiki/ITU-T" title="ITU-T">ITU-T</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joint_Photographic_Experts_Group" title="Joint Photographic Experts Group">JPEG</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_4_compression" title="Group 4 compression">CCITT Group 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GIF" title="GIF">GIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Efficiency_Image_File_Format#HEIC:_HEVC_in_HEIF" title="High Efficiency Image File Format">HEIC / HEIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Efficiency_Video_Coding#Main_Still_Picture" title="High Efficiency Video Coding">HEVC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JBIG" title="JBIG">JBIG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JBIG2" title="JBIG2">JBIG2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG">JPEG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_2000" title="JPEG 2000">JPEG 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG-LS" class="mw-redirect" title="JPEG-LS">JPEG-LS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XL" title="JPEG XL">JPEG XL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XR" title="JPEG XR">JPEG XR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XS" title="JPEG XS">JPEG XS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XT" title="JPEG XT">JPEG XT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portable_Network_Graphics" class="mw-redirect" title="Portable Network Graphics">PNG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TIFF" title="TIFF">TIFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TIFF/EP" title="TIFF/EP">TIFF/EP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TIFF/IT" class="mw-redirect" title="TIFF/IT">TIFF/IT</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/APNG" title="APNG">APNG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AV1" title="AV1">AV1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AVIF" title="AVIF">AVIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Better_Portable_Graphics" title="Better Portable Graphics">BPG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DjVu" title="DjVu">DjVu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenEXR" title="OpenEXR">EXR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Lossless_Image_Format" title="Free Lossless Image Format">FLIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICER_(file_format)" title="ICER (file format)">ICER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple-image_Network_Graphics" title="Multiple-image Network Graphics">MNG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Graphics_File" title="Progressive Graphics File">PGF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QOI_(image_format)" title="QOI (image format)">QOI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QuickTime_VR" title="QuickTime VR">QTVR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format" title="Wireless Application Protocol Bitmap Format">WBMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebP" title="WebP">WebP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_container_format" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital container format">Containers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">IEC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MPEG_elementary_stream" title="MPEG elementary stream">MPEG-ES</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Packetized_elementary_stream" title="Packetized elementary stream">MPEG-PES</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG_program_stream" title="MPEG program stream">MPEG-PS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG_transport_stream" title="MPEG transport stream">MPEG-TS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_base_media_file_format" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO/IEC base media file format">ISO/IEC base media file format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_14" class="mw-redirect" title="MPEG-4 Part 14">MPEG-4 Part 14</a> (MP4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_JPEG_2000" title="Motion JPEG 2000">Motion JPEG 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-21" title="MPEG-21">MPEG-21 Part 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG_media_transport" title="MPEG media transport">MPEG media transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/ITU-T" title="ITU-T">ITU-T</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-2#Systems" title="MPEG-2">H.222.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_JPEG_2000" title="Motion JPEG 2000">T.802</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">IETF</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Real-time_Transport_Protocol" title="Real-time Transport Protocol">RTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogg" title="Ogg">Ogg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matroska" title="Matroska">Matroska</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Motion_Picture_and_Television_Engineers" title="Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers">SMPTE</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Exchange_Format" title="General Exchange Format">GXF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Material_Exchange_Format" title="Material Exchange Format">MXF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3GP_and_3G2" title="3GP and 3G2">3GP and 3G2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMV_video_format" title="AMV video format">AMV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Systems_Format" title="Advanced Systems Format">ASF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_Interchange_File_Format" title="Audio Interchange File Format">AIFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_Video_Interleave" title="Audio Video Interleave">AVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Au_file_format" title="Au file format">AU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Better_Portable_Graphics" title="Better Portable Graphics">BPG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bink_Video" title="Bink Video">Bink</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smacker_video" title="Smacker video">Smacker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BMP_file_format" title="BMP file format">BMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DivX#DivX_Media_Format_(DMF)" title="DivX">DivX Media Format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_VOB" title="Enhanced VOB">EVO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_Video" title="Flash Video">Flash Video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Efficiency_Image_File_Format" title="High Efficiency Image File Format">HEIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interchange_File_Format" title="Interchange File Format">IFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.m2ts" title=".m2ts">M2TS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matroska" title="Matroska">Matroska</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WebM" title="WebM">WebM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QuickTime_File_Format" title="QuickTime File Format">QuickTime File Format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RatDVD" title="RatDVD">RatDVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RealMedia" title="RealMedia">RealMedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_Interchange_File_Format" title="Resource Interchange File Format">RIFF</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WAV" title="WAV">WAV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOD_and_TOD" title="MOD and TOD">MOD and TOD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VOB" title="VOB">VOB, IFO and BUP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Collaborations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NETVC" title="NETVC">NETVC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG_LA" title="MPEG LA">MPEG LA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Open_Media" title="Alliance for Open Media">Alliance for Open Media</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">Methods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Entropy_encoding" class="mw-redirect" title="Entropy encoding">Entropy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arithmetic_coding" title="Arithmetic coding">Arithmetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huffman_coding" title="Huffman coding">Huffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modified_Huffman_coding" title="Modified Huffman coding">Modified</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_predictive_coding" title="Linear predictive coding">LPC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algebraic_code-excited_linear_prediction" title="Algebraic code-excited linear prediction">ACELP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-excited_linear_prediction" title="Code-excited linear prediction">CELP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_spectral_pairs" title="Line spectral pairs">LSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warped_linear_predictive_coding" title="Warped linear predictive coding">WLPC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lossless_compression" title="Lossless compression">Lossless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lossy_compression" title="Lossy compression">Lossy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LZ77_and_LZ78" title="LZ77 and LZ78">LZ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DEFLATE" class="mw-redirect" title="DEFLATE">DEFLATE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lempel%E2%80%93Ziv%E2%80%93Welch" title="Lempel–Ziv–Welch">LZW</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation" title="Pulse-code modulation">PCM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A-law_algorithm" title="A-law algorithm">A-law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%9C-law_algorithm" title="Μ-law algorithm">µ-law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_differential_pulse-code_modulation" title="Adaptive differential pulse-code modulation">ADPCM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differential_pulse-code_modulation" title="Differential pulse-code modulation">DPCM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transform_coding" title="Transform coding">Transforms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_Fourier_transform" title="Fast Fourier transform">FFT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modified_discrete_cosine_transform" title="Modified discrete cosine transform">MDCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wavelet" title="Wavelet">Wavelet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daubechies_wavelet" title="Daubechies wavelet">Daubechies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_wavelet_transform" title="Discrete wavelet transform">DWT</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_audio_coding_formats" title="Comparison of audio coding formats">Comparison of audio coding formats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_video_codecs" title="Comparison of video codecs">Comparison of video codecs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_codecs" title="List of codecs">List of codecs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>See <a href="/wiki/Template:Compression_methods" title="Template:Compression methods">Compression methods</a> for techniques and <a href="/wiki/Template:Compression_software" title="Template:Compression software">Compression software</a> for codecs</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" 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