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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_experiments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early experiments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_experiments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pumping_engines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pumping_engines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Pumping engines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pumping_engines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Piston_steam_engines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Piston_steam_engines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Piston steam engines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Piston_steam_engines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-High-pressure_engines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High-pressure_engines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>High-pressure engines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High-pressure_engines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Horizontal_stationary_engine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Horizontal_stationary_engine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Horizontal stationary engine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Horizontal_stationary_engine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Road_vehicles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Road_vehicles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Road vehicles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Road_vehicles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marine_engines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marine_engines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Marine engines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marine_engines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Steam_locomotives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Steam_locomotives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Steam locomotives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Steam_locomotives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Steam_turbines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Steam_turbines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>Steam turbines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Steam_turbines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Present_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Present_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10</span> <span>Present development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Present_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Components_and_accessories_of_steam_engines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Components_and_accessories_of_steam_engines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Components and accessories of steam engines</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Components_and_accessories_of_steam_engines-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Components and accessories of steam engines subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Components_and_accessories_of_steam_engines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Heat_source" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heat_source"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Heat source</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heat_source-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boilers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boilers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Boilers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boilers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Motor_units" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motor_units"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Motor units</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motor_units-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cold_sink" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cold_sink"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Cold sink</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cold_sink-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_pump" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_pump"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Water pump</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_pump-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monitoring_and_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monitoring_and_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Monitoring and control</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monitoring_and_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Governor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Engine_configuration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Engine_configuration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Engine configuration</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Engine_configuration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Engine configuration subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Engine_configuration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Simple_engine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Simple_engine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Simple engine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Simple_engine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compound_engines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compound_engines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Compound engines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compound_engines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multiple-expansion_engines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multiple-expansion_engines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Multiple-expansion engines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multiple-expansion_engines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_motor_units" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_motor_units"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Types of motor units</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types_of_motor_units-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types of motor units subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types_of_motor_units-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reciprocating_piston" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reciprocating_piston"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Reciprocating piston</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reciprocating_piston-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Compression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Compression</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lead_in_the_valve_timing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lead_in_the_valve_timing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Lead in the valve timing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lead_in_the_valve_timing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uniflow_(or_unaflow)_engine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uniflow_(or_unaflow)_engine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Uniflow (or unaflow) engine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uniflow_(or_unaflow)_engine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turbine_engines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turbine_engines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Turbine engines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turbine_engines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oscillating_cylinder_steam_engines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oscillating_cylinder_steam_engines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Oscillating cylinder steam engines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oscillating_cylinder_steam_engines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rotary_steam_engines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rotary_steam_engines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Rotary steam engines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rotary_steam_engines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rocket_type" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rocket_type"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Rocket type</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rocket_type-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Safety</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Steam_cycle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Steam_cycle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Steam cycle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Steam_cycle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Efficiency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Efficiency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Efficiency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Efficiency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Steam engine</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 109 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-109" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">109 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoomenjin" title="Stoomenjin – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Stoomenjin" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dampfmaschine" title="Dampfmaschine – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Dampfmaschine" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="भाप इंजन – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="भाप इंजन" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%83_%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="محرك بخاري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="محرك بخاري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maquina_de_vapor" title="Maquina de vapor – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Maquina de vapor" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8" title="ভাপ ইঞ্জিন – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ভাপ ইঞ্জিন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1quina_de_vapor" title="Máquina de vapor – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Máquina de vapor" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buxar_ma%C5%9F%C4%B1n%C4%B1" title="Buxar maşını – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Buxar maşını" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C" title="بوخار ماشینی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بوخار ماشینی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8" title="বাষ্পীয় ইঞ্জিন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বাষ্পীয় ইঞ্জিন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheng-kh%C3%AC_ki-koan" title="Cheng-khì ki-koan – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Cheng-khì ki-koan" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Пар машинаһы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Пар машинаһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Парасілавая ўстаноўка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Парасілавая ўстаноўка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Парасілавая ўстаноўка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Парасілавая ўстаноўка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Парна машина – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Парна машина" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parna_ma%C5%A1ina" title="Parna mašina – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Parna mašina" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekanik_dre_vurezh" title="Mekanik dre vurezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Mekanik dre vurezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A0quina_de_vapor" title="Màquina de vapor – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Màquina de vapor" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parn%C3%AD_stroj" title="Parní stroj – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Parní stroj" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peiriant_ager" title="Peiriant ager – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Peiriant ager" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dampmaskine" title="Dampmaskine – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Dampmaskine" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dampfmaschine" title="Dampfmaschine – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Dampfmaschine" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurumasin" title="Aurumasin – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Aurumasin" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%84%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B7%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AE" title="Ατμομηχανή – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ατμομηχανή" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1quina_de_vapor" title="Máquina de vapor – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Máquina de vapor" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaporma%C5%9Dino" title="Vapormaŝino – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vapormaŝino" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lurrun-makina" title="Lurrun-makina – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lurrun-makina" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="موتور بخار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="موتور بخار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhaap_ingin" title="Bhaap ingin – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Bhaap ingin" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_%C3%A0_vapeur" title="Machine à vapeur – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Machine à vapeur" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoommasine" title="Stoommasine – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Stoommasine" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inneall_gaile" title="Inneall gaile – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Inneall gaile" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inneal-sm%C3%B9ide" title="Inneal-smùide – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Inneal-smùide" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1quina_de_vapor" title="Máquina de vapor – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Máquina de vapor" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A6%9D%EA%B8%B0%EA%B8%B0%EA%B4%80" title="증기기관 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="증기기관" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D5%B8%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%B4%D5%A5%D6%84%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A1" title="Շոգեմեքենա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Շոգեմեքենա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="भाप का इंजन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भाप का इंजन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parni_stroj" title="Parni stroj – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Parni stroj" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaporomashino" title="Vaporomashino – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Vaporomashino" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesin_uap" title="Mesin uap – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mesin uap" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machina_de_vapor" title="Machina de vapor – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Machina de vapor" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isilumbamdiki_somusi" title="Isilumbamdiki somusi – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Isilumbamdiki somusi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gufuv%C3%A9l" title="Gufuvél – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Gufuvél" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motore_a_vapore" title="Motore a vapore – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Motore a vapore" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A2_%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8" title="מנוע קיטור – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מנוע קיטור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesin_uwab" title="Mesin uwab – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Mesin uwab" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feveku_%C3%B1%C9%A9%C9%A3y%CA%8B%CA%8B" title="Feveku ñɩɣyʋʋ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Feveku ñɩɣyʋʋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%89%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ಉಗಿಯಂತ್ರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಉಗಿಯಂತ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Бу машинасы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бу машинасы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injini_ya_mvuke" title="Injini ya mvuke – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Injini ya mvuke" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machin_a_vap%C3%B2" title="Machin a vapò – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Machin a vapò" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%83_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Буу машинасы – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Буу машинасы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machina_vaporaria" title="Machina vaporaria – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Machina vaporaria" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tvaika_dzin%C4%93js" title="Tvaika dzinējs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tvaika dzinējs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garo_ma%C5%A1ina" title="Garo mašina – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Garo mašina" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_a_vapor" title="Motor a vapor – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Motor a vapor" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C5%91zg%C3%A9p" title="Gőzgép – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gőzgép" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Парна машина – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Парна машина" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="ആവിയന്ത്രം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആവിയന്ത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="वाफेचे इंजिन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="वाफेचे इंजिन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enjin_wap" title="Enjin wap – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Enjin wap" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Уурын машин – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Уурын машин" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%94%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%84%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B7_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="ရေနွေးငွေ့ အင်ဂျင် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရေနွေးငွေ့ အင်ဂျင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoommachine" title="Stoommachine – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Stoommachine" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="वाष्प इन्जिन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="वाष्प इन्जिन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="स्टिम इन्जिन – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="स्टिम इन्जिन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%92%B8%E6%B0%97%E6%A9%9F%E9%96%A2" title="蒸気機関 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="蒸気機関" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Ӏаьнаран машен – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Ӏаьнаран машен" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dampmaskin" title="Dampmaskin – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Dampmaskin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dampmaskin" title="Dampmaskin – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Dampmaskin" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maquina_de_vapor" title="Maquina de vapor – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Maquina de vapor" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bug%CA%BB_mashinasi" title="Bugʻ mashinasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bugʻ mashinasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%87%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%A3" title="ਭਾਫ਼ ਦਾ ਇੰਜਣ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਭਾਫ਼ ਦਾ ਇੰਜਣ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%81_%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%86" title="بھاف آلا انجن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بھاف آلا انجن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%A8%DA%93%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%86" title="د بړاس ماشين – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د بړاس ماشين" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stiim_injin" title="Stiim injin – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Stiim injin" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silnik_parowy" title="Silnik parowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Silnik parowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_a_vapor" title="Motor a vapor – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Motor a vapor" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_cu_abur" title="Motor cu abur – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Motor cu abur" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wapsi_kuyuchina" title="Wapsi kuyuchina – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Wapsi kuyuchina" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Парова машына – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Парова машына" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Паровая машина – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Паровая машина" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makina_me_avull" title="Makina me avull – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Makina me avull" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_engine" title="Steam engine – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Steam engine" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BB%D8%A7%DA%A6_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%DA%BB" title="ٻاڦ وارو انجڻ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ٻاڦ وارو انجڻ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parn%C3%BD_stroj" title="Parný stroj – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Parný stroj" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parni_stroj" title="Parni stroj – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Parni stroj" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B2%D9%88%DB%8E%D9%86%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%8C_%DA%BE%DB%95%DA%B5%D9%85%DB%8C" title="بزوێنەری ھەڵمی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بزوێنەری ھەڵمی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Парна машина – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Парна машина" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parna_ma%C5%A1ina" title="Parna mašina – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Parna mašina" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B6yrykone" title="Höyrykone – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Höyrykone" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85ngmaskin" title="Ångmaskin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ångmaskin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makinang_pinasisingawan" title="Makinang pinasisingawan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Makinang pinasisingawan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF" title="நீராவிப் பொறி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நீராவிப் பொறி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bu_y%C3%B6rtke%C3%A7e_(ma%C5%9Fina)" title="Bu yörtkeçe (maşina) – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Bu yörtkeçe (maşina)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF_%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="ఆవిరి యంత్రం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఆవిరి యంత్రం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3" title="เครื่องจักรไอน้ำ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เครื่องจักรไอน้ำ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buhar_makinesi" title="Buhar makinesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Buhar makinesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Парова машина – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Парова машина" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%86" title="دخانی انجن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دخانی انجن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%89%D9%86%D9%89%D8%B3%D9%89" title="ھور ماشىنىسى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ھور ماشىنىسى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puruma%C5%A1in" title="Purumašin – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Purumašin" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%99ng_c%C6%A1_h%C6%A1i_n%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc" title="Động cơ hơi nước – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Động cơ hơi nước" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurumoodor" title="Aurumoodor – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Aurumoodor" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Engine that uses steam to perform mechanical work</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the railway engine, see <a href="/wiki/Steam_locomotive" title="Steam locomotive">Steam locomotive</a>. For the steam turbine, see <a href="/wiki/Steam_turbine" title="Steam turbine">Steam turbine</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Steam machine" and "Steam-powered" redirect here. For the video game distribution service, see <a href="/wiki/Steam_(service)" title="Steam (service)">Steam (service)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Steam_machine_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Steam machine (disambiguation)">Steam machine (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#ccccff;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_technology" title="History of technology">History of technology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">By technological eras</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt>Premodern / <a href="/wiki/Pre-industrial_society" title="Pre-industrial society">Pre-industrial</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_technology" title="Prehistoric technology">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">lithic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Copper Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_technology" title="Ancient technology">Ancient</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Modern</dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-industrialization" title="Proto-industrialization">Proto-industrialization</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">First Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standardization" title="Standardization">Standardization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution" title="Second Industrial Revolution">Second Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_Age" title="Machine Age">Machine Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_Age" title="Atomic Age">Atomic Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_Age" title="Jet Age">Jet Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Age" title="Space Age">Space Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Revolution">Third Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_transformation" title="Digital transformation">Digital transformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Industrial_Revolution" title="Fourth Industrial Revolution">Fourth Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagination_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Imagination age">Imagination Age</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Future</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-industrial_society" title="Post-industrial society">Post-industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerging_technologies" title="Emerging technologies">Emerging technologies</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">By historical regions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_Africa" title="History of science and technology in Africa">Ancient Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_technology" title="Ancient Egyptian technology">Ancient Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="History of science and technology in the Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_China" title="History of science and technology in China">Ancient China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_technology" title="Ancient Greek technology">Hellenistic world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman technology">Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_inventions" title="List of Byzantine inventions">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_inventions_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="List of inventions in the medieval Islamic world">Medieval Islamic world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Agricultural_Revolution" title="Arab Agricultural Revolution">Arab Agricultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_technology" title="Medieval technology">Medieval Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_technology" title="Renaissance technology">Renaissance Europe</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">By type of technology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">History of agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_biotechnology" title="History of biotechnology">History of biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_communication" title="History of communication">History of communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_computer_hardware" class="mw-redirect" title="History of computer hardware">History of computer hardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_engineering#History" title="Electrical engineering">History of electrical engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_manufacturing" class="mw-redirect" title="History of manufacturing">History of manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history" title="Maritime history">History of maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_materials_science" title="History of materials science">History of materials science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_measurement" title="History of measurement">History of measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine" title="History of medicine">History of medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_machine" title="Simple machine">History of simple machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_technology#History" title="Nuclear technology">History of nuclear technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_transport" title="History of transport">History of transport</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Technology timelines</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_historic_inventions" title="Timeline of historic inventions">Timeline of historic inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_revolution" title="Technological revolution">Technological revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Technology_timelines" title="Category:Technology timelines">Complete list by category</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Technology" title="Portal:Technology">Article indices</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_technology" title="Outline of technology">Outline of technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_prehistoric_technology" title="Outline of prehistoric technology">Outline of prehistoric technology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_technology_sidebar" title="Template:History of technology sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_technology_sidebar" title="Template talk:History of technology sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_technology_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of technology sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JamesWattEngine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/JamesWattEngine.jpg/320px-JamesWattEngine.jpg" decoding="async" width="320" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/JamesWattEngine.jpg/480px-JamesWattEngine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/JamesWattEngine.jpg/640px-JamesWattEngine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2022" data-file-height="1650" /></a><figcaption>A model of a beam engine featuring James Watt's parallel linkage for double action<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stott_Park_Bobbin_Mill_Steam_Engine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Stott_Park_Bobbin_Mill_Steam_Engine.jpg/220px-Stott_Park_Bobbin_Mill_Steam_Engine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Stott_Park_Bobbin_Mill_Steam_Engine.jpg/330px-Stott_Park_Bobbin_Mill_Steam_Engine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Stott_Park_Bobbin_Mill_Steam_Engine.jpg/440px-Stott_Park_Bobbin_Mill_Steam_Engine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Stationary_steam_engine" title="Stationary steam engine">mill engine</a> from <a href="/wiki/Stott_Park_Bobbin_Mill" title="Stott Park Bobbin Mill">Stott Park Bobbin Mill</a>, Cumbria, England</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:52_8134_Hoentrop_2012-09-16.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/52_8134_Hoentrop_2012-09-16.jpg/220px-52_8134_Hoentrop_2012-09-16.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/52_8134_Hoentrop_2012-09-16.jpg/330px-52_8134_Hoentrop_2012-09-16.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/52_8134_Hoentrop_2012-09-16.jpg/440px-52_8134_Hoentrop_2012-09-16.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4020" data-file-height="2680" /></a><figcaption> A <a href="/wiki/Steam_locomotive" title="Steam locomotive">steam locomotive</a> from <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a>. This <a href="/wiki/DR_Class_52.80" title="DR Class 52.80">class</a> of engine was built in 1942–1950 and operated until 1988.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kemna_road_roller.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Kemna_road_roller.jpg/220px-Kemna_road_roller.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Kemna_road_roller.jpg/330px-Kemna_road_roller.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Kemna_road_roller.jpg/440px-Kemna_road_roller.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2556" data-file-height="1711" /></a><figcaption>A steam ploughing engine by <a href="/wiki/Kemna_Bau" title="Kemna Bau">Kemna</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>steam engine</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Heat_engine" title="Heat engine">heat engine</a> that performs <a href="/wiki/Work_(physics)" title="Work (physics)">mechanical work</a> using <a href="/wiki/Steam" title="Steam">steam</a> as its <a href="/wiki/Working_fluid" title="Working fluid">working fluid</a>. The steam engine uses the force produced by steam pressure to push a <a href="/wiki/Piston" title="Piston">piston</a> back and forth inside a <a href="/wiki/Cylinder_(locomotive)" title="Cylinder (locomotive)">cylinder</a>. This pushing force can be transformed by a <a href="/wiki/Connecting_rod" title="Connecting rod">connecting rod</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crank_(mechanism)" title="Crank (mechanism)">crank</a> into <a href="/wiki/Rotation" title="Rotation">rotational</a> force for work. The term "steam engine" is most commonly applied to <a href="/wiki/Reciprocating_engine" title="Reciprocating engine">reciprocating engines</a> as just described, although some authorities have also referred to the <a href="/wiki/Steam_turbine" title="Steam turbine">steam turbine</a> and devices such as Hero's <a href="/wiki/Aeolipile" title="Aeolipile">aeolipile</a> as "steam engines". The essential feature of steam engines is that they are <a href="/wiki/External_combustion_engine" title="External combustion engine">external combustion engines</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-miffin_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-miffin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where the working fluid is separated from the combustion products. The ideal <a href="/wiki/Thermodynamic" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermodynamic">thermodynamic</a> cycle used to analyze this process is called the <a href="/wiki/Rankine_cycle" title="Rankine cycle">Rankine cycle</a>. In general usage, the term <i>steam engine</i> can refer to either complete steam plants (including <a href="/wiki/Boiler_(power_generation)" title="Boiler (power generation)">boilers</a> etc.), such as railway <a href="/wiki/Steam_locomotive" title="Steam locomotive">steam locomotives</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portable_engine" title="Portable engine">portable engines</a>, or may refer to the <a href="/wiki/Piston" title="Piston">piston</a> or turbine machinery alone, as in the <a href="/wiki/Beam_engine" title="Beam engine">beam engine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stationary_steam_engine" title="Stationary steam engine">stationary steam engine</a>. </p><p>As noted, steam-driven devices such as the aeolipile were known in the first century AD, and there were a few other uses recorded in the 16th century. In 1606 <a href="/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimo_de_Ayanz_y_Beaumont" title="Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont">Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont</a> patented his invention of the first steam-powered water pump for draining mines.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Savery" title="Thomas Savery">Thomas Savery</a> is considered the inventor of the first commercially used steam powered device, a steam pump that used steam pressure operating directly on the water. The first commercially successful engine that could transmit continuous power to a machine was developed in 1712 by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Newcomen" title="Thomas Newcomen">Thomas Newcomen</a>. <a href="/wiki/James_Watt" title="James Watt">James Watt</a> made a critical improvement in 1764, by removing spent steam to a separate vessel for condensation, greatly improving the amount of work obtained per unit of fuel consumed. By the 19th century, stationary steam engines powered the factories of the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>. Steam engines replaced <a href="/wiki/Sailing_ship" title="Sailing ship">sails for ships</a> on <a href="/wiki/Paddle_steamer" title="Paddle steamer">paddle steamers</a>, and steam locomotives operated on the railways. </p><p>Reciprocating piston type steam engines were the dominant source of power until the early 20th century. The efficiency of stationary steam engine increased dramatically until about 1922.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The highest Rankine Cycle Efficiency of 91% and combined thermal efficiency of 31% was demonstrated and published in 1921 and 1928.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Advances in the design of <a href="/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">electric motors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">internal combustion engines</a> resulted in the gradual replacement of steam engines in commercial usage. Steam turbines replaced reciprocating engines in power generation, due to lower cost, higher operating speed, and higher efficiency.<sup id="cite_ref-Wiser_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiser-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Note that small scale steam turbines are much less efficient than large ones.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2023<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steam_engine&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, large reciprocating piston steam engines are still being manufactured in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steam_engine&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_steam_engine" title="History of the steam engine">History of the steam engine</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_experiments">Early experiments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steam_engine&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early experiments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As noted, one recorded rudimentary steam-powered engine was the <a href="/wiki/Aeolipile" title="Aeolipile">aeolipile</a> described by <a href="/wiki/Hero_of_Alexandria" title="Hero of Alexandria">Hero of Alexandria</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_mathematics" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic mathematics">Hellenistic mathematician</a> and engineer in <a href="/wiki/Egypt_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt (Roman province)">Roman Egypt</a> during the first century AD.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the following centuries, the few steam-powered engines known were, like the aeolipile,<sup id="cite_ref-Vitruvius_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vitruvius-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> essentially experimental devices used by inventors to demonstrate the properties of steam. </p><p>A rudimentary <a href="/wiki/Steam_turbine" title="Steam turbine">steam turbine</a> device was described by <a href="/wiki/Taqi_al-Din_Muhammad_ibn_Ma%27ruf" class="mw-redirect" title="Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf">Taqi al-Din</a><sup id="cite_ref-Hassan_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hassan-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Egypt" title="Ottoman Egypt">Ottoman Egypt</a> in 1551 and by <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Branca" title="Giovanni Branca">Giovanni Branca</a><sup id="cite_ref-Giovanni_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giovanni-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Italy in 1629.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENag2002432–_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENag2002432–-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Spanish inventor <a href="/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimo_de_Ayanz_y_Beaumont" title="Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont">Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont</a> received patents in 1606 for 50 steam-powered inventions, including a water pump for draining inundated mines.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Frenchman <a href="/wiki/Denis_Papin" title="Denis Papin">Denis Papin</a> did some useful work on the <a href="/wiki/Steam_digester" title="Steam digester">steam digester</a> in 1679, and first used a piston to raise weights in 1690.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHills198915,_16,_33_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHills198915,_16,_33-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pumping_engines">Pumping engines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steam_engine&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pumping engines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first commercial steam-powered device was a water pump, developed in 1698 by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Savery" title="Thomas Savery">Thomas Savery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lira_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lira-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It used condensing steam to create a vacuum which raised water from below and then used steam pressure to raise it higher. Small engines were effective though larger models were problematic. They had a very limited lift height and were prone to <a href="/wiki/Boiler_explosion" title="Boiler explosion">boiler explosions</a>. Savery's engine was used in mines, <a href="/wiki/Pumping_station" title="Pumping station">pumping stations</a> and supplying water to <a href="/wiki/Water_wheel" title="Water wheel">water wheels</a> powering textile machinery.<sup id="cite_ref-Hills16-20_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hills16-20-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One advantage of Savery's engine was its low cost.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandes1969p._62,_Note_2_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELandes1969p._62,_Note_2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bento_de_Moura_Portugal" title="Bento de Moura Portugal">Bento de Moura Portugal</a> introduced an improvement of Savery's construction "to render it capable of working itself", as described by <a href="/wiki/John_Smeaton" title="John Smeaton">John Smeaton</a> in the Philosophical Transactions published in 1751.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It continued to be manufactured until the late 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandes1969_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELandes1969-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At least one engine was still known to be operating in 1820.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Piston_steam_engines">Piston steam engines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steam_engine&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Piston steam engines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacob_Leupold_Steam_engine_1720.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Jacob_Leupold_Steam_engine_1720.jpg/220px-Jacob_Leupold_Steam_engine_1720.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Jacob_Leupold_Steam_engine_1720.jpg/330px-Jacob_Leupold_Steam_engine_1720.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Jacob_Leupold_Steam_engine_1720.jpg/440px-Jacob_Leupold_Steam_engine_1720.jpg 2x" data-file-width="839" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Leupold" title="Jacob Leupold">Jacob Leupold</a>'s steam engine, 1720</figcaption></figure> <p>The first commercially successful engine that could transmit continuous power to a machine was the <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmospheric engine">atmospheric engine</a>, invented by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Newcomen" title="Thomas Newcomen">Thomas Newcomen</a> around 1712.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown200260-_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown200260--24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It improved on Savery's steam pump, using a piston as proposed by Papin. Newcomen's engine was relatively inefficient, and mostly used for pumping water. It worked by creating a partial vacuum by condensing steam under a piston within a cylinder. It was employed for draining mine workings at depths originally impractical using traditional means, and for providing reusable water for driving waterwheels at factories sited away from a suitable "head". Water that passed over the wheel was pumped up into a storage reservoir above the wheel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunter1985_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunter1985-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1780 James Pickard patented the use of a flywheel and crankshaft to provide rotative motion from an improved Newcomen engine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENuvolariVerspagenTunzelmann20034_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENuvolariVerspagenTunzelmann20034-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1720, <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Leupold" title="Jacob Leupold">Jacob Leupold</a> described a two-cylinder high-pressure steam engine.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The invention was published in his major work "Theatri Machinarum Hydraulicarum".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The engine used two heavy pistons to provide motion to a water pump. Each piston was raised by the steam pressure and returned to its original position by gravity. The two pistons shared a common four-way <a href="/wiki/Rotary_valve" title="Rotary valve">rotary valve</a> connected directly to a steam boiler. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Watt_steam_pumping_engine.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Watt_steam_pumping_engine.JPG/220px-Watt_steam_pumping_engine.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Watt_steam_pumping_engine.JPG/330px-Watt_steam_pumping_engine.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Watt_steam_pumping_engine.JPG/440px-Watt_steam_pumping_engine.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2367" data-file-height="2250" /></a><figcaption>Early <a href="/wiki/Watt_steam_engine" title="Watt steam engine">Watt</a> pumping engine</figcaption></figure> <p>The next major step occurred when <a href="/wiki/James_Watt_(inventor)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Watt (inventor)">James Watt</a> developed (1763–1775) <a href="/wiki/Watt_steam_engine" title="Watt steam engine">an improved version</a> of Newcomen's engine, with a <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_steam_engine#Watt's_separate_condenser" title="History of the steam engine">separate condenser</a>. <a href="/wiki/Boulton_and_Watt" title="Boulton and Watt">Boulton and Watt</a>'s early engines used half as much coal as <a href="/wiki/John_Smeaton" title="John Smeaton">John Smeaton</a>'s improved version of Newcomen's.<sup id="cite_ref-HB_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HB-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Newcomen's and Watt's early engines were "atmospheric". They were powered by air pressure pushing a piston into the partial <a href="/wiki/Vacuum" title="Vacuum">vacuum</a> generated by <a href="/wiki/Condensation" title="Condensation">condensing</a> steam, instead of the <a href="/wiki/Pressure" title="Pressure">pressure</a> of expanding steam. The engine <a href="/wiki/Cylinder_(engine)" title="Cylinder (engine)">cylinders</a> had to be large because the only usable force acting on them was <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure" title="Atmospheric pressure">atmospheric pressure</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunter1985_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunter1985-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rosen_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosen-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Watt developed his engine further, modifying it to provide a rotary motion suitable for driving machinery. This enabled factories to be sited away from rivers, and accelerated the pace of the Industrial Revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-Rosen_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosen-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunter1985_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunter1985-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Thomson_2009_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomson_2009-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="High-pressure_engines">High-pressure engines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steam_engine&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: High-pressure engines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The meaning of high pressure, together with an actual value above ambient, depends on the era in which the term was used. For early use of the term Van Reimsdijk<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> refers to steam being at a sufficiently high pressure that it could be exhausted to atmosphere without reliance on a vacuum to enable it to perform useful work. <a href="#CITEREFEwing1894">Ewing 1894</a>, p. 22 states that Watt's condensing engines were known, at the time, as low pressure compared to high pressure, non-condensing engines of the same period. </p><p>Watt's patent prevented others from making high pressure and compound engines. Shortly after Watt's patent expired in 1800, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Trevithick" title="Richard Trevithick">Richard Trevithick</a> and, separately, <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Evans" title="Oliver Evans">Oliver Evans</a> in 1801<sup id="cite_ref-Thomson_2009_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomson_2009-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> introduced engines using high-pressure steam; Trevithick obtained his high-pressure engine patent in 1802,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Evans had made several working models before then.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were much more powerful for a given cylinder size than previous engines and could be made small enough for transport applications. Thereafter, technological developments and improvements in manufacturing techniques (partly brought about by the adoption of the steam engine as a power source) resulted in the design of more efficient engines that could be smaller, faster, or more powerful, depending on the intended application.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunter1985_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunter1985-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Cornish_engine" title="Cornish engine">Cornish engine</a> was developed by Trevithick and others in the 1810s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunter1985601–628_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunter1985601–628-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was a compound cycle engine that used high-pressure steam expansively, then condensed the low-pressure steam, making it relatively efficient. The Cornish engine had irregular motion and torque through the cycle, limiting it mainly to pumping. Cornish engines were used in mines and for water supply until the late 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunter1985601_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunter1985601-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Horizontal_stationary_engine">Horizontal stationary engine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steam_engine&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Horizontal stationary engine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Stationary_steam_engine" title="Stationary steam engine">Stationary steam engine</a></div> <p>Early builders of stationary steam engines considered that horizontal cylinders would be subject to excessive wear. Their engines were therefore arranged with the piston axis in vertical position. In time the horizontal arrangement became more popular, allowing compact, but powerful engines to be fitted in smaller spaces. </p><p>The acme of the horizontal engine was the <a href="/wiki/Corliss_steam_engine" title="Corliss steam engine">Corliss steam engine</a>, patented in 1849, which was a four-valve counter flow engine with separate steam admission and exhaust valves and automatic variable steam cutoff. When Corliss was given the <a href="/wiki/Rumford_Medal" title="Rumford Medal">Rumford Medal</a>, the committee said that "no one invention since Watt's time has so enhanced the efficiency of the steam engine".<sup id="cite_ref-NE_Manufacturers_1879_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NE_Manufacturers_1879-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to using 30% less steam, it provided more uniform speed due to variable steam cut off, making it well suited to manufacturing, especially cotton spinning.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunter1985_25-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunter1985-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Thomson_2009_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomson_2009-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Road_vehicles">Road vehicles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steam_engine&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Road vehicles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Steam_powered_road-locomotive_from_England.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Steam_powered_road-locomotive_from_England.png/220px-Steam_powered_road-locomotive_from_England.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Steam_powered_road-locomotive_from_England.png/330px-Steam_powered_road-locomotive_from_England.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Steam_powered_road-locomotive_from_England.png/440px-Steam_powered_road-locomotive_from_England.png 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="2600" /></a><figcaption>Steam powered road-locomotive from England</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_steam_road_vehicles" title="History of steam road vehicles">History of steam road vehicles</a></div> <p>The first experimental road-going steam-powered vehicles were built in the late 18th century, but it was not until after <a href="/wiki/Richard_Trevithick" title="Richard Trevithick">Richard Trevithick</a> had developed the use of high-pressure steam, around 1800, that mobile steam engines became a practical proposition. The first half of the 19th century saw great progress in steam vehicle design, and by the 1850s it was becoming viable to produce them on a commercial basis. This progress was dampened by legislation which limited or prohibited the use of steam-powered vehicles on roads. Improvements in vehicle technology continued from the 1860s to the 1920s. Steam road vehicles were used for many applications. In the 20th century, the rapid development of <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">internal combustion engine</a> technology led to the demise of the steam engine as a source of propulsion of vehicles on a commercial basis, with relatively few remaining in use beyond the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>. Many of these vehicles were acquired by enthusiasts for preservation, and numerous examples are still in existence. In the 1960s, the air pollution problems in California gave rise to a brief period of interest in developing and studying steam-powered vehicles as a possible means of reducing the pollution. Apart from interest by steam enthusiasts, the occasional replica vehicle, and experimental technology, no steam vehicles are in production at present. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marine_engines">Marine engines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steam_engine&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Marine engines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Triple_expansion_marine_steam_engine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Triple_expansion_marine_steam_engine.jpg/220px-Triple_expansion_marine_steam_engine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Triple_expansion_marine_steam_engine.jpg/330px-Triple_expansion_marine_steam_engine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Triple_expansion_marine_steam_engine.jpg/440px-Triple_expansion_marine_steam_engine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1178" data-file-height="886" /></a><figcaption>A triple-expansion <a href="/wiki/Marine_steam_engine" title="Marine steam engine">marine steam engine</a> on the 1907 oceangoing tug <a href="/wiki/Hercules_(1907)" title="Hercules (1907)"><i>Hercules</i></a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Marine_steam_engine" title="Marine steam engine">Marine steam engine</a></div> <p>Near the end of the 19th century, compound engines came into widespread use. <a href="/wiki/Compound_steam_engine" title="Compound steam engine">Compound engines</a> exhausted steam into successively larger cylinders to accommodate the higher volumes at reduced pressures, giving improved efficiency. These stages were called expansions, with double- and triple-expansion engines being common, especially in shipping where efficiency was important to reduce the weight of coal carried.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunter1985_25-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunter1985-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Steam engines remained the dominant source of power until the early 20th century, when advances in the design of the <a href="/wiki/Steam_turbine" title="Steam turbine">steam turbine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">electric motors</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">internal combustion engines</a> gradually resulted in the replacement of reciprocating (piston) steam engines, with merchant shipping relying increasingly upon <a href="/wiki/Diesel_engine" title="Diesel engine">diesel engines</a>, and warships on the steam turbine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunter1985_25-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunter1985-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wiser_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiser-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Steam_locomotives">Steam locomotives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steam_engine&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Steam locomotives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Steam_locomotive" title="Steam locomotive">Steam locomotive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Traction_engine" title="Traction engine">Traction engine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Steam_tractor" title="Steam tractor">Steam tractor</a></div> <p>As the development of steam engines progressed through the 18th century, various attempts were made to apply them to road and railway use.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayton2004_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayton2004-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1784, <a href="/wiki/William_Murdoch" title="William Murdoch">William Murdoch</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scottish</a> inventor, built a model steam road locomotive.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An early working model of a steam rail locomotive was designed and constructed by steamboat pioneer <a href="/wiki/John_Fitch_(inventor)" title="John Fitch (inventor)">John Fitch</a> in the United States probably during the 1780s or 1790s.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His steam locomotive used interior bladed wheels <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (August 2020)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> guided by rails or tracks. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Union_Pacific_844,_Painted_Rocks,_NV,_2009_(crop).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Union_Pacific_844%2C_Painted_Rocks%2C_NV%2C_2009_%28crop%29.jpg/220px-Union_Pacific_844%2C_Painted_Rocks%2C_NV%2C_2009_%28crop%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Union_Pacific_844%2C_Painted_Rocks%2C_NV%2C_2009_%28crop%29.jpg/330px-Union_Pacific_844%2C_Painted_Rocks%2C_NV%2C_2009_%28crop%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Union_Pacific_844%2C_Painted_Rocks%2C_NV%2C_2009_%28crop%29.jpg/440px-Union_Pacific_844%2C_Painted_Rocks%2C_NV%2C_2009_%28crop%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3776" data-file-height="2382" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Union_Pacific_844" title="Union Pacific 844">Union Pacific 844</a>, an "<a href="/wiki/Union_Pacific_FEF_series" title="Union Pacific FEF series">FEF-3</a>" <a href="/wiki/4-8-4" title="4-8-4">4-8-4</a> "Northern" type steam locomotive</figcaption></figure> <p>The first full-scale working railway steam locomotive was built by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Trevithick" title="Richard Trevithick">Richard Trevithick</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a> and, on 21 February 1804, the world's first railway journey took place as Trevithick's steam locomotive hauled 10 tones of iron, 70 passengers and five wagons along the <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">tramway</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Penydarren" title="Penydarren">Pen-y-darren</a> ironworks, near <a href="/wiki/Merthyr_Tydfil" title="Merthyr Tydfil">Merthyr Tydfil</a> to <a href="/wiki/Abercynon" title="Abercynon">Abercynon</a> in south <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayton2004_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayton2004-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The design incorporated a number of important innovations that included using high-pressure steam which reduced the weight of the engine and increased its efficiency. Trevithick visited the Newcastle area later in 1804 and the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_railway" title="Industrial railway">colliery railways</a> in north-east England became the leading centre for experimentation and development of steam locomotives.<sup id="cite_ref-Garnett,_2005_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garnett,_2005-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Trevithick continued his own experiments using a trio of locomotives, concluding with the <a href="/wiki/Catch_Me_Who_Can" title="Catch Me Who Can">Catch Me Who Can</a> in 1808. Only four years later, the successful twin-cylinder locomotive <i><a href="/wiki/The_Salamanca" class="mw-redirect" title="The Salamanca">Salamanca</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Murray" title="Matthew Murray">Matthew Murray</a> was used by the <a href="/wiki/Wagonway#Edgeway,_edge_rails" title="Wagonway">edge railed</a> <a href="/wiki/Rack_and_pinion" title="Rack and pinion">rack and pinion</a> <a href="/wiki/Middleton_Railway" title="Middleton Railway">Middleton Railway</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Young,1923_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Young,1923-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1825 <a href="/wiki/George_Stephenson" title="George Stephenson">George Stephenson</a> built the <i><a href="/wiki/Locomotion_No_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Locomotion No 1">Locomotion</a></i> for the <a href="/wiki/Stockton_and_Darlington_Railway" title="Stockton and Darlington Railway">Stockton and Darlington Railway</a>. This was the first public steam railway in the world and then in 1829, he built <i><a href="/wiki/Stephenson%27s_Rocket" title="Stephenson's Rocket">The Rocket</a></i> which was entered in and won the <a href="/wiki/Rainhill_Trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainhill Trials">Rainhill Trials</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ellis,1968_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ellis,1968-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway" title="Liverpool and Manchester Railway">Liverpool and Manchester Railway</a> opened in 1830 making exclusive use of steam power for both passenger and freight trains. </p><p>Steam locomotives continued to be manufactured until the late twentieth century in places such as <a href="/wiki/List_of_locomotives_in_China" title="List of locomotives in China">China</a> and the former <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> (where the <a href="/wiki/DR_Class_52.80" title="DR Class 52.80">DR Class 52.80</a> was produced).<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Steam_turbines">Steam turbines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steam_engine&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Steam turbines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Steam_turbine" title="Steam turbine">Steam turbine</a></div> <p>The final major evolution of the steam engine design was the use of steam <a href="/wiki/Turbine" title="Turbine">turbines</a> starting in the late part of the 19th century. Steam turbines are generally more efficient than reciprocating piston type steam engines (for outputs above several hundred horsepower), have fewer moving parts, and provide rotary power directly instead of through a <a href="/wiki/Connecting_rod" title="Connecting rod">connecting rod</a> system or similar means.<sup id="cite_ref-smil_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smil-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Steam turbines virtually replaced reciprocating engines in electricity generating stations early in the 20th century, where their efficiency, higher speed appropriate to generator service, and smooth rotation were advantages. Today most <a href="/wiki/Electric_power" title="Electric power">electric power</a> is provided by steam turbines. In the United States, 90% of the electric power is produced in this way using a variety of heat sources.<sup id="cite_ref-Wiser_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiser-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Steam turbines were extensively applied for propulsion of large ships throughout most of the 20th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Present_development">Present development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steam_engine&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Present development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Advanced_steam_technology" title="Advanced steam technology">Advanced steam technology</a></div> <p>Although the reciprocating steam engine is no longer in widespread commercial use, various companies are exploring or exploiting the potential of the engine as an alternative to internal combustion engines. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Components_and_accessories_of_steam_engines">Components and accessories of steam engines</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steam_engine&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Components and accessories of steam engines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are two fundamental components of a steam plant: the <a href="/wiki/Boiler" title="Boiler">boiler</a> or <a href="/wiki/Boiler_(steam_generator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Boiler (steam generator)">steam generator</a>, and the "motor unit", referred to itself as a "steam engine". <a href="/wiki/Stationary_steam_engine" title="Stationary steam engine">Stationary steam engines</a> in fixed buildings may have the boiler and engine in separate buildings some distance apart. For portable or mobile use, such as <a href="/wiki/Steam_locomotive" title="Steam locomotive">steam locomotives</a>, the two are mounted together.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The widely used reciprocating engine typically consisted of a cast-iron cylinder, piston, connecting rod and beam or a crank and flywheel, and miscellaneous linkages. Steam was alternately supplied and exhausted by one or more valves. Speed control was either automatic, using a governor, or by a manual valve. The cylinder casting contained steam supply and exhaust ports. </p><p>Engines equipped with a condenser are a separate type than those that exhaust to the atmosphere. </p><p>Other components are often present; pumps (such as an <a href="/wiki/Injector" title="Injector">injector</a>) to supply water to the boiler during operation, condensers to recirculate the water and recover the <a href="/wiki/Latent_heat" title="Latent heat">latent heat</a> of vaporisation, and <a href="/wiki/Superheater" title="Superheater">superheaters</a> to raise the temperature of the steam above its saturated vapour point, and various mechanisms to increase the draft for fireboxes. When coal is used, a chain or screw stoking mechanism and its drive engine or motor may be included to move the fuel from a supply bin (bunker) to the firebox.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heat_source">Heat source</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steam_engine&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Heat source"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The heat required for boiling the water and raising the temperature of the steam can be derived from various sources, most commonly from burning combustible materials with an appropriate supply of air in a closed space (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Combustion_chamber" title="Combustion chamber">combustion chamber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Firebox_(steam_engine)" title="Firebox (steam engine)">firebox</a>, furnace). In the case of <a href="/wiki/Model_steam_engine" title="Model steam engine">model or toy steam engines</a> and a few full scale cases, the heat source can be an <a href="/wiki/Heating_element" title="Heating element">electric heating element</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Boilers">Boilers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steam_engine&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Boilers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dampfkessel_f%C3%BCr_eine_Station%C3%A4rdampfmaschine_im_Textilmuseum_Bocholt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Dampfkessel_f%C3%BCr_eine_Station%C3%A4rdampfmaschine_im_Textilmuseum_Bocholt.jpg/220px-Dampfkessel_f%C3%BCr_eine_Station%C3%A4rdampfmaschine_im_Textilmuseum_Bocholt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Dampfkessel_f%C3%BCr_eine_Station%C3%A4rdampfmaschine_im_Textilmuseum_Bocholt.jpg/330px-Dampfkessel_f%C3%BCr_eine_Station%C3%A4rdampfmaschine_im_Textilmuseum_Bocholt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Dampfkessel_f%C3%BCr_eine_Station%C3%A4rdampfmaschine_im_Textilmuseum_Bocholt.jpg/440px-Dampfkessel_f%C3%BCr_eine_Station%C3%A4rdampfmaschine_im_Textilmuseum_Bocholt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1021" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>An industrial boiler used for a <a href="/wiki/Stationary_steam_engine" title="Stationary steam engine">stationary steam engine</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Boiler_(steam_generator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Boiler (steam generator)">Boiler (steam generator)</a></div> <p>Boilers are <a href="/wiki/Pressure_vessel" title="Pressure vessel">pressure vessels</a> that contain water to be boiled, and features that <a href="/wiki/Heat_exchanger" title="Heat exchanger">transfer the heat to the water</a> as effectively as possible. </p><p>The two most common types are: </p> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Water-tube_boiler" title="Water-tube boiler">Water-tube boiler</a></dt> <dd>Water is passed through tubes surrounded by hot gas.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Fire-tube_boiler" title="Fire-tube boiler">Fire-tube boiler</a></dt> <dd>Hot gas is passed through tubes immersed in water, the same water also circulates in a water jacket surrounding the firebox and, in high-output locomotive boilers, also passes through tubes in the firebox itself (thermic syphons and security circulators).</dd></dl> <p>Fire-tube boilers were the main type used for early high-pressure steam (typical steam locomotive practice), but they were to a large extent displaced by more economical water tube boilers in the late 19th century for marine propulsion and large stationary applications. </p><p>Many boilers raise the temperature of the steam after it has left that part of the boiler where it is in contact with the water. Known as <a href="/wiki/Superheating" title="Superheating">superheating</a> it turns '<a href="/wiki/Wet_steam" class="mw-redirect" title="Wet steam">wet steam</a>' into '<a href="/wiki/Superheated_steam" title="Superheated steam">superheated steam</a>'. It avoids the steam condensing in the engine cylinders, and gives a significantly higher <a href="/wiki/Heat_engine#Efficiency" title="Heat engine">efficiency</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHills1989248_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHills1989248-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeabody1893384_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeabody1893384-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Motor_units">Motor units</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steam_engine&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Motor units"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="#Types_of_motor_units">§ Types of motor units</a></div> <p>In a steam engine, a piston or steam turbine or any other similar device for doing mechanical work takes a supply of steam at high pressure and temperature and gives out a supply of steam at lower pressure and temperature, using as much of the difference in steam energy as possible to do mechanical work. </p><p>These "motor units" are often called 'steam engines' in their own right. Engines using compressed air or other gases differ from steam engines only in details that depend on the nature of the gas although <a href="/wiki/Compressed_air" title="Compressed air">compressed air</a> has been used in steam engines without change.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeabody1893384_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeabody1893384-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cold_sink">Cold sink</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steam_engine&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Cold sink"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As with all heat engines, the majority of <a href="/wiki/Primary_energy" title="Primary energy">primary energy</a> must be emitted as <a href="/wiki/Waste_heat" title="Waste heat">waste heat</a> at relatively low temperature.<sup id="cite_ref-energy.gov_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-energy.gov-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The simplest cold sink is to vent the steam to the environment. This is often used on <a href="/wiki/Steam_locomotive" title="Steam locomotive">steam locomotives</a> to avoid the weight and bulk of condensers. Some of the released steam is vented up the chimney so as to increase the draw on the fire, which greatly increases engine power, but reduces efficiency. </p><p>Sometimes the waste heat from the engine is useful itself, and in those cases, very high overall efficiency can be obtained. </p><p>Steam engines in stationary power plants use <a href="/wiki/Surface_condenser" title="Surface condenser">surface condensers</a> as a cold sink. The condensers are cooled by water flow from oceans, rivers, lakes, and often by <a href="/wiki/Cooling_tower" title="Cooling tower">cooling towers</a> which evaporate water to provide cooling energy removal. The resulting condensed hot water (<i>condensate</i>), is then pumped back up to pressure and sent back to the boiler. A dry-type cooling tower is similar to an automobile radiator and is used in locations where water is costly. Waste heat can also be ejected by evaporative (wet) cooling towers, which use a secondary external water circuit that evaporates some of flow to the air. </p><p>River boats initially used a <a href="/wiki/Jet_condenser" class="mw-redirect" title="Jet condenser">jet condenser</a> in which cold water from the river is injected into the exhaust steam from the engine. Cooling water and condensate mix. While this was also applied for sea-going vessels, generally after only a few days of operation the boiler would become coated with deposited salt, reducing performance and increasing the risk of a boiler explosion. Starting about 1834, the use of surface condensers on ships eliminated fouling of the boilers, and improved engine efficiency.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Evaporated water cannot be used for subsequent purposes (other than rain somewhere), whereas river water can be re-used. In all cases, the steam plant boiler feed water, which must be kept pure, is kept separate from the cooling water or air. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boiler_Feed_Injector_Diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Boiler_Feed_Injector_Diagram.svg/220px-Boiler_Feed_Injector_Diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Boiler_Feed_Injector_Diagram.svg/330px-Boiler_Feed_Injector_Diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Boiler_Feed_Injector_Diagram.svg/440px-Boiler_Feed_Injector_Diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="365" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Injector" title="Injector">injector</a> uses a jet of steam to force water into the boiler. Injectors are inefficient but simple enough to be suitable for use on locomotives.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_pump">Water pump</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steam_engine&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Water pump"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most steam boilers have a means to supply water whilst at pressure, so that they may be run continuously. Utility and industrial boilers commonly use multi-stage <a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_pump" title="Centrifugal pump">centrifugal pumps</a>; however, other types are used. Another means of supplying lower-pressure boiler feed water is an <a href="/wiki/Injector" title="Injector">injector</a>, which uses a steam jet usually supplied from the boiler. Injectors became popular in the 1850s but are no longer widely used, except in applications such as steam locomotives.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunter1985341–43_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunter1985341–43-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the pressurization of the water that circulates through the steam boiler that allows the water to be raised to temperatures well above 100 °C (212 °F) boiling point of water at one atmospheric pressure, and by that means to increase the efficiency of the steam cycle. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monitoring_and_control">Monitoring and control</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steam_engine&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Monitoring and control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Steam_indicator_(Steam_and_the_Steam_Engine_-_Land_and_Marine,_1875).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Steam_indicator_%28Steam_and_the_Steam_Engine_-_Land_and_Marine%2C_1875%29.jpg/180px-Steam_indicator_%28Steam_and_the_Steam_Engine_-_Land_and_Marine%2C_1875%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Steam_indicator_%28Steam_and_the_Steam_Engine_-_Land_and_Marine%2C_1875%29.jpg/270px-Steam_indicator_%28Steam_and_the_Steam_Engine_-_Land_and_Marine%2C_1875%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Steam_indicator_%28Steam_and_the_Steam_Engine_-_Land_and_Marine%2C_1875%29.jpg/360px-Steam_indicator_%28Steam_and_the_Steam_Engine_-_Land_and_Marine%2C_1875%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="489" data-file-height="652" /></a><figcaption>Richard's indicator instrument of 1875. See: Indicator diagram (below)</figcaption></figure> <p>For safety reasons, nearly all steam engines are equipped with mechanisms to monitor the boiler, such as a <a href="/wiki/Pressure_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressure gauge">pressure gauge</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Sight_glass" title="Sight glass">sight glass</a> to monitor the water level. </p><p>Many engines, stationary and mobile, are also fitted with a <a href="/wiki/Governor_(device)" title="Governor (device)">governor</a> to regulate the speed of the engine without the need for human interference. </p><p>The most useful instrument for analyzing the performance of steam engines is the steam engine indicator. Early versions were in use by 1851,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunterBryant1991123'The_Steam_Engine_Indicator'_Stillman,_Paul_(1851)_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunterBryant1991123'The_Steam_Engine_Indicator'_Stillman,_Paul_(1851)-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the most successful indicator was developed for the high speed engine inventor and manufacturer Charles Porter by Charles Richard and exhibited at London Exhibition in 1862.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomson_2009_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomson_2009-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The steam engine indicator traces on paper the pressure in the cylinder throughout the cycle, which can be used to spot various problems and calculate developed horsepower.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was routinely used by engineers, mechanics and insurance inspectors. The engine indicator can also be used on internal combustion engines. See image of indicator diagram below (in <i>Types of motor units</i> section). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Governor">Governor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steam_engine&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Governor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Governor_(device)" title="Governor (device)">Governor (device)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boulton_and_Watt_centrifugal_governor-MJ.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Boulton_and_Watt_centrifugal_governor-MJ.jpg/180px-Boulton_and_Watt_centrifugal_governor-MJ.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Boulton_and_Watt_centrifugal_governor-MJ.jpg/270px-Boulton_and_Watt_centrifugal_governor-MJ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Boulton_and_Watt_centrifugal_governor-MJ.jpg/360px-Boulton_and_Watt_centrifugal_governor-MJ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_governor" title="Centrifugal governor">Centrifugal governor</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Boulton_%26_Watt_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Boulton & Watt engine">Boulton & Watt engine</a> 1788 <a href="/wiki/Lap_Engine" title="Lap Engine">Lap Engine</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_governor" title="Centrifugal governor">centrifugal governor</a> was adopted by James Watt for use on a steam engine in 1788 after Watt's partner Boulton saw one on the equipment of a flour mill <a href="/wiki/Boulton_%26_Watt" class="mw-redirect" title="Boulton & Watt">Boulton & Watt</a> were building.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The governor could not actually hold a set speed, because it would assume a new constant speed in response to load changes. The governor was able to handle smaller variations such as those caused by fluctuating heat load to the boiler. Also, there was a tendency for oscillation whenever there was a speed change. As a consequence, engines equipped only with this governor were not suitable for operations requiring constant speed, such as cotton spinning.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The governor was improved over time and coupled with variable steam cut off, good speed control in response to changes in load was attainable near the end of the 19th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Engine_configuration">Engine configuration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steam_engine&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Engine configuration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Engine_cycles"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Simple_engine">Simple engine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steam_engine&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Simple engine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a simple engine, or "single expansion engine" the charge of steam passes through the entire expansion process in an individual cylinder, although a simple engine may have one or more individual cylinders.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is then exhausted directly into the atmosphere or into a condenser. As steam expands in passing through a high-pressure engine, its temperature drops because no heat is being added to the system; this is known as <a href="/wiki/Adiabatic_process" title="Adiabatic process">adiabatic expansion</a> and results in steam entering the cylinder at high temperature and leaving at lower temperature. This causes a cycle of heating and cooling of the cylinder with every stroke, which is a source of inefficiency.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunter1985445_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunter1985445-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="anchor" id="High_pressure_cylinder"></span> <span class="anchor" id="Low_pressure_cylinder"></span> </p><p>The dominant efficiency loss in reciprocating steam engines is cylinder condensation and re-evaporation. The steam cylinder and adjacent metal parts/ports operate at a temperature about halfway between the steam admission saturation temperature and the saturation temperature corresponding to the exhaust pressure. As high-pressure steam is admitted into the working cylinder, much of the high-temperature steam is condensed as water droplets onto the metal surfaces, significantly reducing the steam available for expansive work. When the expanding steam reaches low pressure (especially during the exhaust stroke), the previously deposited water droplets that had just been formed within the cylinder/ports now boil away (re-evaporation) and this steam does no further work in the cylinder.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>There are practical limits on the expansion ratio of a steam engine cylinder, as increasing cylinder surface area tends to exacerbate the cylinder condensation and re-evaporation issues. This negates the theoretical advantages associated with a high ratio of expansion in an individual cylinder.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compound_engines">Compound engines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steam_engine&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Compound engines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Compound_steam_engine" title="Compound steam engine">Compound steam engine</a></div> <p>A method to lessen the magnitude of energy loss to a very long cylinder was invented in 1804 by British engineer <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Woolf" title="Arthur Woolf">Arthur Woolf</a>, who patented his <i>Woolf high-pressure <b>compound engine</b></i> in 1805. In the compound engine, high-pressure steam from the boiler expands in a <b>high-pressure (HP) cylinder</b> and then enters one or more subsequent <b>lower-pressure (LP) cylinders</b>. The complete expansion of the steam now occurs across multiple cylinders, with the overall temperature drop within each cylinder reduced considerably. By expanding the steam in steps with smaller temperature range (within each cylinder) the condensation and re-evaporation efficiency issue (described above) is reduced. This reduces the magnitude of cylinder heating and cooling, increasing the efficiency of the engine. By staging the expansion in multiple cylinders, variations of torque can be reduced.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunter1985_25-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunter1985-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To derive equal work from lower-pressure cylinder requires a larger cylinder volume as this steam occupies a greater volume. Therefore, the bore, and in rare cases the stroke, are increased in low-pressure cylinders, resulting in larger cylinders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunter1985_25-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunter1985-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Double-expansion (usually known as <b>compound</b>) engines expanded the steam in two stages. The pairs may be duplicated or the work of the large low-pressure cylinder can be split with one high-pressure cylinder exhausting into one or the other, giving a three-cylinder layout where cylinder and piston diameter are about the same, making the reciprocating masses easier to balance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunter1985_25-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunter1985-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two-cylinder compounds can be arranged as: </p> <ul><li><b>Cross compounds</b>: The cylinders are side by side.</li> <li><b>Tandem compounds</b>: The cylinders are end to end, driving a common <a href="/wiki/Connecting_rod" title="Connecting rod">connecting rod</a></li> <li><b>Angle compounds</b>: The cylinders are arranged in a V (usually at a 90° angle) and drive a common crank.</li></ul> <p>With two-cylinder compounds used in railway work, the pistons are connected to the cranks as with a two-cylinder simple at 90° out of phase with each other (<i>quartered</i>). When the double-expansion group is duplicated, producing a four-cylinder compound, the individual pistons within the group are usually balanced at 180°, the groups being set at 90° to each other. In one case (the first type of <a href="/wiki/Vauclain_compound" title="Vauclain compound">Vauclain compound</a>), the pistons worked in the same phase driving a common crosshead and crank, again set at 90° as for a two-cylinder engine. With the three-cylinder compound arrangement, the LP cranks were either set at 90° with the HP one at 135° to the other two, or in some cases, all three cranks were set at 120°.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The adoption of compounding was common for industrial units, for road engines and almost universal for marine engines after 1880; it was not universally popular in railway locomotives where it was often perceived as complicated. This is partly due to the harsh railway operating environment and limited space afforded by the <a href="/wiki/Loading_gauge" title="Loading gauge">loading gauge</a> (particularly in Britain, where compounding was never common and not employed after 1930). However, although never in the majority, it was popular in many other countries.<sup id="cite_ref-van_Riemsdijk,_Compound_Locomotives_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-van_Riemsdijk,_Compound_Locomotives-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multiple-expansion_engines">Multiple-expansion engines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steam_engine&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Multiple-expansion engines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Multiple_expansion_engines"></span><span class="anchor" id="Triple-expansion_steam_engine"></span> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Compound_steam_engine" title="Compound steam engine">Compound steam engine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Triple_expansion_engine_animation.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Triple_expansion_engine_animation.gif/300px-Triple_expansion_engine_animation.gif" decoding="async" width="300" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Triple_expansion_engine_animation.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="234" /></a><figcaption>An animation of a simplified triple-expansion engine. High-pressure steam (red) enters from the boiler and passes through the engine, exhausting as low-pressure steam (blue), usually to a condenser.</figcaption></figure> <p>It is a logical extension of the compound engine (described above) to split the expansion into yet more stages to increase efficiency. The result is the <b>multiple-expansion engine</b>. Such engines use either three or four expansion stages and are known as <i>triple-</i> and <i>quadruple-expansion engines</i> respectively. These engines use a series of cylinders of progressively increasing diameter. These cylinders are designed to divide the work into equal shares for each expansion stage. As with the double-expansion engine, if space is at a premium, then two smaller cylinders may be used for the low-pressure stage. Multiple-expansion engines typically had the cylinders arranged inline, but various other formations were used. In the late 19th century, the <a href="/wiki/Compound_steam_engine#The_Yarrow-Schlick-Tweedy_system" title="Compound steam engine">Yarrow-Schlick-Tweedy balancing "system"</a> was used on some <a href="/wiki/Marine_steam_engine#Triple_or_multiple_expansion" title="Marine steam engine">marine triple-expansion engines</a>. Y-S-T engines divided the low-pressure expansion stages between two cylinders, one at each end of the engine. This allowed the crankshaft to be better balanced, resulting in a smoother, faster-responding engine which ran with less vibration. This made the four-cylinder triple-expansion engine popular with large passenger liners (such as the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_class_ocean_liner" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympic class ocean liner"><i>Olympic</i> class</a>), but this was ultimately replaced by the virtually vibration-free <a href="#Turbine_engines">turbine engine</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It is noted, however, that triple-expansion reciprocating steam engines were used to drive the World War II <a href="/wiki/Liberty_ship" title="Liberty ship">Liberty ships</a>, by far the largest number of identical ships ever built. Over 2700 ships were built, in the United States, from a British original design. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The image in this section shows an animation of a triple-expansion engine. The steam travels through the engine from left to right. The valve chest for each of the cylinders is to the left of the corresponding cylinder.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Land-based steam engines could exhaust their steam to atmosphere, as feed water was usually readily available. Prior to and during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the expansion engine dominated marine applications, where high vessel speed was not essential. It was, however, superseded by the British invention <a href="/wiki/Steam_turbine" title="Steam turbine">steam turbine</a> where speed was required, for instance in warships, such as the <a href="/wiki/Dreadnought_battleship" class="mw-redirect" title="Dreadnought battleship">dreadnought battleships</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ocean_liner" title="Ocean liner">ocean liners</a>. <a href="/wiki/HMS_Dreadnought_(1906)" title="HMS Dreadnought (1906)">HMS <i>Dreadnought</i></a> of 1905 was the first major warship to replace the proven technology of the reciprocating engine with the then-novel steam turbine.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_motor_units">Types of motor units</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steam_engine&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Types of motor units"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reciprocating_piston">Reciprocating piston</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steam_engine&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Reciprocating piston"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Reciprocating_engine" title="Reciprocating engine">Reciprocating engine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Steam_engine_in_action.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Steam_engine_in_action.gif/300px-Steam_engine_in_action.gif" decoding="async" width="300" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Steam_engine_in_action.gif/450px-Steam_engine_in_action.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Steam_engine_in_action.gif/600px-Steam_engine_in_action.gif 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="410" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Double-acting_cylinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Double-acting cylinder">Double acting</a> stationary engine. This was the common mill engine of the mid 19th century. Note the <a href="/wiki/Slide_valve" title="Slide valve">slide valve</a> with concave, almost D-shaped, underside.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indicator_diagram_steam_admission.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Indicator_diagram_steam_admission.svg/300px-Indicator_diagram_steam_admission.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Indicator_diagram_steam_admission.svg/450px-Indicator_diagram_steam_admission.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Indicator_diagram_steam_admission.svg/600px-Indicator_diagram_steam_admission.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="479" data-file-height="370" /></a><figcaption>Schematic <a href="/wiki/Indicator_diagram" title="Indicator diagram">Indicator diagram</a> showing the four events in a double piston stroke. See: Monitoring and control (above)</figcaption></figure> <p>In most reciprocating piston engines, the steam reverses its direction of flow at each <a href="/wiki/Stroke_(engines)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stroke (engines)">stroke</a> (counterflow), entering and exhausting from the same end of the cylinder. The complete engine cycle occupies one rotation of the crank and two piston strokes; the cycle also comprises four <i>events</i> – admission, expansion, exhaust, compression. These events are controlled by valves often working inside a <i>steam chest</i> adjacent to the cylinder; the valves distribute the steam by opening and closing steam <i>ports</i> communicating with the cylinder end(s) and are driven by <a href="/wiki/Valve_gear" title="Valve gear">valve gear</a>, of which there are many types.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The simplest valve gears give events of fixed length during the engine cycle and often make the engine rotate in only one direction. Many however have a reversing <a href="/wiki/Machine" title="Machine">mechanism</a> which additionally can provide means for saving steam as speed and momentum are gained by gradually "shortening the <a href="/wiki/Cutoff_(steam_engine)" title="Cutoff (steam engine)">cutoff</a>" or rather, shortening the admission event; this in turn proportionately lengthens the expansion period. However, as one and the same valve usually controls both steam flows, a short cutoff at admission adversely affects the exhaust and compression periods which should ideally always be kept fairly constant; if the exhaust event is too brief, the totality of the exhaust steam cannot evacuate the cylinder, choking it and giving excessive compression (<i>"kick back"</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1840s and 1850s, there were attempts to overcome this problem by means of various patent valve gears with a separate, variable cutoff <a href="/wiki/Expansion_valve_(steam_engine)" title="Expansion valve (steam engine)">expansion valve</a> riding on the back of the main slide valve; the latter usually had fixed or limited cutoff. The combined setup gave a fair approximation of the ideal events, at the expense of increased friction and wear, and the mechanism tended to be complicated. The usual compromise solution has been to provide <i>lap</i> by lengthening rubbing surfaces of the valve in such a way as to overlap the port on the admission side, with the effect that the exhaust side remains open for a longer period after cut-off on the admission side has occurred. This expedient has since been generally considered satisfactory for most purposes and makes possible the use of the simpler <a href="/wiki/Stephenson_valve_gear" title="Stephenson valve gear">Stephenson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joy_valve_gear" title="Joy valve gear">Joy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Walschaerts_valve_gear" title="Walschaerts valve gear">Walschaerts</a> motions. <a href="/wiki/Corliss_steam_engine" title="Corliss steam engine">Corliss</a>, and later, <a href="/wiki/Poppet_valve" title="Poppet valve">poppet valve</a> gears had separate admission and exhaust valves driven by <a href="/wiki/Trip_valve" class="mw-redirect" title="Trip valve">trip mechanisms</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cam_(mechanism)" title="Cam (mechanism)">cams</a> profiled so as to give ideal events; most of these gears never succeeded outside of the stationary marketplace due to various other issues including leakage and more delicate mechanisms.<sup id="cite_ref-van_Riemsdijk,_Compound_Locomotives_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-van_Riemsdijk,_Compound_Locomotives-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChapelon200056–72,_120-_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapelon200056–72,_120--69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Compression">Compression</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steam_engine&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Compression"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before the exhaust phase is quite complete, the exhaust side of the valve closes, shutting a portion of the exhaust steam inside the cylinder. This determines the compression phase where a cushion of steam is formed against which the piston does work whilst its velocity is rapidly decreasing; it moreover obviates the pressure and temperature shock, which would otherwise be caused by the sudden admission of the high-pressure steam at the beginning of the following cycle.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lead_in_the_valve_timing">Lead in the valve timing</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steam_engine&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Lead in the valve timing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The above effects are further enhanced by providing <i>lead</i>: as was later discovered with the <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">internal combustion engine</a>, it has been found advantageous since the late 1830s to advance the admission phase, giving the valve <i>lead</i> so that admission occurs a little before the end of the exhaust stroke in order to fill the <i>clearance volume</i> comprising the ports and the cylinder ends (not part of the piston-swept volume) before the steam begins to exert effort on the piston.<sup id="cite_ref-Bel,_Locomotives_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bel,_Locomotives-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uniflow_(or_unaflow)_engine"><span id="Uniflow_.28or_unaflow.29_engine"></span>Uniflow (or unaflow) engine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steam_engine&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Uniflow (or unaflow) engine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Uniflow_steam_engine" title="Uniflow steam engine">Uniflow steam engine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uniflow_steam_engine.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Uniflow_steam_engine.gif/250px-Uniflow_steam_engine.gif" decoding="async" width="250" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Uniflow_steam_engine.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="272" data-file-height="167" /></a><figcaption>Animation of a <a href="/wiki/Uniflow_steam_engine" title="Uniflow steam engine">uniflow steam engine</a>.<br />The <a href="/wiki/Poppet_valves" class="mw-redirect" title="Poppet valves">poppet valves</a> are controlled by the rotating <a href="/wiki/Camshaft" title="Camshaft">camshaft</a> at the top. High-pressure steam enters, red, and exhausts, yellow.</figcaption></figure> <p>Uniflow engines attempt to remedy the difficulties arising from the usual counterflow cycle where, during each stroke, the port and the cylinder walls will be cooled by the passing exhaust steam, whilst the hotter incoming admission steam will waste some of its energy in restoring the working temperature. The aim of the uniflow is to remedy this defect and improve efficiency by providing an additional port uncovered by the piston at the end of each stroke making the steam flow only in one direction. By this means, the simple-expansion uniflow engine gives efficiency equivalent to that of classic compound systems with the added advantage of superior part-load performance, and comparable efficiency to turbines for smaller engines below one thousand horsepower. However, the thermal expansion gradient uniflow engines produce along the cylinder wall gives practical difficulties.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turbine_engines">Turbine engines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steam_engine&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Turbine engines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Steam_turbine" title="Steam turbine">Steam turbine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dampfturbine_Laeufer01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Dampfturbine_Laeufer01.jpg/220px-Dampfturbine_Laeufer01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Dampfturbine_Laeufer01.jpg/330px-Dampfturbine_Laeufer01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Dampfturbine_Laeufer01.jpg/440px-Dampfturbine_Laeufer01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2126" data-file-height="2126" /></a><figcaption>A rotor of a modern <a href="/wiki/Steam_turbine" title="Steam turbine">steam turbine</a>, used in a <a href="/wiki/Power_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Power plant">power plant</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A steam turbine consists of one or more <i><a href="/wiki/Steam_turbine#Reaction_turbines" title="Steam turbine">rotors</a></i> (rotating discs) mounted on a drive shaft, alternating with a series of <i><a href="/wiki/Steam_turbine#Reaction_turbines" title="Steam turbine">stators</a></i> (static discs) fixed to the turbine casing. The rotors have a propeller-like arrangement of blades at the outer edge. Steam acts upon these blades, producing rotary motion. The stator consists of a similar, but fixed, series of blades that serve to redirect the steam flow onto the next rotor stage. A steam turbine often exhausts into a <a href="/wiki/Surface_condenser" title="Surface condenser">surface condenser</a> that provides a vacuum. The stages of a steam turbine are typically arranged to extract the maximum potential work from a specific velocity and pressure of steam, giving rise to a series of variably sized high- and low-pressure stages. Turbines are only efficient if they rotate at relatively high speed, therefore they are usually connected to reduction gearing to drive lower speed applications, such as a ship's propeller. In the vast majority of large electric generating stations, turbines are directly connected to generators with no reduction gearing. Typical speeds are 3600 revolutions per minute (RPM) in the United States with 60 Hertz power, and 3000 RPM in Europe and other countries with 50 Hertz electric power systems. In nuclear power applications, the turbines typically run at half these speeds, 1800 RPM and 1500 RPM. A turbine rotor is also only capable of providing power when rotating in one direction. Therefore, a reversing stage or gearbox is usually required where power is required in the opposite direction.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Steam turbines provide direct rotational force and therefore do not require a linkage mechanism to convert reciprocating to rotary motion. Thus, they produce smoother rotational forces on the output shaft. This contributes to a lower maintenance requirement and less wear on the machinery they power than a comparable reciprocating engine.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turbinia_At_Speed.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Turbinia_At_Speed.jpg/220px-Turbinia_At_Speed.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Turbinia_At_Speed.jpg/330px-Turbinia_At_Speed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Turbinia_At_Speed.jpg/440px-Turbinia_At_Speed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1408" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Turbinia" title="Turbinia">Turbinia</a></i> – the first <a href="/wiki/Steam_turbine" title="Steam turbine">steam turbine</a>-powered ship</figcaption></figure> <p>The main use for steam turbines is in <a href="/wiki/Electricity_generation" title="Electricity generation">electricity generation</a> (in the 1990s about 90% of the world's electric production was by use of steam turbines)<sup id="cite_ref-Wiser_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiser-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however the recent widespread application of large gas turbine units and typical combined cycle power plants has resulted in reduction of this percentage to the 80% regime for steam turbines. In electricity production, the high speed of turbine rotation matches well with the speed of modern electric generators, which are typically direct connected to their driving turbines. In marine service, (pioneered on the <i><a href="/wiki/Turbinia" title="Turbinia">Turbinia</a></i>), steam turbines with reduction gearing (although the Turbinia has direct turbines to propellers with no reduction gearbox) dominated large ship propulsion throughout the late 20th century, being more efficient (and requiring far less maintenance) than reciprocating steam engines. In recent decades, reciprocating Diesel engines, and gas turbines, have almost entirely supplanted steam propulsion for marine applications.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Virtually all <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear power</a> plants generate electricity by heating water to provide steam that drives a turbine connected to an <a href="/wiki/Electrical_generator" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical generator">electrical generator</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_marine_propulsion" title="Nuclear marine propulsion">Nuclear-powered ships and submarines</a> either use a steam turbine directly for main propulsion, with generators providing auxiliary power, or else employ <a href="/wiki/Turbo-electric_transmission" class="mw-redirect" title="Turbo-electric transmission">turbo-electric transmission</a>, where the steam drives a <a href="/wiki/Turbo_generator" title="Turbo generator">turbo generator</a> set with propulsion provided by electric motors. A limited number of <a href="/wiki/Steam_turbine_locomotive" title="Steam turbine locomotive">steam turbine railroad locomotives</a> were manufactured. Some non-condensing direct-drive locomotives did meet with some success for long haul freight operations in <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> and for <a href="/wiki/LMS_Turbomotive" title="LMS Turbomotive">express passenger work in Britain</a>, but were not repeated. Elsewhere, notably in the United States, more advanced designs with electric transmission were built experimentally, but not reproduced. It was found that steam turbines were not ideally suited to the railroad environment and these locomotives failed to oust the classic reciprocating steam unit in the way that modern diesel and electric traction has done.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oscillating_cylinder.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Oscillating_cylinder.svg/220px-Oscillating_cylinder.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Oscillating_cylinder.svg/330px-Oscillating_cylinder.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Oscillating_cylinder.svg/440px-Oscillating_cylinder.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="467" data-file-height="440" /></a><figcaption>Operation of a simple <a href="/wiki/Oscillating_cylinder_steam_engine" title="Oscillating cylinder steam engine">oscillating cylinder steam engine</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oscillating_cylinder_steam_engines">Oscillating cylinder steam engines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steam_engine&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Oscillating cylinder steam engines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Oscillating_cylinder_steam_engine" title="Oscillating cylinder steam engine">Oscillating cylinder steam engine</a></div> <p>An oscillating cylinder steam engine is a variant of the simple expansion steam engine which does not require <a href="/wiki/Valve_gear" title="Valve gear">valves</a> to direct steam into and out of the cylinder. Instead of valves, the entire cylinder rocks, or oscillates, such that one or more holes in the cylinder line up with holes in a fixed port face or in the pivot mounting (<a href="/wiki/Trunnion" title="Trunnion">trunnion</a>). These engines are mainly used in toys and models because of their simplicity, but have also been used in full-size working engines, mainly on <a href="/wiki/Marine_steam_engine#Oscillating" title="Marine steam engine">ships</a> where their compactness is valued.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rotary_steam_engines">Rotary steam engines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steam_engine&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Rotary steam engines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is possible to use a mechanism based on a <a href="/wiki/Pistonless_rotary_engine" title="Pistonless rotary engine">pistonless rotary engine</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Wankel_engine" title="Wankel engine">Wankel engine</a> in place of the cylinders and <a href="/wiki/Valve_gear" title="Valve gear">valve gear</a> of a conventional reciprocating steam engine. Many such engines have been designed, from the time of James Watt to the present day, but relatively few were actually built and even fewer went into quantity production; see link at bottom of article for more details. The major problem is the difficulty of sealing the rotors to make them steam-tight in the face of wear and <a href="/wiki/Thermal_expansion" title="Thermal expansion">thermal expansion</a>; the resulting leakage made them very inefficient. Lack of expansive working, or any means of control of the <a href="/wiki/Cutoff_(steam_engine)" title="Cutoff (steam engine)">cutoff</a>, is also a serious problem with many such designs.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>By the 1840s, it was clear that the concept had inherent problems and rotary engines were treated with some derision in the technical press. However, the arrival of electricity on the scene, and the obvious advantages of driving a dynamo directly from a high-speed engine, led to something of a revival in interest in the 1880s and 1890s, and a few designs had some limited success.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. </p><p>Of the few designs that were manufactured in quantity, those of the Hult Brothers Rotary Steam Engine Company of Stockholm, Sweden, and the spherical engine of <a href="/wiki/Beauchamp_Tower" title="Beauchamp Tower">Beauchamp Tower</a> are notable. Tower's engines were used by the <a href="/wiki/Great_Eastern_Railway" title="Great Eastern Railway">Great Eastern Railway</a> to drive lighting dynamos on their locomotives, and by the <a href="/wiki/British_Admiralty" class="mw-redirect" title="British Admiralty">Admiralty</a> for driving dynamos on board the ships of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>. They were eventually replaced in these niche applications by steam turbines.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aeolipile_illustration.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Line drawing of a sphere suspended between two uprights forming a horizontal axis. Two right-angle jet arms at the circumference expel steam that has been produced by boiling water in a closed vessel under the two uprights, which are hollow and let steam flow into the interior of the sphere." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Aeolipile_illustration.png/170px-Aeolipile_illustration.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Aeolipile_illustration.png/255px-Aeolipile_illustration.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Aeolipile_illustration.png/340px-Aeolipile_illustration.png 2x" data-file-width="471" data-file-height="714" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Aeolipile" title="Aeolipile">aeolipile</a> rotates due to the steam escaping from the arms. No practical use was made of this effect.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rocket_type">Rocket type</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steam_engine&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Rocket type"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Steam_rocket" title="Steam rocket">Steam rocket</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Aeolipile" title="Aeolipile">aeolipile</a> represents the use of steam by the <a href="/wiki/Reaction_engine" title="Reaction engine">rocket-reaction principle</a>, although not for direct propulsion.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In more modern times there has been limited use of steam for rocketry – particularly for rocket cars. Steam rocketry works by filling a pressure vessel with hot water at high pressure and opening a valve leading to a suitable nozzle. The drop in pressure immediately boils some of the water and the steam leaves through a nozzle, creating a propulsive force.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Verbiest" title="Ferdinand Verbiest">Ferdinand Verbiest</a>'s carriage was powered by an aeolipile in 1679.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Verbiest's car appears to use a turbine, not an aeolipile. Motion is derived from the jet impacting upon a wheen, not from the reaction to the jet. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Safety">Safety</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steam_engine&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Safety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Steam engines possess boilers and other components that are <a href="/wiki/Pressure_vessel" title="Pressure vessel">pressure vessels</a> that contain a great deal of potential energy. Steam escapes and <a href="/wiki/Boiler_explosion" title="Boiler explosion">boiler explosions</a> (typically <a href="/wiki/BLEVE" class="mw-redirect" title="BLEVE">BLEVEs</a>) can and have in the past caused great loss of life. While variations in standards may exist in different countries, stringent legal, testing, training, care with manufacture, operation and certification is applied to ensure safety.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Failure modes may include: </p> <ul><li>over-pressurisation of the boiler</li> <li>insufficient water in the boiler causing overheating and vessel failure</li> <li>buildup of sediment and scale which cause local hot spots, especially in riverboats using dirty feed water</li> <li>pressure vessel failure of the boiler due to inadequate construction or maintenance.</li> <li>escape of steam from pipework/boiler causing scalding</li></ul> <p>Steam engines frequently possess two independent mechanisms for ensuring that the pressure in the boiler does not go too high; one may be adjusted by the user, the second is typically designed as an ultimate fail-safe. Such <a href="/wiki/Safety_valve" title="Safety valve">safety valves</a> traditionally used a simple lever to restrain a plug valve in the top of a boiler. One end of the lever carried a weight or spring that restrained the valve against steam pressure. Early valves could be adjusted by engine drivers, leading to many accidents when a driver fastened the valve down to allow greater steam pressure and more power from the engine. The more recent type of safety valve uses an adjustable spring-loaded valve, which is locked such that operators may not tamper with its adjustment unless a seal is illegally broken. This arrangement is considerably safer.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Lead <a href="/wiki/Fusible_plug" title="Fusible plug">fusible plugs</a> may be present in the crown of the boiler's firebox. If the water level drops, such that the temperature of the firebox crown increases significantly, the <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> melts and the steam escapes, warning the operators, who may then manually suppress the fire. Except in the smallest of boilers the steam escape has little effect on dampening the fire. The plugs are also too small in area to lower steam pressure significantly, depressurizing the boiler. If they were any larger, the volume of escaping steam would itself endanger the crew.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Steam_cycle">Steam cycle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steam_engine&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Steam cycle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rankine_cycle" title="Rankine cycle">Rankine cycle</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Thermodynamics" title="Thermodynamics">Thermodynamics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heat_transfer" title="Heat transfer">Heat transfer</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rankine_cycle_layout.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Rankine_cycle_layout.png/300px-Rankine_cycle_layout.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Rankine_cycle_layout.png/450px-Rankine_cycle_layout.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Rankine_cycle_layout.png/600px-Rankine_cycle_layout.png 2x" data-file-width="1850" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Flow diagram of the four main devices used in the <a href="/wiki/Rankine_cycle" title="Rankine cycle">Rankine cycle</a>. 1) Feedwater pump 2) Boiler or steam generator 3) Turbine or engine 4) Condenser; where <i>Q</i>=heat and <i>W</i>=work. Most of the heat is rejected as waste.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Rankine cycle is the fundamental thermodynamic underpinning of the steam engine. The cycle is an arrangement of components as is typically used for simple power production, and uses the phase change of water (boiling water producing steam, condensing exhaust steam, producing liquid water)) to provide a practical heat/power conversion system. The heat is supplied externally to a closed loop with some of the heat added being converted to work and the waste heat being removed in a condenser. The Rankine cycle is used in virtually all steam power production applications. In the 1990s, Rankine steam cycles generated about 90% of all electric power used throughout the world, including virtually all <a href="/wiki/Solar_thermal" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar thermal">solar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coal_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal power">coal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear</a> <a href="/wiki/Power_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Power plant">power plants</a>. It is named after <a href="/wiki/William_John_Macquorn_Rankine" class="mw-redirect" title="William John Macquorn Rankine">William John Macquorn Rankine</a>, a Scottish <a href="/wiki/Polymath" title="Polymath">polymath</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Rankine cycle is sometimes referred to as a practical <a href="/wiki/Carnot_cycle" title="Carnot cycle">Carnot cycle</a> because, when an efficient turbine is used, the <a href="/wiki/TS_diagram" class="mw-redirect" title="TS diagram">TS diagram</a> begins to resemble the Carnot cycle. The main difference is that heat addition (in the boiler) and rejection (in the condenser) are <a href="/wiki/Isobaric_process" title="Isobaric process">isobaric</a> (constant pressure) processes in the Rankine cycle and <a href="/wiki/Isothermal_process" title="Isothermal process">isothermal</a> (constant <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a>) processes in the theoretical Carnot cycle. In this cycle, a pump is used to pressurize the working fluid which is received from the condenser as a liquid not as a gas. Pumping the working fluid in liquid form during the cycle requires a small fraction of the energy to transport it compared to the energy needed to compress the working fluid in gaseous form in a compressor (as in the <a href="/wiki/Carnot_cycle" title="Carnot cycle">Carnot cycle</a>). The cycle of a reciprocating steam engine differs from that of turbines because of condensation and re-evaporation occurring in the cylinder or in the steam inlet passages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunter1985445_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunter1985445-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The working fluid in a Rankine cycle can operate as a closed loop system, where the working fluid is recycled continuously, or may be an "open loop" system, where the exhaust steam is directly released to the atmosphere, and a separate source of water feeding the boiler is supplied. Normally water is the fluid of choice due to its favourable properties, such as non-toxic and unreactive chemistry, abundance, low cost, and its <a href="/wiki/Properties_of_water#Heat_capacity_and_heats_of_vaporization_and_fusion" title="Properties of water">thermodynamic properties</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Mercury</a> is the working fluid in the <a href="/wiki/Mercury_vapor_turbine" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercury vapor turbine">mercury vapor turbine</a>. Low boiling hydrocarbons can be used in a <a href="/wiki/Binary_cycle" title="Binary cycle">binary cycle</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The steam engine contributed much to the development of thermodynamic theory; however, the only applications of scientific theory that influenced the steam engine were the original concepts of harnessing the power of steam and atmospheric pressure and knowledge of properties of heat and steam. The experimental measurements made by Watt on a model steam engine led to the development of the separate condenser. Watt independently discovered <a href="/wiki/Latent_heat" title="Latent heat">latent heat</a>, which was confirmed by the original discoverer <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Black" title="Joseph Black">Joseph Black</a>, who also advised Watt on experimental procedures. Watt was also aware of the change in the boiling point of water with pressure. Otherwise, the improvements to the engine itself were more mechanical in nature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandes1969_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELandes1969-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The thermodynamic concepts of the Rankine cycle did give engineers the understanding needed to calculate efficiency which aided the development of modern high-pressure and -temperature boilers and the steam turbine.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Efficiency">Efficiency</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steam_engine&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Efficiency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Thermal_efficiency" title="Thermal efficiency">Thermal efficiency</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Engine_efficiency#Steam_engine" title="Engine efficiency">Engine efficiency § Steam engine</a></div> <p>The efficiency of an engine cycle can be calculated by dividing the energy output of mechanical work that the engine produces by the energy put into the engine. </p><p>The historical measure of a steam engine's <a href="/wiki/Thermal_efficiency" title="Thermal efficiency">energy efficiency</a> was its "duty". The concept of duty was first introduced by Watt in order to illustrate how much more efficient his engines were over the earlier <a href="/wiki/Newcomen_atmospheric_engine" title="Newcomen atmospheric engine">Newcomen designs</a>. Duty is the number of <a href="/wiki/Foot-pounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Foot-pounds">foot-pounds</a> of <a href="/wiki/Work_(physics)" title="Work (physics)">work</a> delivered by burning one <a href="/wiki/Bushel" title="Bushel">bushel</a> (94 pounds) of coal. The best examples of Newcomen designs had a duty of about 7 million, but most were closer to 5 million. Watt's original low-pressure designs were able to deliver duty as high as 25 million, but averaged about 17. This was a three-fold improvement over the average Newcomen design. Early Watt engines equipped with high-pressure steam improved this to 65 million.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>No heat engine can be more efficient than the <a href="/wiki/Carnot_cycle" title="Carnot cycle">Carnot cycle</a>, in which heat is moved from a high-temperature reservoir to one at a low temperature, and the efficiency depends on the temperature difference. For the greatest efficiency, steam engines should be operated at the highest steam temperature possible (<a href="/wiki/Superheater" title="Superheater">superheated steam</a>), and release the waste heat at the lowest temperature possible.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The efficiency of a Rankine cycle is usually limited by the working fluid. Without the pressure reaching <a href="/wiki/Critical_point_(thermodynamics)" title="Critical point (thermodynamics)">supercritical</a> levels for the working fluid, the temperature range over which the cycle can operate is small; in steam turbines, turbine entry temperatures are typically 565 °C (the <a href="/wiki/Creep_(deformation)" title="Creep (deformation)">creep</a> limit of stainless steel) and condenser temperatures are around 30 °C. This gives a theoretical <a href="/wiki/Carnot_efficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnot efficiency">Carnot efficiency</a> of about 63% compared with an actual efficiency of 42% for a modern <a href="/wiki/Coal-fired_power_station" title="Coal-fired power station">coal-fired power station</a>. This low turbine entry temperature (compared with a <a href="/wiki/Gas_turbine" title="Gas turbine">gas turbine</a>) is why the Rankine cycle is often used as a bottoming cycle in <a href="/wiki/Combined_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Combined cycle">combined-cycle gas turbine</a> power stations.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>One principal advantage the Rankine cycle holds over others is that during the compression stage relatively little work is required to drive the pump, the working fluid being in its liquid phase at this point. By condensing the fluid, the work required by the pump consumes only 1% to 3% of the turbine (or reciprocating engine) power and contributes to a much higher efficiency for a real cycle. The benefit of this is lost somewhat due to the lower heat addition temperature. <a href="/wiki/Gas_turbine" title="Gas turbine">Gas turbines</a>, for instance, have turbine entry temperatures approaching 1500 °C. Nonetheless, the efficiencies of actual large steam cycles and large modern simple cycle gas turbines are fairly well matched.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In practice, a reciprocating steam engine cycle exhausting the steam to atmosphere will typically have an efficiency (including the boiler) in the range of 1–10%. However, with the addition of a condenser, Corliss valves, multiple expansion, and high steam pressure/temperature, it may be greatly improved. Historically into the range of 10–20%, and very rarely slightly higher.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A modern, large electrical power station (producing several hundred megawatts of electrical output) with <a href="/wiki/Steam_reheat" class="mw-redirect" title="Steam reheat">steam reheat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economizer" title="Economizer">economizer</a> etc. will achieve efficiency in the mid 40% range, with the most efficient units approaching 50% thermal efficiency.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>It is also possible to capture the waste heat using <a href="/wiki/Cogeneration" title="Cogeneration">cogeneration</a> in which the waste heat is used for heating a lower boiling point working fluid or as a heat source for district heating via saturated low-pressure steam.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GNR_N2_1744_at_Weybourne_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1479849.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A steam locomotive – a GNR N2 Class No.1744 at Weybourne nr. Sheringham, Norfolk"><img alt="A steam locomotive – a GNR N2 Class No.1744 at Weybourne nr. Sheringham, Norfolk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/GNR_N2_1744_at_Weybourne_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1479849.jpg/120px-GNR_N2_1744_at_Weybourne_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1479849.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/GNR_N2_1744_at_Weybourne_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1479849.jpg/180px-GNR_N2_1744_at_Weybourne_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1479849.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/GNR_N2_1744_at_Weybourne_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1479849.jpg/240px-GNR_N2_1744_at_Weybourne_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1479849.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A steam locomotive – a <a href="/wiki/GNR_Class_N2" title="GNR Class N2">GNR N2 Class</a> No.1744 at Weybourne nr. <a href="/wiki/Sheringham" title="Sheringham">Sheringham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norfolk" title="Norfolk">Norfolk</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dampf-Fahrrad_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A steam-powered bicycle by John van de Riet, in Dortmund"><img alt="A steam-powered bicycle by John van de Riet, in Dortmund" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Dampf-Fahrrad_2.jpg/120px-Dampf-Fahrrad_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Dampf-Fahrrad_2.jpg/180px-Dampf-Fahrrad_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Dampf-Fahrrad_2.jpg/240px-Dampf-Fahrrad_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1789" data-file-height="1437" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Steam_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Steam power">steam-powered</a> bicycle by John van de Riet, in <a href="/wiki/Dortmund" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Steam-powered_fire_engine.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="British horse-drawn fire engine with steam-powered water pump"><img alt="British horse-drawn fire engine with steam-powered water pump" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Steam-powered_fire_engine.jpg/120px-Steam-powered_fire_engine.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Steam-powered_fire_engine.jpg/180px-Steam-powered_fire_engine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Steam-powered_fire_engine.jpg/240px-Steam-powered_fire_engine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">British horse-drawn <a href="/wiki/Fire_engine" title="Fire engine">fire engine</a> with steam-powered water pump</div> </li> </ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steam_engine&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boyle%27s_law" title="Boyle's law">Boyle's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compound_locomotive" title="Compound locomotive">Compound locomotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cylinder_(locomotive)" title="Cylinder (locomotive)">Cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geared_steam_locomotive" title="Geared steam locomotive">Geared steam locomotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_steam_road_vehicles" title="History of steam road vehicles">History of steam road vehicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lean%27s_Engine_Reporter" title="Lean's Engine Reporter">Lean's Engine Reporter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_steam_fairs" title="List of steam fairs">List of steam fairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_steam_museums" title="List of steam museums">List of steam museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_steam_technology_patents" title="List of steam technology patents">List of steam technology patents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_steam" title="Live steam">Live steam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireman_(steam_engine)#Mechanical_stoker" title="Fireman (steam engine)">Mechanical stoker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Rumsey" title="James Rumsey">James Rumsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salomon_de_Caus" title="Salomon de Caus">Salomon de Caus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Steam aircraft">Steam aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_boat" class="mw-redirect" title="Steam boat">Steam boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_car" title="Steam car">Steam car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_crane" title="Steam crane">Steam crane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_power_during_the_Industrial_Revolution" title="Steam power during the Industrial Revolution">Steam power during the Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_shovel" title="Steam shovel">Steam shovel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_tractor" title="Steam tractor">Steam tractor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_tricycle" title="Steam tricycle">Steam tricycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_turbine" title="Steam turbine">Steam turbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Still_engine" title="Still engine">Still engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_steam_power" title="Timeline of steam power">Timeline of steam power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traction_engine" title="Traction engine">Traction engine</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steam_engine&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This model was built by Samuel Pemberton between 1880 and 1890.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Landes<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandes1969101_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELandes1969101-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> refers to Thurston's definition of an engine and Thurston's calling Newcomen's the "first true engine".</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steam_engine&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-miffin-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-miffin_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanheritage0000unse_a1o7"><i>American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language</i></a></span> (4th ed.). Houghton Mifflin Company. 2000.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Heritage+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Company&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericanheritage0000unse_a1o7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteam+engine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livescience.com/44186-who-invented-the-steam-engine.html">"Who Invented the Steam Engine?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Live_Science" title="Live Science">Live Science</a></i>. 19 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Live+Science&rft.atitle=Who+Invented+the+Steam+Engine%3F&rft.date=2014-03-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livescience.com%2F44186-who-invented-the-steam-engine.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteam+engine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMierisch2018" class="citation journal cs1">Mierisch, Robert Charles (May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.engineersaustralia.org.au/sites/default/files/resource-files/2018-06/EHA_Magazine_Vol2_No8_May_2018_0.pdf">"The History and Future of High Efficiency Steam Engines"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>EHA Magazine</i>. <b>2</b> (8): 24–25 – via engineersaustralia.org.au.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=EHA+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+History+and+Future+of+High+Efficiency+Steam+Engines&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=24-25&rft.date=2018-05&rft.aulast=Mierisch&rft.aufirst=Robert+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.engineersaustralia.org.au%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fresource-files%2F2018-06%2FEHA_Magazine_Vol2_No8_May_2018_0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteam+engine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGebhardt1928" class="citation book cs1">Gebhardt, G.F. 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Birkhäuser. p. 190. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-98744-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-98744-6"><bdi>978-0-387-98744-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Energy+resources%3A+occurrence%2C+production%2C+conversion%2C+use&rft.pages=190&rft.pub=Birkh%C3%A4user&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-387-98744-6&rft.aulast=Wiser&rft.aufirst=Wendell+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUmMx9ixu90kC%26dq%3Dsteam%26pg%3DPA190&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteam+engine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen1997" class="citation book cs1">Green, Don (1997). <i>Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook</i> (7th ed.). 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Smeaton". <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London</i>. <b>47</b>: 436–438. 1752. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstl.1751.0073">10.1098/rstl.1751.0073</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:186208904">186208904</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London&rft.atitle=LXXII.+An+engine+for+raising+water+by+fire%3B+being+on+improvement+of+saver%27y+construction%2C+to+render+it+capable+of+working+itself%2C+invented+by+Mr.+De+Moura+of+Portugal%2C+F.+R.+S.+Described+by+Mr.+J.+Smeaton&rft.volume=47&rft.pages=436-438&rft.date=1752&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstl.1751.0073&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A186208904%23id-name%3DS2CID&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteam+engine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELandes1969-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandes1969_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandes1969_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLandes1969">Landes 1969</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkins1971" class="citation book cs1">Jenkins, Ryhs (1971) [First published 1936]. <i>Links in the History of Engineering and Technology from Tudor Times</i>. 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Collected Papers of Rhys Jenkins, Former Senior Examiner in the British Patent Office.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELandes1969101-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandes1969101_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLandes1969">Landes 1969</a>, p. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown200260--24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown200260-_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown2002">Brown 2002</a>, pp. 60-.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunter1985-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunter1985_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunter1985_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunter1985_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunter1985_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunter1985_25-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunter1985_25-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunter1985_25-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunter1985_25-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunter1985_25-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunter1985_25-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHunter1985">Hunter 1985</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNuvolariVerspagenTunzelmann2003" class="citation document cs1">Nuvolari, A; Verspagen, Bart; Tunzelmann, Nicholas (2003). 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Eindhoven, The Netherlands: Eindhoven Centre for Innovation Studies (ECIS). p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Diffusion+of+the+Steam+Engine+in+Eighteenth-Century+Britain.+Applied+Evolutionary+Economics+and+the+Knowledge-based+Economy&rft.place=Eindhoven%2C+The+Netherlands&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Eindhoven+Centre+for+Innovation+Studies+%28ECIS%29&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Nuvolari&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Verspagen%2C+Bart&rft.au=Tunzelmann%2C+Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteam+engine" class="Z3988"></span> (Paper to be presented at 50th Annual North American Meetings of the Regional Science Association International 20–22 November 2003)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENuvolariVerspagenTunzelmann20034-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENuvolariVerspagenTunzelmann20034_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNuvolariVerspagenTunzelmann2003">Nuvolari, Verspagen & Tunzelmann 2003</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalloway1828" class="citation book cs1">Galloway, Elajah (1828). <i>History of the Steam Engine</i>. London: B. Steill, Paternoster-Row. pp. 23–24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Steam+Engine&rft.place=London&rft.pages=23-24&rft.pub=B.+Steill%2C+Paternoster-Row&rft.date=1828&rft.aulast=Galloway&rft.aufirst=Elajah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteam+engine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeupold1725" class="citation book cs1">Leupold, Jacob (1725). <i>Theatri Machinarum Hydraulicarum</i>. Leipzig: Christoph Zunkel.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theatri+Machinarum+Hydraulicarum&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pub=Christoph+Zunkel&rft.date=1725&rft.aulast=Leupold&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteam+engine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HB-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HB_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHunterBryant1991">Hunter & Bryant 1991</a> Duty comparison was based on a carefully conducted trial in 1778.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rosen-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rosen_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rosen_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosen2012" class="citation book cs1">Rosen, William (2012). <i>The Most Powerful Idea in the World: A Story of Steam, Industry and Invention</i>. University of Chicago Press. p. 185. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-72634-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-72634-2"><bdi>978-0-226-72634-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Most+Powerful+Idea+in+the+World%3A+A+Story+of+Steam%2C+Industry+and+Invention&rft.pages=185&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-226-72634-2&rft.aulast=Rosen&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteam+engine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thomson_2009-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thomson_2009_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thomson_2009_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thomson_2009_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thomson_2009_32-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomson2009" class="citation book cs1">Thomson, Ross (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/structuresofchan0000thom/page/34"><i>Structures of Change in the Mechanical Age: Technological Invention in the United States 1790–1865</i></a>. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/structuresofchan0000thom/page/34">34</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-9141-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-9141-0"><bdi>978-0-8018-9141-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Structures+of+Change+in+the+Mechanical+Age%3A+Technological+Invention+in+the+United+States+1790%E2%80%931865&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+MD&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=The+Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-9141-0&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.aufirst=Ross&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstructuresofchan0000thom%2Fpage%2F34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteam+engine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Pictorial History of Steam Power" J.T. 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M. Rankine"</a>. <i>Scottish Engineering Hall of Fame</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scottish+Engineering+Hall+of+Fame&rft.atitle=William+J.+M.+Rankine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fengineeringhalloffame.org%2Fprofile%2Fwilliam-j-m-rankine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteam+engine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParada2013" class="citation web cs1">Parada, Angel Fernando Monroy (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orkustofnun.is/gogn/unu-gtp-report/UNU-GTP-2013-20.pdf">"GEOTHERMAL BINARY CYCLE POWER PLANT PRINCIPLES, OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Orkustofnun (Islandic National Energy Authority)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Orkustofnun+%28Islandic+National+Energy+Authority%29&rft.atitle=GEOTHERMAL+BINARY+CYCLE+POWER+PLANT+PRINCIPLES%2C+OPERATION+AND+MAINTENANCE&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Parada&rft.aufirst=Angel+Fernando+Monroy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Forkustofnun.is%2Fgogn%2Funu-gtp-report%2FUNU-GTP-2013-20.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteam+engine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Enys, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=blhqAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA457">"Remarks on the Duty of the Steam Engines employed in the Mines of Cornwall at different periods"</a>, <i>Transactions of the Institution of Civil Engineers</i>, Volume 3 (14 January 1840), p. 457</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYinRao2020" class="citation journal cs1">Yin, Feijia; Rao, Arvind Gangoli (1 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.paerosci.2020.100695">"A review of gas turbine engine with inter-stage turbine burner"</a>. <i>Progress in Aerospace Sciences</i>. <b>121</b>: 100695. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020PrAeS.12100695Y">2020PrAeS.12100695Y</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.paerosci.2020.100695">10.1016/j.paerosci.2020.100695</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0376-0421">0376-0421</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:226624605">226624605</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Progress+in+Aerospace+Sciences&rft.atitle=A+review+of+gas+turbine+engine+with+inter-stage+turbine+burner&rft.volume=121&rft.pages=100695&rft.date=2020-02-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.paerosci.2020.100695&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A226624605%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0376-0421&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020PrAeS.12100695Y&rft.aulast=Yin&rft.aufirst=Feijia&rft.au=Rao%2C+Arvind+Gangoli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.paerosci.2020.100695&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteam+engine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Books">Books</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steam_engine&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2002" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Richard (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qdlDZlosAcAC&pg=PA60"><i>Society and Economy in Modern Britain 1700–1850</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-40252-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-40252-8"><bdi>978-0-203-40252-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Society+and+Economy+in+Modern+Britain+1700%E2%80%931850&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-203-40252-8&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqdlDZlosAcAC%26pg%3DPA60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteam+engine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChapelon2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Chapelon, André (2000) [1938]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=--uNPQAACAAJ"><i>La locomotive à vapeur</i></a> [<i>The Steam Locomotive</i>] (in French). Translated by Carpenter, George W. Camden Miniature Steam Services. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9536523-0-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9536523-0-3"><bdi>978-0-9536523-0-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+locomotive+%C3%A0+vapeur&rft.pub=Camden+Miniature+Steam+Services&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-9536523-0-3&rft.aulast=Chapelon&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D--uNPQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteam+engine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEwing1894" class="citation book cs1">Ewing, Sir James Alfred (1894). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/steamengineando01ewingoog"><i>The Steam-engine and Other Heat-engines</i></a>. Cambridge: University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Steam-engine+and+Other+Heat-engines&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=University+Press&rft.date=1894&rft.aulast=Ewing&rft.aufirst=Sir+James+Alfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsteamengineando01ewingoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteam+engine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHills1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_L._Hills" title="Richard L. Hills">Hills, Richard L.</a> (1989). <i>Power from Steam: A history of the stationary steam engine</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-34356-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-34356-5"><bdi>978-0-521-34356-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Power+from+Steam%3A+A+history+of+the+stationary+steam+engine&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-521-34356-5&rft.aulast=Hills&rft.aufirst=Richard+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteam+engine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunter1985" class="citation book cs1">Hunter, Louis C. (1985). <i>A History of Industrial Power in the United States, 1730–1930</i>. Vol. 2: Steam Power. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Industrial+Power+in+the+United+States%2C+1730%E2%80%931930&rft.place=Charlottesville&rft.series=Vol.+2%3A+Steam+Power&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Virginia&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Hunter&rft.aufirst=Louis+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteam+engine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunterBryant1991" class="citation book cs1">Hunter, Louis C.; Bryant, Lynwood (1991). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofindustr00hunt"><i>A History of Industrial Power in the United States, 1730–1930</i></a></span>. Vol. 3: The Transmission of Power. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-08198-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-08198-6"><bdi>978-0-262-08198-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Industrial+Power+in+the+United+States%2C+1730%E2%80%931930&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.series=Vol.+3%3A+The+Transmission+of+Power&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-262-08198-6&rft.aulast=Hunter&rft.aufirst=Louis+C.&rft.au=Bryant%2C+Lynwood&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofindustr00hunt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteam+engine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandes1969" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Landes" title="David Landes">Landes, David S.</a> (1969). <i>The Unbound Prometheus: Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present</i>. Cambridge; NY: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-09418-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-09418-4"><bdi>978-0-521-09418-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unbound+Prometheus%3A+Technological+Change+and+Industrial+Development+in+Western+Europe+from+1750+to+the+Present&rft.place=Cambridge%3B+NY&rft.pub=Press+Syndicate+of+the+University+of+Cambridge&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0-521-09418-4&rft.aulast=Landes&rft.aufirst=David+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteam+engine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNeil1990" class="citation book cs1">McNeil, Ian (1990). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780415147927"><i>An Encyclopedia of the History of Technology</i></a></span>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-14792-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-14792-7"><bdi>978-0-415-14792-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Encyclopedia+of+the+History+of+Technology&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-415-14792-7&rft.aulast=McNeil&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780415147927&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteam+engine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNag2002" class="citation book cs1">Nag, P. K. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Cv9LH4ckuEwC&pg=PA432"><i>Power Plant Engineering</i></a>. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-043599-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-043599-5"><bdi>978-0-07-043599-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Power+Plant+Engineering&rft.pub=Tata+McGraw-Hill+Education&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-07-043599-5&rft.aulast=Nag&rft.aufirst=P.+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCv9LH4ckuEwC%26pg%3DPA432&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteam+engine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayton2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Payton, Philip (2004). "Trevithick, Richard (1771–1833)". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F27723">10.1093/ref:odnb/27723</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Trevithick%2C+Richard+%281771%E2%80%931833%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F27723&rft.aulast=Payton&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteam+engine" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeabody1893" class="citation book cs1">Peabody, Cecil Hobart (1893). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/thermodynamicss04peabgoog#page/n398/mode/2up"><i>Thermodynamics of the Steam-engine and Other Heat-engines</i></a>. New York: Wiley & Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thermodynamics+of+the+Steam-engine+and+Other+Heat-engines&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=1893&rft.aulast=Peabody&rft.aufirst=Cecil+Hobart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fthermodynamicss04peabgoog%23page%2Fn398%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteam+engine" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steam_engine&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrump2007" class="citation book cs1">Crump, Thomas (2007). <i>A Brief History of the Age of Steam: From the First Engine to the Boats and Railways</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+the+Age+of+Steam%3A+From+the+First+Engine+to+the+Boats+and+Railways&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Crump&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteam+engine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEwing1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Ewing" title="Alfred Ewing">Ewing, James Alfred</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Steam Engine"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Steam_Engine">"Steam Engine" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). pp. 818–850.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Steam+Engine&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=818-850&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Ewing&rft.aufirst=James+Alfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteam+engine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarsden2004" class="citation book cs1">Marsden, Ben (2004). <i>Watt's Perfect Engine: Steam and the Age of Invention</i>. Columbia University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Watt%27s+Perfect+Engine%3A+Steam+and+the+Age+of+Invention&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Marsden&rft.aufirst=Ben&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteam+engine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson1974" class="citation journal cs1">Robinson, Eric H. (March 1974). "The Early Diffusion of Steam Power". <i>The Journal of Economic History</i>. <b>34</b> (1): 91–107. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS002205070007964X">10.1017/S002205070007964X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2116960">2116960</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153489574">153489574</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Economic+History&rft.atitle=The+Early+Diffusion+of+Steam+Power&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=91-107&rft.date=1974-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153489574%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2116960%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS002205070007964X&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Eric+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteam+engine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Rose, Joshua. (1887, reprint 2003) <i>Modern Steam Engines</i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStuart1824" class="citation book cs1">Stuart, Robert (1824). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/adescriptivehis01stuagoog"><i>A Descriptive History of the Steam Engine</i></a>. London: J. Knight and H. Lacey.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Descriptive+History+of+the+Steam+Engine&rft.place=London&rft.pub=J.+Knight+and+H.+Lacey&rft.date=1824&rft.aulast=Stuart&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fadescriptivehis01stuagoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteam+engine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThurston1878" class="citation book cs1">Thurston, Robert Henry (1878). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ahistorygrowths06thurgoog"><i>A History of the Growth of the Steam-engine</i></a>. The International Scientific Series. New York: D. Appleton and Company. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/16507415">16507415</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Growth+of+the+Steam-engine&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=The+International+Scientific+Series&rft.pub=D.+Appleton+and+Company&rft.date=1878&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F16507415&rft.aulast=Thurston&rft.aufirst=Robert+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fahistorygrowths06thurgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteam+engine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Van Riemsdijk, J. T. (1980) <i>Pictorial History of Steam Power</i>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Algernon_Parsons1911" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Algernon_Parsons" title="Charles Algernon Parsons">Charles Algernon Parsons</a> (1911), <i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Steam_Turbine" class="extiw" title="s:The Steam Turbine">The Steam Turbine: The Rede Lecture 1911</a></i> (1st ed.), Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19099885" class="extiw" title="d:Q19099885">Q19099885</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Steam+Turbine%3A+The+Rede+Lecture+1911&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.au=Charles+Algernon+Parsons&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteam+engine" class="Z3988"></span> (lecture)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steam_engine&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output 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engine">Photo-Carnot engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocating_engine" title="Reciprocating engine">Piston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pistonless_rotary_engine" title="Pistonless rotary engine">Pistonless (Rotary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rijke_tube" title="Rijke tube">Rijke tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_engine" title="Rocket engine">Rocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split-single_engine" title="Split-single engine">Split-single</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Steam (reciprocating)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_turbine" title="Steam turbine">Steam turbine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeolipile" title="Aeolipile">Aeolipile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stirling_engine" title="Stirling engine">Stirling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermoacoustic_heat_engine" title="Thermoacoustic heat engine">Thermoacoustic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manson_engine" title="Manson engine">Manson engine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beale_number" title="Beale number">Beale number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_number" title="West number">West number</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_heat_engine_technology" title="Timeline of heat engine technology">Timeline of heat engine technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#F0DC82;"><div><a href="/wiki/Thermodynamic_cycle" title="Thermodynamic cycle">Thermodynamic cycle</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Steam_engines" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Steam_engine_configurations" title="Template:Steam engine configurations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Steam_engine_configurations" title="Template talk:Steam engine configurations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Steam_engine_configurations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Steam engine configurations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Steam_engines" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Steam engines</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operating cycle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newcomen_atmospheric_engine" title="Newcomen atmospheric engine">Atmospheric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watt_steam_engine" title="Watt steam engine">Watt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_engine" title="Cornish engine">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compound_steam_engine" title="Compound steam engine">Compound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniflow_steam_engine" title="Uniflow steam engine">Uniflow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Valve" title="Valve">Valves</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Valves</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slide_valve" title="Slide valve">Slide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slide_valve#Murdoch's_D_slide_valve" title="Slide valve">D slide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piston_valve_(steam_engine)" title="Piston valve (steam engine)">Piston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_beat_valve" title="Double beat valve">Drop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corliss_steam_engine" title="Corliss steam engine">Corliss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppet_valve" title="Poppet valve">Poppet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleeve_valve" title="Sleeve valve">Sleeve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bash_valve" title="Bash valve">Bash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Valve_gear" title="Valve gear">Valve gear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gab_valve_gear" title="Gab valve gear">Gab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephenson_valve_gear" title="Stephenson valve gear">Stephenson link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joy_valve_gear" title="Joy valve gear">Joy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walschaerts_valve_gear" title="Walschaerts valve gear">Walschaerts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephenson_valve_gear#Allan_straight_link_valve_gear" title="Stephenson valve gear">Allan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baker_valve_gear" title="Baker valve gear">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corliss_steam_engine" title="Corliss steam engine">Corliss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Lentz" title="Hugo Lentz">Lentz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caprotti_valve_gear" title="Caprotti valve gear">Caprotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gresley_conjugated_valve_gear" title="Gresley conjugated valve gear">Gresley conjugated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_valve_gear" title="Southern valve gear">Southern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mechanism_(engineering)" title="Mechanism (engineering)">Mechanisms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beam_engine" title="Beam engine">Beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataract_(beam_engine)" title="Cataract (beam engine)">Cataract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_governor" title="Centrifugal governor">Centrifugal governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecting_rod#Steam_engines" title="Connecting rod">Connecting rod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crank_(mechanism)" title="Crank (mechanism)">Crank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crankshaft" title="Crankshaft">Crankshaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tusi_couple" title="Tusi couple">Tusi couple</a> <a href="/wiki/Hypocycloidal" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypocycloidal">hypocycloidal</a> <a href="/wiki/Straight_line_mechanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Straight line mechanism">straight line mechanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Link_chain" class="mw-redirect" title="Link chain">Link chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_motion" class="mw-redirect" title="Parallel motion">Parallel motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roller_chain" title="Roller chain">Plate chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beam_engine#Rotative_beam_engines" title="Beam engine">Rotative beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_and_planet_gear" title="Sun and planet gear">Sun and planet gear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watt%27s_linkage" title="Watt's linkage">Watt's linkage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Boiler" title="Boiler">Boilers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Simple boilers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haystack_boiler" class="mw-redirect" title="Haystack boiler">Haystack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagon_boiler" class="mw-redirect" title="Wagon boiler">Wagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg-ended_boiler" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg-ended boiler">Egg-ended</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_boiler" class="mw-redirect" title="Box boiler">Box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flued_boiler" title="Flued boiler">Flued</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_boiler" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornish boiler">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancashire_boiler" class="mw-redirect" title="Lancashire boiler">Lancashire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Fire-tube_boiler" title="Fire-tube boiler">Fire-tube boilers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Locomotive_boiler" class="mw-redirect" title="Locomotive boiler">Locomotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotch_marine_boiler" title="Scotch marine boiler">Scotch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch-type_boiler" title="Launch-type boiler">Launch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Water-tube_boiler" title="Water-tube boiler">Water-tube boilers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babcock_%26_Wilcox_boiler" class="mw-redirect" title="Babcock & Wilcox boiler">Babcock & Wilcox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field-tube_boiler" title="Field-tube boiler">Field-tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinel_boiler" title="Sentinel boiler">Sentinel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stirling_boiler" title="Stirling boiler">Stirling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thimble_tube_boiler" title="Thimble tube boiler">Thimble tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-drum_boiler" title="Three-drum boiler">Three-drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarrow_boiler" title="Yarrow boiler">Yarrow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Boiler feed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feedwater_heater" title="Feedwater heater">Feedwater heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boiler_feedwater_pump" title="Boiler feedwater pump">Feedwater pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Injector" title="Injector">Injector</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cylinder_(engine)" title="Cylinder (engine)">Cylinder</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cylinder_(locomotive)" title="Cylinder (locomotive)">Locomotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscillating_cylinder_steam_engine" title="Oscillating cylinder steam engine">Oscillating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-_and_double-acting_cylinders" title="Single- and double-acting cylinders">Single- and double-acting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Condenser_(heat_transfer)" title="Condenser (heat transfer)">Condenser</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Condensing_steam_locomotive" title="Condensing steam locomotive">Condensing steam locomotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_condenser" class="mw-redirect" title="Jet condenser">Jet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirchweger_condenser" title="Kirchweger condenser">Kirchweger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watt_steam_engine#Separate_condenser" title="Watt steam engine">Watt's separate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Newcomen#After_Newcomen" title="Thomas Newcomen">"Pickle-pot"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_condenser" title="Surface condenser">Surface</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blowback_(steam_engine)" title="Blowback (steam engine)">Blowback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crosshead" title="Crosshead">Crosshead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutoff_(steam_engine)" title="Cutoff (steam engine)">Cutoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_valve_(steam_engine)" title="Expansion valve (steam engine)">Expansion valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrolock" title="Hydrolock">Hydrolock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piston" title="Piston">Piston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocating_engine" title="Reciprocating engine">Reciprocating engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_connecting_rod_engine" title="Return connecting rod engine">Return connecting rod engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-column_beam_engine" title="Six-column beam engine">Six-column beam engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_connecting_rod_engine#Steeple_engines" title="Return connecting rod engine">Steeple engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_valve" title="Safety valve">Safety valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steeple_compound_engine" title="Steeple compound engine">Steeple compound engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroke_(engine)" title="Stroke (engine)">Stroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_fluid" title="Working fluid">Working fluid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_steam_engine" title="History of the steam engine">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_steam_engine#Precursors" title="History of the steam engine">Precursors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Savery" title="Thomas Savery">Savery Engine</a> (1698)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Newcomen_atmospheric_engine" title="Newcomen atmospheric engine">Newcomen engine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newcomen_Memorial_Engine" title="Newcomen Memorial Engine">Newcomen Memorial Engine</a> (1725)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fairbottom_Bobs" title="Fairbottom Bobs">Fairbottom Bobs</a></i> (1760)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elsecar_Engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Elsecar Engine">Elsecar Engine</a> (1795)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Watt_steam_engine" title="Watt steam engine">Watt engine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Beam_engine" title="Beam engine">Beam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinneil_Engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinneil Engine">Kinneil Engine</a> (1768)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Bess_(beam_engine)" title="Old Bess (beam engine)"><i>Old Bess</i></a> (1777)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheal_Busy" title="Wheal Busy">Chacewater Mine engine</a> (1778)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smethwick_Engine" title="Smethwick Engine">Smethwick Engine</a> (1779)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resolution_(beam_engine)" title="Resolution (beam engine)"><i>Resolution</i></a> (1781)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Beam_engine#Rotative_beam_engines" title="Beam engine">Rotative beam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soho_Manufactory#Steam_engines" title="Soho Manufactory">Soho Manufactory engine</a> (1782)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wilkinson_(industrialist)#Boring_machine_for_steam_engines" title="John Wilkinson (industrialist)">Bradley Works engine</a> (1783)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitbread_Engine" title="Whitbread Engine">Whitbread Engine</a> (1785)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beam_engine#Preserved_beam_engines" title="Beam engine">National Museum of Scotland engine</a> (1786)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lap_Engine" title="Lap Engine">Lap Engine</a> (1788)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_steam_engine#High-pressure_engines" title="History of the steam engine">High-pressure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Trevithick#High-pressure_engine" title="Richard Trevithick">Richard Trevithick</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Trevithick#Puffing_Devil" title="Richard Trevithick"><i>Puffing Devil</i></a> (1801)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Trevithick#London_Steam_Carriage" title="Richard Trevithick">London Steam Carriage</a> (1803)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Trevithick#Coalbrookdale_Locomotive" title="Richard Trevithick">"Coalbrookdale Locomotive"</a> (1803)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Trevithick#"Pen-y-Darren"_locomotive" title="Richard Trevithick">"Pen-y-Darren" locomotive</a> (1804)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Compound_steam_engine" title="Compound steam engine">Compound</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Woolf" title="Arthur Woolf">Woolf's compound engine</a> (1803)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Murray" title="Matthew Murray">Murray</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Murray%27s_Hypocycloidal_Engine" title="Murray's Hypocycloidal Engine">Murray's Hypocycloidal Engine</a> (1805)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salamanca_(locomotive)" title="Salamanca (locomotive)"><i>Salamanca</i></a> (1812)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/High-speed_steam_engine" title="High-speed steam engine">High-speed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Porter-Allen_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Porter-Allen engine">Porter-Allen</a> (1862)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ljungstr%C3%B6m_turbine" title="Ljungström turbine">Ljungström</a> (1908)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_steam_locomotive_components" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossary of steam locomotive components">Glossary of steam locomotive components</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_steam_road_vehicles" title="History of steam road vehicles">History of steam road vehicles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas-Joseph_Cugnot#The_first_self-propelled_vehicle" title="Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot">Cugnot's <i>fardier à vapeur</i></a> (1769)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Murdoch#Steam_powered_locomotion" title="William Murdoch">Murdoch's model steam carriage</a> (1784)</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lean%27s_Engine_Reporter" title="Lean's Engine Reporter">Lean's Engine Reporter</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_steam_technology_patents" title="List of steam technology patents">List of steam technology patents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_steam_technology" title="Advanced steam technology">Modern steam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stationary_steam_engine" title="Stationary steam engine">Stationary steam engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_steam_power" title="Timeline of steam power">Timeline of steam power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water-returning_engine" title="Water-returning engine">Water-returning engine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Steam_engine_applications" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Steam_engine_applications" title="Template:Steam engine applications"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Steam_engine_applications" title="Template talk:Steam engine applications"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Steam_engine_applications" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Steam engine applications"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Steam_engine_applications" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Steam engine</a> applications</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stationary_steam_engine" title="Stationary steam engine">Stationary engines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Reversible</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winding_engine" title="Winding engine">Winding engines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolling_mill" class="mw-redirect" title="Rolling mill">rolling mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_donkey" title="Steam donkey">steam donkeys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portable_engine" title="Portable engine">portable engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_steam_engine" title="Marine steam engine">marine engines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Continuous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Power_station" title="Power station">Power station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumping_station" title="Pumping station">pumping stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factory" title="Factory">factories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_railway" title="Cable railway">cable railways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_car_(railway)" title="Cable car (railway)">cable tramways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transport applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Marine:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steamboat" title="Steamboat">Steamboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steamship" title="Steamship">steamship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_yacht" title="Steam yacht">steam yacht</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Rail:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steam_locomotive" title="Steam locomotive">Steam locomotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireless_locomotive" title="Fireless locomotive">fireless locomotive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Agriculture:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traction_engine" title="Traction engine">Traction engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_tractor" title="Steam tractor">steam tractor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Road:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steam_wagon" title="Steam wagon">Steam wagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_bus" title="Steam bus">steam bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_tricycle" title="Steam tricycle">steam tricycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_car" title="Steam car">steam car</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Construction:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steamroller" title="Steamroller">Steam roller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_shovel" title="Steam shovel">steam shovel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portable_engine" title="Portable engine">portable engine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Military:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steam_tank_(vehicle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Steam tank (vehicle)">Steam tank (tracked)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_Wheel_Tank" title="Steam Wheel Tank">steam tank (wheeled)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_catapult" class="mw-redirect" title="Steam catapult">steam catapult</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Space and air:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steam_rocket" title="Steam rocket">Steam rocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam-powered_aircraft" title="Steam-powered aircraft">steam-powered aircraft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Miscellaneous:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steam_clock" title="Steam clock">Steam clock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_steam_locomotive_components" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossary of steam locomotive components">Glossary of steam locomotive components</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12760#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12760#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12760#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Dampfmaschine"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4010992-6">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85127673">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11966647v">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11966647v">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00575025">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="parní stroje"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph123975&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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