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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Articles_of_the_Texas_Constitution_of_1876" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles_of_the_Texas_Constitution_of_1876"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Articles of the Texas Constitution of 1876</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Articles_of_the_Texas_Constitution_of_1876-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Articles of the Texas Constitution of 1876 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Articles_of_the_Texas_Constitution_of_1876-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Article_1:_"Bill_of_Rights"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Article_1:_"Bill_of_Rights""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Article 1: "Bill of Rights"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Article_1:_"Bill_of_Rights"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Differences_with_the_US_Bill_of_Rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Differences_with_the_US_Bill_of_Rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Differences with the US Bill of Rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Differences_with_the_US_Bill_of_Rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Invalidated_sections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Invalidated_sections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Invalidated sections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Invalidated_sections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>Other rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Article_2:_"The_Powers_of_Government"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Article_2:_"The_Powers_of_Government""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Article 2: "The Powers of Government"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Article_2:_"The_Powers_of_Government"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Article_3:_"Legislative_Department"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Article_3:_"Legislative_Department""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Article 3: "Legislative Department"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Article_3:_"Legislative_Department"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Article_4:_"Executive_Department"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Article_4:_"Executive_Department""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Article 4: "Executive Department"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Article_4:_"Executive_Department"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Article_5:_"Judicial_Department"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Article_5:_"Judicial_Department""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Article 5: "Judicial Department"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Article_5:_"Judicial_Department"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Article_6:_"Suffrage"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Article_6:_"Suffrage""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Article 6: "Suffrage"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Article_6:_"Suffrage"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Article_7:_"Education"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Article_7:_"Education""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Article 7: "Education"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Article_7:_"Education"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Article_8:_"Taxation_and_Revenue"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Article_8:_"Taxation_and_Revenue""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Article 8: "Taxation and Revenue"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Article_8:_"Taxation_and_Revenue"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Article_9:_"Counties"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Article_9:_"Counties""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>Article 9: "Counties"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Article_9:_"Counties"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Article_10:_"Railroads"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Article_10:_"Railroads""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10</span> <span>Article 10: "Railroads"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Article_10:_"Railroads"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Article_11:_"Municipal_Corporations"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Article_11:_"Municipal_Corporations""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.11</span> <span>Article 11: "Municipal Corporations"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Article_11:_"Municipal_Corporations"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Article_12:_"Private_Corporations"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Article_12:_"Private_Corporations""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.12</span> <span>Article 12: "Private Corporations"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Article_12:_"Private_Corporations"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Article_13:_"Spanish_and_Mexican_Land_Titles"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Article_13:_"Spanish_and_Mexican_Land_Titles""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.13</span> <span>Article 13: "Spanish and Mexican Land Titles"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Article_13:_"Spanish_and_Mexican_Land_Titles"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Article_14:_"Public_Lands_and_Land_Office"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Article_14:_"Public_Lands_and_Land_Office""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.14</span> <span>Article 14: "Public Lands and Land Office"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Article_14:_"Public_Lands_and_Land_Office"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Article_15:_"Impeachment"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Article_15:_"Impeachment""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.15</span> <span>Article 15: "Impeachment"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Article_15:_"Impeachment"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Article_16:_"General_Provisions"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Article_16:_"General_Provisions""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.16</span> <span>Article 16: "General Provisions"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Article_16:_"General_Provisions"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Article_17:_"Mode_of_amending_the_Constitution_of_this_State"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Article_17:_"Mode_of_amending_the_Constitution_of_this_State""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.17</span> <span>Article 17: "Mode of amending the Constitution of this State"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Article_17:_"Mode_of_amending_the_Constitution_of_this_State"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attempts_at_revision" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attempts_at_revision"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Attempts at revision</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attempts_at_revision-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Principles, institutions and law of political governance in the U.S. state of Texas</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="text-align:center;background: #ededed;">Constitution of the State of Texas</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Texas_constitution_1876.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Texas_constitution_1876.jpg/220px-Texas_constitution_1876.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Texas_constitution_1876.jpg/330px-Texas_constitution_1876.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Texas_constitution_1876.jpg/440px-Texas_constitution_1876.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="633" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The opening of the hand-written Texas Constitution of 1876.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ededed;">Overview</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Jurisdiction</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subordinate to</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ededed;">Government structure</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Government_branch" class="mw-redirect" title="Government branch">Branches</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">3</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Legislative_chamber" title="Legislative chamber">Chambers</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Texas_Legislature" title="Texas Legislature">Bicameral</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Executive_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive government">Executive</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Texas" title="Governor of Texas">Governor</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">Judiciary</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Texas" title="Supreme Court of Texas">Supreme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas_District_Courts" title="Texas District Courts">Districts</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ededed;">Full text</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/16px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/32px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Texas_(2022)" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Constitution of Texas (2022)">Constitution of Texas (2022)</a> at <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Constitution of the State of Texas</b> is the document that establishes the structure and function of the government of the U.S. state of <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> and enumerates the basic rights of the <a href="/wiki/Citizens" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizens">citizens</a> of Texas. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Conventions"></span> The current document was adopted on February 15, 1876, and is the seventh constitution in Texas history (including the Mexican constitution). The previous six were adopted in 1827 (while Texas was still part of <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> and half of the state of <a href="/wiki/Coahuila_y_Tejas" title="Coahuila y Tejas">Coahuila y Tejas</a>), 1836 (the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_Texas" title="Constitution of the Republic of Texas">Constitution of the Republic of Texas</a>), 1845 (upon admission to the United States), 1861 (at the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>), 1866 (at the end of the American Civil War), and 1869. Texas constitutional conventions included 1861, 1866, 1868–69, and 1875.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The constitution is the second-longest <a href="/wiki/State_constitution_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="State constitution (United States)">state constitution</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="United States of America">United States</a> (exceeded only by the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Alabama" title="Constitution of Alabama">Constitution of Alabama</a>, even with the latter being recompiled as a new document in 2022 and having obsolete, duplicative, and overtly racist provisions removed) and is also the third-most amended state constitution (only the Alabama and <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_California" title="Constitution of California">California</a> constitutions have been amended more often).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1876 to 2024 (following the <a href="/wiki/88th_Texas_Legislature" title="88th Texas Legislature">88th Legislature</a>), the Texas Legislature proposed 714 constitutional amendments. Of that total, 530 were approved by the electorate, 181 were defeated, and three never made it on the ballot.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the amendments are due to the document's highly restrictive nature: the constitution stipulates that the State of Texas has only those powers explicitly granted to it; there is no counterpart of the federal <a href="/wiki/Necessary_and_proper_clause" class="mw-redirect" title="Necessary and proper clause">necessary and proper clause</a>. </p><p>As with many state constitutions, it explicitly provides for the separation of powers and incorporates its bill of rights directly into the text of the constitution (as Article I). The bill of rights is considerably lengthier and more detailed than the federal <a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a>, and includes some provisions not included in the federal Constitution. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Articles_of_the_Texas_Constitution_of_1876">Articles of the Texas Constitution of 1876</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Texas&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Articles of the Texas Constitution of 1876"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_1:_"Bill_of_Rights""><span id="Article_1:_.22Bill_of_Rights.22"></span>Article 1: "Bill of Rights"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Texas&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Article 1: "Bill of Rights""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://statutes.capitol.texas.gov/Docs/CN/htm/CN.1.htm">Article 1</a> is the Texas Constitution's <a href="/wiki/Bill_of_rights" title="Bill of rights">bill of rights</a>. The article originally contained 29 sections; five sections have since been added. Some of the article's provisions concern specific fundamental limitations on the power of the state. The provisions of the Texas Constitution apply only against the government of Texas. However, a number of the provisions of the U.S. Constitution are held to apply to the states as well, under the <a href="/wiki/Due_Process_Clause" title="Due Process Clause">Due Process Clause</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">14th Amendment</a> to the U.S. Constitution. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Differences_with_the_US_Bill_of_Rights">Differences with the US Bill of Rights</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Texas&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Differences with the US Bill of Rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While the bill of rights contains many similar rights as the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">United States Bill of Rights</a>, it is considerably lengthier and more detailed and includes some provisions unique to Texas. </p><p>Section 12 recognizes the writ of <a href="/wiki/Habeas_corpus" title="Habeas corpus">Habeas Corpus</a> as a right and prohibits its suspension under any circumstance whatsoever. This differs slightly from the U.S. Constitution, which allows its suspension "in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public security shall require it". </p><p>Section 21 prohibits corruption of blood and forfeiture of estates (including in cases of suicide), extending beyond the federal limitation (<a href="/wiki/Article_Three_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Three of the United States Constitution">Article III</a>, Section 3) which applies only in cases of Treason and even permits forfeiture during the life of the attained (but not after). </p><p>Section 34 guarantees the right to hunt, fish and harvest wildlife, subject to wildlife conservation laws. However, the section explicitly states that it does not affect "any provision of law relating to trespass, property rights or eminent domain". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Invalidated_sections">Invalidated sections</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Texas&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Invalidated sections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Section 32, added in 2005, denies state <a href="/wiki/U.S._state_constitutional_amendments_banning_same-sex_unions" title="U.S. state constitutional amendments banning same-sex unions">recognition</a> of <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">same-sex marriage</a>, a practice which was invalidated by the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">US Supreme Court</a> ruling in <i><a href="/wiki/Obergefell_v._Hodges" title="Obergefell v. Hodges">Obergefell v. Hodges</a></i>. </p><p>Section 4 gives freedom from religious tests at the public and private level,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and while never invalidated by Texas legislature or overruled by the US Supreme Court, it has been argued that it makes a <a href="/wiki/Religious_test" title="Religious test">religious test</a>, by requiring officeholders to "acknowledge the existence of a Supreme Being" and therefore would be subject to removal if it were brought to the US Supreme Court, as what happened with the case <a href="/wiki/Silverman_v._Campbell" title="Silverman v. Campbell">Silverman v. Campbell</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_rights">Other rights</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Texas&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Other rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Section 11 guarantees that every person detained prior to trial are bailable by sufficient sureties, save for Capital offenses, subject to specific exceptions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_2:_"The_Powers_of_Government""><span id="Article_2:_.22The_Powers_of_Government.22"></span>Article 2: "The Powers of Government"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Texas&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Article 2: "The Powers of Government""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://statutes.capitol.texas.gov/Docs/CN/htm/CN.2.htm">Article 2</a> provides for the <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">separation of powers</a> of the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of the state government, prohibiting each branch from encroaching on the powers of the others. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_3:_"Legislative_Department""><span id="Article_3:_.22Legislative_Department.22"></span>Article 3: "Legislative Department"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Texas&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Article 3: "Legislative Department""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://statutes.capitol.texas.gov/Docs/CN/htm/CN.3.htm">Article 3</a> vests the legislative power of the state in the "<a href="/wiki/Texas_Legislature" title="Texas Legislature">Legislature of the State of Texas</a>", consisting of the state's <a href="/wiki/Texas_Senate" title="Texas Senate">Senate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Texas_House_of_Representatives" title="Texas House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a>. It also lists the qualifications required of senators and representatives, and regulates many details of the legislative process. The article contains many substantive limitations on the power of the legislature and a large number of exceptions to those limitations. </p><p>Two-thirds (2/3) of the elected members in either chamber constitutes a quorum to do business therein (Section 10), contrary to the provision for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> requiring only a majority (this larger requirement has resulted in occasions where a significant number of members from one political party, in an attempt to stop legislation, have in the past left the state so as to deny a quorum). A smaller number in each chamber is empowered to adjourn from day to day and compel the attendance of absent members. </p><p>As with the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a>, either house may originate <a href="/wiki/Bill_(proposed_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill (proposed law)">bills</a> (Section 31), but bills to raise revenue must originate in the House of Representatives (Section 33). </p><p>Section 39 allows a bill to take effect immediately upon the Governor's signature if the bill passes both chambers by a two-thirds vote, unless otherwise specified in the bill. If the bill does not pass by this majority it takes effect on the first day of the next fiscal year (in Texas, the fiscal year runs from September 1 until August 31). </p><p>The largest Section within this article is Section 49 ("State Debts"), which includes 30 separate sub-sections (including two sub-sections both added in 2003 and both curiously numbered as "49-n", along with two other sub-sub-sections numbered "49-d-14"). Section 49 limits the power of the Legislature to incur debt to only specific purposes as stated in the Constitution; in order to allow the Legislature to incur debt for a purpose not stated numerous amendments to this section have had to be added and voted upon by the people. </p><p>In addition, Section 49a requires the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Comptroller_of_Public_Accounts" title="Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts">Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts</a> to certify the amount of available cash on hand and anticipated revenues for the next biennium; no appropriation may exceed this amount (except in cases of emergency, and then only with a four-fifths vote of both chambers), and the Comptroller is required to reject and return to the Legislature any appropriation in violation of this requirement. </p><p>Section 49-g (one of two such sections numbered as such, the other -- now repealed -- dealt with funding for the later-cancelled <a href="/wiki/Superconducting_Supercollider" class="mw-redirect" title="Superconducting Supercollider">Superconducting Supercollider</a> Project) created the state's "<a href="/wiki/Rainy_Day_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainy Day Fund">Rainy Day Fund</a>" (technically called the "Economic Stabilization Fund"). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_4:_"Executive_Department""><span id="Article_4:_.22Executive_Department.22"></span>Article 4: "Executive Department"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Texas&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Article 4: "Executive Department""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://statutes.capitol.texas.gov/Docs/CN/htm/CN.4.htm">Article 4</a> describes the powers and duties of the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Governor" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas Governor">Governor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Texas" title="Lieutenant Governor of Texas">Lieutenant Governor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_Texas" title="Secretary of State of Texas">Secretary of State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas_Comptroller_of_Public_Accounts" title="Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts">Comptroller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas_General_Land_Office" title="Texas General Land Office">Commissioner of the General Land Office</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Texas_Attorney_General" title="Texas Attorney General">Attorney General</a>. With the exception of the Secretary of State the above officials are directly elected in what is known as a "plural executive" system. (Although the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Agriculture_Commissioner" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas Agriculture Commissioner">Texas Agriculture Commissioner</a> is also directly elected, that is the result of Legislative action, not a Constitutional requirement.) </p><p>The qualifications of the Governor of Texas is that he is at least thirty years of age, a citizen of the United States, and had resided in the State for at least five years preceding his election. The Governor is prohibited from holding any other office, whether civil, military or corporate, during his tenure in office, nor may he practice (or receive compensation for) any profession. </p><p>The Governor is the "Chief Executive Officer of the State" and the "Commander in Chief of the military forces of the State, except when they are called in actual service of the United States". He is vested with power to call forth the Militia, convene the Legislature for special session in extraordinary occasions, to execute the laws of the State, and to fill up vacancies not otherwise provided for by law, if consented to by two-thirds of the Senate. The Governor has a qualified negative on all bills passed by the Legislature, which may be overridden by two-thirds of both Houses of the Legislature by votes of the yeas and nays. Finally, the Secretary of State (who has the constitutional duty of keeping the Seal of the State) is appointed by the Governor, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate. </p><p>All commissions are signed by the Governor, being affixed with the State Seal and attested to by the Secretary of State. </p><p>Under Section 16 of this article, the Lieutenant Governor automatically assumes the power of Governor if and when the Governor travels outside of the state, or is subject to impeachment by the Texas House of Representatives. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_5:_"Judicial_Department""><span id="Article_5:_.22Judicial_Department.22"></span>Article 5: "Judicial Department"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Texas&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Article 5: "Judicial Department""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Texas" title="Judiciary of Texas">Judiciary of Texas</a></div> <p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://statutes.capitol.texas.gov/Docs/CN/htm/CN.5.htm">Article 5</a> describes the composition, powers, and jurisdiction of the state's Supreme Court, Court of Criminal Appeals, and District, County, and Commissioners Courts, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Justice_of_the_peace#Texas" title="Justice of the peace">Justice of the Peace</a> Courts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_6:_"Suffrage""><span id="Article_6:_.22Suffrage.22"></span>Article 6: "Suffrage"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Texas&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Article 6: "Suffrage""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://statutes.capitol.texas.gov/Docs/CN/htm/CN.6.htm">Article 6</a> denies voting rights to minors, felons, and people who are deemed mentally incompetent by a court (though the Legislature may make exceptions in the latter two cases). It also describes rules for elections. </p><p>Qualified voters are, except in treason, felony and breach of peace, privileged from arrest when attending at the polls, going and returning therefrom. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_7:_"Education""><span id="Article_7:_.22Education.22"></span>Article 7: "Education"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Texas&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Article 7: "Education""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://statutes.capitol.texas.gov/Docs/CN/htm/CN.7.htm">Article 7</a> establishes provisions for <a href="/wiki/Public_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Public education">public schools</a>, asylums, and universities. Section 1 states, "it shall be the duty of the Legislature of the State to establish and make suitable provision for the support and maintenance of an efficient system of public free schools". This issue has surfaced repeatedly in lawsuits involving the State's funding of education and the various restrictions it has placed on local school districts. </p><p>This Article also discusses the creation and maintenance of the <a href="/wiki/Permanent_University_Fund" title="Permanent University Fund">Permanent University Fund</a> (Sections 11, 11a, and 11b) and mandates the establishment of "a University of the first class" (Section 10) to be called <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin" title="University of Texas at Austin">The University of Texas</a>, as well as "an Agricultural, and Mechanical department" (Section 13, today's <a href="/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University" title="Texas A&M University">Texas A&M University</a>, which opened seven years prior); it also establishes <a href="/wiki/Prairie_View_A%26M_University" title="Prairie View A&M University">Prairie View A&M University</a> in Section 14. The University of Texas was originally created in the Constitution of 1858, and Texas A&M University was created from the Morrill Act. In 1915 and 1919, Constitutional Amendments were proposed to separate the two university systems, although both failed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_8:_"Taxation_and_Revenue""><span id="Article_8:_.22Taxation_and_Revenue.22"></span>Article 8: "Taxation and Revenue"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Texas&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Article 8: "Taxation and Revenue""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://statutes.capitol.texas.gov/Docs/CN/htm/CN.8.htm">Article 8</a> places various restrictions on the ability of the Legislature and local governments to impose taxes. Most of these restrictions concern local <a href="/wiki/Property_tax" title="Property tax">property taxes</a>. </p><p>Section 1-e prohibits statewide property taxes. This Section has been the subject of numerous school district financing lawsuits claiming that other Legislative restrictions on local property taxes have created a <i>de facto</i> statewide property tax; the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas Supreme Court">Texas Supreme Court</a> has at times <a href="/wiki/Robin_Hood_plan" title="Robin Hood plan">ruled that the restrictions did in fact do so</a> (and thus were unconstitutional) and at other times ruled that they did not. </p><p>Texas has never had a personal <a href="/wiki/Income_tax" title="Income tax">income tax</a>. In 2019, the constitution was amended to ban any future income tax, which has the effect of requiring a 2/3 majority of the legislature to vote to repeal the ban. Previously, the requirement to pass any future income tax was passage by a statewide <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendum</a>, which requires a simple majority vote of the legislature to add the question to a referendum.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 2006 the Legislature replaced the existing <a href="/wiki/Franchise_tax" title="Franchise tax">franchise tax</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Gross_receipts_tax" title="Gross receipts tax">gross receipts tax</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_9:_"Counties""><span id="Article_9:_.22Counties.22"></span>Article 9: "Counties"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Texas&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Article 9: "Counties""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://statutes.capitol.texas.gov/Docs/CN/htm/CN.9.htm">Article 9</a> provides rules for the creation of counties (<a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Texas" title="List of counties in Texas">now numbering 254</a>) and for determining the location of county seats. It also includes several provisions regarding the creation of county-wide hospital districts in specified counties, as well as other miscellaneous provisions regarding airports and mental health. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_10:_"Railroads""><span id="Article_10:_.22Railroads.22"></span>Article 10: "Railroads"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Texas&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Article 10: "Railroads""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Article_X_of_the_Texas_Constitution" title="Article X of the Texas Constitution">Article X of the Texas Constitution</a></div> <p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://statutes.capitol.texas.gov/Docs/CN/htm/CN.10.htm">Article 10</a> contains a single section declaring that railroads are considered "public highways" and railroad carriers "<a href="/wiki/Common_carrier" title="Common carrier">common carriers</a>". Eight other sections were repealed in 1969. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_11:_"Municipal_Corporations""><span id="Article_11:_.22Municipal_Corporations.22"></span>Article 11: "Municipal Corporations"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Texas&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Article 11: "Municipal Corporations""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://statutes.capitol.texas.gov/Docs/CN/htm/CN.11.htm">Article 11</a> recognizes counties as legal political subunits of the State, grants certain powers to cities and counties, empowers the legislature to form school and other special districts. </p><p>Texas operates under <b>Dustin's Rule</b>: counties and non-school special districts are not granted <a href="/wiki/Home_rule" title="Home rule">home rule</a> privileges, while cities and school districts have those privileges only in the limited instances specified below. </p><p>Sections 4 and 5 discuss the operation of cities based on population. Section 4 states that a city with a population of 5,000 or fewer has only those powers granted to it by general law; Section 5 permits a city, once its population exceeds 5,000, to adopt a charter under <a href="/wiki/Home_rule" title="Home rule">home rule</a> provided the charter is not inconsistent with limits placed by the Texas Constitution or general law (the city may amend to maintain home rule status even if its population subsequently falls to 5,000 or fewer). </p><p>School districts may adopt home rule regardless of size,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but none have chosen to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_12:_"Private_Corporations""><span id="Article_12:_.22Private_Corporations.22"></span>Article 12: "Private Corporations"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Texas&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Article 12: "Private Corporations""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://statutes.capitol.texas.gov/Docs/CN/htm/CN.12.htm">Article 12</a> contains two sections directing the Legislature to enact general laws for the creation of private <a href="/wiki/Corporation" title="Corporation">corporations</a> and prohibiting the creation of private corporations by special law. Four other sections were repealed in 1969, and a fifth section in 1993. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_13:_"Spanish_and_Mexican_Land_Titles""><span id="Article_13:_.22Spanish_and_Mexican_Land_Titles.22"></span>Article 13: "Spanish and Mexican Land Titles"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Texas&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Article 13: "Spanish and Mexican Land Titles""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Article 13 established provisions for Spanish and Mexican land titles from the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican War Era</a> to please the Mexican government.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This article was repealed in its entirety in 1969. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_14:_"Public_Lands_and_Land_Office""><span id="Article_14:_.22Public_Lands_and_Land_Office.22"></span>Article 14: "Public Lands and Land Office"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Texas&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Article 14: "Public Lands and Land Office""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://statutes.capitol.texas.gov/Docs/CN/htm/CN.14.htm">Article 14</a> contains a single section establishing the General Land Office (the office of Commissioner of the General Land Office is discussed under Article IV). Seven other sections were repealed in 1969. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_15:_"Impeachment""><span id="Article_15:_.22Impeachment.22"></span>Article 15: "Impeachment"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Texas&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Article 15: "Impeachment""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://statutes.capitol.texas.gov/Docs/CN/htm/CN.15.htm">Article 15</a> describes the process of <a href="/wiki/Impeachment" title="Impeachment">impeachment</a> and lists grounds on which to impeach judges. The House of Representatives is granted the power of impeachment, while the Senate has power <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_trial" title="Impeachment trial">to try</a> all impeachments. </p><p>No person may be convicted save by the consent of two-thirds of the Senators present, who have taken an oath or affirmation to impartially try the impeached. Judgement in impeachment cases does not extend beyond removal from office and disqualification from public office. The convicted remains subject to trial, indictment and punishment according to law. </p><p>All officers while subject to impeachment charges are suspended until the verdict by the Senate has been delivered. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_16:_"General_Provisions""><span id="Article_16:_.22General_Provisions.22"></span>Article 16: "General Provisions"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Texas&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Article 16: "General Provisions""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://statutes.capitol.texas.gov/Docs/CN/htm/CN.16.htm">Article 16</a> contains miscellaneous provisions, including limits on interest rates, civil penalties for murder, and the punishment for bribery. </p><p>Section 14 All civil officers shall reside within the State; and all district or county officers within their districts or counties, and shall keep their offices at such places as may be required by law; and failure to comply with this condition shall vacate the office so held. </p><p>Section 28 prohibits <a href="/wiki/Garnishment" title="Garnishment">garnishment</a> of wages, except for spousal maintenance and <a href="/wiki/Child_support" title="Child support">child support</a> payments (however, this does not limit Federal garnishment for items such as student loan payments or income taxes). </p><p>Section 37 provides for the constitutional protection of the <a href="/wiki/Mechanic%27s_lien" title="Mechanic's lien">mechanic's lien</a>. </p><p>Section 50 provides for protection of a homestead against forced sale to pay debts, except for foreclosure on debts related to the homestead (mortgage, taxes, mechanic's liens, and <a href="/wiki/Home_equity_loan" title="Home equity loan">home equity loans</a> including <a href="/wiki/Home_equity_line_of_credit" title="Home equity line of credit">home equity lines of credit</a>). This section also places specific restrictions on home equity loans and lines of credit (Texas being the last state to allow them), the section: </p> <ul><li>limits the amount of a home equity loan, when combined with all other loans against a home, to no more than 80 percent of the home's fair market value at the time of the loan,</li> <li>requires that the advance on a home equity line of credit be at least $4,000 (even if the borrower wants to borrow less than that amount, though nothing prohibits a borrower from immediately repaying the credit line with a portion of said advance),</li> <li>requires a 14-day waiting period before any loan or line of credit is effective (at the initial borrowing; later borrowings against a line of credit can still be made in less time), and</li> <li>places restrictions on where closing can take place.</li></ul> <p>Although Texas is a <a href="/wiki/Right-to-work_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-to-work state">right-to-work state</a>, such protections are governed by law; the state does not have a constitutional provision related to right-to-work. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_17:_"Mode_of_amending_the_Constitution_of_this_State""><span id="Article_17:_.22Mode_of_amending_the_Constitution_of_this_State.22"></span>Article 17: "Mode of amending the Constitution of this State"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Texas&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Article 17: "Mode of amending the Constitution of this State""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Notwithstanding the large number of amendments (and proposed amendments) that the Texas Constitution has had since its inception, the only method of amending the Constitution prescribed by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://statutes.capitol.texas.gov/Docs/CN/htm/CN.17.htm">Article 17</a> is via the Legislature, subject to voter approval. The Constitution does not provide for amendment by <a href="/wiki/Initiatives_and_referendums_in_the_United_States" title="Initiatives and referendums in the United States">initiative or referendum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_convention_(political_meeting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional convention (political meeting)">constitutional convention</a>, or any other means. A 1974 constitutional convention required the voters to amend the Constitution to add a separate section to this Article; the section was later repealed in 1999. </p><p>The section also prescribes specific details for notifying the public of elections to approve amendments. It requires that the legislature publish a notice in <a href="/wiki/Newspaper_of_record" title="Newspaper of record">officially approved newspapers</a> that briefly summarizes each amendment and shows how each amendment will be described on the ballot. It also requires that the full text of each amendment be posted at each county courthouse at least 50 days (but no sooner than 60 days) before the election date. </p><p>Once an amendment passes it is compiled into the existing framework (i.e., text is either added or deleted), unlike the United States Constitution. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Attempts_at_revision">Attempts at revision</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Texas&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Attempts at revision"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because of the unwieldiness of the state constitution, there have been attempts to draft a new constitution or to significantly revise the existing one: </p> <ul><li>The most successful of the attempts took place in 1969, when 56 separate obsolete provisions (including the entirety of Article 13, and 22 entire sections from Articles 10, 12, and 14) were successfully repealed.<sup id="cite_ref-texaspolitics.laits.utexas.edu_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-texaspolitics.laits.utexas.edu-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1971 the Texas Legislature placed on the November 1972 ballot an Amendment which called for the Legislature to meet in January 1974 for 90 days as a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_convention_(political_meeting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional convention (political meeting)">constitutional convention</a>, for purposes of drafting a new state Constitution. The measure passed (thus adding Section 2 to Article 17; the section was later repealed in November 1999) and the Legislature met. However, even with an additional 60 days added to the session, the convention failed by a mere three votes to propose a new constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-texaspolitics.laits.utexas.edu_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-texaspolitics.laits.utexas.edu-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1975, the Legislature, meeting in regular session, revived much of the work of the 1974 convention and proposed it as a set of eight amendments to the existing constitution. All eight of the amendments were overwhelmingly rejected by the voters (in 250 the state's 254 counties, all eight amendments were defeated; only in <a href="/wiki/Duval_County,_Texas" title="Duval County, Texas">Duval</a> and <a href="/wiki/Webb_County,_Texas" title="Webb County, Texas">Webb</a> counties did all eight amendments pass).<sup id="cite_ref-texaspolitics.laits.utexas.edu_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-texaspolitics.laits.utexas.edu-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1979 the Legislature placed on the ballot four amendments which had their origins in the 1974 convention; of which three were approved by the voters:<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>One amendment created a single property tax "appraisal district" in each county for purposes of providing a uniform appraised value for all property in a county applicable to all taxing authorities (previously, each taxing authority assessed property individually and frequently did so at dissimilar values between the authorities)</li> <li>Another amendment gave to the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Court_of_Appeals" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas Court of Appeals">Texas Court of Appeals</a> criminal appellate jurisdiction (previously, the Courts had jurisdiction over civil matters only; though death penalty cases still bypass this level)</li> <li>The last amendment gave the <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Texas" title="Governor of Texas">Governor of Texas</a> limited authority to remove appointed statewide officials</li></ul></li> <li>In 1995, Senator John Montford drafted a streamlined constitution similar to the 1974 version. However, Montford resigned his seat to become chancellor of the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Tech_University_System" title="Texas Tech University System">Texas Tech University System</a>, and his initiative subsequently died.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later that year, though, voters approved an amendment abolishing the office of <a href="/wiki/Texas_State_Treasurer" title="Texas State Treasurer">State Treasurer</a> and moving its duties to the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Comptroller_of_Public_Accounts" title="Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts">Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts</a> office.</li> <li>In 1998, a bipartisan effort (led by Republican Senator <a href="/wiki/Bill_Ratliff" title="Bill Ratliff">Bill Ratliff</a> and Democratic Representative Rob Junell) produced a rewritten constitution, with the help of students from <a href="/wiki/Angelo_State_University" title="Angelo State University">Angelo State University</a> (Junell's district included the San Angelo area). The second draft was submitted to the 76th Legislature, but failed to gain support in committee.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Texas&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On March 1, 1845, the US enacted a congressional joint resolution proposing the annexation of Texas to the United States (Joint Resolution for annexing Texas to the United States, J.Res. 8, enacted March 1, 1845, 5 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-5-797">797</a>). On June 23, 1845, the Texan Congress accepted the US Congress's joint resolution, and consented to <a href="/wiki/Anson_Jones" title="Anson Jones">President Jones</a>' calling of a convention to be held on July 4, 1845.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeeks1846_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeeks1846-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Texas convention debated the annexation offer and almost unanimously passed an ordinance assenting to it on July 4, 1845.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGammel18981228–1230_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGammel18981228–1230-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The convention debated through August 28, and adopted the Constitution of the State of Texas on August 27, 1845.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The citizens of Texas approved an annexation ordinance and new constitution on October 13, 1845.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> On December 29, 1845, the United States <a href="/wiki/Admission_to_the_Union" title="Admission to the Union">admitted</a> the State of Texas to the Union (Joint Resolution for the admission of the state of Texas into the Union, J.Res. 1, enacted December 29, 1845, 9 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-9-108">108</a>). </p><p>On June 17, 1865, President <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a> appointed <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson_Hamilton" title="Andrew Jackson Hamilton">Andrew Jackson Hamilton</a> as the provisional civilian governor of the state and directed him to convene a constitutional convention restricted to loyal Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A referendum was held on June 25, 1866, pursuant to the laws then in force on March 29, for the ratification of the amendments proposed by the convention.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Texas adopted yet a new constitution document in 1866 once the United States accepted Texas back into the Union. Then, delegates met in 1869 and drafted a new constitution once again. This time, the newly modified law of the land aimed to protect rights for former slaves, and placed more power on centralized state power (p. 57, Practicing Texas Politics, 2015). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Texas&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but <b>it lacks sufficient corresponding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2009</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation 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.cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBraden1972" class="citation book cs1">Braden, George (1972). <i>Citizens' guide to the Texas Constitution</i>. Austin: Texas Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88408-070-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88408-070-1"><bdi>978-0-88408-070-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Citizens%27+guide+to+the+Texas+Constitution&rft.place=Austin&rft.pub=Texas+Advisory+Commission+on+Intergovernmental+Relations&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-88408-070-1&rft.aulast=Braden&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hill, John L., ed. (1976). <i>Constitution of the State of Texas.</i> Austin: [Office of the Attorney General of Texas]. <ul><li><i>Includes the text of the constitution as of November 2, 1976, along with a brief informational introduction.</i></li></ul></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpaw1990" class="citation book cs1">Spaw, Patsy McDonald (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9UIfOm5_9mQC&dq=Constitutional+Convention+Texas+1861+1866+1868+69+1876&pg=PA484"><i>The Texas Senate: Civil War to the Eve of Reform, 1861-1889</i></a>. Texas A&M University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89096-857-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89096-857-4"><bdi>978-0-89096-857-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Texas+Senate%3A+Civil+War+to+the+Eve+of+Reform%2C+1861-1889&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-89096-857-4&rft.aulast=Spaw&rft.aufirst=Patsy+McDonald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9UIfOm5_9mQC%26dq%3DConstitutional%2BConvention%2BTexas%2B1861%2B1866%2B1868%2B69%2B1876%26pg%3DPA484&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ballotpedia.org/Number_of_state_constitutional_amendments_in_each_state">"Number of state constitutional amendments in each state"</a>. <i>Ballotpedia</i>. Lucy Burns Institute.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ballotpedia&rft.atitle=Number+of+state+constitutional+amendments+in+each+state&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fballotpedia.org%2FNumber_of_state_constitutional_amendments_in_each_state&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lrl.texas.gov/legis/constAmends/index.cfm">"Constitutional Amendments"</a>. <i>Legislative Reference Library of Texas</i>. Texas Legislature<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 26,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Legislative+Reference+Library+of+Texas&rft.atitle=Constitutional+Amendments&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flrl.texas.gov%2Flegis%2FconstAmends%2Findex.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tlc.texas.gov/docs/legref/TxConst.pdf">"Constitution of the State of Texas"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>tlc.texas.gov</i>. Texas Legislative Council.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tlc.texas.gov&rft.atitle=Constitution+of+the+State+of+Texas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftlc.texas.gov%2Fdocs%2Flegref%2FTxConst.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ballotpedia.org/Texas_Proposition_4,_Prohibit_State_Income_Tax_on_Individuals_Amendment_(2019)">"Texas Proposition 4, Prohibit State Income Tax on Individuals Amendment (2019)"</a>. <i>Ballotpedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-05-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ballotpedia&rft.atitle=Texas+Proposition+4%2C+Prohibit+State+Income+Tax+on+Individuals+Amendment+%282019%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fballotpedia.org%2FTexas_Proposition_4%2C_Prohibit_State_Income_Tax_on_Individuals_Amendment_%282019%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://statutes.capitol.texas.gov/Docs/ED/htm/ED.12.htm#B">https://statutes.capitol.texas.gov/Docs/ED/htm/ED.12.htm#B</a> Texas Education Code, Chapter 12, Subchapter B.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121029021921/http://www.texaspolicy.com/sites/default/files/documents/2012-06-RR04-ImprovingEfficiencyLocalControlTexasEducationHomeRuleDistricts-CEP-JamesGolsanBillPeacock.pdf">"Page Not Found " Search " Texas Public Policy Foundation"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.texaspolicy.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.texaspolicy.com/sites/default/files/documents/2012-06-RR04-ImprovingEfficiencyLocalControlTexasEducationHomeRuleDistricts-CEP-JamesGolsanBillPeacock.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2012-10-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-01-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.texaspolicy.com&rft.atitle=Page+Not+Found+%22+Search+%22+Texas+Public+Policy+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.texaspolicy.com%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2F2012-06-RR04-ImprovingEfficiencyLocalControlTexasEducationHomeRuleDistricts-CEP-JamesGolsanBillPeacock.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Texas" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite uses generic title (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-texaspolitics.laits.utexas.edu-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-texaspolitics.laits.utexas.edu_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-texaspolitics.laits.utexas.edu_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-texaspolitics.laits.utexas.edu_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131123211320/http://texaspolitics.laits.utexas.edu/7_6_1.html">"Constitutional Revision, 1971–1975"</a>. <i>Texas Politics</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin_College_of_Liberal_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Texas at Austin College of Liberal Arts">University of Texas College of Liberal Arts</a>. 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://texaspolitics.laits.utexas.edu/7_6_1.html">the original</a> on 2013-11-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-12-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Texas+Politics&rft.atitle=Constitutional+Revision%2C+1971%E2%80%931975&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftexaspolitics.laits.utexas.edu%2F7_6_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131123211320/http://texaspolitics.laits.utexas.edu/7_6_2.html">"Recent Attempts at Constitutional Revision"</a>. <i>Texas Politics</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin_College_of_Liberal_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Texas at Austin College of Liberal Arts">University of Texas College of Liberal Arts</a>. 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://texaspolitics.laits.utexas.edu/7_6_2.html">the original</a> on 2013-11-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-12-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Texas+Politics&rft.atitle=Recent+Attempts+at+Constitutional+Revision&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftexaspolitics.laits.utexas.edu%2F7_6_2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGammel1898" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hans_Peter_Mareus_Neilsen_Gammel" title="Hans Peter Mareus Neilsen Gammel">Gammel, H.P.N.</a> (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth6726/m1/1229/"><i>The Laws of Texas, 1822–1897</i></a>. Vol. 2. pp. 1225–1227.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Laws+of+Texas%2C+1822%E2%80%931897&rft.pages=1225-1227&rft.date=1898&rft.aulast=Gammel&rft.aufirst=H.P.N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftexashistory.unt.edu%2Fark%3A%2F67531%2Fmetapth6726%2Fm1%2F1229%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeeks1846-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeeks1846_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeeks1846">Weeks 1846</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGammel18981228–1230-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGammel18981228–1230_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGammel1898">Gammel 1898</a>, pp. 1228–1230.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeeks1846" class="citation book cs1">Weeks, Wm. F. (1846). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160310123326/http://tarlton.law.utexas.edu/constitutions/texas1845/debates"><i>Debates of the Texas Convention</i></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tarlton.law.utexas.edu/constitutions/texas1845/debates">the original</a> on 2016-03-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-01-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Debates+of+the+Texas+Convention&rft.date=1846&rft.aulast=Weeks&rft.aufirst=Wm.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftarlton.law.utexas.edu%2Fconstitutions%2Ftexas1845%2Fdebates&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Presidential Proclamation No. 42, 17 June 1865, 13 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-13-765">765</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGammel1898e" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hans_Peter_Mareus_Neilsen_Gammel" title="Hans Peter Mareus Neilsen Gammel">Gammel, H.P.N.</a>, ed. (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth6727/m1/904/"><i>The Laws of Texas, 1822–1897</i></a>. Vol. 5. <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Texas" title="University of North Texas">University of North Texas</a>. pp. 888–895.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Laws+of+Texas%2C+1822%E2%80%931897&rft.pages=888-895&rft.pub=University+of+North+Texas&rft.date=1898&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftexashistory.unt.edu%2Fark%3A%2F67531%2Fmetapth6727%2Fm1%2F904%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Texas&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Texas_Constitution" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Texas Constitution">Texas Constitution</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180609090559/http://knowledgecenter.csg.org/kc/system/files/1.1.2017.pdf">"Book of the States"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. The Council of State Governments. January 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://knowledgecenter.csg.org/kc/system/files/1.1.2017.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2018-06-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-06-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Book+of+the+States&rft.pub=The+Council+of+State+Governments&rft.date=2017-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fknowledgecenter.csg.org%2Fkc%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2F1.1.2017.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tlc.texas.gov/docs/amendments/Constamend1876.pdf">"Amendments to The Texas Constitution Since 1876"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Texas Legislative Council. November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-06-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Amendments+to+The+Texas+Constitution+Since+1876&rft.pub=Texas+Legislative+Council&rft.date=2017-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftlc.texas.gov%2Fdocs%2Famendments%2FConstamend1876.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Texas" class="Z3988"></span> Text of all amendments added to the Texas Constitution since 1876.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130728074632/http://texaspolitics.laits.utexas.edu/7_1_0.html">"The Constitution"</a>. <i>Texas Politics</i>. Liberal Arts Instructional Technology Services, College of Liberal Arts, University of Texas at Austin. 31 July 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://texaspolitics.laits.utexas.edu/7_1_0.html">the original</a> on 28 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-07-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Texas+Politics&rft.atitle=The+Constitution&rft.date=2013-07-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftexaspolitics.laits.utexas.edu%2F7_1_0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Texas" class="Z3988"></span> Part of a larger website about Texas government and politics.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBraden1977" class="citation web cs1">Braden, George D.; et al. (August 1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sll.texas.gov/library-resources/collections/bradens-annotated-texas-constitution/">"The Constitution of the State of Texas: An Annotated and Comparative Analysis"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDFs)</span>. Texas State Law Library<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-07-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Constitution+of+the+State+of+Texas%3A+An+Annotated+and+Comparative+Analysis&rft.pub=Texas+State+Law+Library&rft.date=1977-08&rft.aulast=Braden&rft.aufirst=George+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sll.texas.gov%2Flibrary-resources%2Fcollections%2Fbradens-annotated-texas-constitution%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Texas" class="Z3988"></span> Constitution text as of April 22, 1975, including "information regarding the origins, historical development, and contemporary meaning of each section" along with "interpretive comments" (annotations completed 1973–1976).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tarlton.law.utexas.edu/constitutions/">"Texas Constitutions 1824–1876"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(searchable text and JPEG images)</span>. Tarlton Law Library, Jamail Center for Legal Research. 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-07-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Texas+Constitutions+1824%E2%80%931876&rft.pub=Tarlton+Law+Library%2C+Jamail+Center+for+Legal+Research&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftarlton.law.utexas.edu%2Fconstitutions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Texas" class="Z3988"></span> Historic constitutions and constitutional convention materials, 1824–1876, including the original, unamended text of the 1876 constitution.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGammel1898–1939" class="citation web cs1">Gammel, H. P. N. (1898–1939). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://texashistory.unt.edu/explore/collections/GLT/browse/">"Gammel's Laws of Texas"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(JPEG images only)</span>. <i>Portal to Texas History</i>. University of North Texas Libraries<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-07-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Portal+to+Texas+History&rft.atitle=Gammel%27s+Laws+of+Texas&rft.date=1898%2F1939&rft.aulast=Gammel&rft.aufirst=H.+P.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftexashistory.unt.edu%2Fexplore%2Fcollections%2FGLT%2Fbrowse%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Texas" class="Z3988"></span> 32-volume "compilation of the laws and political documents of Texas" covering 1822–1939; includes the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth5872/m1/1077/">1836 Constitution of the Republic of Texas</a>, as well as the state constitutions of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth6727/m1/3/">1861</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth6727/m1/871/">1866</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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