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</ul> </li> <li id="toc-Solutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Solutions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_pollution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_pollution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Water pollution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_pollution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_reactions_and_government_initiatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_reactions_and_government_initiatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Public reactions and government 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<span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" 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title="Endemic species">endemic species</a> and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>. There is substantial degree of <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution</a> in the air, water and land of <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>. According to 2019 estimates, the country is considered to have one of the highest degrees of pollution in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-apnews_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apnews-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The country's tradition of <a href="/wiki/Air_quality_index" title="Air quality index">measuring air quality</a> started in 1965, after which urban environments could be monitored for the level of pollution present. <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">Air pollution</a> negatively affects the health of citizens, primarily their <a href="/wiki/Respiratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Respiratory">respiratory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiovascular system">cardiovascular systems</a>. Some of the main causes for the increased air pollution in the country include the use of <a href="/wiki/Firewood" title="Firewood">firewood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> during the winter period and heavy traffic dominated by the use of old cars. Government and citizen initiatives to tackle the problem of air pollution have appeared with various degrees of success. </p><p>There is significant water pollution in the country's water resources, primarily the biggest rivers <a href="/wiki/Vardar" title="Vardar">Vardar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bregalnica" title="Bregalnica">Bregalnica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crna_River_(Vardar)" title="Crna River (Vardar)">Crna River</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ohrid_Lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohrid Lake">Ohrid Lake</a>. This is mostly due to unrestrained wastewater disposal from industry, <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">households</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues_in_North_Macedonia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some of the most frequently polluted areas in the country include urban regions. Nevertheless, pollution has been noticed in some of the rural areas as well.<sup id="cite_ref-reportmk_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reportmk-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the most frequently polluted cities include the country's capital <a href="/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a> and bigger cities like <a href="/wiki/Tetovo" title="Tetovo">Tetovo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bitola" title="Bitola">Bitola</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-reportmk_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reportmk-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-iph_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iph-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Monitoring of the <a href="/wiki/Air_quality" class="mw-redirect" title="Air quality">air quality</a> started being recorded in 1965 when samples of harmful substances were being collected. Since the 1990s, more modern technologies have been implemented throughout the country.<sup id="cite_ref-reportmk_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reportmk-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Airborne_particles" class="mw-redirect" title="Airborne particles">Airborne particles</a> in Skopje have been estimated to exceed safety levels recommended by the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> by 20 times. Skopje is regularly ranked as one of the most polluted cities, both in Europe and the world. The <a href="/wiki/PM10" class="mw-redirect" title="PM10">PM10</a> levels in 2018 were above EU limits for 202 days; during that year they reached 2.5 PM, a measure that indicates the most dangerous air pollutants for health.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jazeera_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jazeera-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Environment_and_Physical_Planning" title="Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning">Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning</a> is responsible for the recording of pollution in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-iks_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iks-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2022, it is expected that the pollution levels in the country will rise higher than before owing to the global economic crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-specat_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-specat-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Air_pollution">Air pollution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues_in_North_Macedonia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Air pollution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Urban_pollution_,%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Urban_pollution_%2C%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5.jpg/220px-Urban_pollution_%2C%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Urban_pollution_%2C%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5.jpg/330px-Urban_pollution_%2C%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Urban_pollution_%2C%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5.jpg/440px-Urban_pollution_%2C%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption>A source of <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">air pollution</a> through the emission of <a href="/wiki/Exhaust_gas" title="Exhaust gas">exhaust gases</a> in an urban area in the country.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Main_causes">Main causes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues_in_North_Macedonia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Main causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The state of the air quality aggravates with the beginning of the heating season. Additionally, due to the country's location in a predominantly mountainous region and its <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Mediterranean climate</a>, it is harder to tackle the problem.<sup id="cite_ref-reportmk_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reportmk-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rising of warm air upwards and its collision with the colder and heavier air downwards results in the formation of <a href="/wiki/Smog" title="Smog">smog</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jazeera_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jazeera-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main causes of air pollution, in descending order of importance include: </p> <ul><li>Burning wood and using biomass <a href="/wiki/Pellet_fuel" title="Pellet fuel">pellet fuels</a> as a means of home heating during cold winters produces PM10 particles and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-apnews_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apnews-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-iph_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iph-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is related primarily to their <a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic_status" title="Socioeconomic status">socioeconomic status</a> and according to some estimates, 42-45% of the citizens of the capital use <a href="/wiki/Firewood" title="Firewood">firewood</a> to heat their homes, which is also partly purchased on the <a href="/wiki/Black_market" title="Black market">black market</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jazeera_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jazeera-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Old cars that do not meet EU emission standards and heavy traffics cause PM10 and carbon monoxide.<sup id="cite_ref-apnews_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apnews-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-reportmk_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reportmk-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-iph_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iph-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An increase of the import of such vehicles appeared in 2010 after the decision of the leading government at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-jazeera_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jazeera-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Industrial production processes that are older than the rest of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a><sup id="cite_ref-jazeera_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jazeera-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Garbage disposal by incineration<sup id="cite_ref-apnews_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apnews-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Producing electricity using solid fuels-like brown coal (lignite) and liquid fuels - nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide<sup id="cite_ref-iph_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iph-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-reportmk_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reportmk-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Population density; construction activities - dust; inadequate urbanization, production facilities Silmak and Teteks; geographical basin location - Tetovo<sup id="cite_ref-iph_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iph-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>As in other post-Yugoslav countries, a study by the <a href="/wiki/Health_and_Environment_Alliance" title="Health and Environment Alliance">Health and Environment Alliance</a> found that the main pollutants of the air include the 16 lignite plants that are found on the territories of the countries.<sup id="cite_ref-jazeera_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jazeera-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effects_on_health">Effects on health</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues_in_North_Macedonia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Effects on health"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to health research, it is estimated that approximately 1350 (2015)<sup id="cite_ref-iph_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iph-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and more than 3000 people (2019) died annually due to air pollution-related causes.<sup id="cite_ref-apnews_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apnews-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, air pollution in the country is known to contribute to lost productive days.<sup id="cite_ref-iph_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iph-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to 2015 estimates, 253 million euros were lost, mainly due to premature death, health costs and reduced productivity.<sup id="cite_ref-iph_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iph-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Organs that are primarily affected by pollution are the <a href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">lungs</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiovascular system">cardiovascular system</a>. The most vulnerable population includes children between the age of 0 and 5, elderly people, people with chronic diseases, <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a> patients, people who work outdoors and smokers (who have an increased risk of <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_arrest" title="Cardiac arrest">cardiac arrest</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-iph_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iph-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, heart diseases and strokes account for 80% of premature deaths related to pollution.<sup id="cite_ref-jazeera_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jazeera-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Children are particularly prone to <a href="/wiki/Bronchitis" title="Bronchitis">bronchitis</a> and other infections due to the smaller size of their airways.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Air pollution can have an effect on <a href="/wiki/Neural_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Neural development">neural development</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">cognition</a> that can lead to a decrease in performance and lower <a href="/wiki/Quality_of_life" title="Quality of life">quality of life</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jazeera_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jazeera-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additionally, numerous scientific studies have shown that PM10 and PM2.5 particles in the air could lead to <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_disorder" title="Metabolic disorder">metabolic disorders</a>, such as those of the <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a> and to neurodegenrative effects, leading to worsened memory, speech, intelligence and tumor formations in pre-born children. It has been reported by Ratko Davidovski, a PhD in hygiene and health ecology, that several citizens of Tetovo who reported <a href="/wiki/Non-alcoholic_fatty_liver_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease">non-alcoholic fatty liver disease</a> (NAFLD) despite leading healthy lives, which he attributed to the high levels of pollution in the air of that town.<sup id="cite_ref-specat_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-specat-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Solutions">Solutions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues_in_North_Macedonia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Solutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to an analysis of air pollution in the period between 2005 and 2015, there was a decrease in the level of <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a> while the levels of other pollutants only decreased very slightly or remained unchanged.<sup id="cite_ref-reportmk_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reportmk-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same analysis found that the most important factors to tackle first include wood-burning heating systems and heavy traffic.<sup id="cite_ref-reportmk_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reportmk-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the proposed solutions to tackle air pollution problems include better public transport, using solar heating and pedestrianizing the city center.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, nationwide <a href="/wiki/Gasification" title="Gasification">gasification</a> programs have been listed as the primary solution for the use of carbon and other pieces of furniture.<sup id="cite_ref-specat_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-specat-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Water_pollution">Water pollution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues_in_North_Macedonia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Water pollution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Fishing_Plastic.MOV.webm/220px--Fishing_Plastic.MOV.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="57" data-mwtitle="Fishing_Plastic.MOV.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Fishing_Plastic.MOV.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/72/Fishing_Plastic.MOV.webm/Fishing_Plastic.MOV.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Fishing_Plastic.MOV.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/72/Fishing_Plastic.MOV.webm/Fishing_Plastic.MOV.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/72/Fishing_Plastic.MOV.webm/Fishing_Plastic.MOV.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/72/Fishing_Plastic.MOV.webm/Fishing_Plastic.MOV.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/72/Fishing_Plastic.MOV.webm/Fishing_Plastic.MOV.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>A video showing plastic litter being fished out of the river <a href="/wiki/Vardar" title="Vardar">Vardar</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>As there was no existing information on the level of water pollution in 2021, the discharge of harmful and dangerous substances in water bodies without a permit is not prohibited with sanctions for illegal actions. This includes <a href="/wiki/Wastewater" title="Wastewater">wastewater</a> from industry and mining that gets released into the soil, sewage, watercourses, reservoirs and lakes.<sup id="cite_ref-iks_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iks-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wastewater in turn, gets generated from several sources, including industrial and mining wastewaters, wastewaters from households and wastewaters from agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_reactions_and_government_initiatives">Public reactions and government initiatives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues_in_North_Macedonia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Public reactions and government initiatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many initiatives have been taken by the locals and the government to tackle and raise awareness about the issue of pollution. An AirCare application has been developed by an engineering student to monitor pollution levels and it gained widespread use by the wider public.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thousands of high school students protested on 20 December 2019 in front of the government building as part of global climate movements.<sup id="cite_ref-apnews_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apnews-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The judiciary system in the country is responsible to take measures against air pollutants when there is enough evidence that pollution is harmful to health through central and local politics.<sup id="cite_ref-reportmk_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reportmk-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The country is receiving financial help from the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (EU).<sup id="cite_ref-reportmk_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reportmk-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The country's president, <a href="/wiki/Stevo_Pendarovski" title="Stevo Pendarovski">Stevo Pendarovski</a>, has emphasized that more financing is needed to tackle the air pollution problem.<sup id="cite_ref-iph_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iph-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early 2020, after the allowed toxic particles were eleven times higher than recommended, the government announced some measures such as free working days for pregnant women and the elderly, reduced outdoor work and banned sports and outdoor activities.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legislation">Legislation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues_in_North_Macedonia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Legislation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Article 43 of the Constitution of the state is set in place to protect the environment. Since the 2000s, the harmonization process of the national legislation on environment with the EU legislation started and laws governing environmental protection started being implemented in the 2010s.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues_in_North_Macedonia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/32px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png" 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href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues_in_North_Macedonia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output 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(22 November 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.slobodenpecat.mk/novi-studii-za-vozduhot-vo-tetovo-aerozagaduvanjeto-go-napagja-i-crniot-drob/">"Нови студии за воздухот: Аерозагадувањето го напаѓа и црниот дроб, тетовци веќе ги чуствуваат последиците"</a> [New studies about the air: Aeropollution attacks the liver too, people from Tetovo can feel the consequences]. <i><a href="/wiki/Sloboden_Pe%C4%8Dat" title="Sloboden Pečat">Sloboden Pečat</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sloboden+Pe%C4%8Dat&rft.atitle=%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8+%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B7%D0%B0+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%82%3A+%D0%90%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE+%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%93%D0%B0+%D0%B8+%D1%86%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82+%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%2C+%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%86%D0%B8+%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%9C%D0%B5+%D0%B3%D0%B8+%D1%87%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%82+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5&rft.date=2022-11-22&rft.aulast=D.&rft.aufirst=Z.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.slobodenpecat.mk%2Fnovi-studii-za-vozduhot-vo-tetovo-aerozagaduvanjeto-go-napagja-i-crniot-drob%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+issues+in+North+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDimitrovskaRadevskiGorin2020" class="citation book cs1">Dimitrovska, O; Radevski, I; Gorin, S (2020). "Water Quality and Pollution Status of the Main Rivers in the Republic of North Macedonia". <i>Water Resources Management in Balkan Countries</i>. Springer Water. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Springer_Water&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Springer Water (page does not exist)">Springer Water</a>. pp. 389–418. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-22468-4_15">10.1007/978-3-030-22468-4_15</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-22467-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-22467-7"><bdi>978-3-030-22467-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:210614503">210614503</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Water+Quality+and+Pollution+Status+of+the+Main+Rivers+in+the+Republic+of+North+Macedonia&rft.btitle=Water+Resources+Management+in+Balkan+Countries&rft.series=Springer+Water&rft.pages=389-418&rft.pub=Springer+Water&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A210614503%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-22468-4_15&rft.isbn=978-3-030-22467-7&rft.aulast=Dimitrovska&rft.aufirst=O&rft.au=Radevski%2C+I&rft.au=Gorin%2C+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+issues+in+North+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/north-macedonia-announces-urgent-measures-due-to-severe-pollution/30400915.html">"North Macedonia Announces Urgent Measures Due To Severe Pollution"</a>. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 27 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=North+Macedonia+Announces+Urgent+Measures+Due+To+Severe+Pollution&rft.pub=Radio+Free+Europe%2FRadio+Liberty&rft.date=2020-01-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2Fnorth-macedonia-announces-urgent-measures-due-to-severe-pollution%2F30400915.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+issues+in+North+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDukovska2022" class="citation report cs1">Dukovska, Jugoslava (3 October 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/5/7/527568.pdf">Report on Environmental Corruption in the Republic of North Macedonia</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2022</span> – via State Commission for Prevention of Corruption.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Report+on+Environmental+Corruption+in+the+Republic+of+North+Macedonia&rft.pub=Organization+for+Security+and+Co-operation+in+Europe&rft.date=2022-10-03&rft.aulast=Dukovska&rft.aufirst=Jugoslava&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.osce.org%2Ffiles%2Ff%2Fdocuments%2F5%2F7%2F527568.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+issues+in+North+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues_in_North_Macedonia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/env/epr/epr_studies/ECE.CEP.186.Eng.pdf">"Environmental Performance Reviews Series No. 51"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Press release). Geneva: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>. May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Environmental+Performance+Reviews+Series+No.+51&rft.place=Geneva&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft.date=2019-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unece.org%2Ffileadmin%2FDAM%2Fenv%2Fepr%2Fepr_studies%2FECE.CEP.186.Eng.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+issues+in+North+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/116521576516981237/Air-Quality-Management-in-North-Macedonia">"Air Pollution Management in North Macedonia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>. October 2019. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1596%2F33042">10.1596/33042</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10986%2F33042">10986/33042</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:240909918">240909918</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Air+Pollution+Management+in+North+Macedonia&rft.date=2019-10&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10986%2F33042&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A240909918%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1596%2F33042&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdocuments.worldbank.org%2Fcurated%2Fen%2F116521576516981237%2FAir-Quality-Management-in-North-Macedonia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+issues+in+North+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.itu.int/how-skopje-north-macedonia-is-using-innovative-tech-to-clean-up-air-pollution/">"How Skopje, North Macedonia is using innovative tech to clean up air pollution"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ITU_News&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ITU News (page does not exist)">ITU News</a>. 5 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Skopje%2C+North+Macedonia+is+using+innovative+tech+to+clean+up+air+pollution&rft.pub=ITU+News&rft.date=2019-06-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.itu.int%2Fhow-skopje-north-macedonia-is-using-innovative-tech-to-clean-up-air-pollution%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+issues+in+North+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoveskiFelthöferBernardXanthoula_Ayadi2020" class="citation web cs1">Joveski, Andrea; Felthöfer, Charlotte; Bernard, Julia; Xanthoula Ayadi, Rafaela; van Buren, Carol (22 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenewfederalist.eu/european-perspectives-climate-protection-from-london-to-skopje?lang=fr">"European Perspectives: Climate Protection from London to Skopje"</a>. The New Federalist<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=European+Perspectives%3A+Climate+Protection+from+London+to+Skopje&rft.pub=The+New+Federalist&rft.date=2020-01-22&rft.aulast=Joveski&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft.au=Felth%C3%B6fer%2C+Charlotte&rft.au=Bernard%2C+Julia&rft.au=Xanthoula+Ayadi%2C+Rafaela&rft.au=van+Buren%2C+Carol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenewfederalist.eu%2Feuropean-perspectives-climate-protection-from-london-to-skopje%3Flang%3Dfr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+issues+in+North+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDimitrovskaRadevskiGorin2020" class="citation book cs1">Dimitrovska, O; Radevski, I; Gorin, S (2020). "Water Quality and Pollution Status of the Main Rivers in the Republic of North Macedonia". <i>Water Resources Management in Balkan Countries</i>. Springer Water. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Springer_Water&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Springer Water (page does not exist)">Springer Water</a>. pp. 389–418. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-22468-4_15">10.1007/978-3-030-22468-4_15</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-22467-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-22467-7"><bdi>978-3-030-22467-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:210614503">210614503</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Water+Quality+and+Pollution+Status+of+the+Main+Rivers+in+the+Republic+of+North+Macedonia&rft.btitle=Water+Resources+Management+in+Balkan+Countries&rft.series=Springer+Water&rft.pages=389-418&rft.pub=Springer+Water&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A210614503%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-22468-4_15&rft.isbn=978-3-030-22467-7&rft.aulast=Dimitrovska&rft.aufirst=O&rft.au=Radevski%2C+I&rft.au=Gorin%2C+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+issues+in+North+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDukovska2022" class="citation report cs1">Dukovska, Jugoslava (3 October 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/5/7/527568.pdf">Report on Environmental Corruption in the Republic of North Macedonia</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2022</span> – via State Commission for Prevention of Corruption.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Report+on+Environmental+Corruption+in+the+Republic+of+North+Macedonia&rft.pub=Organization+for+Security+and+Cooperation+in+Europe&rft.date=2022-10-03&rft.aulast=Dukovska&rft.aufirst=Jugoslava&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.osce.org%2Ffiles%2Ff%2Fdocuments%2F5%2F7%2F527568.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+issues+in+North+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDimitrovskaMarkoskiApostolovska_ToshevskaMilevski2012" class="citation journal cs1">Dimitrovska, Olgica; Markoski, Blagoja; Apostolovska Toshevska, Biljana; Milevski, Ivica; Gorin, Svemir (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257728717">"Surface water pollution of major rivers in the Republic of Macedonia"</a>. <i>Procedia Environmental Sciences</i>. <b>14</b> (14): 32–40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.proenv.2012.03.004">10.1016/j.proenv.2012.03.004</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Procedia+Environmental+Sciences&rft.atitle=Surface+water+pollution+of+major+rivers+in+the+Republic+of+Macedonia&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=32-40&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.proenv.2012.03.004&rft.aulast=Dimitrovska&rft.aufirst=Olgica&rft.au=Markoski%2C+Blagoja&rft.au=Apostolovska+Toshevska%2C+Biljana&rft.au=Milevski%2C+Ivica&rft.au=Gorin%2C+Svemir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F257728717&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+issues+in+North+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDimitrovskaRadevskiGorin2019" class="citation book cs1">Dimitrovska, Olgica; Radevski, Ivan; Gorin, Svemir (30 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.ukim.mk/handle/20.500.12188/12714">"Water Quality and Pollution Status of the Main Rivers in the Republic of North Macedonia"</a>. <i>Water Resources Management in Balkan Countries</i>. Springer Water. Springer International Publishing. pp. 389–418. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-22468-4_15">10.1007/978-3-030-22468-4_15</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-22467-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-22467-7"><bdi>978-3-030-22467-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:210614503">210614503</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Water+Quality+and+Pollution+Status+of+the+Main+Rivers+in+the+Republic+of+North+Macedonia&rft.btitle=Water+Resources+Management+in+Balkan+Countries&rft.series=Springer+Water&rft.pages=389-418&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2019-10-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A210614503%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-22468-4_15&rft.isbn=978-3-030-22467-7&rft.aulast=Dimitrovska&rft.aufirst=Olgica&rft.au=Radevski%2C+Ivan&rft.au=Gorin%2C+Svemir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.ukim.mk%2Fhandle%2F20.500.12188%2F12714&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+issues+in+North+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues_in_North_Macedonia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://air.moepp.gov.mk/">Information on pollutants in the air</a> in <span class="languageicon">(in Macedonian)</span>, available since 2012</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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href="/wiki/History_of_North_Macedonia#Ancient_period" title="History of North Macedonia">Ancient</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paeonia_(kingdom)" title="Paeonia (kingdom)">Paeonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagonia" title="Pelagonia">Pelagonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Kingdom of Macedon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Macedonia" title="Upper Macedonia">Upper Macedonia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dardania" title="Kingdom of Dardania">Kingdom of Dardania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Roman_province)" title="Macedonia (Roman province)">Roman Province</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Roman_province)#Macedonia_Secunda_or_Salutaris" title="Macedonia (Roman province)">Macedonia Salutaris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Macedonia" title="Diocese of Macedonia">Roman Diocese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Macedonia#Medieval_period" title="History of North Macedonia">Medieval</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Bulgarian Empire <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_(theme)" title="Bulgaria (theme)">Theme of Bulgaria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Prilep" title="Lordship of Prilep">Kingdom of Prilep</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="North Macedonia under the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karposh%27s_rebellion" title="Karposh's rebellion">Karposh's rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_nationalism" title="Macedonian nationalism">Macedonian awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilinden%E2%80%93Preobrazhenie_Uprising" title="Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising">Ilinden Uprising</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kru%C5%A1evo_Republic" title="Kruševo Republic">Kruševo Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kru%C5%A1evo_Manifesto" title="Kruševo Manifesto">Kruševo Manifesto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1913)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1913)">Treaty of Bucharest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_front" title="Macedonian front">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_occupation_of_Serbia_(World_War_I)" title="Bulgarian occupation of Serbia (World War I)">Bulgarian occupation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Serbia_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="South Serbia (1919–1922)">South Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vardar_Banovina" title="Vardar Banovina">Vardar Banovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslav_Macedonia" title="World War II in Yugoslav Macedonia">War in Yugoslav Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Macedonia_(1944)" title="Independent Macedonia (1944)">Independent Macedonia (1944)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascist_Assembly_for_the_National_Liberation_of_Macedonia" title="Anti-fascist Assembly for the National Liberation of Macedonia">Anti-Fascist Assembly <span style="font-size:85%;">(ASNOM)</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_(Macedonia)" title="National Liberation Front (Macedonia)">National Liberation Front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Greek_Civil_War" title="Refugees of the Greek Civil War">Refugees of the Greek Civil War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Macedonia" title="Socialist Republic of Macedonia">Socialist Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Skopje_earthquake" title="1963 Skopje earthquake">1963 Skopje earthquake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2001_insurgency_in_Macedonia" title="2001 insurgency in Macedonia">2001 insurgency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ohrid_Agreement_(2001)" title="Ohrid Agreement (2001)">Ohrid Agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Republic_of_Macedonia_inter-ethnic_violence" title="2012 Republic of Macedonia inter-ethnic violence">2012 inter-ethnic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Macedonian_government_building_attack" title="2014 Macedonian government building attack">2014 Macedonian government building attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Kumanovo_clashes" title="2015 Kumanovo clashes">2015 Kumanovo clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Macedonian_protests" title="2015 Macedonian protests">2015 Macedonian protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Macedonian_protests" title="2016 Macedonian protests">2016 Macedonian protests-Colorful Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_storming_of_the_Macedonian_Parliament" title="2017 storming of the Macedonian Parliament">2017 storming of the Macedonian Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prespa_Agreement" title="Prespa Agreement">2018 Prespa agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_North_Macedonia_protests" title="2022 North Macedonia protests">2022 North Macedonia protests</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_North_Macedonia" title="Geography of North Macedonia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_North_Macedonia" title="List of cities in North Macedonia">Cities</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_North_Macedonia" title="Geology of North Macedonia">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes#North_Macedonia" title="List of lakes">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_North_Macedonia" title="List of mountains in North Macedonia">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_North_Macedonia" title="List of rivers of North Macedonia">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_North_Macedonia" title="Wildlife of North Macedonia">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_North_Macedonia" title="Politics of North Macedonia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_North_Macedonia" title="Constitution of North Macedonia">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_North_Macedonia" title="Elections in North Macedonia">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_North_Macedonia" title="Assembly of North Macedonia">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_North_Macedonia" title="List of political parties in North Macedonia">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_North_Macedonia" title="President of North Macedonia">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_North_Macedonia" title="Prime Minister of North Macedonia">Prime Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_North_Macedonia" title="Administrative divisions of North Macedonia">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_North_Macedonia" title="Municipalities of North Macedonia">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_regions_of_North_Macedonia" title="Statistical regions of North Macedonia">Statistical regions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_North_Macedonia" title="Foreign relations of North Macedonia">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_North_Macedonia" title="Human rights in North Macedonia">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_North_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in North Macedonia">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_of_North_Macedonia" title="Police of North Macedonia">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_North_Macedonia" title="Army of North Macedonia">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_naming_dispute" title="Macedonia naming dispute">Naming dispute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_North_Macedonia" title="Economy of North Macedonia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_North_Macedonia" title="Agriculture in North Macedonia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_North_Macedonia" title="National Bank of North Macedonia">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_denar" title="Macedonian denar">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_North_Macedonia" title="List of power stations in North Macedonia">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Stock_Exchange" title="Macedonian Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_North_Macedonia" title="Telecommunications in North Macedonia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_North_Macedonia" title="Tourism in North Macedonia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_North_Macedonia" title="Transport in North Macedonia">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_North_Macedonia" title="Category:Society of North Macedonia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_North_Macedonia" title="Demographics of North Macedonia">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_North_Macedonia" title="Education in North Macedonia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_North_Macedonia#Ethnic_groups" title="Demographics of North Macedonia">Ethnic groups</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonians_(ethnic_group)" title="Macedonians (ethnic group)">Macedonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_North_Macedonia" title="Albanians in North Macedonia">Albanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_North_Macedonia" title="Health in North Macedonia">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_North_Macedonia" title="Languages of North Macedonia">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_Macedonia" title="Religion in North Macedonia">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_North_Macedonia" title="Women in North Macedonia">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_North_Macedonia" title="Culture of North Macedonia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denes_nad_Makedonija" title="Denes nad Makedonija">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_North_Macedonia" title="Architecture of North Macedonia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_North_Macedonia" title="Cinema of North Macedonia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_cuisine" title="Macedonian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_embroidery" title="Macedonian embroidery">Embroidery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_North_Macedonia" title="Flag of North Macedonia">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_literature" title="Macedonian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_North_Macedonia" title="Mass media in North Macedonia">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_North_Macedonia" title="Music of North Macedonia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Slavic_mythology" title="Macedonian Slavic mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_emblem_of_North_Macedonia" title="National emblem of North Macedonia">National emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_North_Macedonia" title="National symbols of North Macedonia">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_North_Macedonia" title="Public holidays in North Macedonia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_North_Macedonia" title="List of radio stations in North Macedonia">Radio stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_North_Macedonia" title="Television in North Macedonia">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_North_Macedonia" title="List of World Heritage Sites in North Macedonia">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_North_Macedonia" title="Outline of North Macedonia">Outline</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:North_Macedonia" title="Category:North Macedonia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:North_Macedonia" title="Portal:North Macedonia">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Environmental_issues_in_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Environmental_issues_in_Europe" title="Template:Environmental issues in Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Environmental_issues_in_Europe" title="Template talk:Environmental issues in Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Environmental_issues_in_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Environmental issues in Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Environmental_issues_in_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Environmental issues in Europe</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Albania" title="Environmental issues in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues_in_Andorra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Environmental issues in Andorra (page does not exist)">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Azerbaijan" title="Environmental issues in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Bulgaria" title="Environmental issues in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Finland" title="Environmental issues in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Environmental issues in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Greece" title="Environmental issues in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues_in_Iceland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Environmental issues in Iceland (page does not exist)">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Environmental issues in the Republic of Ireland (page does not exist)">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Kazakhstan" title="Environmental issues in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Latvia" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues_in_Liechtenstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Environmental issues in Liechtenstein (page does not exist)">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues_in_Luxembourg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Environmental issues in Luxembourg (page does not exist)">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Malta" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues_in_Monaco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Environmental issues in Monaco (page does not exist)">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues_in_Montenegro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Environmental issues in Montenegro (page does not exist)">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Russia" title="Environmental issues in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues_in_San_Marino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Environmental issues in San Marino (page does not exist)">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Serbia" title="Environmental issues in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues_in_Slovakia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Environmental issues in Slovakia (page does not exist)">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Turkey" title="Environmental issues in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Environmental issues in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Environmental issues in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues_in_Kosovo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Environmental issues in Kosovo (page does not exist)">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Environmental issues in Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Environmental issues in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues_in_Transnistria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Environmental issues in Transnistria (page does not exist)">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues_in_%C3%85land&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Environmental issues in Åland (page does not exist)">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues_in_the_Faroe_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Environmental issues in the Faroe Islands (page does not exist)">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues_in_Gibraltar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Environmental issues in Gibraltar (page does not exist)">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues_in_Guernsey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Environmental issues in Guernsey (page does not exist)">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues_in_the_Isle_of_Man&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Environmental issues in the Isle of Man (page does not exist)">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues_in_Jersey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Environmental issues in Jersey (page does not exist)">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Svalbard" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues in Svalbard">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group 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