CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="390"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "www.iisd.org",cType: 'managed',cRay: '92d62e9dceb13e61',cH: 'z_JjPw_n0.bFHHGigF3vXcXyI2VcRbdmYiCmFOV2Ho4-1744161627-1.2.1.1-IaU.XMrS8_QCL0auESKX0PM3lxfscfMghd0AmrzGWzTTIsfU6EjMIu1n.QUXOJOx',cUPMDTk: "\/accessibility?__cf_chl_tk=IbhIdLlySd4_gtYtdQDF8a2IvC6JhLZp.iqYo4XzqgE-1744161627-1.0.1.1-yqMWfzB0zPcCkHjAyAcoSpZlT8YnLewUWlCTOTpXtbA",cFPWv: 'g',cITimeS: '1744161627',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '390000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "unsupported_browser_beacon",fa: "\/accessibility?__cf_chl_f_tk=IbhIdLlySd4_gtYtdQDF8a2IvC6JhLZp.iqYo4XzqgE-1744161627-1.0.1.1-yqMWfzB0zPcCkHjAyAcoSpZlT8YnLewUWlCTOTpXtbA",md: "pvMqYghEQNg00RCQAplIylH.34WEfgOVg6dN_fiYhGE-1744161627-1.2.1.1-dtaK30txCGhJ10clkBCUjc.sNeTEKx53OQfrR1SbX2lQkWzkAZaxPB7THTKQtWORz300FcvmJQ68KXC_gXK0bl.pNW.ddUED2JC.IjY2gG4pqPk.3eOLVpDaUW4irwb8kKoy43cXlmNHuGu9ZJrLwd3.rP62CZbZFL5KxqAWYJ1822RxfLWCTJVFgEjl5fvzlPLDv_42Ve6ZlleFTK_DZJooNtz52VCNPGn6ObU8dhP5q.Xorc5Lk_hdfj238iZO5CHifGrBT61Vrg1z82cuuAN_79tdwDDtGxpU_ejzYZDNP.nm.aKIF2pwzWkKx6UmEl_G2uMehgmp.5UtoPdphxJu3I._STjnCv48_.KCsQAZcLv7bppWy0vALyEBYMiDFnZoMfeI0xN4NE_ZMKRXKvOCb9X56YByTneZ_fHDzZKgikp898nGFBSyxn8sR9_dZH_p90BYR0ClALwaN0dsCBb0kiz5pFnEMGZxozUFBpuGWzwJj1pPmNiVxWtmuaePTADD2qjDNYbZDl_XbT7202RSuIRFqqDNnDIy0FNZ.jipTjlGJKp3V7aWb.L0VV6crRwykNu7ArpFidlIq2JqkZ.39Ncck76RWAy.XgZ6N3BBsFVL6GhYsecs8840DCx1NxaccR8yCf63YPgDvrts.7hehcwwbP32YTclVHL.FVWKq3p1u3yU3A9ovUGZHeIINXmzh0G.vWt6oqOOn6cQ4ClfzG9KUv.bi7A5VgxMMZCT9TPqAkPyPFRLRg7Kd2d1yBCAt56IEr.JKbJeVeuCPcpdSP.PYH7Kg6VwTdJPdzpcZeFyA8XWQ.UzG52JSji6dWAOrV62wmyUZZTQflV8Gholh4sHyW1_oA2bly3U4M6Hv8hkCzkZY2HvrlXqsfeAonFFVDx1peD4W0yAh1HRc6au1Vc5IJ9Cz5hi6IymUNvKmJdDUjJxAG_jSy6uVCcocIQhF22WL2ePNRkNJYAnetRQrFZqg5uxM6vo1QmPZzd58kugeQuSTxMn7S_5Ayf2cdcXr4J3d69GIlvLOT5IYXqsjdpha2bOO7R.GhVZSPOvu.eiRCwZwWDCx3OVSBodIbpiysFMg75vFDcxJMX7nHMovyRYkGkjng0PzqZ.tFlOkNVYbdoVJTT3oQ2pueoNTBvzejxuShm2Xmcj7_57sNRBmIzoTxsoGiEZdXnMby1coF4ORYB81wASMYRBGPfX",mdrd: "cv.Z5UbLCp0DbH91pzMQNkBqKwWaGo5EPH.KCggscdM-1744161627-1.2.1.1-sBkUlUrY4iKr9iizJPumAEQ8a2UdB6ZePbAWK9GhL3xsWwDOlHvbXgKdncj2OlZpviUGe.gUpCPV2sgVI3Sp9iq188LYDnGB3qQf0hKt281j_8APGzIXtYeIpi4uCzXuvxNdn3l2RMCjYtWJRSx4LwtT53vENnk1DZcnLVB_C163Ip.dMBAehrzA6MgS5QS1gLd8saMRHyd91fOqiDAsCVMmRUoBbIIcORKvoPCNeygUwkeJ53_2kSESHdrSOGRpbEyDge6vja4rN8HdPmffgV2.4R2pUG5WBn2d_oc07kcuPutGu4aUCG5EvmNie.cR7aIbLArd3J62WdJm70Jvt7zUkLcPNYj1e9ELi7lMCXxb8wC.7lqvsaPKU3ToZpXrvolk7hoKj_k.95gPqVDvyAc38G2qbMH7bdUI1T0Wmt3Yl4UaB7Kff0p733FOWejVLw_8KBTq4bwDgpEqz0Ujr_qCw3MkSvVKujYNX_8x5GSbZ9eptzjohv9xaV6Rr.0lIdUyFBQKihCBI3SH1kCe4_CbJhmEsAcl_JKDdlskVRIkk_NAERgzpv6Wi462r_xtCpRZObnRawKa7jZCztfStoUPzybrhPT1xMHVJqQL8iBYhBpvyn4NHIZss3oLEGBkz._JqveaPLdK0LRStR646fu49lNorRX0GegdPOaLB8_6Rr9l3DiHXB7XM2siB7LIAqEhB8aWhR66MboAkF2wecUByiaoDO1AdEME5sWGYxKOqa7tGSVdD22aCfXS5SKB46cEE6eB7FYuefNEuMyElXvcwL6gCPoH7RoPsBgdoY5.Cx_unRbTNwIisJsdYjhaF9u8DVSEenfL0wrDHfhfxIQMxyK9rCKmR6SXKcA0HIAHd3yO6ZCCjNvWIl8g6HFA1Uyj9gXVNY2pRNzfN01wUf37zK2hltMgwORxOCtn6I99vdV3vxPKbmXCOYdzUCzZJacpz8XCrHHjEgP7DLkGOJnNnHqWLRaDpIs1bdoIPVHwNBpyXGmBhgMYSSULMC2xo3wgpITgt2GMewBEj6F2oKNKjChHPATyPihkThyp5RRQof61Mgj_EfHVWhdZesyZud4Kj9BnC81lWq0.j5.AbOEhWZkSD6V_fPw5TQ.xZG9EHQ8kAkldWr8ejZhJ.oXWrwgXn2IVUV8ydkcdJtRuBlI7KjJ8KMLxUHbY5sXdbXo9CMfcd6Dm5JXgx9yy8Y4_U6qhwm46uZQECqr.Br9qOehIiKTNvhB3eLzXFaB8vagJt36grzZaggZLqHQrUMW6qPjZoaHAmT1IZOTtgFFjJJWBbFRtESMT0T6X2zyT_kQhOVp7OYBMlYDWurNmyzZvqWVY2W_ud2Q46x17xCS3QX7aWwP2UBGsAhVnXYnK.VMvuFpk1xxg7qNlah6c6xvVSubW9h9S1N3vcGRyZGcL6KugsW4vnQ6T4d22Yh.7WFhSMKgUvXF7S8rclHi2bwQ.AfoX_WVcZVIjCw0Drx5LaMCZkghxir_quccqGzspnbIZ2xIekW2mu.6evKTsUOzaeJh4Z0m5hZ3VYZdp.nKie9j7cUbgifoMo.QcLhf0aNghYUpCPA96stwS7szyDGEm3IgG6fuZ.z.LnMQUIeYPQ84AmtjfiDm3Z0Pgrsv0pPHz0kbooZ5qa6InyVwopJl1b25N0_YKJnWIIeshGOK1mwAHT1cZK8ja19z5Af.vzC6ug4BpiX6wFsdKdZYihagufjDAoNEVvuhI7sCVrHTMk3IM8USIGSkZCcIPbTaxPB6I8Oa7jt2NrrtEaM3B7sYLKy_XtfTYiZ.MyYooMsWR6ZWofT_BIj8YgoO2y_OtdncTmki3lOzCnj_H87m5PRLgbD76DM..8i4WbO.SWJFigeV3McoMpQQh2gKGShQQSyfT4skUqInb0mlcLumQObqguiinGU2QhapsJU4PMn.6uR10lps6FH21zyUTwmbY2BgpMwlh9yC0uwEuHit1mdcdgqhIsEBms4VoAea2QhRZdUKZ7k68pzmFcfWUPl4QzyAHWN96wCN3G.sjmQXi4eZ4Qw2K6TwsJxIgRqSi88QlCw"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=92d62e9dceb13e61';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/accessibility?__cf_chl_rt_tk=IbhIdLlySd4_gtYtdQDF8a2IvC6JhLZp.iqYo4XzqgE-1744161627-1.0.1.1-yqMWfzB0zPcCkHjAyAcoSpZlT8YnLewUWlCTOTpXtbA" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>