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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Historical books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wisdom_books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wisdom_books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Wisdom books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wisdom_books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_prophets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_prophets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Major prophets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_prophets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Minor_prophets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minor_prophets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Minor prophets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minor_prophets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> 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class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Old Testament</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 149 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-149" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">149 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ou_Testament" title="Ou Testament – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ou Testament" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altes_Testament" title="Altes Testament – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Altes Testament" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A5%E1%88%89%E1%8B%AD_%E1%8A%AA%E1%8B%B3%E1%8A%95" title="ብሉይ ኪዳን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ብሉይ ኪዳን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%87%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85" title="العهد القديم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="العهد القديم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigo_Testamento" title="Antigo Testamento – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Antigo Testamento" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%95%DC%9D%DC%AC%DC%9D%DC%A9%DC%9D_%DC%A5%DC%AC%DC%9D%DC%A9%DC%AC%DC%90" title="ܕܝܬܝܩܝ ܥܬܝܩܬܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܕܝܬܝܩܝ ܥܬܝܩܬܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vieyu_Testamentu" title="Vieyu Testamentu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Vieyu Testamentu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%B1_%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%BE%D1%82%D3%80%D0%B8" title="Басрияб КъотӀи – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Басрияб КъотӀи" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Fhdi-%C9%99tiq" title="Əhdi-ətiq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Əhdi-ətiq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%87%D8%AF_%D8%B9%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%82" title="عهد عتیق – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="عهد عتیق" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%AE" title="পুরাতন নিয়ম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পুরাতন নিয়ম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%AB-iok_S%C3%A8ng-keng" title="Kū-iok Sèng-keng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kū-iok Sèng-keng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D2%AB%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D2%92%D3%99%D2%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4" title="Иҫке Ғәһед – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Иҫке Ғәһед" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Стары Запавет – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Стары Запавет" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Стары Запавет – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Стары Запавет" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Стар завет – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Стар завет" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oids_Testament" title="Oids Testament – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Oids Testament" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stari_zavjet" title="Stari zavjet – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Stari zavjet" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testamant_Kozh" title="Testamant Kozh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Testamant Kozh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antic_Testament" title="Antic Testament – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Antic Testament" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B2%C4%95_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Кивĕ Халал – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Кивĕ Халал" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daang_Tugon" title="Daang Tugon – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Daang Tugon" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star%C3%BD_z%C3%A1kon" title="Starý zákon – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Starý zákon" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testamende_Yekare" title="Testamende Yekare – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Testamende Yekare" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticu_Testamentu" title="Anticu Testamentu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Anticu Testamentu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yr_Hen_Destament" title="Yr Hen Destament – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Yr Hen Destament" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_Gamle_Testamente" title="Det Gamle Testamente – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Det Gamle Testamente" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boares_testameanta" title="Boares testameanta – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Boares testameanta" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altes_Testament" title="Altes Testament – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Altes Testament" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vana_testament" title="Vana testament – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vana testament" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%AC_%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%B8%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%B7" title="Παλαιά Διαθήκη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Παλαιά Διαθήκη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Old Testament" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiguo_Testamento" title="Antiguo Testamento – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Antiguo Testamento" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malnova_Testamento" title="Malnova Testamento – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Malnova Testamento" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itun_Zaharra" title="Itun Zaharra – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Itun Zaharra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%87%D8%AF_%D8%B9%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%82" title="عهد عتیق – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="عهد عتیق" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamla_Testamenti" title="Gamla Testamenti – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Gamla Testamenti" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancien_Testament" title="Ancien Testament – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ancien Testament" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alde_Testamint" title="Alde Testamint – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Alde Testamint" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vecjo_Testament" title="Vecjo Testament – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Vecjo Testament" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean-Tiomna" title="Sean-Tiomna – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Sean-Tiomna" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seann_Tiomnadh" title="Seann Tiomnadh – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Seann Tiomnadh" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigo_Testamento" title="Antigo Testamento – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Antigo Testamento" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adlo_korar" title="Adlo korar – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Adlo korar" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khiu-yok_S%E1%B9%B3n-k%C3%AEn" title="Khiu-yok Sṳn-kîn – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Khiu-yok Sṳn-kîn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%AC%EC%95%BD%EC%84%B1%EA%B2%BD" title="구약성경 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="구약성경" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsohon_Alkawari" title="Tsohon Alkawari – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Tsohon Alkawari" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D4%BF%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Հին Կտակարան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հին Կտակարան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="पुराना नियम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पुराना नियम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stary_zako%C5%84" title="Stary zakoń – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Stary zakoń" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stari_zavjet" title="Stari zavjet – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Stari zavjet" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anciena_Testamento" title="Anciena Testamento – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Anciena Testamento" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perjanjian_Lama" title="Perjanjian Lama – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perjanjian Lama" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vetere_Testamento" title="Vetere Testamento – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Vetere Testamento" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancian_Testament" title="Ancian Testament – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Ancian Testament" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamla_testamenti%C3%B0" title="Gamla testamentið – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Gamla testamentið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antico_Testamento" title="Antico Testamento – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Antico Testamento" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%94" title="הברית הישנה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הברית הישנה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prajanjian_Lawas" title="Prajanjian Lawas – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Prajanjian Lawas" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%86_%E0%B2%92%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%86" title="ಹಳೆ ಒಡಂಬಡಿಕೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಹಳೆ ಒಡಂಬಡಿಕೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AB%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%90%E1%83%A6%E1%83%97%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="ძველი აღთქმა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ძველი აღთქმა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BC" title="Көне келісім – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Көне келісім" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isezerano_rya_Kera" title="Isezerano rya Kera – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Isezerano rya Kera" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agano_la_Kale" title="Agano la Kale – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Agano la Kale" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansyen_Testaman" title="Ansyen Testaman – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Ansyen Testaman" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peymana_Kevin" title="Peymana Kevin – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Peymana Kevin" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiko_Testamento" title="Antiko Testamento – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Antiko Testamento" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%85_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Бух Аманат – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Бух Аманат" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vetus_Testamentum" title="Vetus Testamentum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Vetus Testamentum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vec%C4%81_Der%C4%ABba" title="Vecā Derība – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vecā Derība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aalt_Testament" title="Aalt Testament – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Aalt Testament" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senasis_Testamentas" title="Senasis Testamentas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Senasis Testamentas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amabu%27ulali_Sif%C3%B6f%C3%B6na" title="Amabu'ulali Siföföna – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Amabu'ulali Siföföna" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Li Niha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigo_Testamento" title="Antigo Testamento – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Antigo Testamento" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boy%C3%B3kani_bwa_Kala" title="Boyókani bwa Kala – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Boyókani bwa Kala" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atesta_Vea" title="Atesta Vea – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Atesta Vea" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigh_Testament" title="Antigh Testament – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Antigh Testament" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93sz%C3%B6vets%C3%A9g" title="Ószövetség – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ószövetség" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Стар завет – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Стар завет" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testamenta_Taloha" title="Testamenta Taloha – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Testamenta Taloha" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B4%E0%B4%AF_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%82" title="പഴയ നിയമം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പഴയ നിയമം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testment_il-Qadim" title="Testment il-Qadim – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Testment il-Qadim" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawenata_Tawhito" title="Kawenata Tawhito – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Kawenata Tawhito" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="जुना करार – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जुना करार" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98_%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ჯვეში აპიანი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჯვეში აპიანი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%87%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85" title="العهد القديم – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="العهد القديم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perjanjian_Lama" title="Perjanjian Lama – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perjanjian Lama" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B4-i%C3%B3k_S%C3%A9ng-g%C4%ADng" title="Gô-iók Séng-gĭng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Gô-iók Séng-gĭng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%93%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%8D" title="Хуучин Гэрээ – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хуучин Гэрээ" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%93%E1%80%99%E1%80%B9%E1%80%99%E1%80%9F%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ဓမ္မဟောင်းကျမ်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဓမ္မဟောင်းကျမ်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na_Veiyalayalati_Makawa" title="Na Veiyalayalati Makawa – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Na Veiyalayalati Makawa" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oude_Testament" title="Oude Testament – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Oude Testament" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oolde_Testement" title="Oolde Testement – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Oolde Testement" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="पुरानो करार – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पुरानो करार" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A7%E7%B4%84%E8%81%96%E6%9B%B8" title="旧約聖書 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="旧約聖書" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_gamle_testamentet" title="Det gamle testamentet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Det gamle testamentet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_gamle_testamentet" title="Det gamle testamentet – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Det gamle testamentet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vu%C3%BB_Testament" title="Vuû Testament – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Vuû Testament" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancian_Testament" title="Ancian Testament – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ancian Testament" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qadimgi_Ahd" title="Qadimgi Ahd – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qadimgi Ahd" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A3%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%AE" title="ਪੁਰਾਣਾ ਨੇਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੁਰਾਣਾ ਨੇਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%DB%81%D8%AF_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%81_%D9%82%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85" title="عہد نامہ قدیم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="عہد نامہ قدیم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%88%DA%93_%D8%AA%DA%93%D9%88%D9%86" title="زوړ تړون – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="زوړ تړون" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viu_Testamint" title="Viu Testamint – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Viu Testamint" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olpela_Testamen" title="Olpela Testamen – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Olpela Testamen" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stary_Testament" title="Stary Testament – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Stary Testament" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigo_Testamento" title="Antigo Testamento – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Antigo Testamento" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faufaa_Tahito" title="Faufaa Tahito – Tahitian" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Faufaa Tahito" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Reo tahiti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vechiul_Testament" title="Vechiul Testament – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Vechiul Testament" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegl_Testament" title="Vegl Testament – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Vegl Testament" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91awpa_Rimanakuy" title="Ñawpa Rimanakuy – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ñawpa Rimanakuy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Ветхий Завет – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ветхий Завет" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%8D_%D0%AB%D0%B9%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Эргэ Ыйаах – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Эргэ Ыйаах" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBO_le_Feagaiga_Tuai" title="ʻO le Feagaiga Tuai – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="ʻO le Feagaiga Tuai" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fini_Testament" title="Fini Testament – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Fini Testament" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sängö</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auld_Testament" title="Auld Testament – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Auld Testament" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oold_T%C3%A4stam%C3%A4nt" title="Oold Tästamänt – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Oold Tästamänt" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bes%C3%ABlidhja_e_Vjet%C3%ABr" title="Besëlidhja e Vjetër – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Besëlidhja e Vjetër" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticu_Tistamentu" title="Anticu Tistamentu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Anticu Tistamentu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%AB%E0%B7%92_%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%B8" title="පැරණි ගිවිසුම – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පැරණි ගිවිසුම" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star%C3%BD_z%C3%A1kon" title="Starý zákon – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Starý zákon" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stara_zaveza" title="Stara zaveza – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Stara zaveza" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axdigii_Hore" title="Axdigii Hore – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Axdigii Hore" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%95%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%86" title="پەیمانی کۆن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پەیمانی کۆن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Стари завет – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Стари завет" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stari_zavjet" title="Stari zavjet – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Stari zavjet" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanha_testamentti" title="Vanha testamentti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vanha testamentti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamla_testamentet" title="Gamla testamentet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gamla testamentet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumang_Tipan" title="Lumang Tipan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Lumang Tipan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%8F%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="பழைய ஏற்பாடு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பழைய ஏற்பாடு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1" title="พันธสัญญาเดิม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พันธสัญญาเดิม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eski_Ahit" title="Eski Ahit – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Eski Ahit" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1khwukhwop_La%CC%B1p_A%CC%B1nu" title="A̱khwukhwop La̱p A̱nu – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱khwukhwop La̱p A̱nu" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82" title="Старий Завіт – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Старий Завіт" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%DB%81%D8%AF_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%81_%D9%82%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85" title="عہد نامہ قدیم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="عہد نامہ قدیم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanh_Zavet" title="Vanh Zavet – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Vanh Zavet" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E1%BB%B1u_%C6%AF%E1%BB%9Bc" title="Cựu Ước – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cựu Ước" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%AE_Testamint" title="Vî Testamint – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Vî Testamint" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%BCtchapalaa_Kama%27air%C3%BC" title="Pütchapalaa Kama'airü – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Pütchapalaa Kama'airü" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wayuunaiki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E7%B4%8D%E8%B5%AB" title="塔納赫 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="塔納赫" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A1an_nga_Ginsabutan" title="Dáan nga Ginsabutan – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Dáan nga Ginsabutan" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A7%E7%BA%A6%E5%9C%A3%E7%BB%8F" title="旧约圣经 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="旧约圣经" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1j%E1%BA%B9%CC%80m%C3%BA_L%C3%A1%C3%A9l%C3%A1%C3%A9" title="Májẹ̀mú Láéláé – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Májẹ̀mú Láéláé" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%88%8A%E7%B4%84%E8%81%96%E7%B6%93" title="舊約聖經 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="舊約聖經" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehdo_K%C4%B1han" title="Ehdo Kıhan – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Ehdo Kıhan" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouwe_Testamant" title="Ouwe Testamant – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Ouwe Testamant" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sen%C4%81sis_Testam%C4%97nts" title="Senāsis Testamėnts – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Senāsis Testamėnts" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A7%E7%BA%A6%E5%9C%A3%E7%BB%8F" title="旧约圣经 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="旧约圣经" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasiat_Kolot" title="Wasiat Kolot – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Wasiat Kolot" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_079.jpg/220px-Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_079.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_079.jpg/330px-Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_079.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_079.jpg/440px-Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_079.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="2659" /></a><figcaption><i>Moses Smashing the Tables of the Law</i> is a painting by <a href="/wiki/Rembrandt_van_Rijn" class="mw-redirect" title="Rembrandt van Rijn">Rembrandt van Rijn</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, the <b>Old Testament</b> is the name of the first part of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> which was completed before <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a> was born. Scholars prefer the term <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a> was probably the first person to call these books the "Old Testament." He used the <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> name <i>vetus testamentum</i> in the <a href="/wiki/2nd_century" title="2nd century">2nd century</a>. </p><p>The collection contains different texts, called "books", about God, and the people of <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>. It can be divided into several sections: the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Chronicles" title="Books of Chronicles">History of Israel</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Prophet" title="Prophet">Prophets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wisdom_books" class="mw-redirect" title="Wisdom books">Wisdom books</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, this collection of books is known as <a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Tanakh</a> because it is divided into three parts (Torah, Nevi'im and Ketuvim). Most <a href="/wiki/Jew" title="Jew">Jews</a> and many <a href="/wiki/Christian" title="Christian">Christians</a> believe these texts to be <a href="/wiki/Holy" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy">holy</a>. According to them, <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> inspired people to write them. </p><p>Different religious communities include (or leave out) certain books from the Old Testament. The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> uses <a href="/wiki/Saint_Jerome" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Jerome">Saint Jerome</a>'s Latin translation of the Old Testament called <a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox church">Eastern Orthodox church</a> uses the ancient Greek translation of Jewish sacred writings called the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a>. The Eastern Orthodox list of sacred books has a few more books than the Roman Catholic list. <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> Bibles stick more closely to the books in the <a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Tanakh</a> but list them in a different order. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Themes">Themes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Testament&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Change section: Themes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Testament&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Themes"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Old Testament, Almighty God is the one who created the world. The God of the Old Testament is not always presented as <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">the only God who exists</a>, even though there may be other gods, the God of the Old Testament is always shown as the only God whom Israel is to worship. The God of the Old Testament is the one "true God"; only <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a> is Almighty. Both Jews and Christians have always interpreted the Bible (both the "Old" and "New" Testaments) as an affirmation of the oneness of Almighty God.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Old Testament stresses the special relationship between God and his <a href="/wiki/Chosen_people" title="Chosen people">chosen people</a>, Israel, but includes instructions for <a href="/wiki/Proselyte" title="Proselyte">proselytes</a> as well. This relationship is expressed in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_covenant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biblical covenant (not yet started)">biblical covenant</a> (contract)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoogan2008106_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoogan2008106-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson19962_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson19962-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESka2009213_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESka2009213-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerman2006unpaginated_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerman2006unpaginated-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine200146_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine200146-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes2006_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes2006-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> between the two, received by Moses. The law codes in books such as <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Exodus">Exodus</a> and especially <a href="/wiki/Deuteronomy" title="Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a> are the terms of the contract: Israel swears faithfulness to <a href="/wiki/Tetragrammaton" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetragrammaton">God</a>, and God swears to be Israel's special protector and supporter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarton20019_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarton20019-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The Jewish Study Bible</i> denies that covenant means contract.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlinBrettler2014PT194_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerlinBrettler2014PT194-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other themes in the Old Testament include <a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">salvation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Redemption_(theology)" title="Redemption (theology)">redemption</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">divine</a> judgment, obedience and disobedience, <a href="/wiki/Faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Faith">faith</a> and faithfulness. Throughout there is a strong emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">ethics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ritual_purity" class="mw-redirect" title="Ritual purity">ritual purity</a>. God demands both. </p><p>According to the Old Testament, it is important to be <a href="https://simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/fair" class="extiw" title="wikt:fair">fair</a> and to help those who are vulnerable. Those in power should not be biased when they judge people. The Old Testament forbids <a href="/wiki/Corruption" title="Corruption">corruption</a>, <a href="https://simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/deceive" class="extiw" title="wikt:deceive">deceiving</a> people when <a href="/wiki/Trade" title="Trade">trading</a>. It is also against some sexual practices, which are seen as <a href="/wiki/Sin" title="Sin">sinful</a>. All morality is traced back to God, who is the source of all goodness.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarton200110_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarton200110-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">problem of evil</a> plays a large part in the Old Testament. The problem the Old Testament authors faced was that a good God must have had just reason for bringing disaster (meaning notably, but not only, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Babylonian_exile&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Babylonian exile (not yet started)">Babylonian exile</a>) upon his people. The theme is played out, with many variations, in books as different as the histories of Kings and Chronicles, the prophets like Ezekiel and Jeremiah, and in the wisdom books like Job and Ecclesiastes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarton200110_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarton200110-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Books_in_the_Old_Testament">Books in the Old Testament</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Testament&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Change section: Books in the Old Testament" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Testament&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Books in the Old Testament"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Torah,_or_"Books_of_Moses""><span id="The_Torah.2C_or_.22Books_of_Moses.22"></span>The Torah, or "Books of Moses"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Testament&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Change section: The Torah, or "Books of Moses"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Testament&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: The Torah, or "Books of Moses""><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a> (50 Chapters)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Exodus">Exodus</a> (40 Chapters)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leviticus" class="mw-redirect" title="Leviticus">Leviticus</a> (27 Chapters)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Numbers" title="Book of Numbers">Numbers</a> (36 Chapters)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deuteronomy" title="Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a> (34 Chapters)</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_books">Historical books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Testament&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Change section: Historical books" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Testament&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Historical books"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua" title="Book of Joshua">Joshua</a> (24 Chapters)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judges" title="Book of Judges">Judges</a> (21 Chapters)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ruth" title="Book of Ruth">Ruth</a> (4 chapters)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_1_Samuel" title="Book of 1 Samuel">1 Samuel</a> (31 Chapters)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Samuel" title="Books of Samuel">2 Samuel</a> (24 Chapters)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">1 Kings</a> (22 Chapters)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">2 Kings</a> (25 Chapters)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Chronicles" title="Books of Chronicles">1 Chronicles</a> (29 Chapters)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Chronicles" title="Books of Chronicles">2 Chronicles</a> (36 Chapters)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezra" title="Book of Ezra">Ezra</a> (10 Chapters)<sup id="cite_ref-a_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nehemiah" title="Book of Nehemiah">Nehemiah</a> (13 Chapters)<sup id="cite_ref-a_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Esther</a> (10 Chapters)</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wisdom_books">Wisdom books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Testament&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Change section: Wisdom books" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Testament&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Wisdom books"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Job" class="mw-redirect" title="The Book of Job">Job</a> (42 Chapters)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a> (150 Chapters)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Proverbs" title="Book of Proverbs">Proverbs</a> (31 Chapters)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes" title="Ecclesiastes">Ecclesiastes</a> (12 Chapters)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Song of Solomon</a> (8 Chapters)</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_prophets">Major prophets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Testament&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Change section: Major prophets" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Testament&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Major prophets"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Isaiah</a> (66 Chapters)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiah" title="Book of Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a> (52 Chapters)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Lamentations" title="Book of Lamentations">Lamentations</a> (5 Chapters)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a> (48 Chapters)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a> (12 Chapters)<sup id="cite_ref-i_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-i-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Minor_prophets">Minor prophets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Testament&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Change section: Minor prophets" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Testament&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Minor prophets"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Hosea" title="Book of Hosea">Hosea</a> (14 Chapters)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joel" title="Book of Joel">Joel</a> (3 Chapters)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Amos" title="Book of Amos">Amos</a> (9 Chapters)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Obadiah" title="Book of Obadiah">Obadiah</a> (1 Chapter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jonah" title="Book of Jonah">Jonah</a> (4 Chapters)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Micah" title="Book of Micah">Micah</a> (7 Chapters)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nahum" title="Book of Nahum">Nahum</a> (3 Chapters)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Habakkuk" title="Book of Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a> (3 Chapters)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zephaniah" title="Book of Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a> (3 Chapters)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Haggai" title="Book of Haggai">Haggai</a> (2 Chapters)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zechariah" title="Book of Zechariah">Zechariah</a> (14 Chapters)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Malachi" title="Book of Malachi">Malachi</a> (4 Chapters)</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Testament&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Change section: Notes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Testament&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Notes"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724317">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-a-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-a_11-0">1.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-a_11-1">1.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">In Eastern Orthodoxy, the Book of Ezra called 2 Esdras. The Book of Nehemiah is also a part of 2 Esdras. Eastern Orthodox bibles also have a book called <a href="/wiki/1_Esdras" title="1 Esdras">1 Esdras</a>. Protestant and Catholic bibles do not have this book.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-i-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-i_12-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">This book has 14 chapters in Catholic and Orthodox Bibles.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Testament&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Change section: References" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Testament&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: References"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724317"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Barton, John 1997. <i>How the Bible came to be</i>. Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780664257859" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-664-25785-9</a>, p=9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoogan2008106-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoogan2008106_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoogan2008">Coogan 2008</a>, p. 106.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFCoogan2008 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson19962-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson19962_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFerguson1996">Ferguson 1996</a>, p. 2.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFFerguson1996 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESka2009213-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESka2009213_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSka2009">Ska 2009</a>, p. 213.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFSka2009 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerman2006unpaginated-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerman2006unpaginated_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerman2006">Berman 2006</a>, p. unpaginated: "At this juncture, however, God is entering into a “treaty” with the Israelites, and hence the formal need within the written contract for the grace of the sovereign to be documented.<sup>30</sup> 30. Mendenhall and Herion, “Covenant,” p. 1183."<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFBerman2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine200146-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine200146_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevine2001">Levine 2001</a>, p. 46.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFLevine2001 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes2006-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes2006_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHayes2006">Hayes 2006</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFHayes2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarton20019-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarton20019_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarton2001">Barton 2001</a>, p. 9: "4. Covenant and Redemption. It is a central point in many OT texts that the creator God YHWH is also in some sense Israel's special god, who at some point in history entered into a relationship with his people that had something of the nature of a contract. Classically this contract or covenant was entered into at Sinai, and Moses was its mediator."<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFBarton2001 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerlinBrettler2014PT194-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlinBrettler2014PT194_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerlinBrettler2014">Berlin & Brettler 2014</a>, p. PT194: 6.17-22: Further introduction and a pledge. 18: This v. records the first mention of covenant ("berit") in the Tanakh. In the ancient Near East, a covenant was an agreement that the parties swore before the gods, and expected the gods to enforce. In this case, God is Himself a party to the covenant, which is more like a pledge than an agreement or contract (this was sometimes the case in the ancient Near East as well). The covenant with Noah will receive longer treatment in 9.1-17.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFBerlinBrettler2014 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarton200110-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarton200110_10-0">10.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarton200110_10-1">10.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarton2001">Barton 2001</a>, p. 10.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFBarton2001 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9122492">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Books_of_the_Bible" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9122447">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Books_of_the_Bible" title="Template:Books of the Bible"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Books_of_the_Bible" title="Template talk:Books of the Bible"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Books_of_the_Bible&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Books_of_the_Bible" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Books_of_the_Bible" title="Books of the Bible">Books</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Books of the<br />Old Testament</a><br /></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Exodus" title="Exodus">Exodus</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Leviticus" class="mw-redirect" title="Leviticus">Leviticus</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Numbers" title="Book of Numbers">Numbers</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Deuteronomy" title="Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua" title="Book of Joshua">Joshua</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judges" title="Book of Judges">Judges</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ruth" title="Book of Ruth">Ruth</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Samuel" title="Books of Samuel">1 & 2 Samuel</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">1 & 2 Kings</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Chronicles" title="Books of Chronicles">1 & 2 Chronicles</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezra" title="Book of Ezra">Ezra</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nehemiah" title="Book of Nehemiah">Nehemiah</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Esther</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job" title="Book of Job">Job</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Proverbs" title="Book of Proverbs">Proverbs</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes" title="Ecclesiastes">Ecclesiastes</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Song</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Isaiah</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiah" title="Book of Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Lamentations" title="Book of Lamentations">Lamentations</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Hosea" title="Book of Hosea">Hosea</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joel" title="Book of Joel">Joel</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Amos" title="Book of Amos">Amos</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Obadiah" title="Book of Obadiah">Obadiah</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jonah" title="Book of Jonah">Jonah</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Micah" title="Book of Micah">Micah</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nahum" title="Book of Nahum">Nahum</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Habakkuk" title="Book of Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zephaniah" title="Book of Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Haggai" title="Book of Haggai">Haggai</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zechariah" title="Book of Zechariah">Zechariah</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Malachi" title="Book of Malachi">Malachi</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Additional books</a><br />& <a href="/wiki/Apocrypha" title="Apocrypha">Hidden books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>Catholic & Orthodox: </i> <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Baruch" title="Book of Baruch">Baruch</a> & <a href="/wiki/Letter_of_Jeremiah" title="Letter of Jeremiah">Letter of Jeremiah</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Additions_to_Daniel" title="Additions to Daniel">Additions to Daniel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Susanna_(Book_of_Daniel)" title="Susanna (Book of Daniel)">Susanna</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Prayer_of_Azariah_and_Song_of_the_Three_Holy_Children" title="The Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children">Song of the Three Children</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bel_and_the_Dragon" title="Bel and the Dragon">Bel & the Dragon</a>)  <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/1_Esdras" title="1 Esdras">1 Esdras</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">2 Esdras</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther#Additions_to_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Additions to Esther</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judith" title="Book of Judith">Judith</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/1_Maccabees" title="1 Maccabees">1 Maccabees</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/2_Maccabees" title="2 Maccabees">2 Maccabees</a>  <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Sirach" title="Sirach">Sirach</a>  <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Tobit" title="Book of Tobit">Tobit</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Wisdom" title="Book of Wisdom">Wisdom</a>  <b>·</b>  <i>Orthodox: </i><a href="/wiki/3_Maccabees" title="3 Maccabees">3 Maccabees</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/4_Maccabees" title="4 Maccabees">4 Maccabees</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Odes_(Bible)" title="Book of Odes (Bible)">Odes</a>  <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Manasseh" title="Prayer of Manasseh">Prayer of Manasseh</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Psalm_151" title="Psalm 151">Psalm 151</a> <b>·</b>  <i>Syriac Peshitta only: </i> <a href="/wiki/2_Baruch" title="2 Baruch">2 Baruch</a>  <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Psalms_152%E2%80%93155" title="Psalms 152–155">Psalms 152–155</a> <b>·</b>  <i>Ethiopian Orthodox only: </i> <a href="/wiki/4_Baruch" title="4 Baruch">4 Baruch</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">Enoch</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Jubilees" title="Jubilees">Jubilees</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Meqabyan" title="Meqabyan">1-3 Meqabyan</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">Books of the<br />New Testament</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Mark</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">John</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Romans" title="Epistle to the Romans">Romans</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="First Epistle to the Corinthians">1 Corinthians</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="Second Epistle to the Corinthians">2 Corinthians</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Galatians" title="Epistle to the Galatians">Galatians</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Ephesians" title="Epistle to the Ephesians">Ephesians</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Philippians" title="Epistle to the Philippians">Philippians</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Colossians" title="Epistle to the Colossians">Colossians</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="First Epistle to the Thessalonians">1 Thessalonians</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="Second Epistle to the Thessalonians">2 Thessalonians</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="First Epistle to Timothy">1 Timothy</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="Second Epistle to Timothy">2 Timothy</a>  <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Titus" title="Epistle to Titus">Titus</a>  <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Philemon" title="Epistle to Philemon">Philemon</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Hebrews" title="Epistle to the Hebrews">Hebrews</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_James" title="Epistle of James">James</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Peter" title="First Epistle of Peter">1 Peter</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_Peter" title="Second Epistle of Peter">2 Peter</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_John" title="First Epistle of John">1 John</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_John" title="Second Epistle of John">2 John</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Third_Epistle_of_John" title="Third Epistle of John">3 John</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Jude" title="Epistle of Jude">Jude</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Official List of<br />Books of the Bible</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Development</b>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Development_of_the_Old_Testament_canon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Development of the Old Testament canon (not yet started)">Old Agreement</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">New Agreement</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Christian_Biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of the Christian Biblical canon">Official List</a> <br /> <b>Others</b>: <a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Additional books</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Hidden_books" class="mw-redirect" title="Hidden books">Hidden books</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">More divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Chapters_and_verses_of_the_Bible" title="Chapters and verses of the Bible">Chapters and verses</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Pentateuch" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentateuch">First five books</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Story of the Hebrew people</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Wisdom_literature" title="Wisdom literature">Wise writings</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Epistles" class="mw-redirect" title="Epistles">Letters</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Letters of Paul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pastoral_epistles" class="mw-redirect" title="Pastoral epistles">pastoral</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_epistles" class="mw-redirect" title="General epistles">general</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations" title="Bible translations">Translations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Luther_Bible" title="Luther Bible">Luther</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Wyclif%27s_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Wyclif's Bible">Wyclif</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Tyndale_Bible" title="Tyndale Bible">Tyndale</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Authorized_King_James_Version" title="Authorized King James Version">KJV</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Modern_English_Bible_translations" title="Modern English Bible translations">Modern English Bibles</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bible_version_debate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bible version debate (not yet started)">Debate</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_and_formal_equivalence" title="Dynamic and formal equivalence">Dynamic v. Formal</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Publication_Society_of_America_Version" title="Jewish Publication Society of America Version">JPS</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/New_International_Version" title="New International Version">NIV</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/New_American_Bible" title="New American Bible">NAB</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_manuscript" title="Biblical manuscript">Manuscripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Pentateuch" title="Samaritan Pentateuch">Samaritan Pentateuch</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_scrolls" title="Dead Sea scrolls">Dead Sea scrolls</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Targum" title="Targum">Targum</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Vetus_Latina" title="Vetus Latina">Vetus Latina</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">Masoretic Text</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/New_Testament_manuscripts" class="mw-redirect" title="New Testament manuscripts">New Testament manuscripts</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Authors_of_the_Bible" title="Authors of the Bible">Authorship</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Esdras" title="Esdras">Esdras</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Biblical_studies" title="Biblical studies">Studies</a>  <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Hippo" title="Synod of Hippo">Synod of Hippo</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Textual_criticism" title="Textual criticism">Textual criticism</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Bible" title="Category:Bible">See all Bible related pages.</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9122492"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Part_of_a_series_on_Christianity" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9122447"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christianityfooter" title="Template:Christianityfooter"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christianityfooter" title="Template talk:Christianityfooter"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Christianityfooter&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Part_of_a_series_on_Christianity" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Part of a series on <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Virgin_birth_of_Jesus" title="Virgin birth of Jesus">Virgin birth</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a><br /></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/100px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/150px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/200px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foundations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Church</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Apostles" title="Twelve Apostles">Twelve Apostles</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_God" title="Kingdom of God">Kingdom of God</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">Timeline</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Tarsus" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul of Tarsus">Paul</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a><br /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Books_of_the_Bible" title="Books of the Bible">Books</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canon</a> <b>·</b>  <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Old Testament</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Theology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Salvation_(Christianity)" title="Salvation (Christianity)">Salvation</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/God_the_Father#Christianity" title="God the Father">Father</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Son</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Christology" class="mw-redirect" title="Christology">Christology</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Mary_(mother_of_Jesus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary (mother of Jesus)">Mariology</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Christian_apologetics" title="Christian apologetics">Apologetics</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_warfare" title="Spiritual warfare">Spiritual warfare</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History</a> and<br /> <a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian tradition">traditions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I">Constantine</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">Ecumenical council</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">Creeds</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Mission_(Christian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mission (Christian)">Missions</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">Chrysostom</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/East-West_Schism" class="mw-redirect" title="East-West Schism">East-West Schism</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a><br /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denominations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christianity</a></b> <ul><li><a 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