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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Urban_areas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urban_areas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Urban areas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urban_areas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-British–Irish_Council" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British–Irish_Council"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>British–Irish Council</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British–Irish_Council-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">British Isles</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 97 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-97" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">97 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britse_Eilande" title="Britse Eilande – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Britse Eilande" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britische_Inseln" title="Britische Inseln – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Britische Inseln" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الجزر البريطانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الجزر البريطانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islas_britanicas" title="Islas britanicas – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Islas britanicas" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iles_britaniques" title="Iles britaniques – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Iles britaniques" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islles_brit%C3%A1niques" title="Islles britániques – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Islles britániques" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britaniya_adalar%C4%B1" title="Britaniya adaları – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Britaniya adaları" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C" title="ব্রিটিশ দ্বীপপুঞ্জ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ব্রিটিশ দ্বীপপুঞ্জ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%81i-eng_K%C3%BBn-t%C3%B3" title="Tāi-eng Kûn-tó – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tāi-eng Kûn-tó" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Брытанскія астравы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Брытанскія астравы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Брытанскія астравы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Брытанскія астравы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Британски острови – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Британски острови" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britanska_ostrva" title="Britanska ostrva – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Britanska ostrva" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illes_Brit%C3%A0niques" title="Illes Britàniques – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Illes Britàniques" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="British Isles" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britsk%C3%A9_ostrovy" title="Britské ostrovy – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Britské ostrovy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ynysoedd_Prydain" title="Ynysoedd Prydain – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ynysoedd Prydain" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Britiske_%C3%98er" title="De Britiske Øer – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="De Britiske Øer" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britische_Inseln" title="Britische Inseln – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Britische Inseln" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Briti_saared" title="Briti saared – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Briti saared" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CF%81%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC_%CE%9D%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%AC" title="Βρετανικά Νησιά – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βρετανικά Νησιά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islas_brit%C3%A1nicas" title="Islas británicas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Islas británicas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britaj_Insuloj" title="Britaj Insuloj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Britaj Insuloj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britainiar_uharteak" title="Britainiar uharteak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Britainiar uharteak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="جزایر بریتانیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جزایر بریتانیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Eles_Britanniques" title="Îles Britanniques – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Îles Britanniques" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britske_Eilannen" title="Britske Eilannen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Britske Eilannen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ire_agus_an_Bhreatain_Mh%C3%B3r" title="Éire agus an Bhreatain Mhór – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Éire agus an Bhreatain Mhór" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ny_h-Ellanyn_Goaldagh" title="Ny h-Ellanyn Goaldagh – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Ny h-Ellanyn Goaldagh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illas_brit%C3%A1nicas" title="Illas británicas – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Illas británicas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B8%8C%EB%A6%AC%ED%8A%BC_%EC%A0%9C%EB%8F%84" title="브리튼 제도 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="브리튼 제도" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%B2%D5%A6%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Բրիտանական կղզիներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բրիտանական կղզիներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="ब्रिटिश आइल्स – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ब्रिटिश आइल्स" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britiske_kupy" title="Britiske kupy – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Britiske kupy" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britanski_otoci" title="Britanski otoci – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Britanski otoci" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepulauan_Britania" title="Kepulauan Britania – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kepulauan Britania" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulas_Britannic" title="Insulas Britannic – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Insulas Britannic" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretlandseyjar" title="Bretlandseyjar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Bretlandseyjar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isole_britanniche" title="Isole britanniche – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Isole britanniche" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="האיים הבריטיים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="האיים הבריטיים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AB%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ბრიტანეთის კუნძულები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბრიტანეთის კუნძულები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Британ аралдары – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Британ аралдары" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enesow_Keltek" title="Enesow Keltek – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Enesow Keltek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funguvisiwa_la_Britania" title="Funguvisiwa la Britania – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Funguvisiwa la Britania" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Британ аралдары – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Британ аралдары" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulae_Britannicae" title="Insulae Britannicae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Insulae Britannicae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britu_salas" title="Britu salas – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Britu salas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittesch_Inselen" title="Brittesch Inselen – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Brittesch Inselen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brit%C5%B3_salos" title="Britų salos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Britų salos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isole_Britanege" title="Isole Britanege – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Isole Britanege" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brit-szigetek" title="Brit-szigetek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Brit-szigetek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Британски Острови – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Британски Острови" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87" title="ब्रिटिश बेटे – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ब्रिटिश बेटे" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ბრიტანეთიშ კოკეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბრიტანეთიშ კოკეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepulauan_British" title="Kepulauan British – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kepulauan British" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilhas_Brit%C3%A1nicas" title="Ilhas Británicas – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Ilhas Británicas" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britse_Eilanden" title="Britse Eilanden – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Britse Eilanden" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%96%E3%83%AA%E3%83%86%E3%83%B3%E8%AB%B8%E5%B3%B6" title="ブリテン諸島 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ブリテン諸島" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britisk_Eilunen" title="Britisk Eilunen – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Britisk Eilunen" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_britiske_%C3%B8yer" title="De britiske øyer – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="De britiske øyer" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dei_britiske_%C3%B8yane" title="Dei britiske øyane – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Dei britiske øyane" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Eles_Britanniques" title="Îles Britanniques – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Îles Britanniques" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illas_Britanicas" title="Illas Britanicas – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Illas Britanicas" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britaniya_orollari" title="Britaniya orollari – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Britaniya orollari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%81" title="جزائر برطانیہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جزائر برطانیہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Csole_brit%C3%A0niche" title="Ìsole britàniche – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Ìsole britàniche" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyspy_Brytyjskie" title="Wyspy Brytyjskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wyspy Brytyjskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilhas_Brit%C3%A2nicas" title="Ilhas Britânicas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ilhas Britânicas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulele_Britanice" title="Insulele Britanice – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Insulele Britanice" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britanikane_dvipa" title="Britanikane dvipa – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Britanikane dvipa" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Британские острова – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Британские острова" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Csulas_Brit%C3%A0nnicas" title="Ìsulas Britànnicas – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Ìsulas Britànnicas" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breetish_Isles" title="Breetish Isles – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Breetish Isles" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britiske_Ailounde" title="Britiske Ailounde – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Britiske Ailounde" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Csuli_brit%C3%A0nnichi" title="Ìsuli britànnichi – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ìsuli britànnichi" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA_%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A" title="බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය දිවයින් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය දිවයින්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="British Isles" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britsk%C3%A9_ostrovy" title="Britské ostrovy – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Britské ostrovy" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britansko_oto%C4%8Dje" title="Britansko otočje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Britansko otočje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Британска острва – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Британска острва" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britanski_otoci" title="Britanski otoci – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Britanski otoci" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britteinsaaret" title="Britteinsaaret – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Britteinsaaret" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittiska_%C3%B6arna" title="Brittiska öarna – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Brittiska öarna" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapuluang_Britaniko" title="Kapuluang Britaniko – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kapuluang Britaniko" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="பிரித்தானியத் தீவுகள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பிரித்தானியத் தீவுகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Британия утраулары – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Британия утраулары" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C" title="บริติชไอลส์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="บริติชไอลส์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britanya_Adalar%C4%B1" title="Britanya Adaları – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Britanya Adaları" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Британські острови – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Британські острови" data-language-autonym="Українська" 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hreflang="war" data-title="Kapuropud-an Britaniko" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E7%BE%A4%E5%B2%9B" title="不列颠群岛 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="不列颠群岛" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A2_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%96%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%9F" title="בריטישע אינזלען – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="בריטישע אינזלען" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a 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<div id="mw-indicator-indicator-fr-review-status" class="mw-indicator"><indicator name="fr-review-status" class="mw-fr-review-status-indicator" id="mw-fr-revision-toggle"><span class="cdx-fr-css-icon-review--status--stable"></span><b>Checked</b></indicator></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected until April 6, 2025 at 17:59 UTC."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" 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							cdx-button--size-medium cdx-button--icon-only cdx-dialog__header__close-button" aria-label="Close" onclick="document.getElementById("mw-fr-revision-details").style.display = "none";" type="submit"><span class="cdx-icon cdx-icon--medium
							cdx-fr-css-icon--close"></span></button></header><div class="cdx-dialog__body">This is the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pending_changes" title="Wikipedia:Pending changes">latest accepted revision</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=review&page=Special:Badtitle/Message">reviewed</a> on <i>18 November 2024</i>.</div></div><div tabindex="0"></div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Archipelago in north-western Europe</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the geographical <a href="/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago">archipelago</a>. For those parts under British sovereignty, see <a href="/wiki/British_Islands" title="British Islands">British Islands</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129712854">.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-title-embed{background-color:#efefef;font-weight:bold;padding:0.3em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-nick,.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-native{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-native>div{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands .infobox-header{background-color:#efefef}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-country{border-top:1px solid black;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-country2{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands .infobox-below{text-align:left;border-top:#aaa 1px solid}</style><table class="infobox ib-islands vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">British Isles</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="nickname"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background:transparent; text-align:center; font-size:9pt;"><div style="margin: 0 4em">Other native names</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; text-align:center;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Éire agus an Bhreatain Mhór</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-téarma.ie_–_Dictionary_of_Irish_Terms_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-téarma.ie_–_Dictionary_of_Irish_Terms-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Ynysoedd Prydain</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>)</span></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span title="Cornish-language text"><i lang="kw">Enesow Bretennek</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a>)</span></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Eileanan Bhreatainn</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Gaelic language">Scottish Gaelic</a>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span title="Manx-language text"><i lang="gv">Ny h-Ellanyn Goaldagh</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Îles Britanniques</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:MODIS_-_Great_Britain_and_Ireland_-_2012-06-04_during_heat_wave.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A map of the British Isles and their location in Europe." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/MODIS_-_Great_Britain_and_Ireland_-_2012-06-04_during_heat_wave.jpg/260px-MODIS_-_Great_Britain_and_Ireland_-_2012-06-04_during_heat_wave.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/MODIS_-_Great_Britain_and_Ireland_-_2012-06-04_during_heat_wave.jpg/390px-MODIS_-_Great_Britain_and_Ireland_-_2012-06-04_during_heat_wave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/MODIS_-_Great_Britain_and_Ireland_-_2012-06-04_during_heat_wave.jpg/520px-MODIS_-_Great_Britain_and_Ireland_-_2012-06-04_during_heat_wave.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="4400" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A 2012 <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> satellite image of the British Isles, excluding <a href="/wiki/Shetland" title="Shetland">Shetland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a> which are out of the frame</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Isles_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/British_Isles_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/220px-British_Isles_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/British_Isles_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/330px-British_Isles_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/British_Isles_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/440px-British_Isles_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Geography</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/North-western_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="North-western Europe">North-western Europe</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=British_Isles&params=54_N_4_W_scale:10000000_type:isle"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">54°N</span> <span class="longitude">4°W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">54°N 4°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">54; -4</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Adjacent to</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Total islands</th><td class="infobox-data">6,000+</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">315,159 km<sup>2</sup> (121,684 sq mi)<sup id="cite_ref-UNEP_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNEP-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation</th><td class="infobox-data">1,345 m (4413 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest point</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ben_Nevis" title="Ben Nevis">Ben Nevis</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-Ordnance_Survey_Blog-2016_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ordnance_Survey_Blog-2016-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Demographics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Population</th><td class="infobox-data">71,891,524 (2019)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pop. density</th><td class="infobox-data">216/km<sup>2</sup> (559/sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guern%C3%A9siais" title="Guernésiais">Guernésiais</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais" title="Jèrriais">Jèrriais</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sercquiais" title="Sercquiais">Sercquiais</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shelta" title="Shelta">Shelta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulster Scots dialects">Ulster-Scots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angloromani" class="mw-redirect" title="Angloromani">Angloromani</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Sign_Language" title="British Sign Language">British Sign Language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_Sign_Language" title="Irish Sign Language">Irish Sign Language</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Additional information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Mean_Time" title="Greenwich Mean Time">Greenwich Mean Time</a> / <a href="/wiki/Western_European_Time" title="Western European Time">Western European Time</a> (<a href="/wiki/UTC%C2%B10" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC±0">UTC</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_European_Summer_Time" title="Western European Summer Time">Western European Summer Time</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_footnote_a"><a href="#endnote_footnote_a">[a]</a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/UTC%2B1" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+1">UTC+1</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Drives on the</th><td class="infobox-data">left</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><div><ol style="list-style-type:lower-alpha"><li style="font-size:90%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_footnote_a"><b><a href="#ref_footnote_a">^</a></b></span> <a href="/wiki/Irish_Standard_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Standard Time">Irish Standard Time</a> in the Republic of Ireland, <a href="/wiki/British_Summer_Time" title="British Summer Time">British Summer Time</a> in the United Kingdom and associated territories.</li></ol></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>British Isles</b> are an <a href="/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago">archipelago</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">North Atlantic Ocean</a> off the north-western coast of <a href="/wiki/Continental_Europe" title="Continental Europe">continental Europe</a>, consisting of the islands of <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Inner_Hebrides" title="Inner Hebrides">Inner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Outer_Hebrides" title="Outer Hebrides">Outer</a> <a href="/wiki/Hebrides" title="Hebrides">Hebrides</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Isles" title="Northern Isles">Northern Isles</a> (<a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orkney</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shetland" title="Shetland">Shetland</a>), and over six thousand smaller islands.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica-2023_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-2023-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have a total area of 315,159 km<sup>2</sup> (121,684 sq mi)<sup id="cite_ref-UNEP_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNEP-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a combined population of almost 72 million, and include two <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign states</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a> (which covers roughly five-sixths of Ireland),<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a>, off the north coast of <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, are normally taken to be part of the British Isles,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> even though geographically they do not form part of the <a href="/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago">archipelago</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the UK Interpretation Act 1978, the Channel Islands are clarified as forming part of the <a href="/wiki/British_Islands" title="British Islands">British Islands</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> not to be confused with the British Isles. </p><p>The oldest rocks are 2.7 billion years old and are found in Ireland, Wales and the north-west of Scotland.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">Silurian</a> period, the north-western regions collided with the south-east, which had been part of a separate continental landmass. The topography of the islands is modest in scale by global standards. <a href="/wiki/Ben_Nevis" title="Ben Nevis">Ben Nevis</a>, the highest mountain, rises to only 1,345 metres (4,413 ft),<sup id="cite_ref-Ordnance_Survey_Blog-2016_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ordnance_Survey_Blog-2016-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Lough_Neagh" title="Lough Neagh">Lough Neagh</a>, which is notably larger than other lakes in the island group, covers 390 square kilometres (151 sq mi). The climate is temperate marine, with cool winters and warm summers. The <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_drift" class="mw-redirect" title="North Atlantic drift">North Atlantic drift</a> brings significant moisture and raises temperatures 11 °C (20 °F) above the global average for the latitude. This led to a landscape that was long dominated by temperate rainforest, although human activity has since cleared the vast majority of <a href="/wiki/Forest_cover" title="Forest cover">forest cover</a>. The region was re-inhabited after the last glacial period of <a href="/wiki/Quaternary_glaciation" title="Quaternary glaciation">Quaternary glaciation</a>, by 12,000 BC, when Great Britain was still part of a <a href="/wiki/Doggerland" title="Doggerland">peninsula of the European continent</a>. Ireland may have been connected to Great Britain by way of an <a href="/wiki/Ice_bridge" title="Ice bridge">ice bridge</a> before 14,000 BC, and was not inhabited until after 8000 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Edwards-2008_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edwards-2008-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Great Britain became an island by 7000 BC with the flooding of <a href="/wiki/Doggerland" title="Doggerland">Doggerland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-McGreevy-2020_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGreevy-2020-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a> (Ireland), <a href="/wiki/Picts" title="Picts">Picts</a> (northern Great Britain) and <a href="/wiki/Britons_(historical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Britons (historical)">Britons</a> (southern Great Britain), all speaking <a href="/wiki/Insular_Celtic_languages" title="Insular Celtic languages">Insular Celtic languages</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> inhabited the islands at the beginning of the 1st millennium BC. Much of Brittonic-occupied Britain was <a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Britain" title="Roman conquest of Britain">conquered by the Roman Empire</a> from AD 43. The first <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxons</a> arrived as Roman power waned in the 5th century, and eventually they dominated the bulk of what is now England.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Viking" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking">Viking</a> invasions began in the 9th century, followed by more permanent settlements and political change, particularly in England. The <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Norman</a> conquest of England in 1066 and the later <a href="/wiki/Angevin_Empire" title="Angevin Empire">Angevin</a> partial conquest of Ireland from 1169 led to the imposition of a new Norman ruling elite across much of Britain and parts of Ireland. By the <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a>, Great Britain was separated into the Kingdom of England and Kingdom of Scotland, while control in Ireland fluxed between <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic kingdoms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hiberno-Norman" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiberno-Norman">Hiberno-Norman lords</a> and the English-dominated <a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Ireland" title="Lordship of Ireland">Lordship of Ireland</a>, soon restricted only to <a href="/wiki/The_Pale" title="The Pale">The Pale</a>. The 1603 <a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Crowns" title="Union of the Crowns">Union of the Crowns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Acts of Union 1707</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">Acts of Union 1800</a> aimed to consolidate Great Britain and Ireland into a single political unit, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, with the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands remaining as <a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a>. The expansion of the British Empire and migrations following the <a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Irish Famine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Highland_Clearances" title="Highland Clearances">Highland Clearances</a> resulted in the dispersal of some of the islands' population and culture throughout the world, and rapid depopulation of Ireland in the second half of the 19th century. Most of Ireland seceded from the United Kingdom after the <a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">Irish War of Independence</a> and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Treaty" title="Anglo-Irish Treaty">Anglo-Irish Treaty</a> (1919–1922), with six counties remaining in the UK as Northern Ireland. </p><p>As a term, "British Isles" is a <a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">geographical</a> name and not a political unit. In Ireland, the term is <a href="/wiki/British_Isles_naming_dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="British Isles naming dispute">controversial</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica-2023_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-2023-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and there are objections to its usage.<sup id="cite_ref-Davies-2000_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies-2000-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland" title="Government of Ireland">Government of Ireland</a> does not officially recognise the term,<sup id="cite_ref-Dáil_Éireann-2012_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dáil_Éireann-2012-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and its embassy in London discourages its use.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Britain and Ireland" is used as an alternative description,<sup id="cite_ref-Davies-2000_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies-2000-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hazlett-2003_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hazlett-2003-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "Atlantic Archipelago" has also seen limited use in academia.<sup id="cite_ref-Norquay-2002_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norquay-2002-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schwyzer-2004_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwyzer-2004-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kumar-2003_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kumar-2003-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Michael_Braddick-2002_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michael_Braddick-2002-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In official documents created jointly by Ireland and the United Kingdom, such as the <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">Good Friday Agreement</a>, the term "these islands" is used.<sup id="cite_ref-Marshall_Cavendish-2010_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marshall_Cavendish-2010-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Britain_(place_name)" title="Britain (place name)">Britain (place name)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_British_Isles" title="Names of the British Isles">Names of the British Isles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Terminology_of_the_British_Isles" title="Terminology of the British Isles">Terminology of the British Isles</a></div> <p>The earliest known references to the islands as a group appeared in the writings of seafarers from the ancient Greek colony of <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Massalia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-OCorrain-2001_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCorrain-2001-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original records have been lost; however, later writings, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Avienius" title="Avienius">Avienius</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Ora_maritima" title="Ora maritima">Ora maritima</a></i>, that quoted from the <a href="/wiki/Massaliote_Periplus" title="Massaliote Periplus">Massaliote Periplus</a> (6th century BC) and from <a href="/wiki/Pytheas" title="Pytheas">Pytheas</a>'s <i>On the Ocean</i> (around 325–320 BC)<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have survived. </p><p>In the 1st century BC, <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a> has <i>Prettanikē nēsos</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-DiodorusSiculus_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DiodorusSiculus-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "the British Island", and <i>Prettanoi</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-DiodorusSiculus-2_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DiodorusSiculus-2-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "the Britons",<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> describes Julius Caesar as having "advanced the Roman Empire as far as the British Isles" (Greek: <span lang="grc">μέχρι τῶν Βρεττανικῶν νήσων</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">mékhri tôn Brettanikôn nḗsōn</i></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and remarks on the region "about the British Isles" (<span title="Ancient Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">τὸ περὶ τὰς Βρεττανικὰς νήσους</span></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">tò perì tàs Brettanikàs nḗsous</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Philip Freeman in 2001, "it seems reasonable, especially at this early point in classical knowledge of the Irish, for Diodorus or his sources to think of all inhabitants of the Brettanic Isles as <i>Brettanoi</i><b>".</b><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> used Βρεττανική (<i>Brettanike</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-Strabo_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strabo-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Strabo-2_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strabo-2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Strabo-3_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strabo-3-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Marcian_of_Heraclea" title="Marcian of Heraclea">Marcian of Heraclea</a>, in his <i>Periplus maris exteri</i>, used αἱ Πρεττανικαί νῆσοι (<i>the Prettanic Isles</i>) to refer to the islands.<sup id="cite_ref-Müller-1855_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Müller-1855-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/A._L._F._Rivet" title="A. L. F. Rivet">A. L. F. Rivet</a> and Colin Smith in 1979 "the earliest instance of the name which is textually known to us" is in <a href="/wiki/The_Histories_(Polybius)" title="The Histories (Polybius)"><i>The Histories</i></a> of <a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a>, who referred to them as: <span lang="grc">αἱ Βρεταννικαί νήσοι</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">hai Bretannikai nēsoi</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'the Brettanic Islands' or 'the British Isles'.<sup id="cite_ref-Rivet-1979_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rivet-1979-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Rivet and Smith, this name encompassed "Britain with Ireland".<sup id="cite_ref-Rivet-1979_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rivet-1979-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Thomas_O%27Loughlin" title="Thomas O'Loughlin">Thomas O'Loughlin</a> in 2018, the British Isles was "a concept already present in the minds of those living in continental Europe since at least the 2nd–cent. CE".<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historians today, though not in absolute agreement, largely agree that these Greek and Latin names were probably drawn from native <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic-language</a> names for the archipelago.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along these lines, the inhabitants of the islands were called the Πρεττανοί (<i><a href="/wiki/Priteni" class="mw-redirect" title="Priteni">Priteni</a></i> or <i>Pretani</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The shift from the "P" of <i>Pretannia</i> to the "B" of <i><a href="/wiki/Britannia" title="Britannia">Britannia</a></i> by the Romans occurred during the time of Julius Caesar.<sup id="cite_ref-Snyder-2003_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Snyder-2003-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Greeks in Egypt">Greco-Egyptian</a> <a href="/wiki/Claudius_Ptolemy" class="mw-redirect" title="Claudius Ptolemy">Claudius Ptolemy</a> referred to the larger island as <i>great Britain</i> (μεγάλη Βρεττανία <i>megale Brettania</i>) and to Ireland as <i>little Britain</i> (μικρὰ Βρεττανία <i>mikra Brettania</i>) in his work <i><a href="/wiki/Almagest" title="Almagest">Almagest</a></i> (147–148 AD).<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Philip Freeman in 2001, Ptolemy "is the only ancient writer to use the name "Little Britain" for Ireland, though in doing so he is well within the tradition of earlier authors who pair a smaller Ireland with a larger Britain as the two Brettanic Isles".<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the second book of Ptolemy's <i><a href="/wiki/Geography_(Ptolemy)" title="Geography (Ptolemy)">Geography</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 150 AD</span>), the second and third chapters are respectively titled in Greek: <span lang="grc">Κεφ. βʹ Ἰουερνίας νήσου Βρεττανικῆς θέσις</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Iouernías nḗsou Brettanikê̄s thésis</i></span>, <small><abbr title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> </small>'Ch. 2, position of Hibernia, a British island' and <span title="Ancient Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">Κεφ. γʹ Ἀλβουίωνος νήσου Βρεττανικῆς θέσις</span></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Albouíōnos nḗsou Brettanikê̄s thésis</i></span>, 'Ch. 3, position of Albion, a British island'.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 143, 146">: 143, 146 </span></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> <a href="/wiki/Geography_and_cartography_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Geography and cartography in the medieval Islamic world">geography and cartography in the medieval Islamic world</a>, the British Isles are known as <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Jazāʾir Barṭāniya</i></span> or <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Jazāʾir Barṭīniya</i></span>. Arabic geographies, including the <i><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kit%C4%81b_az-Z%C4%ABj" class="mw-redirect" title="Kitāb az-Zīj">Kitāb az-Zīj</a></i></span></i> of <a href="/wiki/Al-Batt%C4%81n%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Battānī">al-Battānī</a>, mention the British Isles as twelve islands.<sup id="cite_ref-Dunlop-1971_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dunlop-1971-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dunlop-1957_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dunlop-1957-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_Skelton_(poet)" title="John Skelton (poet)">John Skelton</a>'s English translation of Diodorus Siculus's <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_historica" title="Bibliotheca historica">Bibliotheca historica</a></i></span>, written in the middle 1480s, mentions the British Isles as <span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm">the yles of Bretayne</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Twyne" title="Thomas Twyne">Thomas Twyne</a>'s English translation of <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_Periegetes" title="Dionysius Periegetes">Dionysius Periegetes</a>'s <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Orbis descriptio</i></span>, published in 1572, mentions the British Isles as <span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm">the Iles of Britannia</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest citation of the phrase <span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm">Brytish Iles</i></span> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> is in a work by <a href="/wiki/John_Dee" title="John Dee">John Dee</a> dated 1577.<sup id="cite_ref-JohnDee-1577_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JohnDee-1577-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other names used to describe the islands include the <i><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Celtic" title="Anglo-Celtic">Anglo-Celtic</a> Isles</i>, <i>Atlantic archipelago</i> (a term coined by the historian <a href="/wiki/J._G._A._Pocock" title="J. G. A. Pocock">J. G. A. Pocock</a> in 1975<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), <i>British-Irish Isles</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Britain and Ireland</i>, <i>UK and Ireland</i>, and <i>British Isles and Ireland</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Owing to political and national associations with the word <i>British</i>, the Government of Ireland does not use the term <i>British Isles</i><sup id="cite_ref-Dáil_Éireann-2012_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dáil_Éireann-2012-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in documents drawn up jointly between the British and Irish governments, the archipelago is referred to simply as "these islands".<sup id="cite_ref-Marshall_Cavendish-2010_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marshall_Cavendish-2010-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British Isles is the most widely accepted term for the archipelago.<sup id="cite_ref-Marshall_Cavendish-2010_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marshall_Cavendish-2010-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_England" title="Geography of England">Geography of England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Wales" title="Geography of Wales">Geography of Wales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Scotland" title="Geography of Scotland">Geography of Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ireland" title="Geography of Ireland">Geography of Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Geography of the United Kingdom">Geography of the United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Geography of the Isle of Man">Geography of the Isle of Man</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Channel_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of the Channel Islands">Geography of the Channel Islands</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British-Isles-NW-European-shelf.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An image showing the geological shelf of the British Isles." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/British-Isles-NW-European-shelf.png/220px-British-Isles-NW-European-shelf.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/British-Isles-NW-European-shelf.png/330px-British-Isles-NW-European-shelf.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/British-Isles-NW-European-shelf.png/440px-British-Isles-NW-European-shelf.png 2x" data-file-width="1044" data-file-height="612" /></a><figcaption>The British Isles in relation to the north-west <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Europe" title="Geography of Europe">European</a> <a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">continental shelf</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The British Isles lie at the juncture of several regions with past episodes of tectonic mountain building. These <a href="/wiki/Orogeny" title="Orogeny">orogenic belts</a> form a complex geology that records a huge and varied span of Earth's history.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of particular note was the <a href="/wiki/Caledonian_orogeny" title="Caledonian orogeny">Caledonian orogeny</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">Ordovician</a> and <a href="/wiki/Llandovery_epoch" class="mw-redirect" title="Llandovery epoch">early Silurian</a> periods, when the <a href="/wiki/Craton" title="Craton">craton</a> <a href="/wiki/Baltica" title="Baltica">Baltica</a> collided with the <a href="/wiki/Terrane" title="Terrane">terrane</a> <a href="/wiki/Avalonia" title="Avalonia">Avalonia</a> to form the mountains and hills in northern Britain and Ireland. Baltica formed roughly the north-western half of Ireland and Scotland. Further collisions caused the <a href="/wiki/Variscan_orogeny" title="Variscan orogeny">Variscan orogeny</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">Devonian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous</a> periods, forming the hills of <a href="/wiki/Munster" title="Munster">Munster</a>, south-west England, and southern Wales. Over the last 500 million years the land that forms the islands has drifted north-west from around 30°S, crossing the <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equator</a> around 370 million years ago to reach its present northern latitude.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The islands have been shaped by numerous glaciations during the <a href="/wiki/Quaternary_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaternary Period">Quaternary Period</a>, the most recent being the <a href="/wiki/Devensian" class="mw-redirect" title="Devensian">Devensian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As this ended, the central <a href="/wiki/Irish_Sea" title="Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a> was deglaciated and the English Channel flooded, with sea levels rising to current levels some 8,000 years ago, leaving the British Isles in their current form. </p><p>There are about <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_British_Isles_by_area" class="mw-redirect" title="List of the British Isles by area">136 permanently inhabited islands</a> in the group, the largest two being Great Britain and Ireland. Great Britain is to the east and covers 83,700 sq mi (217,000 km<sup>2</sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-Calder-1995_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Calder-1995-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ireland is to the west and covers 32,590 sq mi (84,400 km<sup>2</sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-Calder-1995_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Calder-1995-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest of the other islands are to be found in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrides" title="Hebrides">Hebrides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orkney</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shetland" title="Shetland">Shetland</a> to the north, <a href="/wiki/Anglesey" title="Anglesey">Anglesey</a> and the Isle of Man between Great Britain and Ireland, and the <a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a> near the coast of France. The most densely populated island is <a href="/wiki/Portsea_Island" title="Portsea Island">Portsea Island</a>, which has an area of 9.5 sq mi (25 km<sup>2</sup>)<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but has the third highest population behind Great Britain and Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The islands are at relatively low altitudes, with central Ireland and southern Great Britain particularly low-lying: the lowest point in the islands is the <a href="/wiki/North_Slob" title="North Slob">North Slob</a> in <a href="/wiki/County_Wexford" title="County Wexford">County Wexford</a>, Ireland, with an elevation of −3.0 metres (−9.8 ft). The <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">Scottish Highlands</a> in the northern part of Great Britain are mountainous, with <a href="/wiki/Ben_Nevis" title="Ben Nevis">Ben Nevis</a> being the highest point on the islands at 1,345 m (4,413 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-Ordnance_Survey_Blog-2016_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ordnance_Survey_Blog-2016-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other mountainous areas include Wales and parts of Ireland, although only seven peaks in these areas reach above 1,000 m (3,281 ft). Lakes on the islands are generally not large, although <a href="/wiki/Lough_Neagh" title="Lough Neagh">Lough Neagh</a> in Northern Ireland is an exception, covering 150 square miles (390 km<sup>2</sup>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The largest freshwater body in Great Britain (by area) is <a href="/wiki/Loch_Lomond" title="Loch Lomond">Loch Lomond</a> at 27.5 square miles (71 km<sup>2</sup>), and <a href="/wiki/Loch_Ness" title="Loch Ness">Loch Ness</a> (by volume) whilst <a href="/wiki/Loch_Morar" title="Loch Morar">Loch Morar</a> is the deepest freshwater body in the British Isles, with a maximum depth of 310 m (1,017 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-Gazetteerfor_Scotland,Morar_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gazetteerfor_Scotland,Morar-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are a number of major rivers within the British Isles. The longest is the <a href="/wiki/River_Shannon" title="River Shannon">Shannon</a> in Ireland at 224 mi (360 km).<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/River_Severn" title="River Severn">river Severn</a> at 220 mi (354 km)<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the longest in Great Britain. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_British_Isles" title="Climate of the British Isles">climate of the British Isles</a> is mild,<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> moist and changeable with abundant rainfall and a lack of temperature extremes. It is defined as a temperate oceanic climate, or <i>Cfb</i> on the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a> system, a classification it shares with most of north-west Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Current" title="North Atlantic Current">North Atlantic Drift</a> ("Gulf Stream"), which flows from the Gulf of Mexico, brings with it significant moisture and raises temperatures 11 °C (20 °F) above the global average for the islands' latitudes.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most Atlantic <a href="/wiki/Low-pressure_area" title="Low-pressure area">depressions</a> pass to the north of the islands; combined with the general <a href="/wiki/Westerlies" title="Westerlies">westerly circulation</a> and interactions with the landmass, this imposes a general east–west variation in climate.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are four distinct climate patterns: south-east, with cold winters, warm and dry summers; south-west, having mild and very wet winters, warm and wet summers; north-west, generally wet with mild winters and cool summers; and north-east with cold winters, cool summers.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flora_and_fauna">Flora and fauna</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Great_Britain" title="Fauna of Great Britain">Fauna of Great Britain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Ireland" title="Fauna of Ireland">Fauna of Ireland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_trees_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="List of trees of Great Britain and Ireland">List of trees of Great Britain and Ireland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Irl-female_red_deer_Killarney.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Irl-female_red_deer_Killarney.jpg/220px-Irl-female_red_deer_Killarney.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Irl-female_red_deer_Killarney.jpg/330px-Irl-female_red_deer_Killarney.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Irl-female_red_deer_Killarney.jpg/440px-Irl-female_red_deer_Killarney.jpg 2x" data-file-width="934" data-file-height="728" /></a><figcaption>Red deer hinds in <a href="/wiki/Killarney_National_Park" title="Killarney National Park">Killarney National Park</a>, Ireland</figcaption></figure> <p>The islands enjoy a mild climate and varied soils, giving rise to a diverse pattern of vegetation. Animal and plant life is similar to that of the north-western <a href="/wiki/European_mainland" class="mw-redirect" title="European mainland">European mainland</a>. There are however, fewer numbers of species, with Ireland having even less. All native <a href="/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">flora</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fauna" title="Fauna">fauna</a> in Ireland is made up of species that migrated primarily from Great Britain. The only window when this could have occurred was prior to the melting of the <a href="/wiki/Ice_bridge" title="Ice bridge">ice bridge</a> between the two islands 14,000 years ago approaching the end of the last ice age. </p><p>As with most of Europe, prehistoric Britain and Ireland were covered with forest and swamp. Clearing began around 6000 BC and accelerated in medieval times. Despite this, Britain retained its primeval forests longer than most of Europe due to a small population and later development of trade and industry, and wood shortages were not a problem until the 17th century. By the 18th century, most of Britain's forests were consumed for shipbuilding or manufacturing charcoal and the nation was forced to import lumber from Scandinavia, North America, and the Baltic. Most forest land in Ireland is maintained by state forestation programmes. Almost all land outside urban areas is farmland. However, relatively large areas of forest remain in east and north Scotland and in southeast England. Oak, elm, ash and beech are amongst the most common trees in England. In Scotland, pine and birch are most common. Natural forests in Ireland are mainly oak, ash, <a href="/wiki/Wych_elm" class="mw-redirect" title="Wych elm">wych elm</a>, birch and pine. Beech and <a href="/wiki/Tilia" title="Tilia">lime</a>, though not native to Ireland, are also common there. Farmland hosts a variety of semi-natural vegetation of grasses and flowering plants. Woods, <a href="/wiki/Hedgerows" class="mw-redirect" title="Hedgerows">hedgerows</a>, mountain slopes and marshes host <a href="/wiki/Calluna_vulgaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Calluna vulgaris">heather</a>, wild grasses, <a href="/wiki/Common_gorse" class="mw-redirect" title="Common gorse">gorse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pteridium_aquilinum" title="Pteridium aquilinum">bracken</a>. </p><p>Many larger animals, such as wolves, bears and <a href="/wiki/European_elk" class="mw-redirect" title="European elk">European elk</a> are today extinct. However, some species such as red deer are protected. Other small mammals, such as <a href="/wiki/European_rabbit" title="European rabbit">rabbits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_fox" title="Red fox">foxes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_badger" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian badger">badgers</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_hare" title="European hare">hares</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_hedgehog" title="European hedgehog">hedgehogs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stoat" title="Stoat">stoats</a>, are very common and the <a href="/wiki/European_beaver" class="mw-redirect" title="European beaver">European beaver</a> has been reintroduced in parts of Scotland. <a href="/wiki/Wild_boar" title="Wild boar">Wild boar</a> have also been reintroduced to parts of southern England, following escapes from boar farms and illegal releases. Many rivers contain <a href="/wiki/European_otter" class="mw-redirect" title="European otter">otters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grey_seal" title="Grey seal">grey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Common_seal" class="mw-redirect" title="Common seal">common seals</a> are numerous on coasts. There are about 250 bird species regularly recorded in Great Britain, and another 350 that occur with varying degrees of rarity. The most numerous species are <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_wren" title="Eurasian wren">wren</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_robin" title="European robin">robin</a>, <a href="/wiki/House_sparrow" title="House sparrow">house sparrow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Woodpigeon" class="mw-redirect" title="Woodpigeon">woodpigeon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Common_chaffinch" class="mw-redirect" title="Common chaffinch">chaffinch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Common_blackbird" title="Common blackbird">blackbird</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Farmland birds are declining in number,<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> except for those kept for game such as <a href="/wiki/Common_pheasant" title="Common pheasant">pheasant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red-legged_partridge" title="Red-legged partridge">red-legged partridge</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Red_grouse" title="Red grouse">red grouse</a>. Fish are abundant in the rivers and lakes, in particular salmon, trout, perch and <a href="/wiki/Esox" title="Esox">pike</a>. Sea fish include <a href="/wiki/Squalidae" title="Squalidae">dogfish</a>, cod, <a href="/wiki/Sole_(fish)" title="Sole (fish)">sole</a>, pollock and bass, as well as mussels, crab and oysters along the coast. There are more than 21,000 species of insects. </p><p>Few species of reptiles or amphibians are found in Great Britain or Ireland. Only three snakes are native to Great Britain: the <a href="/wiki/Vipera_berus" class="mw-redirect" title="Vipera berus">adder</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Barred_grass_snake" title="Barred grass snake">barred grass snake</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Coronella_austriaca" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronella austriaca">smooth snake</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> none are native to Ireland. In general, Great Britain has slightly more variation and native wildlife, with weasels, <a href="/wiki/European_polecat" title="European polecat">polecats</a>, wildcats, most <a href="/wiki/Shrews" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrews">shrews</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_mole" title="European mole">moles</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_water_vole" title="European water vole">water voles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roe_deer" title="Roe deer">roe deer</a> and common toads also being absent from Ireland. This pattern is also true for birds and insects. Notable exceptions include the <a href="/wiki/Kerry_slug" title="Kerry slug">Kerry slug</a> and certain species of woodlouse native to Ireland but not Great Britain. </p><p>Domestic animals include the Connemara pony, Shetland pony, English Mastiff, Irish wolfhound and many varieties of cattle and sheep. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Demographics of the Republic of Ireland">Demographics of the Republic of Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Demographics of the United Kingdom">Demographics of the United Kingdom</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_the_British_Isles" title="Genetic history of the British Isles">Genetic history of the British Isles</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Isles_population_density_2011_NUTS3.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A map of the British Isles showing the relative population densities across the area." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/British_Isles_population_density_2011_NUTS3.svg/170px-British_Isles_population_density_2011_NUTS3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/British_Isles_population_density_2011_NUTS3.svg/255px-British_Isles_population_density_2011_NUTS3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/British_Isles_population_density_2011_NUTS3.svg/340px-British_Isles_population_density_2011_NUTS3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="871" data-file-height="1346" /></a><figcaption>Population density per km<sup>2</sup> of the British Isles' <a href="/wiki/Nomenclature_of_Territorial_Units_for_Statistics" title="Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics">regions</a></figcaption></figure> <p>England has a generally high population density, with almost 80% of the total population of the islands. Elsewhere in Great Britain and Ireland, high density of population is limited to areas around a few large cities. The largest urban area by far is the <a href="/wiki/Greater_London_Built-up_Area" title="Greater London Built-up Area">Greater London Built-up Area</a> with 9 million inhabitants. Other major population centres include the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Manchester_Built-up_Area" title="Greater Manchester Built-up Area">Greater Manchester Built-up Area</a> (2.4 million), <a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_conurbation" title="West Midlands conurbation">West Midlands conurbation</a> (2.4 million) and <a href="/wiki/West_Yorkshire_Urban_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="West Yorkshire Urban Area">West Yorkshire Urban Area</a> (1.6 million) in England,<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Greater_Glasgow" title="Greater Glasgow">Greater Glasgow</a> (1.2 million) in Scotland<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Greater_Dublin_Area" title="Greater Dublin Area">Greater Dublin Area</a> (1.9 million) in Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The population of England rose rapidly during the 19th and 20th centuries, whereas the populations of Scotland and Wales showed little increase during the 20th century; the population of Scotland has remained unchanged since 1951. Ireland for most of its history had much the same population density as Great Britain (about one-third of the total population). However, since the <a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Great Irish Famine</a>, the population of Ireland has fallen to less than one-tenth of the population of the British Isles. The famine caused a century-long population decline, drastically reduced the Irish population and permanently altered the demographic make-up of the British Isles. On a global scale, this disaster led to the creation of an <a href="/wiki/Irish_diaspora" title="Irish diaspora">Irish diaspora</a> that numbers fifteen times the current population of the island. </p><p>The linguistic heritage of the British Isles is rich,<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with twelve languages from six groups across four branches of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">family</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Insular_Celtic_languages" title="Insular Celtic languages">Insular Celtic languages</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Goidelic" class="mw-redirect" title="Goidelic">Goidelic</a> sub-group (<a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Brittonic_languages" title="Brittonic languages">Brittonic</a> sub-group (<a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a>, Welsh and <a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a>, spoken in <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">north-western France</a>) are the only remaining <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic languages</a>—the last of their continental relations were extinct before the 7th century.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Norman_language" title="Norman language">Norman languages</a> of <a href="/wiki/Guern%C3%A9siais" title="Guernésiais">Guernésiais</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais" title="Jèrriais">Jèrriais</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sercquiais" title="Sercquiais">Sercquiais</a> spoken in the Channel Islands are similar to French, a language also spoken there. A <a href="/wiki/Cant_(language)" title="Cant (language)">cant</a>, called <a href="/wiki/Shelta" title="Shelta">Shelta</a>, is spoken by <a href="/wiki/Irish_Travellers" title="Irish Travellers">Irish Travellers</a>, often to conceal meaning from those outside the group.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, English, including <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a>, is the dominant language, with few monoglots remaining in the other languages of the region.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Norn_language" title="Norn language">Norn language</a> of <a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orkney</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shetland" title="Shetland">Shetland</a> became extinct around 1880.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urban_areas">Urban areas</h3></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Rank </th> <th>Urban area </th> <th>Population </th> <th>Country </th></tr> <tr> <th>1 </th> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></td> <td>9,787,426</td> <td><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>2 </th> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Manchester_Built-up_Area" title="Greater Manchester Built-up Area">Greater Manchester</a></td> <td>2,553,379</td> <td><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>3 </th> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_Conurbation" class="mw-redirect" title="West Midlands Conurbation">West Midlands Conurbation</a></td> <td>2,440,986</td> <td><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>4 </th> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/West_Yorkshire_Urban_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="West Yorkshire Urban Area">West Yorkshire Urban Area</a></td> <td>1,777,934</td> <td><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>5 </th> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a></td> <td>1,209,143</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>6 </th> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a></td> <td>1,173,179</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>7 </th> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a></td> <td>864,122</td> <td><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>8 </th> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/South_Hampshire" title="South Hampshire">South Hampshire</a></td> <td>855,569</td> <td><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>9 </th> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Tyneside" title="Tyneside">Tyneside</a></td> <td>774,891</td> <td><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>10 </th> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Nottingham" title="Nottingham">Nottingham</a></td> <td>729,977</td> <td><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>11 </th> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a></td> <td>685,386</td> <td><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>12 </th> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a></td> <td>617,280</td> <td><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>13 </th> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a></td> <td>595,879</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>14 </th> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Leicester" title="Leicester">Leicester</a></td> <td>508,916</td> <td><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>15 </th> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a></td> <td>482,005</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>16 </th> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Brighton_and_Hove" title="Brighton and Hove">Brighton and Hove</a></td> <td>474,485</td> <td><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>17 </th> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Bournemouth" title="Bournemouth">Bournemouth</a></td> <td>466,266</td> <td><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>18 </th> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a></td> <td>481,082</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>19 </th> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Teesside" title="Teesside">Teesside</a></td> <td>376,633</td> <td><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>20 </th> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Stoke-on-Trent" title="Stoke-on-Trent">Stoke-on-Trent</a></td> <td>372,775</td> <td><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>21 </th> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Coventry" title="Coventry">Coventry</a></td> <td>359,262</td> <td><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>22 </th> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Sunderland" title="Sunderland">Sunderland</a></td> <td>335,415</td> <td><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>23 </th> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Birkenhead" title="Birkenhead">Birkenhead</a></td> <td>325,264</td> <td><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>24 </th> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Reading,_Berkshire" title="Reading, Berkshire">Reading</a></td> <td>318,014</td> <td><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>25 </th> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Kingston-upon-Hull" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingston-upon-Hull">Kingston-upon-Hull</a></td> <td>314,018</td> <td><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>26 </th> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Preston,_Lancashire" title="Preston, Lancashire">Preston</a></td> <td>313,322</td> <td><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>27 </th> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Newport,_Wales" title="Newport, Wales">Newport</a></td> <td>306,844</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>28 </th> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Swansea" title="Swansea">Swansea</a></td> <td>300,352</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>29 </th> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Southend-on-Sea" title="Southend-on-Sea">Southend-on-Sea</a></td> <td>295,310</td> <td><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>30 </th> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Derby" title="Derby">Derby</a></td> <td>270,468</td> <td><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>31 </th> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth">Plymouth</a></td> <td>260,203</td> <td><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>32 </th> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Luton" title="Luton">Luton</a></td> <td>258,018</td> <td><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>33 </th> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Aldershot" title="Aldershot">Aldershot</a></td> <td>252,397</td> <td><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>34 </th> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Medway" title="Medway">Medway</a></td> <td>243,931</td> <td><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>35 </th> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Blackpool" title="Blackpool">Blackpool</a></td> <td>239,409</td> <td><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>36 </th> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Milton_Keynes" title="Milton Keynes">Milton Keynes</a></td> <td>229,431</td> <td><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>37 </th> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Barnsley" title="Barnsley">Barnsley</a></td> <td>223,281</td> <td><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>38 </th> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Cork_(city)" title="Cork (city)">Cork</a></td> <td>222,000</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>39 </th> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Northampton" title="Northampton">Northampton</a></td> <td>215,963</td> <td><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>40 </th> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Norwich" title="Norwich">Norwich</a></td> <td>213,166</td> <td><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>41 </th> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a></td> <td>207,932</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Isles" title="History of the British Isles">History of the British Isles</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/British_Isles" title="Special:EditPage/British Isles">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Cleanup_rewrite plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg/40px-Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg/60px-Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg/80px-Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>may need to be rewritten</b> to comply with Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">quality standards</a>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=British_Isles&action=edit">You can help</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Talk:British_Isles" title="Talk:British Isles">talk page</a> may contain suggestions.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>2.5 million years ago the British Isles were repeatedly submerged beneath an ice sheet which extended into the middle of the North Sea, with a larger ice sheet that covered a significant proportion of Scandinavia on the opposite side. Around 1.9 million years ago these two ice sheets frequently merged, essentially creating a land bridge between Scandinavia and northern Great Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further south, there was a direct land bridge, now known as <a href="/wiki/Doggerland" title="Doggerland">Doggerland</a>, which was gradually submerged as sea levels rose.<sup id="cite_ref-McGreevy-2020_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGreevy-2020-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Irish Sea was formed before Doggerland was completely covered in water, with Ireland becoming an island roughly 6,000 years before Great Britain did.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first evidence of human activity on the islands dates from 840,000 or 950,000 years ago, based in flint tools found near <a href="/wiki/Happisburgh" title="Happisburgh">Happisburgh</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Norfolk" title="Norfolk">Norfolk</a> coast of Great Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, the earliest evidence of human activity on the island of Ireland dates from 12,500 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the time of the Roman Empire, about two thousand years ago, various tribes, which spoke <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic dialects</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Insular_Celtic_languages" title="Insular Celtic languages">Insular Celtic</a> group, were inhabiting the islands. The Romans expanded their civilisation to control southern Great Britain but were impeded in advancing any further, building <a href="/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall" title="Hadrian's Wall">Hadrian's Wall</a> to mark the northern frontier of their empire in 122 AD. At that time, Ireland was populated by a people known as Hiberni, the northern third or so of Great Britain by a people known as Picts and the southern two thirds by Britons. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alfred_Jewel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Alfred_Jewel.jpg/170px-Alfred_Jewel.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Alfred_Jewel.jpg/255px-Alfred_Jewel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Alfred_Jewel.jpg/340px-Alfred_Jewel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1748" data-file-height="1879" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Jewel" title="Alfred Jewel">Alfred Jewel</a> (9th century)</figcaption></figure> <p>Anglo-Saxons arrived as <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of Rome">Roman power waned in the 5th century AD</a>. Initially, their arrival seems to have been at the invitation of the Britons as mercenaries to repulse incursions by the Hiberni and Picts. In time, Anglo-Saxon demands on the British became so great that they came to culturally dominate the bulk of southern Great Britain, though recent genetic evidence suggests Britons still formed the bulk of the population. This dominance created what is now England and left culturally British enclaves only in <a href="/wiki/Hen_Ogledd" title="Hen Ogledd">the north of what is now England</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a> and what is now known as Wales. Ireland had been unaffected by the Romans except, significantly, for being <a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianisation of Ireland">Christianised</a>—traditionally by the Romano-Briton, Saint Patrick. As Europe, including Britain, descended into turmoil following the collapse of Roman civilisation, an era known as the Dark Ages, Ireland entered a <a href="/wiki/Golden_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden age">golden age</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hiberno-Scottish_mission" title="Hiberno-Scottish mission">responded with missions</a> (first to Great Britain and then to the continent), the founding of monasteries and universities. These were later joined by <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_mission" title="Anglo-Saxon mission">Anglo-Saxon missions</a> of a similar nature. </p><p>Viking invasions began in the 9th century, followed by more permanent settlements, particularly along the east coast of Ireland, the west coast of modern-day Scotland and the Isle of Man. Though the Vikings were eventually neutralised in Ireland, their influence remained in the cities of <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cork_(city)" title="Cork (city)">Cork</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limerick" title="Limerick">Limerick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waterford" title="Waterford">Waterford</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wexford" title="Wexford">Wexford</a>. England, however, was slowly conquered around the turn of the first millennium AD, and eventually became a feudal possession of <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>. The relations between the descendants of Vikings in England and counterparts in <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a>, in northern France, lay at the heart of a series of events that led to the <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Norman</a> <a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman conquest of England">conquest of England in 1066</a>. The remnants of the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Normandy" title="Duchy of Normandy">Duchy of Normandy</a>, which conquered England, remain associated to the English Crown as the Channel Islands to this day. A century later, the marriage of the future <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II of England</a> to <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Aquitaine" title="Eleanor of Aquitaine">Eleanor of Aquitaine</a> created the <a href="/wiki/Angevin_Empire" title="Angevin Empire">Angevin Empire</a>, partially under the <a href="/wiki/List_of_French_monarchs" title="List of French monarchs">French Crown</a>. At the invitation of <a href="/wiki/Diarmait_Mac_Murchada" title="Diarmait Mac Murchada">Diarmait Mac Murchada</a>, a provincial king, and under <a href="/wiki/Laudabiliter" title="Laudabiliter">the authority of</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_IV" title="Pope Adrian IV">Pope Adrian IV</a> (the only Englishman to be elected pope), the <a href="/wiki/Norman_invasion_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman invasion of Ireland">Angevins invaded Ireland</a> in 1169. Though initially intended to be kept as an independent kingdom, the failure of <a href="/wiki/Ruaidr%C3%AD_Ua_Conchobair" title="Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair">the Irish High King</a> to ensure the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Windsor_(1175)" title="Treaty of Windsor (1175)">Treaty of Windsor</a> led Henry II, as King of England, to rule as effective monarch under the title of <a href="/wiki/Lord_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord of Ireland">Lord of Ireland</a>. This title was granted to his younger son, but when Henry's heir unexpectedly died, the title of <a href="/wiki/King_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="King of England">King of England</a> and Lord of Ireland became entwined in one person. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_I_of_England_by_Daniel_Mytens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/James_I_of_England_by_Daniel_Mytens.jpg/170px-James_I_of_England_by_Daniel_Mytens.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/James_I_of_England_by_Daniel_Mytens.jpg/255px-James_I_of_England_by_Daniel_Mytens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/James_I_of_England_by_Daniel_Mytens.jpg/340px-James_I_of_England_by_Daniel_Mytens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2661" data-file-height="3849" /></a><figcaption>James VI of Scotland (James I of England)</figcaption></figure> <p>By the <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a>, Great Britain was separated into the Kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a>. Power in Ireland fluxed between <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic kingdoms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hiberno-Norman" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiberno-Norman">Hiberno-Norman lords</a> and the English-dominated <a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Ireland" title="Lordship of Ireland">Lordship of Ireland</a>. A similar situation existed in the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Wales" title="Principality of Wales">Principality of Wales</a>, which was slowly being annexed into the Kingdom of England by a series of laws. During the course of the 15th century, the Crown of England would assert a claim to the Crown of France, thereby also releasing the King of England from being <a href="/wiki/Vassal" title="Vassal">vassal</a> of the <a href="/wiki/King_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="King of France">King of France</a>. In 1534, King Henry VIII, at first having been a strong defender of Roman Catholicism in the face of the Reformation, separated from the Roman Church after failing to secure a divorce from the Pope. His response was to place the King of England as "the only Supreme Head in Earth of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>", thereby removing the authority of the Pope from the affairs of the English Church. Ireland, which had been held by the King of England as Lord of Ireland, but which strictly speaking had been a feudal possession of the Pope since the Norman invasion was declared <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">a separate kingdom</a> in personal union with England. </p><p>Scotland meanwhile had remained an independent Kingdom. In 1603, that changed when the King of Scotland <a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Crowns" title="Union of the Crowns">inherited the Crown of England</a>, and consequently the Crown of Ireland also. The subsequent 17th century was one of political upheaval, religious division and war. English colonialism in Ireland of the 16th century was extended by large-scale Scottish and English colonies in <a href="/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster">Ulster</a>. Religious division heightened, and the king of England came into conflict with parliament over his tolerance towards Catholicism. The resulting <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a> or <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" class="mw-redirect" title="War of the Three Kingdoms">War of the Three Kingdoms</a> led to a <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_republic" title="Revolutionary republic">revolutionary republic</a> in England. Ireland, largely Catholic, was mainly loyal to the king, but by military conquest was subsumed into the new republic. Following defeat to the parliament's army, large scale land distributions from loyalist Irish nobility to English commoners in the service of the parliamentary army created a new <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Ascendancy" title="Protestant Ascendancy">Ascendancy</a> class which obliterated the remnants of Old English (Hiberno-Norman) and Gaelic Irish nobility in Ireland. The new ruling class was Protestant and English, whilst the populace was largely Catholic and Irish. This theme would influence Irish politics for centuries to come. When the monarchy was restored in England, the king found it politically impossible to restore the lands of former landowners in Ireland. The "<a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a>" of 1688 repeated similar themes: a Catholic king pushing for religious tolerance in opposition to a Protestant parliament in England. The king's army was defeated at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Boyne" title="Battle of the Boyne">Battle of the Boyne</a> and at the militarily crucial <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aughrim" title="Battle of Aughrim">Battle of Aughrim</a> in Ireland. Resistance held out, eventually forcing the guarantee of religious tolerance in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Limerick" title="Treaty of Limerick">Treaty of Limerick</a>. However, the terms were never honoured and a new monarchy was installed. </p><p>The Kingdoms of England and Scotland were <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">unified in 1707</a> creating the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a>. Following an attempted republican <a href="/wiki/1798_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="1798 Rebellion">revolution in Ireland in 1798</a>, the Kingdoms of Ireland and Great Britain were <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">unified in 1801</a>, creating the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a>. The Isle of Man and the Channel Islands remaining outside of the United Kingdom, but with their ultimate good governance being the responsibility of the British Crown (effectively the British government). Although the colonies of North America that would become the United States of America were lost by the start of the 19th century, the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> expanded rapidly elsewhere. A century later, it would cover one-third of the globe. Poverty in the United Kingdom remained desperate, however, and industrialisation in England led to terrible conditions for the working classes. Mass migrations following the <a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Irish Famine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Highland_Clearances" title="Highland Clearances">Highland Clearances</a> resulted in the distribution of the islands' population and culture throughout the world and a rapid de-population of Ireland in the second half of the 19th century. Most of Ireland seceded from the United Kingdom after the <a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">Irish War of Independence</a> and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Treaty" title="Anglo-Irish Treaty">Anglo-Irish Treaty</a> (1919–1922), with the six counties that formed Northern Ireland remaining as an autonomous region of the UK. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ireland%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Ireland–United Kingdom relations">Ireland–United Kingdom relations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Politics of the United Kingdom">Politics of the United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Politics of the Republic of Ireland">Politics of the Republic of Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ireland%E2%80%93Isle_of_Man_relations" title="Ireland–Isle of Man relations">Ireland–Isle of Man relations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Politics of the Isle of Man">Politics of the Isle of Man</a>, <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Jersey" title="Politics of Jersey">Politics of Jersey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Guernsey">Politics of Guernsey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Alderney" title="Politics of Alderney">Politics of Alderney</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Sark" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Sark">Politics of Sark</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Isles_Euler_diagram_15.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/British_Isles_Euler_diagram_15.svg/280px-British_Isles_Euler_diagram_15.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/British_Isles_Euler_diagram_15.svg/420px-British_Isles_Euler_diagram_15.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/British_Isles_Euler_diagram_15.svg/560px-British_Isles_Euler_diagram_15.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="416" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Euler_diagram" title="Euler diagram">Euler diagram</a> of the subdivisions of the British Isles. Geographical subdivisions are in green, political subdivisions in blue.</figcaption></figure> <p>There are two sovereign states in the British Isles: <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland</a>. Ireland, sometimes called the Republic of Ireland, governs five-sixths of the island of Ireland, with the remainder of the island forming Northern Ireland. Northern Ireland is a part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, usually shortened to simply "the United Kingdom", which governs the remainder of the archipelago with the exception of the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands. The Isle of Man and the two Bailiwicks of the Channel Islands, <a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Guernsey</a>, are known as the <a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a>. They exercise constitutional rights of self-government and judicial independence;<sup id="cite_ref-Gov.je_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gov.je-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> responsibility for international representation rests largely with the UK (in consultation with the respective governments); and responsibility for defence is reserved by the UK. The United Kingdom is made up of four <a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">constituent parts</a>: England, Scotland and Wales, forming Great Britain, and Northern Ireland in the northeast of the island of Ireland. Of these, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have <a href="/wiki/Devolution" title="Devolution">devolved</a> governments, meaning that each has its own parliament or assembly and is self-governing with respect to certain matters set down by law. For judicial purposes, Scotland, Northern Ireland and <a href="/wiki/English_law" title="English law">England and Wales</a> (the latter being one entity) form separate legal jurisdictions, with there being no single law for the UK as a whole. </p><p>Ireland, the United Kingdom and the three Crown dependencies are all <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_democracies" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary democracies">parliamentary democracies</a>, with their own separate parliaments. All parts of the United Kingdom return <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Members of Parliament</a> (MPs) to <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">parliament in London</a>. In addition to this, voters in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland return members to a <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament" title="Scottish Parliament">devolved parliament in Edinburgh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Senedd" title="Senedd">in Cardiff</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly" title="Northern Ireland Assembly">assembly in Belfast</a>. Governance in the norm is by majority rule; however, Northern Ireland uses a system of <a href="/wiki/Consociationalism" title="Consociationalism">power sharing</a> whereby <a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_Ireland" title="Unionism in Ireland">unionists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish nationalist">nationalists</a> share executive posts proportionately and where the assent of both groups is required for the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly" title="Northern Ireland Assembly">Northern Ireland Assembly</a> to make certain decisions. (In the context of Northern Ireland, unionists are those who want Northern Ireland to remain a part of the United Kingdom and nationalists are those who want Northern Ireland to join with the rest of Ireland.) The <a href="/wiki/British_monarch" class="mw-redirect" title="British monarch">British monarch</a> is the head of state of the United Kingdom, while in the Republic of Ireland the head of state is the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Ireland" title="President of Ireland">President of Ireland</a>. </p><p>Ireland is the only part of the isles that is a member state of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (EU). The UK was a member between 1 January 1973<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 31 January 2020, but the Isle of Man<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Channel Islands were not.<sup id="cite_ref-Gov.je_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gov.je-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Ireland" title="Partition of Ireland">partition of Ireland</a>, an informal free-travel area has existed across the island of Ireland. This area required formal recognition in 1997 during the course of negotiations for the <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Amsterdam Treaty">Amsterdam Treaty</a> of the European Union, and (together with the Crown dependencies) is now known as the <a href="/wiki/Common_Travel_Area" title="Common Travel Area">Common Travel Area</a>. As such, Ireland is not part of the <a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen Area</a>, which allows passport-free travel between most EU member states, and is the only member state with an opt-out from the obligation to join the Schengen Zone.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reciprocal arrangements allow British and Irish citizens specific voting rights in the two states. In Ireland, British citizens can vote in General and local elections, but not in European Parliament elections, constitutional referendums or presidential elections (for which there is no comparable franchise in the United Kingdom). In the United Kingdom, Irish and <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a> citizens can vote in every election for which British citizens are eligible.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Crown dependencies, any resident can vote in general elections,<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but in Jersey and the Isle of Man only British citizens can run for office.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These pre-date European Union law, and in both jurisdictions go further than what was required by European Union law (EU citizens may only vote in local elections in both states and European elections in Ireland). In 2008, a <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(United_Kingdom)" title="Ministry of Justice (United Kingdom)">UK Ministry of Justice</a> report investigating how to strengthen the British sense of citizenship proposed to end this arrangement, arguing that "the right to vote is one of the hallmarks of the political status of citizens; it is not a means of expressing closeness between countries".<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, some civil bodies are organised throughout the islands as a whole—for example, the <a href="/wiki/Samaritans_(charity)" title="Samaritans (charity)">Samaritans</a>, which is deliberately organised without regard to national boundaries on the basis that a service which is not political or religious should not recognise sectarian or political divisions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/Royal_National_Lifeboat_Institution" title="Royal National Lifeboat Institution">Royal National Lifeboat Institution</a> (RNLI), a charity that operates a lifeboat service, is also organised throughout the islands as a whole, covering the waters of the United Kingdom, Ireland, the Isle of Man, and the Channel Islands.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_peace_process" title="Northern Ireland peace process">Northern Ireland peace process</a> has led to a number of unusual arrangements between the Republic of Ireland, Northern Ireland and the United Kingdom. For example, citizens of Northern Ireland are entitled to the choice of Irish or British citizenship or both, and the Governments of Ireland and the United Kingdom consult on matters not devolved to the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Executive" title="Northern Ireland Executive">Northern Ireland Executive</a>. The Northern Ireland Executive and the Government of Ireland also meet as the <a href="/wiki/North/South_Ministerial_Council" title="North/South Ministerial Council">North/South Ministerial Council</a> to develop policies common across the island of Ireland. These arrangements were made following the 1998 <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">Good Friday Agreement</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Isles_(political_structures).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/British_Isles_%28political_structures%29.jpg/220px-British_Isles_%28political_structures%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/British_Isles_%28political_structures%29.jpg/330px-British_Isles_%28political_structures%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/British_Isles_%28political_structures%29.jpg/440px-British_Isles_%28political_structures%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1793" data-file-height="1125" /></a><figcaption>Relations within the British Isles include both <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">political</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economy" title="Economy">economic</a> arrangements <sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British–Irish_Council"><span id="British.E2.80.93Irish_Council"></span>British–Irish Council</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/British%E2%80%93Irish_Council" title="British–Irish Council">British–Irish Council</a></div> <p>Another body established under the Good Friday Agreement, the British–Irish Council, is made up of all of the states and territories of the British Isles. The <a href="/wiki/British%E2%80%93Irish_Parliamentary_Assembly" title="British–Irish Parliamentary Assembly">British–Irish Parliamentary Assembly</a> (<a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>: <i lang="ga">Tionól Pharlaiminteach na Breataine agus na hÉireann</i>) predates the British–Irish Council and was established in 1990. Originally it comprised 25 members of the <a href="/wiki/Oireachtas" title="Oireachtas">Oireachtas</a>, the Irish parliament, and 25 members of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">parliament of the United Kingdom</a>, with the purpose of building mutual understanding between members of both legislatures. Since then the role and scope of the body has been expanded to include representatives from the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament" title="Scottish Parliament">Scottish Parliament</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Senedd" title="Senedd">Senedd</a> (Welsh Parliament), the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly" title="Northern Ireland Assembly">Northern Ireland Assembly</a>, the <a href="/wiki/States_of_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="States of Jersey">States of Jersey</a>, the <a href="/wiki/States_of_Guernsey" title="States of Guernsey">States of Guernsey</a> and the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Tynwald" class="mw-redirect" title="High Court of Tynwald">High Court of Tynwald</a> (Isle of Man). </p><p>The Council does not have executive powers but meets biannually to discuss issues of mutual importance. Similarly, the Parliamentary Assembly has no legislative powers but investigates and collects witness evidence from the public on matters of mutual concern to its members. Reports on its findings are presented to the Governments of Ireland and the United Kingdom. During the February 2008 meeting of the British–Irish Council, it was agreed to set up a standing secretariat that would serve as a permanent 'civil service' for the Council.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leading on from developments in the British–Irish Council, the chair of the British–Irish Inter-Parliamentary Assembly, <a href="/wiki/Niall_Blaney" title="Niall Blaney">Niall Blaney</a>, has suggested that the body should shadow the British–Irish Council's work.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ireland" title="Culture of Ireland">Culture of Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Culture of the United Kingdom">Culture of the United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Ireland" title="Sport in Ireland">Sport in Ireland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Sport in the United Kingdom">Sport in the United Kingdom</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lords_match_in_progress.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Lords_match_in_progress.jpg/220px-Lords_match_in_progress.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Lords_match_in_progress.jpg/330px-Lords_match_in_progress.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Lords_match_in_progress.jpg/440px-Lords_match_in_progress.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="957" /></a><figcaption>One Day Cricket International at Lord's; England v Australia 10 July 2005</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P%C3%A1draig_Harrington_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/P%C3%A1draig_Harrington_2007.jpg/220px-P%C3%A1draig_Harrington_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/P%C3%A1draig_Harrington_2007.jpg/330px-P%C3%A1draig_Harrington_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/P%C3%A1draig_Harrington_2007.jpg/440px-P%C3%A1draig_Harrington_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1draig_Harrington" title="Pádraig Harrington">Pádraig Harrington</a> teeing off at <a href="/wiki/The_Open_Championship" title="The Open Championship">the Open Championship</a> (<a href="/wiki/Golf" title="Golf">golf</a>) <a href="/wiki/2007_Open_Championship" title="2007 Open Championship">in 2007</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The United Kingdom and Ireland have separate media, although British television, newspapers and magazines are widely available in Ireland,<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> giving people in Ireland a high level of familiarity with the culture of the United Kingdom. Irish newspapers are also available in the UK, and Irish state and private television are widely available in Northern Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Certain reality TV shows have embraced the whole of the islands, for example <i><a href="/wiki/The_X_Factor_(UK_TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="The X Factor (UK TV series)">The X Factor</a></i>, seasons 3, 4 and 7 of which featured auditions in Dublin and were open to Irish voters, whilst the show previously known as <i>Britain's Next Top Model</i> became <i><a href="/wiki/Britain_and_Ireland%27s_Next_Top_Model" class="mw-redirect" title="Britain and Ireland's Next Top Model">Britain and Ireland's Next Top Model</a></i> in 2011. A few cultural events are organised for the island group as a whole. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Costa_Book_Awards" title="Costa Book Awards">Costa Book Awards</a> are awarded to authors resident in the UK or Ireland. The <a href="/wiki/Mercury_Music_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercury Music Prize">Mercury Music Prize</a> is handed out every year to the best album from a British or Irish musician or group. </p><p>Many globally popular sports had their modern rules codified in the British Isles, including golf, <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">association football</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cricket_in_the_British_Isles_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cricket in the British Isles (disambiguation)">cricket</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_football" title="Rugby football">rugby</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_snooker" class="mw-redirect" title="History of snooker">snooker</a> and darts, as well as many minor sports such as <a href="/wiki/Croquet" title="Croquet">croquet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bowls" title="Bowls">bowls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pitch_and_putt" title="Pitch and putt">pitch and putt</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_water_polo" title="History of water polo">water polo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_handball" title="Gaelic handball">handball</a>. A number of sports are popular throughout the British Isles, the most prominent of which is association football. While this is organised separately in different national associations, leagues and national teams, even within the UK, it is a common passion in all parts of the islands. <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">Rugby union</a> is also widely enjoyed across the islands with four national teams from <a href="/wiki/England_national_rugby_union_team" title="England national rugby union team">England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ireland_national_rugby_union_team" title="Ireland national rugby union team">Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland_national_rugby_union_team" title="Scotland national rugby union team">Scotland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wales_national_rugby_union_team" title="Wales national rugby union team">Wales</a>. The <a href="/wiki/British_and_Irish_Lions" class="mw-redirect" title="British and Irish Lions">British and Irish Lions</a> is a team chosen from each national team and undertakes tours of the Southern Hemisphere rugby-playing nations every four years. Ireland plays as a united team, represented by players from both Northern Ireland and the Republic. These national rugby teams play each other each year for the <a href="/wiki/Triple_Crown_(rugby_union)" title="Triple Crown (rugby union)">Triple Crown</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Six_Nations_Championship" title="Six Nations Championship">Six Nations Championship</a>. Also, since 2001, the professional club teams of Ireland, Scotland, Wales, Italy and South Africa compete against each other in the <a href="/wiki/United_Rugby_Championship" title="United Rugby Championship">United Rugby Championship</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ryder_Cup" title="Ryder Cup">Ryder Cup</a> in golf was originally played between a United States team and a team representing Great Britain and Ireland. From 1979 onwards, this was expanded to include the whole of Europe. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Ireland" title="Transport in Ireland">Transport in Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Transport in the United Kingdom">Transport in the United Kingdom</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/London_Heathrow_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="London Heathrow Airport">London Heathrow Airport</a> is Europe's busiest airport in terms of passenger traffic, and the Dublin-London route is the busiest air route in Europe collectively,<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the busiest route out of Heathrow and the second-busiest international air route in the world. The <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a> and the southern <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> are the busiest seaways in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Channel_Tunnel" title="Channel Tunnel">Channel Tunnel</a>, opened in 1994, links Great Britain to France and is the second-longest rail tunnel in the world. </p><p>The idea of building a <a href="/wiki/Irish_Sea_tunnel" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Sea tunnel">tunnel under the Irish Sea</a> has been raised since 1895,<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when it was first investigated. Several potential Irish Sea tunnel projects have been proposed, most recently the <i>Tusker Tunnel</i> between the ports of <a href="/wiki/Rosslare_Europort" title="Rosslare Europort">Rosslare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fishguard" title="Fishguard">Fishguard</a> proposed by <a href="/wiki/The_Institute_of_Engineers_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="The Institute of Engineers of Ireland">The Institute of Engineers of Ireland</a> in 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A rail tunnel was proposed in 1997 on a different route, between <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Holyhead" title="Holyhead">Holyhead</a>, by British engineering firm Symonds. Either tunnel, at 50 mi (80 km), would be by far the longest in the world, and would cost an estimated £15 billion or €20 billion. A proposal in 2007,<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> estimated the cost of building a bridge from <a href="/wiki/County_Antrim" title="County Antrim">County Antrim</a> in Northern Ireland to <a href="/wiki/Galloway" title="Galloway">Galloway</a> in Scotland at £3.5bn (€5bn). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Islands" title="British Islands">British Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_British_Isles_fixed_sea_link_connections" title="Proposed British Isles fixed sea link connections">Proposed British Isles fixed sea link connections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_the_British_Isles" title="Extreme points of the British Isles">Extreme points of the British Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_British_Isles" title="List of islands of the British Isles">List of islands of the British Isles</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Examples of relations within the British Isles include: <a href="/wiki/British%E2%80%93Irish_Intergovernmental_Conference" title="British–Irish Intergovernmental Conference">British–Irish Intergovernmental Conference</a>, <a href="/wiki/British%E2%80%93Irish_Parliamentary_Assembly" title="British–Irish Parliamentary Assembly">British–Irish Parliamentary Assembly</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Irish_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="British Irish Council">British Irish Council</a>, <a href="/wiki/North/South_Ministerial_Council" title="North/South Ministerial Council">North/South Ministerial Council</a>, <a href="/wiki/Common_Travel_Area" title="Common Travel Area">Common Travel Area</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_-_Crown_Dependencies_Customs_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom - Crown Dependencies Customs Union">United Kingdom - Crown Dependencies Customs Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Single_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="European Single Market">European Single Market</a>, <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro</a>, <a href="/wiki/EU_Customs_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="EU Customs Union">EU Customs Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Internal_Market_Act_2020" title="United Kingdom Internal Market Act 2020">UK Internal Market</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pound_Sterling" class="mw-redirect" title="Pound Sterling">Pound Sterling</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-téarma.ie_–_Dictionary_of_Irish_Terms-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-téarma.ie_–_Dictionary_of_Irish_Terms_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The British Isles <i>s</i> <i>pl</i> <i>Na hOileáin bhriontanacha</i> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tearma.ie/Search.aspx?term=the+British+Isles">"the British Isles"</a>. <i>téarma.ie – Dictionary of Irish Terms</i>. <a href="/wiki/Foras_na_Gaeilge" title="Foras na Gaeilge">Foras na Gaeilge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dublin_City_University" title="Dublin City University">Dublin City University</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=t%C3%A9arma.ie+%E2%80%93+Dictionary+of+Irish+Terms&rft.atitle=the+British+Isles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tearma.ie%2FSearch.aspx%3Fterm%3Dthe%2BBritish%2BIsles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Isles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gla.ac.uk/departments/celtic/duilleagangidhlig/"><i>University of Glasgow Department of Celtic</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=University+of+Glasgow+Department+of+Celtic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gla.ac.uk%2Fdepartments%2Fceltic%2Fduilleagangidhlig%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Isles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090224221228/http://www.tynwald.org.im/papers/press/2008/pr33.pdf"><i>Office of The President of Tynwald</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tynwald.org.im/papers/press/2008/pr33.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 24 February 2009</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Office+of+The+President+of+Tynwald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tynwald.org.im%2Fpapers%2Fpress%2F2008%2Fpr33.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Isles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jerseylaw.je/laws/enacted/Pages/L-17-1953.aspx">"Règlement (1953) (Amendement) Sur l'importation et l'exportation d'animaux"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Legal_Information_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Jersey Legal Information Board">Jersey Legal Information Board</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jersey+Legal+Information+Board&rft.atitle=R%C3%A8glement+%281953%29+%28Amendement%29+Sur+l%27importation+et+l%27exportation+d%27animaux&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jerseylaw.je%2Flaws%2Fenacted%2FPages%2FL-17-1953.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Isles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNEP-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UNEP_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNEP_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://islands.unep.ch/Cindex.htm">Country/Territory Index, Island Directory</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181213045516/http://islands.unep.ch/Cindex.htm">Archived</a> 13 December 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, United Nations Environment Programme. Retrieved 9 August 2015.<br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.im/categories/business-and-industries/iom-key-facts-guide/island-facts/">Island Facts</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304050532/https://www.gov.im/categories/business-and-industries/iom-key-facts-guide/island-facts/">Archived</a> 4 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Isle of Man Government. Retrieved 9 August 2015.<br />According to the UNEP, the Channel Islands have a land area of <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7008194000000000000♠"></span>194 km<sup>2</sup></span>, the Republic of Ireland has a land area of <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7010702820000000000♠"></span>70,282 km<sup>2</sup></span>, and the United Kingdom has a land area of <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7011244111000000000♠"></span>244,111 km<sup>2</sup></span>. According to the Isle of Man Government, the Isle of Man has a land area of <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7008572000000000000♠"></span>572 km<sup>2</sup></span>. Therefore, the overall land area of the British Isles is <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7011315159000000000♠"></span>315,159 km<sup>2</sup></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ordnance_Survey_Blog-2016-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ordnance_Survey_Blog-2016_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ordnance_Survey_Blog-2016_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ordnance_Survey_Blog-2016_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/blog/2016/03/britains-tallest-mountain-is-taller/">"Great Britain's tallest mountain is taller - Ordnance Survey Blog"</a>. <i>Ordnance Survey Blog</i>. 18 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ordnance+Survey+Blog&rft.atitle=Great+Britain%27s+tallest+mountain+is+taller+-+Ordnance+Survey+Blog&rft.date=2016-03-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ordnancesurvey.co.uk%2Fblog%2F2016%2F03%2Fbritains-tallest-mountain-is-taller%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Isles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160927210437/https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Download/Standard/Population/">"World Population Prospects 2017"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Download/Standard/Population/">the original</a> on 27 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Population+Prospects+2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fesa.un.org%2Funpd%2Fwpp%2FDownload%2FStandard%2FPopulation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Isles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-2023-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica-2023_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica-2023_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/British-Isles">"British Isles"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Britannica_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Britannica Online">Britannica Online</a></i>. 12 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica+Online&rft.atitle=British+Isles&rft.date=2023-05-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FBritish-Isles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Isles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The diplomatic and constitutional name of the Irish state is simply <i>Ireland</i>. For disambiguation purposes, <i>Republic of Ireland</i> is often used although technically not the name of the state but, according to the <i><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Ireland Act">Republic of Ireland Act</a> 1948</i>, the state "may be described" as such.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oxford English Dictionary: "British Isles: a geographical term for the islands comprising Great Britain and Ireland with all their offshore islands including the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlanColinDallen2008" class="citation book cs1">Alan, Lew; Colin, Hall; Dallen, Timothy (2008). <i>World Geography of Travel and Tourism: A Regional Approach</i>. Oxford: Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-7978-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-7978-7"><bdi>978-0-7506-7978-7</bdi></a>. <q>The British Isles comprise more than 6,000 islands off the north-west coast of continental Europe, including the countries of the United Kingdom of Great Britain (England, Scotland and Wales) and Northern Ireland, and the Republic of Ireland. The group also includes the United Kingdom crown dependencies of the Isle of Man, and by tradition, the Channel Islands (the Bailiwicks of Guernsey and Jersey), even though these islands are strictly speaking an archipelago immediately off the coast of Normandy (France) rather than part of the British Isles.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Geography+of+Travel+and+Tourism%3A+A+Regional+Approach&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7506-7978-7&rft.aulast=Alan&rft.aufirst=Lew&rft.au=Colin%2C+Hall&rft.au=Dallen%2C+Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Isles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090507182642/http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?activeTextDocId=1838152">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"British Islands" means the United Kingdom, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man. (1889)"</a>. Statutelaw.gov.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?activeTextDocId=1838152">the original</a> on 7 May 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22British+Islands%22+means+the+United+Kingdom%2C+the+Channel+Islands+and+the+Isle+of+Man.+%281889%29&rft.pub=Statutelaw.gov.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statutelaw.gov.uk%2Fcontent.aspx%3FactiveTextDocId%3D1838152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Isles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodcockRob_Strachan2012" class="citation book cs1">Woodcock, Nigel H.; Rob Strachan (2012). <i>Geological History of Britain and Ireland</i>. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 49–50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-1182-7403-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-1182-7403-3"><bdi>978-1-1182-7403-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geological+History+of+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.pages=49-50&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-1182-7403-3&rft.aulast=Woodcock&rft.aufirst=Nigel+H.&rft.au=Rob+Strachan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Isles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Edwards-2008-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Edwards-2008_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwardsBrooks2008" class="citation journal cs1">Edwards, R.J.; Brooks, A.J. (2008). Davenport, J.J.; Sleeman, D.P.; Woodman, P.C. (eds.). "The Island of Ireland: Drowning the Myth of an Irish Land-bridge?". <i>The Irish Naturalists' Journal</i>: 19–34.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Naturalists%27+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Island+of+Ireland%3A+Drowning+the+Myth+of+an+Irish+Land-bridge%3F&rft.pages=19-34&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=R.J.&rft.au=Brooks%2C+A.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Isles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McGreevy-2020-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McGreevy-2020_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McGreevy-2020_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGreevy2020" class="citation web cs1">McGreevy, Nora (2 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/tiny-islands-survived-tsunami-almost-separated-britain-europe-study-finds-180976430/">"Study Rewrites History of Ancient Land Bridge Between Britain and Europe"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Smithsonian Magazine">Smithsonian Magazine</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Study+Rewrites+History+of+Ancient+Land+Bridge+Between+Britain+and+Europe&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.date=2020-12-02&rft.aulast=McGreevy&rft.aufirst=Nora&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fsmart-news%2Ftiny-islands-survived-tsunami-almost-separated-britain-europe-study-finds-180976430%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Isles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoch2006" class="citation book cs1">Koch, John C (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f899xH_quaMC&pg=PA973"><i>Celtic Culture: Aberdeen breviary-celticism</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781851094400" title="Special:BookSources/9781851094400"><bdi>9781851094400</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Celtic+Culture%3A+Aberdeen+breviary-celticism&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781851094400&rft.aulast=Koch&rft.aufirst=John+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df899xH_quaMC%26pg%3DPA973&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Isles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">British Have Changed Little Since Ice Age, Gene Study SaysJames Owen for National Geographic News, 19 July 2005 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/07/0719_050719_britishgene.html">[1]</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayneShardlow2002" class="citation book cs1">Payne, Malcolm; Shardlow, Steven (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rasBRQwwOIIC&pg=PA7"><i>Social Work in the British Isles</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Jessica_Kingsley_Publishers" title="Jessica Kingsley Publishers">Jessica Kingsley Publishers</a>. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85302-833-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85302-833-5"><bdi>978-1-85302-833-5</bdi></a>. <q>When we think about social work in the British Isles, a contentious term if ever there was one, what do we expect to see?</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Work+in+the+British+Isles&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Jessica+Kingsley+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-85302-833-5&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft.au=Shardlow%2C+Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrasBRQwwOIIC%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Isles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davies-2000-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Davies-2000_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davies-2000_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaviesSinfield2000" class="citation cs2">Davies, Alistair; Sinfield, Alan (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/britishcultureof00adav/page/9"><i>British Culture of the Postwar: An Introduction to Literature and Society, 1945–1999</i></a>, Routledge, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/britishcultureof00adav/page/9">9</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-12811-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-12811-7"><bdi>978-0-415-12811-7</bdi></a>, <q>Some of the Irish dislike the 'British' in 'British Isles', while a minority of the Welsh and Scottish are not keen on 'Great Britain'. ... In response to these difficulties, 'Britain and Ireland' is becoming preferred official usage if not in the vernacular, although there is a growing trend amongst some critics to refer to Britain and Ireland as 'the archipelago'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Culture+of+the+Postwar%3A+An+Introduction+to+Literature+and+Society%2C+1945%E2%80%931999&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-415-12811-7&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Alistair&rft.au=Sinfield%2C+Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbritishcultureof00adav%2Fpage%2F9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Isles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dáil_Éireann-2012-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dáil_Éireann-2012_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dáil_Éireann-2012_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oireachtas-debates.gov.ie/D/0606/D.0606.200509280360.html">Written Answers – Official Terms"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121006211200/http://www.oireachtas-debates.gov.ie/D/0606/D.0606.200509280360.html">Archived</a> 6 October 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann" title="Dáil Éireann">Dáil Éireann</a>, Volume 606, 28 September 2005. In his response, the Irish Minister for Foreign Affairs stated that "The British Isles is not an officially recognised term in any legal or inter-governmental sense. It is without any official status. The Government, including the Department of Foreign Affairs, does not use this term. Our officials in the Embassy of Ireland, London, continue to monitor the media in Britain for any abuse of the official terms as set out in the Constitution of Ireland and in legislation. These include the name of the State, the President, <a href="/wiki/Taoiseach" title="Taoiseach">Taoiseach</a> and others."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharrock2006" class="citation cs2">Sharrock, David (3 October 2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070216021615/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article658099.ece">"New atlas lets Ireland slip shackles of Britain"</a>, <i>The Times</i>, UK, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article658099.ece">the original</a> on 16 February 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2020</span>, <q>A spokesman for the Irish Embassy in London said: 'The British Isles has a dated ring to it as if we are still part of the Empire. We are independent, we are not part of Britain, not even in geographical terms. We would discourage its useage  [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>].'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=New+atlas+lets+Ireland+slip+shackles+of+Britain&rft.date=2006-10-03&rft.aulast=Sharrock&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Farticle658099.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Isles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hazlett-2003-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hazlett-2003_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHazlett2003" class="citation book cs1">Hazlett, Ian (2003). <i>The Reformation in Britain and Ireland: an introduction</i>. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-08280-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-08280-0"><bdi>978-0-567-08280-0</bdi></a>. <q>At the outset, it should be stated that while the expression 'The British Isles' is evidently still commonly employed, its intermittent use throughout this work is only in the geographic sense, in so far as that is acceptable. Since the early twentieth century, that nomenclature has been regarded by some as increasingly less usable. It has been perceived as cloaking the idea of a 'greater England', or an extended south-eastern English imperium, under a common Crown since 1603 onwards. ... Nowadays, however, 'Britain and Ireland' is the more favoured expression, though there are problems with that too. ... There is no consensus on the matter, inevitably. It is unlikely that the ultimate in non-partisanship that has recently appeared the (East) 'Atlantic Archipelago' will have any appeal beyond captious scholars.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reformation+in+Britain+and+Ireland%3A+an+introduction&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-567-08280-0&rft.aulast=Hazlett&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Isles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230524041755/https://www.theguardian.com/guardian-observer-style-guide-b">"Guardian Style Guide"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>, London, 19 December 2008, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/styleguide/b">the original</a> on 24 May 2023, <q>A geographical term taken to mean Great Britain, Ireland and some or all of the adjacent islands such as Orkney, Shetland and the Isle of Man. The phrase is best avoided, given its (understandable) unpopularity in the Irish Republic. The plate in the National Geographic Atlas of the World once titled British Isles now reads Britain and Ireland.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Guardian+Style+Guide&rft.date=2008-12-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fstyleguide%2Fb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Isles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Norquay-2002-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Norquay-2002_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorquaySmyth2002" class="citation cs2">Norquay, Glenda; Smyth, Gerry (2002), <i>Across the margins: cultural identity and change in the Atlantic archipelago</i>, Manchester University Press, p. 4, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-5749-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-5749-6"><bdi>978-0-7190-5749-6</bdi></a>, <q>The term we favour here—Atlantic Archipelago—may prove to be of no greater use in the long run, but at this stage, it does at least have the merit of questioning the ideology underpinning more established nomenclature.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Across+the+margins%3A+cultural+identity+and+change+in+the+Atlantic+archipelago&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-5749-6&rft.aulast=Norquay&rft.aufirst=Glenda&rft.au=Smyth%2C+Gerry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Isles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schwyzer-2004-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schwyzer-2004_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwyzerMealor2004" class="citation cs2">Schwyzer, Philip; Mealor, Simon (2004), <i>Archipelagic identities: literature and identity in the Atlantic Archipelago</i>, Ashgate Publishing, p. 10, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-3584-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-3584-0"><bdi>978-0-7546-3584-0</bdi></a>, <q>In some ways 'Atlantic Archipelago' is intended to do the work of including without excluding, and while it seems to have taken root in terms of academic conferences and publishing, I don't see it catching on in popular discourse or official political circles, at least not in a hurry.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archipelagic+identities%3A+literature+and+identity+in+the+Atlantic+Archipelago&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-3584-0&rft.aulast=Schwyzer&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft.au=Mealor%2C+Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Isles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kumar-2003-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kumar-2003_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumar2003" class="citation cs2">Kumar, Krishan (2003), <i>The Making of English National Identity</i>, Cambridge University Press, p. 6, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77736-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77736-0"><bdi>978-0-521-77736-0</bdi></a>, <q>Some scholars, seeking to avoid the political and ethnic connotations of 'the British Isles', have proposed the 'Atlantic Archipelago' or even 'the East Atlantic Archipelago' (see, e.g. Pocock 1975a: 606; 1995: 292n; Tompson, 1986) Not surprisingly this does not seem to have caught on with the general public, though it has found increasing favour with scholars promoting the new 'British History'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+English+National+Identity&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-521-77736-0&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=Krishan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Isles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Michael_Braddick-2002-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Michael_Braddick-2002_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_ArmitageMichael_Braddick2002" class="citation cs2">David Armitage; <a href="/wiki/Michael_Braddick" title="Michael Braddick">Michael Braddick</a> (2002), <i>The British Atlantic world, 1500–1800</i>, Palgrave Macmillan, p. 284, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-96340-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-96340-1"><bdi>978-0-333-96340-1</bdi></a>, <q>British and Irish historians increasingly use 'Atlantic archipelago' as a less metro-centric term for what is popularly known as the British Isles.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+Atlantic+world%2C+1500%E2%80%931800&rft.pages=284&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-333-96340-1&rft.au=David+Armitage&rft.au=Michael+Braddick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Isles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marshall_Cavendish-2010-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marshall_Cavendish-2010_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marshall_Cavendish-2010_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marshall_Cavendish-2010_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><i>World and its Peoples: Ireland and United Kingdom</i>, London: Marshall Cavendish, 2010, p. 8, <q>The nomenclature of Great Britain and Ireland and the status of the different parts of the archipelago are often confused by people in other parts of the world. The name British Isles is commonly used by geographers for the archipelago; in the Republic of Ireland, however, this name is considered to be exclusionary. In the Republic of Ireland, the name British-Irish Isles is occasionally used. However, the term British-Irish Isles is not recognized by international geographers. In all documents jointly drawn up by the British and Irish governments, the archipelago is simply referred to as "these islands". The name British Isles remains the only generally accepted term for the archipelago off the north-western coast of mainland Europe.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+and+its+Peoples%3A+Ireland+and+United+Kingdom&rft.place=London&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Isles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/events/peace/docs/agreement.htm">"CAIN: Events: Peace: The Agreement - Agreement reached in the multi-party negotiations (10 April 1998)"</a>. <i>cain.ulster.ac.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cain.ulster.ac.uk&rft.atitle=CAIN%3A+Events%3A+Peace%3A+The+Agreement+-+Agreement+reached+in+the+multi-party+negotiations+%2810+April+1998%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcain.ulster.ac.uk%2Fevents%2Fpeace%2Fdocs%2Fagreement.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Isles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OCorrain-2001-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OCorrain-2001_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refFoster2001">Foster</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refAllen2007">Allen</a>, p. 172–174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refHarley1987">Harley</a>, p. 150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DiodorusSiculus-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DiodorusSiculus_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diodorus Siculus' <i>Bibliotheca Historica</i> Book V. Chapter XXI. Section 1 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2008.01.0540%3Abook%3D5%3Achapter%3D21%3Asection%3D1">Greek text</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DiodorusSiculus-2-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DiodorusSiculus-2_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diodorus Siculus' <i>Bibliotheca Historica</i> Book V. Chapter XXI. Section 2 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2008.01.0540%3Abook%3D5%3Achapter%3D21%3Asection%3D2">Greek text</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOldfather1933" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Henry_Oldfather" title="Charles Henry Oldfather">Oldfather, Charles Henry</a>, ed. (1933). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/diodorus-of-sicily-in-twelve-volumes.-vol.-1-loeb-279"><i>Diodorus of Sicily in Twelve Volumes</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a> 279 (in Ancient Greek and American English). Vol. I: Books I – II.34. Cambridge, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. pp. 20–21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diodorus+of+Sicily+in+Twelve+Volumes&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.series=Loeb+Classical+Library+279&rft.pages=20-21&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1933&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdiodorus-of-sicily-in-twelve-volumes.-vol.-1-loeb-279&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Isles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOldfather1935" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Henry_Oldfather" title="Charles Henry Oldfather">Oldfather, Charles Henry</a>, ed. (1935). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/diodorus-of-sicily-in-twelve-volumes.-vol.-2-loeb-303"><i>Diodorus of Sicily in Twelve Volumes</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a> 303 (in Ancient Greek and American English). Vol. II: Books II.35 – IV.58. Cambridge, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. pp. 194–195.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diodorus+of+Sicily+in+Twelve+Volumes&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.series=Loeb+Classical+Library+303&rft.pages=194-195&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1935&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdiodorus-of-sicily-in-twelve-volumes.-vol.-2-loeb-303&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Isles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreeman2001" class="citation book cs1">Freeman, Philip (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/irelandclassical0000free"><i>Ireland and the Classical World</i></a>. Austin: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_Press" title="University of Texas Press">University of Texas Press</a>. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-72518-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-72518-8"><bdi>978-0-292-72518-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ireland+and+the+Classical+World&rft.place=Austin&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-292-72518-8&rft.aulast=Freeman&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Firelandclassical0000free&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Isles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Strabo-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Strabo_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Strabo's <i>Geography</i> Book I. Chapter IV. Section 2 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0197%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D4%3Asection%3D2">Greek text</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0239%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D4%3Asection%3D2">English translation</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Strabo-2-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Strabo-2_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Strabo's <i>Geography</i> Book IV. Chapter II. Section 1 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0197%3Abook%3D4%3Achapter%3D2%3Asection%3D1">Greek text</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0239%3Abook%3D4%3Achapter%3D2%3Asection%3D1">English translation</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Strabo-3-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Strabo-3_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Strabo's <i>Geography</i> Book IV. Chapter IV. Section 1 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0197%3Abook%3D4%3Achapter%3D4%3Asection%3D1">Greek text</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0239%3Abook%3D4%3Achapter%3D4%3Asection%3D1">English translation</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Müller-1855-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Müller-1855_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcianus_HeracleensisMüller1855" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marcian_of_Heraclea" title="Marcian of Heraclea">Marcianus Heracleensis</a>; <a href="/wiki/Karl_Wilhelm_Ludwig_M%C3%BCller" title="Karl Wilhelm Ludwig Müller">Müller, Karl</a>; et al. (1855). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/geographigraeci03mlgoog">"Periplus Maris Exteri, Liber Prior, Prooemium"</a>. In Firmin Didot, Ambrosio (ed.). <i>Geographi Graeci Minores</i>. Vol. 1. Paris: editore Firmin Didot. pp. 516–517.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Periplus+Maris+Exteri%2C+Liber+Prior%2C+Prooemium&rft.btitle=Geographi+Graeci+Minores&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=516-517&rft.pub=editore+Firmin+Didot&rft.date=1855&rft.au=Marcianus+Heracleensis&rft.au=M%C3%BCller%2C+Karl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeographigraeci03mlgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Isles" class="Z3988"></span> Greek text and Latin Translation thereof archived at the <a href="/wiki/Open_Library" title="Open Library">Open Library</a> Project.<small><a href="/wiki/DjVu" title="DjVu">DjVu</a></small></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rivet-1979-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rivet-1979_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rivet-1979_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRivetSmith1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/A._L._F._Rivet" title="A. L. F. Rivet">Rivet, A. L. F.</a>; Smith, Colin (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/placenamesofroma0000rive"><i>The place-names of Roman Britain</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. p. 282. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-03953-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-03953-4"><bdi>978-0-691-03953-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+place-names+of+Roman+Britain&rft.pages=282&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-691-03953-4&rft.aulast=Rivet&rft.aufirst=A.+L.+F.&rft.au=Smith%2C+Colin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fplacenamesofroma0000rive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Isles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Loughlin2018" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_O%27Loughlin" title="Thomas O'Loughlin">O'Loughlin, Thomas</a> (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163/2589-7993_EECO_SIM_00001698">"Ireland"</a>. <i>Brill Encyclopedia of Early Christianity</i>. Vol. 4 (Isi - Ori) (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F2589-7993_EECO_SIM_00001698">10.1163/2589-7993_EECO_SIM_00001698</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2589-7993">2589-7993</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ireland&rft.btitle=Brill+Encyclopedia+of+Early+Christianity&rft.edition=Online&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F2589-7993_EECO_SIM_00001698&rft.issn=2589-7993&rft.aulast=O%27Loughlin&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1163%2F2589-7993_EECO_SIM_00001698&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Isles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refDavies2000">Davies</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refSnyder2003">Snyder</a>, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Snyder-2003-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Snyder-2003_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refSnyder2003">Snyder</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClaudius_Ptolemy1898" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Claudius Ptolemy</a> (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wilbourhall.org/pdfs/HeibergAlmagestComplete.pdf">"Ἕκθεσις τῶν κατὰ παράλληλον ἰδιωμάτων: κβ', κε'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Heiberg, J.L. (ed.). <i>Claudii Ptolemaei Opera quae exstant omnia (Syntaxis Mathematica)</i>. Vol. 1. Leipzig: in aedibus B. G. Teubneri. pp. 112–113. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.wilbourhall.org/pdfs/HeibergAlmagestComplete.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%E1%BC%9D%CE%BA%CE%B8%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%B9%CF%82+%CF%84%E1%BF%B6%CE%BD+%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%84%E1%BD%B0+%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%BD+%E1%BC%B0%CE%B4%CE%B9%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%AC%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD%3A+%CE%BA%CE%B2%27%2C+%CE%BA%CE%B5%27&rft.btitle=Claudii+Ptolemaei+Opera+quae+exstant+omnia+%28Syntaxis+Mathematica%29&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pages=112-113&rft.pub=in+aedibus+B.+G.+Teubneri&rft.date=1898&rft.au=Claudius+Ptolemy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wilbourhall.org%2Fpdfs%2FHeibergAlmagestComplete.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Isles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreeman2001" class="citation book cs1">Freeman, Philip (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSHhfOM-5AEC&pg=PA65"><i>Ireland and the Classical World</i></a>. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-72518-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-72518-8"><bdi>978-0-292-72518-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ireland+and+the+Classical+World&rft.place=Austin%2C+Texas&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-292-72518-8&rft.aulast=Freeman&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZSHhfOM-5AEC%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Isles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStückelbergerGrasshoff2017" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Stückelberger, Alfred; Grasshoff, Gerd, eds. (2017) [2006]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0RivEAAAQBAJ"><i>Klaudios Ptolemaios. Handbuch der Geographie: 1. Teilband: Einleitung und Buch 1-4 & 2. Teilband: Buch 5-8 und Indices</i></a> (in Ancient Greek and German) (2nd ed.). Schwabe Verlag (Basel). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7965-3703-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7965-3703-5"><bdi>978-3-7965-3703-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Klaudios+Ptolemaios.+Handbuch+der+Geographie%3A+1.+Teilband%3A+Einleitung+und+Buch+1-4+%26+2.+Teilband%3A+Buch+5-8+und+Indices&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Schwabe+Verlag+%28Basel%29&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-3-7965-3703-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0RivEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Isles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dunlop-1971-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dunlop-1971_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunlop1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Morton_Dunlop" title="Douglas Morton Dunlop">Dunlop, D. M.</a> (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/arabcivilization0000dunl"><i>Arab Civilization to A.D. 1500</i></a>. Beirut and London: <a href="/wiki/Longman" title="Longman">Longman</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Librairie_du_Liban&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Librairie du Liban (page does not exist)">Librairie du Liban</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q55091753#sitelinks-wikipedia" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q55091753"><span title=""Librairie du Liban" in other languages">Wikidata</span></a>]</span>. p. 160. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-50273-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-50273-4"><bdi>978-0-582-50273-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arab+Civilization+to+A.D.+1500&rft.place=Beirut+and+London&rft.pages=160&rft.pub=Longman+and+Librairie+du+Liban%3Cspan+class%3D%22noprint%22+style%3D%22font-size%3A85%25%3B+font-style%3A+normal%3B+%22%3E+%26%2391%3B%3Cspan+title%3D%22%26quot%3BLibrairie+du+Liban%26quot%3B+in+other+languages%22%3EWikidata%3C%2Fspan%3E%26%2393%3B%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-582-50273-4&rft.aulast=Dunlop&rft.aufirst=D.+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farabcivilization0000dunl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Isles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dunlop-1957-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dunlop-1957_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunlop1957" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Morton_Dunlop" title="Douglas Morton Dunlop">Dunlop, D. M.</a> (April 1957). "The British Isles according to medieval Arabic authors". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Quarterly&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islamic Quarterly (page does not exist)">Islamic Quarterly</a></i>. <b>IV</b> (1): 11–28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Islamic+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+British+Isles+according+to+medieval+Arabic+authors&rft.volume=IV&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=11-28&rft.date=1957-04&rft.aulast=Dunlop&rft.aufirst=D.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Isles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalterEdwards1955" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Salter, F. M.; Edwards, H. L. R., eds. (1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-7tQAQAAMAAJ"><i>The Bibliotheca Historica of Diodorus Siculus translated by John Skelton</i></a>. Early English Text Society Original Series 233. Vol. I: Text. <a href="/wiki/Early_English_Text_Society" title="Early English Text Society">Early English Text Society</a>. p. 11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bibliotheca+Historica+of+Diodorus+Siculus+translated+by+John+Skelton&rft.series=Early+English+Text+Society+Original+Series+233&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Early+English+Text+Society&rft.date=1955&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-7tQAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Isles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A20492.0001.001"><i>The surueye of the vvorld, or situation of the earth, so muche as is inhabited Comprysing briefely the generall partes thereof, with the names both new and olde, of the principal countries, kingdoms, peoples, cities, towns, portes, promontories, hils, woods, mountains, valleyes, riuers and fountains therin conteyned. Also of seas, with their clyffes, reaches, turnings, elbows, quicksands, rocks, flattes, shelues and shoares. A work very necessary and delectable for students of geographie, saylers, and others. First vvritten in Greeke by Dionise Alexandrine, and novv englished by Thomas Twine, Gentl</i></a> (in Middle English). Translated by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Twyne" title="Thomas Twyne">Twyne, Thomas</a>. <a href="/wiki/Henrie_Bynneman" class="mw-redirect" title="Henrie Bynneman">Henrie Bynneman</a>. 1572.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+surueye+of+the+vvorld%2C+or+situation+of+the+earth%2C+so+muche+as+is+inhabited+Comprysing+briefely+the+generall+partes+thereof%2C+with+the+names+both+new+and+olde%2C+of+the+principal+countries%2C+kingdoms%2C+peoples%2C+cities%2C+towns%2C+portes%2C+promontories%2C+hils%2C+woods%2C+mountains%2C+valleyes%2C+riuers+and+fountains+therin+conteyned.+Also+of+seas%2C+with+their+clyffes%2C+reaches%2C+turnings%2C+elbows%2C+quicksands%2C+rocks%2C+flattes%2C+shelues+and+shoares.+A+work+very+necessary+and+delectable+for+students+of+geographie%2C+saylers%2C+and+others.+First+vvritten+in+Greeke+by+Dionise+Alexandrine%2C+and+novv+englished+by+Thomas+Twine%2C+Gentl.&rft.pub=Henrie+Bynneman&rft.date=1572&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquod.lib.umich.edu%2Fe%2Feebo%2FA20492.0001.001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Isles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JohnDee-1577-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JohnDee-1577_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Dee, 1577. 1577 J. <i>Arte Navigation</i>, p. 65 "The syncere Intent, and faythfull Aduise, of Georgius Gemistus Pletho, was, I could..frame and shape very much of Gemistus those his two Greek Orations..for our Brytish Iles, and in better and more allowable manner." From the OED, s.v. "British Isles"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD._A._Coleman1982" class="citation cs2">D. A. Coleman (1982), <i>Demography of immigrants and minority groups in the United Kingdom: proceedings of the eighteenth annual symposium of the Eugenics Society, London</i>, Academic Press, p. 213, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-179780-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-179780-5"><bdi>978-0-12-179780-5</bdi></a>, <q>The geographical term <i>British Isles</i> is not generally acceptable in Ireland, the term <i>these islands</i> being widely used instead. I prefer <i>the Anglo-Celtic Isles</i>, or <i>the North-West European Archipelago</i>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Demography+of+immigrants+and+minority+groups+in+the+United+Kingdom%3A+proceedings+of+the+eighteenth+annual+symposium+of+the+Eugenics+Society%2C+London&rft.pages=213&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-12-179780-5&rft.au=D.+A.+Coleman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Isles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><i>Irish historical studies: Joint Journal of the Irish Historical Society and the Ulster Society for Irish Historical Studies</i>, Hodges, Figgis & Co., 1990, p. 98, <q>There is mug to be said for considering the archipelago as a whole, for a history of the British or Anglo-Celtic isles or 'these islands'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Irish+historical+studies%3A+Joint+Journal+of+the+Irish+Historical+Society+and+the+Ulster+Society+for+Irish+Historical+Studies&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=Hodges%2C+Figgis+%26+Co.&rft.date=1990&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Isles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPocock1975" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._G._A._Pocock" title="J. G. A. Pocock">Pocock, J. G. A.</a> (1975). "British history: a plea for a new subject". <i>Journal of Modern History</i>. <b>47</b> (4): 601–21 (606). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F241367">10.1086/241367</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143575698">143575698</a>. <q>We should start with what I have called the Atlantic archipelago – since the term 'British Isles' is one which Irishmen reject and Englishmen decline to take quite seriously.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Modern+History&rft.atitle=British+history%3A+a+plea+for+a+new+subject&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=601-21+%28606%29&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F241367&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143575698%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Pocock&rft.aufirst=J.+G.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Isles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Oakland, 2003, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N9tRrtt2o68C&pg=PP1&dq=%22British+Civilization:+A+Student%27s+Dictionary%22&sig=Ub6Y20p_tWpxtK8JHN0cwF4LxZI#PPA22,M1">British Civilization: A Student's Dictionary</a>, Routledge: London <blockquote> <p><b>British-Irish Isles, the</b> (geography) see British Isles </p> </blockquote> <blockquote> <p><b>British Isles, the</b> (geography) A geographical (not political or constitutional) term for England, Scotland, Wales, and Ireland (including the Republic of Ireland), together with all offshore islands. A more accurate (and politically acceptable) term today is the British-Irish Isles. </p> </blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blackwellreference.com/public/tocnode?id=g9781405129923_toclevel_ss1-14">"Blackwellreference.com"</a>. Blackwellreference.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Blackwellreference.com&rft.pub=Blackwellreference.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blackwellreference.com%2Fpublic%2Ftocnode%3Fid%3Dg9781405129923_toclevel_ss1-14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Isles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoudieD._Brunsden1994" class="citation book cs1">Goudie, Andrew S.; D. Brunsden (1994). <i>The Environment of the British Isles, an Atlas</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Environment+of+the+British+Isles%2C+an+Atlas&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Goudie&rft.aufirst=Andrew+S.&rft.au=D.+Brunsden&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Isles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ibid., p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobiHigham" class="citation journal cs1">Jacobi, Roger; Higham, Tom. "12 - The Later Upper Palaeolithic Recolonisation of Britain: New Results from AMS Radiocarbon Dating". <i>Developments in Quaternary Sciences</i>. Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fb978-0-444-53597-9.00012-1">10.1016/b978-0-444-53597-9.00012-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Developments+in+Quaternary+Sciences&rft.atitle=12+-+The+Later+Upper+Palaeolithic+Recolonisation+of+Britain%3A+New+Results+from+AMS+Radiocarbon+Dating&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fb978-0-444-53597-9.00012-1&rft.aulast=Jacobi&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft.au=Higham%2C+Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Isles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradley2015" class="citation book cs1">Bradley, Raymond S. (2015). "Insects and Other Biological Evidence from Continental Regions". <i>Paleoclimatology</i> (Third ed.). Academic Press. pp. 377–404. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fb978-0-12-386913-5.00011-9">10.1016/b978-0-12-386913-5.00011-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780123869135" title="Special:BookSources/9780123869135"><bdi>9780123869135</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Insects+and+Other+Biological+Evidence+from+Continental+Regions&rft.btitle=Paleoclimatology&rft.pages=377-404&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fb978-0-12-386913-5.00011-9&rft.isbn=9780123869135&rft.aulast=Bradley&rft.aufirst=Raymond+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Isles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Calder-1995-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Calder-1995_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Calder-1995_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalder" class="citation web cs1">Calder, Joshua. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldislandinfo.com/LARGESTV1.html">"100 Largest Islands of the World"</a>. <i>WorldIslandInfo.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WorldIslandInfo.com&rft.atitle=100+Largest+Islands+of+the+World&rft.aulast=Calder&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldislandinfo.com%2FLARGESTV1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Isles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaldrett2021" class="citation book cs1">Naldrett, Peter (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1257549460"><i>TREASURED ISLANDS the explorers guide to 200 of the most beautiful and intriguing islands... around britain</i></a>. [S.l.]: Conway. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84486-593-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84486-593-2"><bdi>978-1-84486-593-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1257549460">1257549460</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=TREASURED+ISLANDS+the+explorers+guide+to+200+of+the+most+beautiful+and+intriguing+islands...+around+britain.&rft.place=%5BS.l.%5D&rft.pub=Conway&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1257549460&rft.isbn=978-1-84486-593-2&rft.aulast=Naldrett&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1257549460&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Isles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/britain-islands-biggest-uk-coastline-lewis-harris-portsea-isle-wight-skye-anglesey-a9197726.html">"These are Britain's biggest islands"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. 11 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=These+are+Britain%27s+biggest+islands&rft.date=2019-11-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Ftravel%2Fnews-and-advice%2Fbritain-islands-biggest-uk-coastline-lewis-harris-portsea-isle-wight-skye-anglesey-a9197726.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Isles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gazetteerfor_Scotland,Morar-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gazetteerfor_Scotland,Morar_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scottish-places.info/features/featurefirst2408.html">Gazetteer for Scotland</a> Morar, Loch.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.osi.ie/Education/Secondary-Schools/Teacher-Resources/Facts-%281%29.aspx">Ordnance Survey (Ireland) Educational Facts</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRay" class="citation web cs1">Ray, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/River-Shannon">"River Shannon"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. Encyclopædia Britannica, inc<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2020</span>. <q>about 161 miles (259 km) in a southerly direction to enter the Atlantic Ocean via a 70-mile (113-kilometre) estuary below Limerick city</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=River+Shannon&rft.aulast=Ray&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FRiver-Shannon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Isles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallenfeldt" class="citation web cs1">Wallenfeldt, Jeff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/River-Severn">"River Severn"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. Encyclopædia Britannica, inc<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2020</span>. <q>about 180 miles (290 km) long, with the Severn estuary adding some 40 miles (64 km) to its total length</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=River+Severn&rft.aulast=Wallenfeldt&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FRiver-Severn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Isles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bgs.ac.uk/discoveringGeology/geologyOfBritain/iceAge/home.html">"Ice and our landscape | Geology of Britain | British Geological Survey (BGS)"</a>. <i>www.bgs.ac.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bgs.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Ice+and+our+landscape+%7C+Geology+of+Britain+%7C+British+Geological+Survey+%28BGS%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bgs.ac.uk%2FdiscoveringGeology%2FgeologyOfBritain%2FiceAge%2Fhome.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Isles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeel,_M._C.Finlayson_B._L.McMahon,_T._A.2007" class="citation journal cs1">Peel, M. C.; Finlayson B. L.; McMahon, T. A. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.html">"Updated world map of the Köppen–Geiger climate classification"</a>. <i>Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci</i>. <b>11</b> (5): 1633–1644. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007HESS...11.1633P">2007HESS...11.1633P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5194%2Fhess-11-1633-2007">10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1027-5606">1027-5606</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hydrol.+Earth+Syst.+Sci.&rft.atitle=Updated+world+map+of+the+K%C3%B6ppen%26ndash%3BGeiger+climate+classification&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1633-1644&rft.date=2007&rft.issn=1027-5606&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5194%2Fhess-11-1633-2007&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007HESS...11.1633P&rft.au=Peel%2C+M.+C.&rft.au=Finlayson+B.+L.&rft.au=McMahon%2C+T.+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net%2F11%2F1633%2F2007%2Fhess-11-1633-2007.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Isles" class="Z3988"></span> <i>(direct: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.pdf">Final Revised Paper</a>)</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.met.ie/marine/marine_climatology.asp">"Marine Climatology"</a>. Met Éireann<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marine+Climatology&rft.pub=Met+%C3%89ireann&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.met.ie%2Fmarine%2Fmarine_climatology.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Isles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayesDennis_Wheeler1997" class="citation book cs1">Mayes, Julian; Dennis Wheeler (1997). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/regionalclimates00whee"><i>Regional Climates of the British Isles</i></a></span>. London: Routledge. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/regionalclimates00whee/page/n36">13</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Regional+Climates+of+the+British+Isles&rft.place=London&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Mayes&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft.au=Dennis+Wheeler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fregionalclimates00whee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Isles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ibid., pp. 13–14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rgs.org/CMSPages/GetFile.aspx?nodeguid=4abef83d-916e-4b81-b156-286947cc5de3&lang=en-GB">"UK Climate Factsheet"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Royal_Geographical_Society" title="Royal Geographical Society">Royal Geographical Society</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UK+Climate+Factsheet&rft.pub=Royal+Geographical+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rgs.org%2FCMSPages%2FGetFile.aspx%3Fnodeguid%3D4abef83d-916e-4b81-b156-286947cc5de3%26lang%3Den-GB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Isles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zpykxsg/revision/3">"The climate of the UK"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_Bitesize" title="BBC Bitesize">BBC Bitesize</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+Bitesize&rft.atitle=The+climate+of+the+UK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fbitesize%2Fguides%2Fzpykxsg%2Frevision%2F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Isles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bto.org/press-releases/it%E2%80%99s-official-%E2%80%93-wren-our-commonest-bird">"t's official – the Wren is our commonest bird"</a>. <i>BTO</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BTO&rft.atitle=t%27s+official+%E2%80%93+the+Wren+is+our+commonest+bird&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bto.org%2Fpress-releases%2Fit%25E2%2580%2599s-official-%25E2%2580%2593-wren-our-commonest-bird&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Isles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnston2017" class="citation web cs1">Johnston, Ian (19 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/uk-bird-numbers-species-declines-british-wildlife-turtle-dove-corn-bunting-willow-tits-farmland-a7744666.html">"Shocking declines in bird numbers show British wildlife is 'in serious trouble'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Independent</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Shocking+declines+in+bird+numbers+show+British+wildlife+is+%27in+serious+trouble%27&rft.date=2017-05-19&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fenvironment%2Fuk-bird-numbers-species-declines-british-wildlife-turtle-dove-corn-bunting-willow-tits-farmland-a7744666.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Isles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150308140526/http://www.wildlifebritain.com/britishsnakes.php">"Guide to British Snakes"</a>. Wildlife Britain. 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wildlifebritain.com/britishsnakes.php">the original</a> on 8 March 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Guide+to+British+Snakes&rft.pub=Wildlife+Britain&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wildlifebritain.com%2Fbritishsnakes.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Isles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130605151000/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/about-ons/what-we-do/publication-scheme/published-ad-hoc-data/population/august-2012/mid-2010-urban-area-syoa-ests-england-and-wales.xls">"Mid-2010 Population Estimates for 2001 Census defined Urban Areas in England and Wales by Single Year of Age and Sex"</a>. <i>Office for National Statistics</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/about-ons/what-we-do/publication-scheme/published-ad-hoc-data/population/august-2012/mid-2010-urban-area-syoa-ests-england-and-wales.xls">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(XLS)</span> on 5 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft.atitle=Mid-2010+Population+Estimates+for+2001+Census+defined+Urban+Areas+in+England+and+Wales+by+Single+Year+of+Age+and+Sex&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fons%2Fabout-ons%2Fwhat-we-do%2Fpublication-scheme%2Fpublished-ad-hoc-data%2Fpopulation%2Faugust-2012%2Fmid-2010-urban-area-syoa-ests-england-and-wales.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Isles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gro-scotland.gov.uk/files2/stats/population-estimates/special-area/settlements-localities2010/2010-settlements-table2.pdf">Mid-2010 population estimates – Settlements in order of size</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130522082521/http://www.gro-scotland.gov.uk/files2/stats/population-estimates/special-area/settlements-localities2010/2010-settlements-table2.pdf">Archived</a> 22 May 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> General Register Office for Scotland.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010034202/http://www.dubchamber.ie/policy/economic-profile-of-dublin">"Dublin Region Facts | Dublin Chamber of Commerce"</a>. <i>www.dubchamber.ie</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dubchamber.ie/policy/economic-profile-of-dublin">the original</a> on 10 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.dubchamber.ie&rft.atitle=Dublin+Region+Facts+%7C+Dublin+Chamber+of+Commerce&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dubchamber.ie%2Fpolicy%2Feconomic-profile-of-dublin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Isles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWB_Lockwood1975" class="citation cs2">WB Lockwood (1975), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/languagesofbriti0000lock"><i>Languages of the British Isles Past and Present</i></a></span>, British Columbia: Ladysmith, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-233-96666-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-233-96666-3"><bdi>978-0-233-96666-3</bdi></a>, <q>An introduction to the rich linguistic heritage of Great Britain and Ireland.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Languages+of+the+British+Isles+Past+and+Present&rft.place=British+Columbia&rft.pub=Ladysmith&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-233-96666-3&rft.au=WB+Lockwood&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flanguagesofbriti0000lock&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Isles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaddelConroy1999" class="citation cs2">Waddel, John; Conroy, Jane (1999), Spriggs, Matthew (ed.), "Celts and Other: Maritime Contact and Linguistic Change", <i>Archaeology and Language</i>, vol. 35, London: Routledge, p. 127, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-11786-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-11786-9"><bdi>978-0-415-11786-9</bdi></a>, <q>Continental Celtic includes Gaulish, Lepontic, Hispano-Celtic (or Celtiberian) and Galatian. All were extinct by the seventh century AD.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeology+and+Language&rft.atitle=Celts+and+Other%3A+Maritime+Contact+and+Linguistic+Change&rft.volume=35&rft.pages=127&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-415-11786-9&rft.aulast=Waddel&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Conroy%2C+Jane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Isles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVarner2008" class="citation cs2">Varner, Gary (2008), <i>Charles G. Leland: The Man & the Myth</i>, Morrisville, North Carolina: Lulu Press, p. 41, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4357-4394-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4357-4394-6"><bdi>978-1-4357-4394-6</bdi></a>, <q>Shelta does in fact exist as a secret language as is used to conceal meaning from outsiders, used primarily in Gypsy business or negotiations or when speaking around the police.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charles+G.+Leland%3A+The+Man+%26+the+Myth&rft.place=Morrisville%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Lulu+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4357-4394-6&rft.aulast=Varner&rft.aufirst=Gary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Isles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._M._Y._Simpson1994" class="citation cs2">J. M. Y. Simpson, R. E. Asher (1994), <i>The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics</i>, vol. 5, Oxford: Pergamon Press, p. 2505, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-035943-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-035943-4"><bdi>978-0-08-035943-4</bdi></a>, <q>Thus, apart from the very young, there are virtually no monoglot speakers of Irish, Scots Gaelic, or Welsh.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Language+and+Linguistics&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=2505&rft.pub=Pergamon+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-08-035943-4&rft.aulast=J.+M.+Y.+Simpson&rft.aufirst=R.+E.+Asher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Isles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHindley1990" class="citation cs2">Hindley, Reg (1990), <i>The Death of the Irish Language: A Qualified Obituary</i>, Oxon: Taylor & Francis, p. 221, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-04339-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-04339-7"><bdi>978-0-415-04339-7</bdi></a>, <q>Three indigenous languages have died in the British Isles since around 1780: Cornish (traditionally in 1777), Norn (the Norse language of Shetland: c. 1880), Manx (1974).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Death+of+the+Irish+Language%3A+A+Qualified+Obituary&rft.place=Oxon&rft.pages=221&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-415-04339-7&rft.aulast=Hindley&rft.aufirst=Reg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Isles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.manchester.ac.uk/discover/news/new-research-reveals-british-isles-buried-under-ice-sheets-25-million-years-ago/">"New research reveals British Isles buried under ice sheets 2.5 million years ago"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/University_of_Manchester" title="University of Manchester">University of Manchester</a></i>. 13 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Manchester&rft.atitle=New+research+reveals+British+Isles+buried+under+ice+sheets+2.5+million+years+ago&rft.date=2018-06-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.manchester.ac.uk%2Fdiscover%2Fnews%2Fnew-research-reveals-british-isles-buried-under-ice-sheets-25-million-years-ago%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Isles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenhalghHendry" class="citation web cs1">Greenhalgh, Tate; Hendry, Lisa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/the-making-of-an-island.html">"The making of an island"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Natural_History_Museum,_London" title="Natural History Museum, London">Natural History Museum</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+making+of+an+island&rft.pub=Natural+History+Museum&rft.aulast=Greenhalgh&rft.aufirst=Tate&rft.au=Hendry%2C+Lisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nhm.ac.uk%2Fdiscover%2Fthe-making-of-an-island.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Isles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChakra2021" class="citation web cs1">Chakra, Hayden (13 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://about-history.com/prehistoric-ireland-formation-of-an-island/">"Prehistoric Ireland - Formation Of An Island"</a>. <i>AboutHistory</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.tcm.ie/irishexaminer/2003/03/31/story437213650.asp">the original</a> on 6 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Irish+Examiner&rft.atitle=London+busiest+air+traffic+route+within+EU&rft.date=2003-03-31&rft.aulast=McC%C3%A1rthaigh&rft.aufirst=Se%C3%A1n&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.tcm.ie%2Firishexaminer%2F2003%2F03%2F31%2Fstory437213650.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Isles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardisty1990" class="citation cs2">Hardisty, Jack (1990), <i>The British Seas: an Introduction to the Oceanography and Resources of the North-west European Continental Shelf</i>, London: Routledge, p. 5, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-03586-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-03586-6"><bdi>978-0-415-03586-6</bdi></a>, <q>Not only are the English Channel and the Southern North Sea, in particular, the busiest shipping clearways in the world, but the seas are also sources of the European community's industrial wealth (fisheries, petroleum, aggregates, and power) and sinks for the disposal of refuse from its intensely urbanized and industrialized coats.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+Seas%3A+an+Introduction+to+the+Oceanography+and+Resources+of+the+North-west+European+Continental+Shelf&rft.place=London&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-415-03586-6&rft.aulast=Hardisty&rft.aufirst=Jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Isles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Tunnel under the Sea", <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>, 2 May 1897 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/282943272.html?dids=282943272:282943272&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=MAY+02%2C+1897&author=&pub=The+Washington+Post&desc=TUNNEL+UNDER+THE+SEA&pqatl=google">(Archive link)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121103065904/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/282943272.html?dids=282943272:282943272&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=MAY+02%2C+1897&author=&pub=The+Washington+Post&desc=TUNNEL+UNDER+THE+SEA&pqatl=google">Archived</a> 3 November 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/south_west/4121001.stm"><i>Tunnel 'vision' under Irish Sea</i></a>, BBC, 23 December 2004</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tunnel+%27vision%27+under+Irish+Sea&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2004-12-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fwales%2Fsouth_west%2F4121001.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Isles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/6956570.stm">"From Twinbrook to the Trevi Fountain"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. 21 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=From+Twinbrook+to+the+Trevi+Fountain&rft.date=2007-08-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fnorthern_ireland%2F6956570.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Isles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="refAllen2007" class="citation book cs1">Allen, Stephen (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=28C63w4vKD8C"><i>Lords of Battle: The World of the Celtic Warrior</i></a>. Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-948-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-948-6"><bdi>978-1-84176-948-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lords+of+Battle%3A+The+World+of+the+Celtic+Warrior&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84176-948-6&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D28C63w4vKD8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Isles" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="refCollingwood1998" class="citation book cs1">Collingwood, Robin George (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fMcbnMFn8lcC"><i>Roman Britain and the English Settlements</i></a>. Biblo & Tannen Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8196-1160-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8196-1160-4"><bdi>978-0-8196-1160-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Britain+and+the+English+Settlements&rft.pub=Biblo+%26+Tannen+Publishers&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8196-1160-4&rft.aulast=Collingwood&rft.aufirst=Robin+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfMcbnMFn8lcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Isles" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="refDavies2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Davies, Norman</a> (2000). <a href="/wiki/The_Isles_a_History" class="mw-redirect" title="The Isles a History"><i>The Isles a History</i></a>. Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-69283-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-69283-7"><bdi>978-0-333-69283-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Isles+a+History&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-333-69283-7&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Isles" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="refFergusonEmpire2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Niall_Ferguson" title="Niall Ferguson">Ferguson, Niall</a> (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/empire00nial"><i>Empire</i></a></span>. Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-02329-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-02329-5"><bdi>978-0-465-02329-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-465-02329-5&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Niall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fempire00nial&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Isles" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="refFoster2001" class="citation book cs1">Donnchadh O Corrain; et al. (1 November 2001). Foster, Robert Fitzroy (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bD9RFgLaGQkC"><i>The Oxford History of Ireland</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280202-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280202-6"><bdi>978-0-19-280202-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+Ireland&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001-11-01&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280202-6&rft.au=Donnchadh+O+Corrain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbD9RFgLaGQkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Isles" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="refHarley1987" class="citation book cs1">Harley, John Brian; David Woodward (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uJaP4i7-_MIC"><i>The History of Cartography: Cartography in prehistoric, ancient, and medieval Europe and the Mediterranean</i></a>. Humana Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-31633-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-31633-8"><bdi>978-0-226-31633-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Cartography%3A+Cartography+in+prehistoric%2C+ancient%2C+and+medieval+Europe+and+the+Mediterranean&rft.pub=Humana+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-226-31633-8&rft.aulast=Harley&rft.aufirst=John+Brian&rft.au=David+Woodward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuJaP4i7-_MIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Isles" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="refMaddison2001" class="citation book cs1">Maddison, Angus (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6D01BTuzScwC"><i>The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective</i></a>. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-64-18654-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-64-18654-5"><bdi>978-92-64-18654-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+Economy%3A+A+Millennial+Perspective&rft.pub=Organisation+for+Economic+Co-operation+and+Development&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-92-64-18654-5&rft.aulast=Maddison&rft.aufirst=Angus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6D01BTuzScwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Isles" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="refMarkale1994" class="citation book cs1">Markale, Jean (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-qIzhamrT2kC"><i>King of the Celts</i></a>. Bear & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89281-452-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89281-452-7"><bdi>978-0-89281-452-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=King+of+the+Celts&rft.pub=Bear+%26+Company&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-89281-452-7&rft.aulast=Markale&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-qIzhamrT2kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Isles" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="refSnyder2003" class="citation book cs1">Snyder, Christopher (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/britons00snyd"><i>The Britons</i></a></span>. Blackwell Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22260-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22260-6"><bdi>978-0-631-22260-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Britons&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-631-22260-6&rft.aulast=Snyder&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbritons00snyd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Isles" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_Britain_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="A History of Britain (book)">A History of Britain</a>: At the Edge of the World, 3500 B.C. – 1603 A.D. by <a href="/wiki/Simon_Schama" title="Simon Schama">Simon Schama</a>, BBC/Miramax, 2000 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7868-6675-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7868-6675-5">978-0-7868-6675-5</a></li> <li>A History of Britain—The Complete Collection on DVD by <a href="/wiki/Simon_Schama" title="Simon Schama">Simon Schama</a>, BBC 2002</li> <li>Shortened History of England by <a href="/wiki/George_Macaulay_Trevelyan" class="mw-redirect" title="George Macaulay Trevelyan">G. M. Trevelyan</a> Penguin Books <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-023323-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-023323-0">978-0-14-023323-0</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/British_Isles" class="extiw" title="commons:British Isles"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">British Isles</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>An <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bgs.ac.uk/map-viewers/bgs-geology-viewer/">interactive geological map</a> of the British Isles</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="British_Isles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_Isles" title="Template:British Isles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_Isles" title="Template talk:British Isles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_Isles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British Isles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="British_Isles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">British Isles</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_British_Isles" title="Names of the British Isles">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminology_of_the_British_Isles" title="Terminology of the British Isles">Terminology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alba" title="Alba">Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albion" title="Albion">Albion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cymru" title="Cymru">Cymru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prydain" title="Prydain">Prydain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britain_(place_name)" title="Britain (place name)">Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ire" title="Éire">Éire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibernia" title="Hibernia">Hibernia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (<a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Political cooperation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ireland%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Ireland–United Kingdom relations">Ireland–United Kingdom relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British%E2%80%93Irish_Council" title="British–Irish Council">British–Irish Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British%E2%80%93Irish_Intergovernmental_Conference" title="British–Irish Intergovernmental Conference">British–Irish Intergovernmental Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British%E2%80%93Irish_Parliamentary_Assembly" title="British–Irish Parliamentary Assembly">British–Irish Parliamentary Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Travel_Area" title="Common Travel Area">Common Travel Area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Island groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islands_of_the_Clyde" title="Islands of the Clyde">Islands of the Clyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrides" title="Hebrides">Hebrides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Hebrides" title="Inner Hebrides">Inner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_Hebrides" title="Outer Hebrides">Outer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Isles" title="Northern Isles">Northern Isles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orkney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shetland" title="Shetland">Shetland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isles_of_Scilly" title="Isles of Scilly">Isles of Scilly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Lists of islands of</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="List of islands of the Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Ireland" title="List of islands of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Bailiwick_of_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="List of islands of the Bailiwick of Jersey">Bailiwick of Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="List of islands of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of islands of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_England" title="List of islands of England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Scotland" title="List of islands of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Wales" title="List of islands of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Isles" title="History of the British Isles">History</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_history_of_the_British_Isles" title="Outline of the history of the British Isles">outline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Island groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland" title="History of Ireland">Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Current states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="History of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_England" title="History of England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northern_Ireland" title="History of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Scotland" title="History of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wales" title="History of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guernsey" title="History of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jersey" title="History of Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="History of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Former states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Wales" title="Principality of Wales">Principality of Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Kingdom of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Modern languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auregnais" title="Auregnais">Auregnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guern%C3%A9siais" title="Guernésiais">Guernésiais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais" title="Jèrriais">Jèrriais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sercquiais" title="Sercquiais">Sercquiais</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Sign_Language" title="British Sign Language">British Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Sign_Language" title="Irish Sign Language">Irish Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Sign_Language" title="Northern Ireland Sign Language">Northern Ireland Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelta" title="Shelta">Shelta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_people" title="British people">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_people" title="Cornish people">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanichal" title="Romanichal">English Gypsies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Travellers" title="Irish Travellers">Irish Travellers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kale_(Welsh_Roma)" title="Kale (Welsh Roma)">Kale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_people" title="Manx people">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_Northern_Ireland" title="People of Northern Ireland">Northern Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_people" title="Ulster Scots people">Ulster-Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_Kingdom_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_Kingdom_topics" title="Template:United Kingdom topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_Kingdom_topics" title="Template talk:United Kingdom topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_Kingdom_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United Kingdom topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_Kingdom_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the United Kingdom">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_British_history" title="Timeline of British history">Chronology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Formation_of_the_United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Formation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland">Formation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_England_and_Scotland_Act_1603" title="Union of England and Scotland Act 1603">Union of England and Scotland Act 1603</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Union" title="Treaty of Union">Treaty of Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Acts of Union 1707</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_with_Scotland_(Amendment)_Act_1707" title="Union with Scotland (Amendment) Act 1707">Union with Scotland (Amendment) Act 1707</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_era" title="Georgian era">Georgian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwardian_era" title="Edwardian era">Edwardian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_the_First_World_War" title="History of the United Kingdom during the First World War">First World War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_Britain" title="Interwar Britain">Interwar</a></li> <li>Second World War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United Kingdom home front during World War II">civilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">military</a></li></ul></li> <li>Postwar <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postwar_Britain_(1945%E2%80%931979)" class="mw-redirect" title="Postwar Britain (1945–1979)">political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_history_of_Postwar_Britain_(1945%E2%80%931979)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social history of Postwar Britain (1945–1979)">social</a></li></ul></li> <li>Since 1979 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_(1979%E2%80%93present)" title="Political history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)">political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_(1979%E2%80%93present)" title="Social history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)">social</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economic history of the United Kingdom">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_foreign_relations_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the foreign relations of the United Kingdom">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_relations_(1814%E2%80%931919)" title="International relations (1814–1919)">1814–1919</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of law enforcement in the United Kingdom">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Maritime history of the United Kingdom">Maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mass_surveillance_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of mass surveillance in the United Kingdom">Mass surveillance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Military history of the United Kingdom">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_taxation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of taxation in the United Kingdom">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of women in the United Kingdom">Women's history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Geography of the United Kingdom">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_geography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Administrative geography of the United Kingdom">Administrative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Counties of the United Kingdom">Counties of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Countries of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">Overseas territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="City status in the United Kingdom">City status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of towns in the United Kingdom">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_that_have_gained_independence_from_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of countries that have gained independence from the United Kingdom">Former colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Geography of the United Kingdom">Physical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">British Isles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminology_of_the_British_Isles" title="Terminology of the British Isles">terminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Climate of the United Kingdom">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Climate change in the United Kingdom">change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastline_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Coastline of the United Kingdom">Coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Great_Britain" title="Geology of Great Britain">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_and_lochs_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of lakes and lochs of the United Kingdom">Lakes and lochs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_mountains_and_hills_in_the_British_Isles" title="Lists of mountains and hills in the British Isles">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of rivers of the United Kingdom">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of volcanoes in the United Kingdom">Volcanoes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_renewable_resources_produced_and_traded_by_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of renewable resources produced and traded by the United Kingdom">Resources</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Agriculture in the United Kingdom">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Energy in the United Kingdom">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiesel_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiesel in the United Kingdom">biodiesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_mining_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Coal mining in the United Kingdom">coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Geothermal power in the United Kingdom">geothermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_fracturing_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic fracturing in the United Kingdom">hydraulic frac.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hydroelectricity in the United Kingdom">hydroelectricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_United_Kingdom#Ocean_power" title="Renewable energy in the United Kingdom">marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_oil" title="North Sea oil">North Sea oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Renewable energy in the United Kingdom">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Solar power in the United Kingdom">solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Wind power in the United Kingdom">wind</a></li></ul></li> <li>Fishing <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_England" title="Fishing industry in England">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Scotland" title="Fishing industry in Scotland">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Wales" title="Fishing industry in Wales">Welsh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_and_shooting_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hunting and shooting in the United Kingdom">Hunting</a></li> <li>Materials <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Forestry in the United Kingdom">forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Mining in the United Kingdom">mining</a></li></ul></li> <li>Wildlife <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Great_Britain" title="Fauna of Great Britain">fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="Flora of Great Britain and Ireland">flora</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Politics of the United Kingdom">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Constitution of the United Kingdom">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Corruption in the United Kingdom">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devolution_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Devolution in the United Kingdom">Devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Elections in the United Kingdom">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UK_parliamentary_by-elections" title="UK parliamentary by-elections">By-elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Foreign relations of the United Kingdom">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Human rights in the United Kingdom">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the United Kingdom">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciaries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Judiciaries of the United Kingdom">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Law of the United Kingdom">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Law enforcement in the United Kingdom">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Local government in the United Kingdom">Local government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">Monarchy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_monarchs" title="List of British monarchs">monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Republicanism in the United Kingdom">republicanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_nationality_law" title="British nationality law">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of political parties in the United Kingdom">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_leaders_of_British_political_parties" title="List of female leaders of British political parties">Female party leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_scandals_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of political scandals in the United Kingdom">Political scandals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_Opposition_Shadow_Cabinet_(United_Kingdom)" title="Official Opposition Shadow Cabinet (United Kingdom)">Shadow Cabinet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cabinet of the United Kingdom">Cabinet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_governments" title="List of British governments">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Service_(United_Kingdom)" title="Civil Service (United Kingdom)">Civil service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Departments_of_the_Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Departments of the Government of the United Kingdom">Departments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunak_ministry" title="Sunak ministry">Ministers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_government_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of government ministers of the United Kingdom">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of prime ministers of the United Kingdom">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/British_Armed_Forces" title="British Armed Forces">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/His_Majesty%27s_Naval_Service" title="His Majesty's Naval Service">His Majesty's Naval Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="United Kingdom and weapons of mass destruction">Weapons of mass destruction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economy of the United Kingdom">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of banks in the United Kingdom">Banks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budget_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Budget of the United Kingdom">Budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_geography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economic geography of the United Kingdom">Economic geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade_agreements_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Free trade agreements of the United Kingdom">Free trade agreements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Income in the United Kingdom">Income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Manufacturing in the United Kingdom">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">Pound sterling <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Science and technology in the United Kingdom">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stock_exchanges_in_the_United_Kingdom,_the_British_Crown_Dependencies_and_United_Kingdom_Overseas_Territories" title="List of stock exchanges in the United Kingdom, the British Crown Dependencies and United Kingdom Overseas Territories">Stock exchanges</a> (<a href="/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange" title="London Stock Exchange">London Exchange</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Taxation in the United Kingdom">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Telecommunications in the United Kingdom">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Tourism in the United Kingdom">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Transport in the United Kingdom">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_transport_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Air transport in the United Kingdom">Air transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Bus transport">Bus transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Driving in the United Kingdom">Driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Roads in the United Kingdom">Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail transport in the United Kingdom">Rail transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Society of the United Kingdom">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cannabis in the United Kingdom">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Crime in the United Kingdom">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Demographics of the United Kingdom">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Drug policy of the United Kingdom">Drug policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Education in the United Kingdom">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_inequality_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Environmental inequality in the United Kingdom">Environmental inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Environmental issues in the United Kingdom">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Health in the United Kingdom">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Homelessness in the United Kingdom">Homelessness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_England" title="Homelessness in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Scotland" title="Homelessness in Scotland">Scotland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Housing in the United Kingdom">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hunger in the United Kingdom">Hunger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_immigration_to_the_United_Kingdom" title="Modern immigration to the United Kingdom">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_innovations_and_discoveries" title="List of British innovations and discoveries">Innovation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Languages of the United Kingdom">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_regions_by_life_expectancy" title="List of British regions by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Mental health in the United Kingdom">Mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Poverty in the United Kingdom">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prostitution in the United Kingdom">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Public holidays in the United Kingdom">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Racism in the United Kingdom">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_care_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Social care in the United Kingdom">Social care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Social class in the United Kingdom">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Suicide in the United Kingdom">Suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_basic_income_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Universal basic income in the United Kingdom">Universal basic income (UBI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Water supply and sanitation in the United Kingdom">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Waste in the United Kingdom">Waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Welfare state in the United Kingdom">Welfare state</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Culture of the United Kingdom">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Art of the United Kingdom">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_Save_the_King" title="God Save the King">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cinema of the United Kingdom">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_cuisine" title="British cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wine_from_the_United_Kingdom" title="Wine from the United Kingdom">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_national_identity" title="British national identity">Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_literature" title="British literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Mass media in the United Kingdom">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Music of the United Kingdom">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Religion in the United Kingdom">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Sport in the United Kingdom">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_symbols_of_the_United_Kingdom,_the_Channel_Islands_and_the_Isle_of_Man" title="List of national symbols of the United Kingdom, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Theatre of the United Kingdom">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_the_British" class="mw-redirect" title="Stereotypes of the British">Stereotypes of the British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom">World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Countries of the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_England" title="History of England">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_society" title="English society">social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_English_history" title="Timeline of English history">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_England" title="Geography of England">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_England" title="Politics of England">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_law" title="English law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_England" title="Economy of England">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_England" title="Tourism in England">tourism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_England" title="Education in England">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_England" title="Healthcare in England">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_England" title="Homelessness in England">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_England" title="Culture of England">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_England" title="National symbols of England">Symbols</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northern_Ireland" title="History of Northern Ireland">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland#Geography_and_climate" title="Northern Ireland">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Politics of Northern Ireland">Politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly" title="Northern Ireland Assembly">Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Executive" title="Northern Ireland Executive">Executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Minister_and_deputy_First_Minister_of_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="First Minister and deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland">First Minister and deputy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Law of Northern Ireland">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Economy of Northern Ireland">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Ireland" title="List of tourist attractions in Ireland">tourism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Education in Northern Ireland">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_and_Social_Care_(Northern_Ireland)" title="Health and Social Care (Northern Ireland)">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Culture of Northern Ireland">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Religion in Northern Ireland">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland#Symbols" title="Northern Ireland">Symbols</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Scotland" title="History of Scotland">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Scottish_history" title="Timeline of Scottish history">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Scotland" title="Geography of Scotland">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Scotland" title="Politics of Scotland">Politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament" title="Scottish Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Government" title="Scottish Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Minister_of_Scotland" title="First Minister of Scotland">First Minister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_law" title="Scots law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Scotland" title="Economy of Scotland">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Scotland" title="Tourism in Scotland">tourism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Scotland" title="Education in Scotland">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Scotland" title="Healthcare in Scotland">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Scotland" title="Homelessness in Scotland">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Scotland" title="Culture of Scotland">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Scotland" title="Religion in Scotland">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Scotland" title="National symbols of Scotland">Symbols</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wales" title="History of Wales">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Wales" title="Geography of Wales">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Wales" title="Politics of Wales">Politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senedd" title="Senedd">Senedd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Government" title="Welsh Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Minister_of_Wales" title="First Minister of Wales">First Minister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_law" title="Welsh law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Wales" title="Economy of Wales">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Wales" title="Tourism in Wales">tourism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Wales" title="Education in Wales">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Wales" title="Healthcare in Wales">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Wales" title="Culture of Wales">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Wales" title="Religion in Wales">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Wales" title="National symbols of Wales">Symbols</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Outline of the United Kingdom">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_United_Kingdom%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of United Kingdom–related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_Kingdom" title="Category:United Kingdom">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Europe" title="Template:History of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Europe" title="Template talk:History of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Europe" title="History of Europe">History of Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Europe" title="Prehistoric Europe">Prehistory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_Europe" title="Paleolithic Europe">Paleolithic Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Europe" title="Neolithic Europe">Neolithic Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe" title="Bronze Age Europe">Bronze Age Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Europe" title="Iron Age Europe">Iron Age Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical antiquity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Christianity in late antiquity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis of the Third Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">Fall of the Western Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Christianity in the Middle Ages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Francia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="History of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li>Bulgarian Empire <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">Maritime republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Amalfi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia" title="Principality of Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia" title="Kingdom of Valencia">Valencia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Majorca" title="Kingdom of Majorca">Majorca</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Republic of Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Europe" title="Mongol invasion of Europe">Mongol invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmar_Union" title="Kalmar Union">Kalmar Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern period">Modern period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_Europe" title="Early modern Europe">Early modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Christianity in the modern era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern France">Early modern France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Cossack Hetmanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Divergence" title="Great Divergence">Great Divergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_nationalism_in_Europe" title="Rise of nationalism in Europe">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">European integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_debt_crisis" title="European debt crisis">European debt crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Europe">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Europe" title="Art of Europe">Art of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_European_history" title="Bibliography of European history">Bibliography of European history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Europe" title="Genetic history of Europe">Genetic history of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History of Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Mediterranean_region" title="History of the Mediterranean region">History of the Mediterranean region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union" title="History of the European Union">History of the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_civilization" title="History of Western civilization">History of Western civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Europe" title="Maritime history of Europe">Maritime history of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Europe" title="Military history of Europe">Military history of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_current_European_countries" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_history_by_country" title="Template:European history by country"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_history_by_country" title="Template talk:European history by country"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_history_by_country" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European history by country"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_current_European_countries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Europe" title="History of Europe">History of current European countries</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Albania" title="History of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Andorra" title="History of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Armenia" title="History of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Austria" title="History of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Azerbaijan" title="History of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belarus" title="History of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belgium" title="History of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="History of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bulgaria" title="History of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Croatia" title="History of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cyprus" title="History of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Denmark" title="History of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Estonia" title="History of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Finland" title="History of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(country)" title="History of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greece" title="History of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hungary" title="History of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iceland" title="History of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="History of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italy" title="History of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kazakhstan" title="History of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Latvia" title="History of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Liechtenstein" title="History of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuania" title="History of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Luxembourg" title="History of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Malta" title="History of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Moldova" title="History of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Monaco" title="History of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montenegro" title="History of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Netherlands" title="History of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Macedonia" title="History of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Norway" title="History of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland" title="History of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal" title="History of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Romania" title="History of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_San_Marino" title="History of San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Serbia" title="History of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Slovakia" title="History of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Slovenia" title="History of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain" title="History of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sweden" title="History of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Switzerland" title="History of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Turkey" title="History of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ukraine" title="History of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vatican_City" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Abkhazia" title="History of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kosovo" title="History of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Transnistria" title="History of Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_%C3%85land" title="History of Åland">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Faroe_Islands" title="History of the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Gibraltar" title="History of Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guernsey" title="History of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="History of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jersey" title="History of Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Svalbard" title="History of Svalbard">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union" title="History of the European Union">European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_the_British_Isles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks vcard mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_British_Isles" title="Template:History of the British Isles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_the_British_Isles" title="Template talk:History of the British Isles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_the_British_Isles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of the British Isles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_the_British_Isles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Isles" title="History of the British Isles">History of the British Isles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Isles" title="History of the British Isles">Overview</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_England" title="History of England">England</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Isle_of_Wight" title="History of the Isle of Wight">Isle of Wight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isles_of_Scilly#History" title="Isles of Scilly">Isles of Scilly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Scotland" title="History of Scotland">Scotland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Shetland" title="History of Shetland">Shetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Orkney" title="History of Orkney">Orkney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Hebrides#History" title="Inner Hebrides">Inner Hebrides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Outer_Hebrides" title="History of the Outer Hebrides">Outer Hebrides</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wales" title="History of Wales">Wales</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglesey#History" title="Anglesey">Anglesey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northern_Ireland" title="History of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland" title="History of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="History of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a> (Mann)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands#History" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jersey" title="History of Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guernsey" title="History of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stonehenge_Closeup.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Stonehenge_Closeup.jpg/75px-Stonehenge_Closeup.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Stonehenge_Closeup.jpg/113px-Stonehenge_Closeup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Stonehenge_Closeup.jpg/150px-Stonehenge_Closeup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Isles#Prehistoric" title="History of the British Isles">Prehistoric period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Britain" title="Prehistoric Britain">Prehistoric Britain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_England#Prehistory" title="History of England">Prehistoric England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Scotland" title="Prehistoric Scotland">Prehistoric Scotland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Shetland" title="Prehistoric Shetland">Prehistoric Shetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Orkney" title="Prehistoric Orkney">Prehistoric Orkney</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Wales" title="Prehistoric Wales">Prehistoric Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Ireland" title="Prehistoric Ireland">Prehistoric Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Isle_of_Man#Prehistory" title="History of the Isle of Man">Prehistoric Mann</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Isles#Classical_period" title="History of the British Isles">Classical period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_during_the_Roman_Empire" title="Scotland during the Roman Empire">Roman Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_Roman_era" title="Wales in the Roman era">Roman Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protohistory_of_Ireland" title="Protohistory of Ireland">Protohistoric Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hiberno-Roman_relations" title="Hiberno-Roman relations">Roman Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_Roman_rule_in_Britain" title="End of Roman rule in Britain">End of Roman rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Roman_Britain" title="Sub-Roman Britain">Sub-Roman Britain</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Isles#Medieval_period" title="History of the British Isles">Medieval period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/England_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="England in the Middle Ages">Medieval England</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="History of Anglo-Saxon England">Early medieval England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_in_the_High_Middle_Ages" title="England in the High Middle Ages">High medieval England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_in_the_Late_Middle_Ages" title="England in the Late Middle Ages">Late medieval England</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Scotland in the Middle Ages">Medieval Scotland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_Early_Middle_Ages" title="Scotland in the Early Middle Ages">Early medieval Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_High_Middle_Ages" title="Scotland in the High Middle Ages">High medieval Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_Late_Middle_Ages" title="Scotland in the Late Middle Ages">Late medieval Scotland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Wales in the Middle Ages">Medieval Wales</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_Early_Middle_Ages" title="Wales in the Early Middle Ages">Early medieval Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_High_Middle_Ages" title="Wales in the High Middle Ages">High medieval Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_Late_Middle_Ages" title="Wales in the Late Middle Ages">Late medieval Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Ireland in the Middle Ages">Medieval Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(400%E2%80%93800)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ireland (400–800)">Early medieval Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(800%E2%80%931169)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ireland (800–1169)">High medieval Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1169%E2%80%931536)" title="History of Ireland (1169–1536)">Late medieval Ireland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Isle_of_Man#Middle_Ages" title="History of the Isle of Man">Medieval Mann</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Isles#Early_Modern_period" title="History of the British Isles">Early modern period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_Britain" title="Early modern Britain">Early modern Britain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_period" title="Tudor period">Early modern England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_early_modern_period" title="Scotland in the early modern period">Early modern Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period_in_Wales" title="Early modern period in Wales">Early modern Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1536%E2%80%931691)" title="History of Ireland (1536–1691)">Early modern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Isle_of_Man#Early_Modern_period" title="History of the Isle of Man">Early modern Mann</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Isles#19th_century" title="History of the British Isles">Late modern period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (since 1707) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwardian_era" title="Edwardian era">Edwardian period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_the_First_World_War" title="History of the United Kingdom during the First World War">First World War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_Britain" title="Interwar Britain">Interwar period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#Second_World_War_1939–1945" title="History of the United Kingdom">Second World War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Wales in the World Wars">World Wars (Wales)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_(1945%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Political history of the United Kingdom (1945–present)">Post-war period (political history)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_(1945%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social history of the United Kingdom (1945–present)">Post-war period (social history)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="History of the Republic of Ireland">Late modern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Isle_of_Man#Modern_period" title="History of the Isle of Man">Late modern Mann</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Plantagenet" title="House of Plantagenet">House of Plantagenet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lancaster" title="House of Lancaster">House of Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_York" title="House of York">House of York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_monarchs_in_the_British_Isles" title="Lists of monarchs in the British Isles">Monarchs</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Four_Provinces_Flag.svg/21px-Four_Provinces_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Four_Provinces_Flag.svg/32px-Four_Provinces_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Four_Provinces_Flag.svg/42px-Four_Provinces_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1320" data-file-height="680" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ireland" title="Portal:Ireland">Ireland</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJcwFg7grVgMfJy4kxFxjC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4090131-2">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Britské ostrovy"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge789397&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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