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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Length" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Length"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Length</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Length-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tracks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tracks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Tracks</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tracks-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Tracks subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tracks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bonus_tracks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bonus_tracks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Bonus tracks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bonus_tracks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Audio_formats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Audio_formats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Audio formats</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Audio_formats-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Audio formats subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Audio_formats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Non-audio_printed_format" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-audio_printed_format"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Non-audio printed format</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-audio_printed_format-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vinyl_records" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vinyl_records"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Vinyl records</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vinyl_records-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-8-track_tape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#8-track_tape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>8-track tape</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-8-track_tape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compact_cassette" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compact_cassette"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Compact cassette</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compact_cassette-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compact_disc" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compact_disc"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Compact disc</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compact_disc-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-MP3_albums,_and_similar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#MP3_albums,_and_similar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>MP3 albums, and similar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-MP3_albums,_and_similar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_album" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_album"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Types of album</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types_of_album-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types of album subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types_of_album-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Studio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Studio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Studio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Studio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Live" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Live"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Live</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Live-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Solo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Solo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compilation_album" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compilation_album"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Compilation album</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compilation_album-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tribute_or_cover" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tribute_or_cover"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.1</span> <span>Tribute or cover</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tribute_or_cover-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Album</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 80 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-80" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">80 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Album_(musiek)" title="Album (musiek) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Album (musiek)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%85" title="ألبوم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ألبوم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musiqi_albomu" title="Musiqi albomu – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Musiqi albomu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="অ্যালবাম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অ্যালবাম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhi%C3%B9%E2%81%BF-po%C3%A2%E2%81%BF" title="Chhiùⁿ-poâⁿ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chhiùⁿ-poâⁿ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Музычны альбом – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Музычны альбом" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Музычны альбом – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Музычны альбом" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Музикален албум – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Музикален албум" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Album" title="Album – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Album" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80lbum_musical" title="Àlbum musical – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Àlbum musical" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudebn%C3%AD_album" title="Hudební album – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hudební album" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albwm" title="Albwm – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Albwm" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musikalbum" title="Musikalbum – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Musikalbum" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musikalbum" title="Musikalbum – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Musikalbum" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muusikaalbum" title="Muusikaalbum – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Muusikaalbum" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CE%BB%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BC" title="Άλμπουμ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άλμπουμ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lbum" title="Álbum – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Álbum" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzikalbumo" title="Muzikalbumo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Muzikalbumo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Album_(musika)" title="Album (musika) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Album (musika)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%85" title="آلبوم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آلبوم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Album_(musique)" title="Album (musique) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Album (musique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Album_(muzyk)" title="Album (muzyk) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Album (muzyk)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albam_ceoil" title="Albam ceoil – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Albam ceoil" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lbum_musical" title="Álbum musical – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Álbum musical" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%8C%EB%B0%98" title="음반 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="음반" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albom" title="Albom – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Albom" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AA%D5%B7%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A2%D5%B8%D5%B4" title="Երաժշտական ալբոմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Երաժշտական ալբոմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%AE_(%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4)" title="एल्बम (संगीत) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="एल्बम (संगीत)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glazbeni_album" title="Glazbeni album – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Glazbeni album" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albumo" title="Albumo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Albumo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Album" title="Album – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Album" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Album" title="Album – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Album" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Album_(musica)" title="Album (musica) – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Album (musica)" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Album_discografico" title="Album discografico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Album discografico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="אלבום מוזיקה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלבום מוזיקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Album" title="Album – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Album" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="მუსიკალური ალბომი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მუსიკალური ალბომი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albamu" title="Albamu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Albamu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alb%C3%BBm" title="Albûm – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Albûm" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Album_musicum" title="Album musicum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Album musicum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C5%ABzikas_albums" title="Mūzikas albums – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mūzikas albums" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museksalbum" title="Museksalbum – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Museksalbum" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzikinis_albumas" title="Muzikinis albumas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Muzikinis albumas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Album_(meziek)" title="Album (meziek) – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Album (meziek)" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagylemez" title="Nagylemez – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nagylemez" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Музички албум – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Музички албум" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="მუსიკალური ალბომი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მუსიკალური ალბომი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Album_lagu" title="Album lagu – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Album lagu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9C%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%9D_%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A9" title="ꯑꯦꯜꯕꯝ ꯏꯁꯩ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯑꯦꯜꯕꯝ ꯏꯁꯩ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Album_(muziek)" title="Album (muziek) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Album (muziek)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%90%E3%83%A0" title="アルバム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アルバム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musikkalbum" title="Musikkalbum – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Musikkalbum" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musikkalbum" title="Musikkalbum – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Musikkalbum" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musiqiy_albom" title="Musiqiy albom – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Musiqiy albom" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Album_(wydawnictwo_muzyczne)" title="Album (wydawnictwo muzyczne) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Album (wydawnictwo muzyczne)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lbum" title="Álbum – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Álbum" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Album_(muzic%C4%83)" title="Album (muzică) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Album (muzică)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Музыкальный альбом – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Музыкальный альбом" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Album" title="Album – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Album" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Album" title="Album – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Album" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Album" title="Album – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Album" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%85" title="البم – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="البم" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudobn%C3%BD_album" title="Hudobný album – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hudobný album" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasbeni_album" title="Glasbeni album – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Glasbeni album" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%85" title="ئەلبوم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەلبوم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Музички албум – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Музички албум" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Album" title="Album – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Album" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musiikkialbumi" title="Musiikkialbumi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Musiikkialbumi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musikalbum" title="Musikalbum – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Musikalbum" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Album" title="Album – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Album" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A1" title="อัลบั้ม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อัลบั้ม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Албом – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Албом" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCzik_alb%C3%BCm%C3%BC" title="Müzik albümü – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Müzik albümü" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Музичний альбом – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Музичний альбом" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Album" title="Album – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Album" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albom" title="Albom – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Albom" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E4%B9%90%E4%B8%93%E8%BE%91" title="音乐专辑 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="音乐专辑" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%90%D7%9D" title="אלבאם – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אלבאם" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%88%E8%BC%AF" title="專輯 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="專輯" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82%E5%B0%88%E8%BC%AF" title="音樂專輯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="音樂專輯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q482994#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Solo_album&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Solo album">Solo album</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Collection of audio recordings</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about albums of recorded sound. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Album_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Album (disambiguation)">Album (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Music Album" redirects here. For the Canadian television series, see <a href="/wiki/Music_Album_(TV_series)" title="Music Album (TV series)">Music Album (TV series)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Compact_disc_album.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Compact_disc_album.jpg/220px-Compact_disc_album.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Compact_disc_album.jpg/330px-Compact_disc_album.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Compact_disc_album.jpg/440px-Compact_disc_album.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3737" data-file-height="2803" /></a><figcaption>Albums <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2000</span> came on <a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">compact discs</a> stored in <a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_packaging#Jewel_case" title="Optical disc packaging">jewel cases</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Earlyalbum1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Earlyalbum1.jpg/220px-Earlyalbum1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Earlyalbum1.jpg/330px-Earlyalbum1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Earlyalbum1.jpg/440px-Earlyalbum1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="567" data-file-height="436" /></a><figcaption>Early record albums from the first half of the 20th century resembled <a href="/wiki/Photo_album" title="Photo album">photo albums</a>, being packaged in book form on multiple <a href="/wiki/78_rpm_record" class="mw-redirect" title="78 rpm record">78 rpm records</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>album</b> is a collection of audio recordings (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a>) issued on a medium such as <a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">compact disc</a> (CD), <a href="/wiki/Phonograph_record" title="Phonograph record">vinyl</a> (record), audio tape (like <a href="/wiki/8-track_cartridge" title="8-track cartridge">8-track</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cassette_tape" title="Cassette tape">cassette</a>), or <a href="/wiki/Digital_distribution" title="Digital distribution">digital</a>. Albums of recorded sound were developed in the early 20th century as individual <a href="/wiki/78_rpm_record" class="mw-redirect" title="78 rpm record">78 rpm records</a> (78s) collected in a bound book resembling a <a href="/wiki/Photo_album" title="Photo album">photo album</a>; this format evolved after 1948 into single vinyl <a href="/wiki/LP_record" title="LP record">long-playing (LP) records</a> played at <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac">33<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span> <a href="/wiki/Rpm" class="mw-redirect" title="Rpm">rpm</a>. </p><p>The album was the dominant form of <a href="/wiki/Recorded_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Recorded music">recorded music</a> expression and consumption from the mid-1960s to the early 21st century, a period known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Album_era" title="Album era">album era</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vinyl LPs are still issued, though <a href="/wiki/Album_sales" class="mw-redirect" title="Album sales">album sales</a> in the 21st-century have mostly focused on CD and <a href="/wiki/MP3" title="MP3">MP3</a> formats. The <a href="/wiki/8-track_tape" class="mw-redirect" title="8-track tape">8-track tape</a> was the first tape format widely used alongside vinyl from 1965 until being phased out by 1983, being gradually supplanted by the cassette tape throughout the 1970s and early 1980s; the popularity of the cassette reached its peak during the late 1980s before sharply declining during the 1990s. The cassette had largely disappeared by the first decade of the 2000s. </p><p>Most albums are recorded in a <a href="/wiki/Recording_studio" title="Recording studio">studio</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although they may also be recorded in a <a href="/wiki/Concert_venue" class="mw-redirect" title="Concert venue">concert venue</a>, at home, in the field, or a mix of places. The time frame for completely recording an album varies between a few hours to several years. This process usually requires several <a href="/wiki/Take" title="Take">takes</a> with different parts recorded separately, and then brought or "<a href="/wiki/Audio_mixing_(recorded_music)" title="Audio mixing (recorded music)">mixed</a>" together. Recordings that are done in one take without <a href="/wiki/Overdubbing" title="Overdubbing">overdubbing</a> are termed "live", even when done in a studio. Studios are built to absorb sound, eliminating <a href="/wiki/Reverberation" title="Reverberation">reverberation</a>, to assist in mixing different takes; other locations, such as concert venues and some "live rooms", have reverberation, which creates a "live" sound.<sup id="cite_ref-Philip_Newell_169–170_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Philip_Newell_169–170-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recordings, including live, may contain editing, sound effects, voice adjustments, etc. With <a href="/wiki/History_of_sound_recording" title="History of sound recording">modern recording technology</a>, artists can be recorded in separate rooms or at separate times while listening to the other parts using <a href="/wiki/Headphones" title="Headphones">headphones</a>; with each part recorded as a <a href="/wiki/Multitrack_recording" title="Multitrack recording">separate track</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Album_cover" title="Album cover">Album covers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liner_notes" title="Liner notes">liner notes</a> are used, and sometimes additional information is provided, such as analysis of the recording, and <a href="/wiki/Lyrics" title="Lyrics">lyrics</a> or <a href="/wiki/Libretto" title="Libretto">librettos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Album_Cover_Art_Series_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Album_Cover_Art_Series-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_history_of_the_CD_-_The_'Jewel_Case'_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_history_of_the_CD_-_The_'Jewel_Case'-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically, the term "album" was applied to a collection of various items housed in a <a href="/wiki/Book" title="Book">book</a> format. In musical usage, the word was used for collections of short pieces of <a href="/wiki/Printed_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Printed music">printed music</a> from the early nineteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-Mendelssohn_And_Schumann_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mendelssohn_And_Schumann-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, collections of related 78s were bundled in book-like albums<sup id="cite_ref-alancross.ca_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alancross.ca-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (one side of a 78 rpm record could hold only about 3.5 minutes of sound). When LP records were introduced, a collection of pieces or songs on a single record was called an "album"; the word was extended to other recording media such as compact disc, <a href="/wiki/MiniDisc" title="MiniDisc">MiniDisc</a>, compact audio cassette, 8-track tape and digital albums as they were introduced.<sup id="cite_ref-About_Vinyl_Records_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-About_Vinyl_Records-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <p>An <i><a href="/wiki/Album_(Ancient_Rome)" title="Album (Ancient Rome)">album</a></i> (Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">albus</i></span>, white), in ancient Rome, was a board chalked or painted white, on which decrees, edicts, and other public notices were inscribed in black. It was from this that in medieval and modern times, album came to denote a book of blank pages in which verses, autographs, sketches, photographs and the like are collected.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This in turn led to the modern meaning of an album as a collection of audio recordings issued as a single item. </p><p>The first audio albums were actually published by the publishers of photograph albums. Single <a href="/wiki/78_rpm_record" class="mw-redirect" title="78 rpm record">78 rpm records</a> were sold in a brown heavy paper sleeve with a large hole in the center so the record's label could be seen. The fragile records were stored on their sides. By the mid-1920s, photo album publishers sold collections of empty sleeves of heavier paper in bound volumes with stiff covers slightly larger than the 10" popular records. (Classical records measured 12".) On the paper cover in small type were the words "Record Album". Now records could be stored vertically with the record not touching the shelf, and the term was applied to the collection.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the early nineteenth century, "album" was occasionally used in the titles of some classical music sets, such as <a href="/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann">Robert Schumann</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Album_for_the_Young" title="Album for the Young">Album for the Young</a></i> Opus 68, a set of 43 short pieces.<sup id="cite_ref-Mendelssohn_And_Schumann_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mendelssohn_And_Schumann-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the advent of 78 rpm records in the early 1900s, the typical 10-inch disc could only hold about three minutes of sound per side, so almost all popular recordings were limited to around three minutes in length.<sup id="cite_ref-WRD-20140711_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WRD-20140711-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Classical-music and spoken-word items generally were released on the longer 12-inch 78s, playing around 4–5 minutes per side. For example, in 1924, <a href="/wiki/George_Gershwin" title="George Gershwin">George Gershwin</a> recorded a drastically shortened version of his new seventeen-minute composition <i><a href="/wiki/Rhapsody_in_Blue" title="Rhapsody in Blue">Rhapsody in Blue</a></i> with <a href="/wiki/Paul_Whiteman" title="Paul Whiteman">Paul Whiteman</a> and His Orchestra. The recording was issued on both sides of a single record, Victor 55225 and ran for 8m 59s.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1910, though some European record companies had issued albums of complete operas and other works, the practice of issuing albums was not widely taken up by American record companies until the 1920s. </p><p>By about 1910, bound collections of empty sleeves with a <a href="/wiki/Paperboard" title="Paperboard">paperboard</a> or <a href="/wiki/Leather" title="Leather">leather</a> cover, similar to a photograph album, were sold as record albums that customers could use to store their records (the term "record album" was printed on some covers). These albums came in both 10-inch and 12-inch sizes. The covers of these bound books were wider and taller than the records inside, allowing the record album to be placed on a shelf upright, like a book, suspending the fragile records above the shelf and protecting them. In the 1930s, record companies began issuing collections of 78s by one performer or of one type of music in specially assembled albums, typically with artwork on the front cover and liner notes on the back or inside cover. Most albums included three or four records, with two sides each, making six or eight compositions per album.<sup id="cite_ref-alancross.ca_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alancross.ca-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the mid-1930s, record companies had adopted the album format for classical music selections that were longer than the roughly eight minutes that fit on both sides of a classical 12" 78 rpm record. Initially the covers were plain, with the name of the selection and performer in small type. In 1938, Columbia Records hired the first graphic designer in the business to design covers, others soon followed and colorful album covers cover became an important selling feature.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the later '30s, record companies began releasing albums of previously released recordings of popular music in albums organized by performer, singers or bands, or by type of music, <a href="/wiki/Boogie-woogie" title="Boogie-woogie">boogie-woogie</a>, for example.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>When Columbia introduced the Long Playing record format in 1948, it was natural the term album would continue. Columbia expected that the record size distinction in 78s would continue, with classical music on 12" records and popular music on 10" records, and singles on 78s. Columbia's first popular 10" LP in fact was Frank Sinatra's first album, the four-record eight-song <i><a href="/wiki/The_Voice_of_Frank_Sinatra" title="The Voice of Frank Sinatra">The Voice of Frank Sinatra</a></i>, originally issued in 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>RCA's introduction of the smaller 45 rpm format later in 1948 disrupted Columbia's expectations. By the mid-1950s, 45s dominated the singles market and 12" LPs dominated the album market and both 78s and 10" LPs were discontinued. In the 1950s albums of popular music were also issued on 45s, sold in small heavy paper-covered "gate-fold" albums with multiple discs in sleeves or in sleeves in small boxes. This format disappeared around 1960. Sinatra's "The Voice" was issued in 1952 on two extended play 45s, with two songs on each side, in both packagings.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 10-inch and 12-inch <a href="/wiki/LP_record" title="LP record">LP record</a> (long play), or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">33<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span> <a href="/wiki/Rpm" class="mw-redirect" title="Rpm">rpm</a> microgroove <a href="/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride" title="Polyvinyl chloride">vinyl</a> record, is a <a href="/wiki/Gramophone_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Gramophone record">gramophone record</a> format introduced by <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Records" title="Columbia Records">Columbia Records</a> in 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A single LP record often had the same or similar number of tunes as a typical album of 78s, and it was adopted by the record industry as a standard format for the "album".<sup id="cite_ref-alancross.ca_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alancross.ca-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apart from relatively minor refinements and the important later addition of <a href="/wiki/Stereophonic_sound" title="Stereophonic sound">stereophonic sound</a> capability, it has remained the standard format for vinyl albums. </p><p>The term "album" was extended to other recording media such as <a href="/wiki/8-track_tape" class="mw-redirect" title="8-track tape">8-track tape</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cassette_tape" title="Cassette tape">cassette tape</a>, <a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">compact disc</a>, <a href="/wiki/MiniDisc" title="MiniDisc">MiniDisc</a>, and digital albums, as they were introduced.<sup id="cite_ref-About_Vinyl_Records_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-About_Vinyl_Records-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As part of a trend of shifting sales in the <a href="/wiki/Music_industry" title="Music industry">music industry</a>, some observers feel that the early 21st century experienced the <a href="/wiki/Death_of_the_album" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of the album">death of the album</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Length">Length</h2></div> <p>An album may contain any number of tracks. In the United States, <a href="/wiki/The_Recording_Academy" title="The Recording Academy">The Recording Academy</a>'s rules for <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammy Award">Grammy Awards</a> state that an album must comprise a minimum total playing time of 15 minutes with at least five distinct tracks or a minimum total playing time of 30 minutes with no minimum track requirement.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United Kingdom, the criteria for the <a href="/wiki/UK_Albums_Chart" title="UK Albums Chart">UK Albums Chart</a> is that a recording counts as an "album" if it either has more than four tracks or lasts more than 25 minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes shorter albums are referred to as <a href="/wiki/Mini-album" class="mw-redirect" title="Mini-album">mini-albums</a> or <a href="/wiki/EPs" class="mw-redirect" title="EPs">EPs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-As_albums_fade_away,_music_industry_looks_to_shorter_records_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-As_albums_fade_away,_music_industry_looks_to_shorter_records-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Albums such as <i><a href="/wiki/Tubular_Bells" title="Tubular Bells">Tubular Bells</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Amarok_(Mike_Oldfield_album)" title="Amarok (Mike Oldfield album)">Amarok</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Hergest_Ridge_(album)" title="Hergest Ridge (album)">Hergest Ridge</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Mike_Oldfield" title="Mike Oldfield">Mike Oldfield</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yes_(band)" title="Yes (band)">Yes's</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Close_to_the_Edge" title="Close to the Edge">Close to the Edge</a></i>, include fewer than four tracks, but still surpass the 25-minute mark. The album <i><a href="/wiki/Dopesmoker" class="mw-redirect" title="Dopesmoker">Dopesmoker</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Sleep_(band)" title="Sleep (band)">Sleep</a> contains only a single track, but the composition is over 63 minutes long. There are no formal rules against <a href="/wiki/Artist" title="Artist">artists</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Pinhead_Gunpowder" title="Pinhead Gunpowder">Pinhead Gunpowder</a> referring to their own releases under thirty minutes as "albums". </p><p>If an album becomes too long to fit onto a single vinyl record or CD, it may be released as a <a href="/wiki/Double_album" title="Double album">double album</a> where two vinyl <a href="/wiki/LPs" class="mw-redirect" title="LPs">LPs</a> or compact discs are packaged together in a single case, or a <a href="/wiki/Triple_album" class="mw-redirect" title="Triple album">triple album</a> containing three LPs or compact discs. Recording artists who have an extensive back catalogue may re-release several CDs in one single box with a unified design, often containing one or more albums (in this scenario, these releases can sometimes be referred to as a "two (or three)-fer"), or a compilation of previously unreleased recordings. These are known as <a href="/wiki/Box_set" title="Box set">box sets</a>. Some musical artists have also released more than three compact discs or LP records of new recordings at once, in the form of boxed sets, although in that case the work is still usually considered to be an album. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tracks">Tracks<span class="anchor" id="Music_track"></span></h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Track_listing" title="Track listing">Track listing</a></div> <p>Material (music or sounds) is stored on an album in sections termed tracks. A music track (often simply referred to as a track) is an individual <a href="/wiki/Song" title="Song">song</a> or <a href="/wiki/Instrumental" title="Instrumental">instrumental</a> recording. The term is particularly associated with <a href="/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">popular music</a> where separate tracks are known as album tracks; the term is also used for other formats such as <a href="/wiki/EP_(format)" class="mw-redirect" title="EP (format)">EPs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Single_(music)" title="Single (music)">singles</a>. When vinyl records were the primary medium for audio recordings a track could be identified visually from the grooves and many album covers or sleeves included numbers for the tracks on each side. On a <a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">compact disc</a> the track number is indexed so that a player can jump straight to the start of any track. On digital music stores such as <a href="/wiki/ITunes" title="ITunes">iTunes</a> the term song is often used interchangeably with track regardless of whether there is any vocal content. </p><p>A track that has the same name as the album is called the title track. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bonus_tracks">Bonus tracks<span class="anchor" id="Bonus_track"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Bonus track" redirects here. For the 2023 film, see <a href="/wiki/Bonus_Track_(film)" title="Bonus Track (film)">Bonus Track (film)</a>.</div> <p>A <b>bonus track</b> (also known as a <b>bonus cut</b> or bonus) is a piece of music which has been included as an extra. This may be done as a marketing promotion, or for other reasons. It is not uncommon to include singles, <a href="/wiki/B-side" class="mw-redirect" title="B-side">B-sides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Live_recording" class="mw-redirect" title="Live recording">live recordings</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Demo_recording" class="mw-redirect" title="Demo recording">demo recordings</a> as bonus tracks on re-issues of old albums, where those tracks were not originally included. Online music stores allow buyers to create their own albums by selecting songs themselves; bonus tracks may be included if a customer buys a whole album rather than just one or two songs from the artist. The song is not necessarily free nor is it available as a stand-alone download, adding also to the incentive to buy the complete album. In contrast to <a href="/wiki/Hidden_track" title="Hidden track">hidden tracks</a>, bonus tracks are included on track listings and usually do not have a gap of silence between other album tracks. Bonus tracks on CD or vinyl albums are common in Japan for releases by European and North American artists; since importing international copies of the album can be cheaper than buying a domestically released version, Japanese releases often feature bonus tracks to incentivize domestic purchase.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Audio_formats">Audio formats</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_audio_formats" title="Timeline of audio formats">Timeline of audio formats</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-audio_printed_format">Non-audio printed format</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sheet_music" title="Sheet music">Sheet music</a></div> <p>Commercial sheet music is published in conjunction with the release of a new album (studio, compilation, soundtrack, etc.). A <b>matching folio songbook</b> is a compilation of the <a href="/wiki/Music_notation" class="mw-redirect" title="Music notation">music notation</a> of all the songs included in that particular album. It typically has the album's artwork on its cover and, in addition to sheet music, it includes photos of the artist.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most pop and rock releases come in standard Piano/Vocal/Guitar notation format (and occasionally Easy Piano / E-Z Play Today).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rock-oriented releases may also come in <b>Guitar Recorded Versions</b> edition, which are note-for-note transcriptions written directly from artist recordings.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vinyl_records">Vinyl records</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/LP_record" title="LP record">LP record</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Record-Album-02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Record-Album-02.jpg/220px-Record-Album-02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Record-Album-02.jpg/330px-Record-Album-02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Record-Album-02.jpg/440px-Record-Album-02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>A vinyl LP on a turntable</figcaption></figure> <p>Vinyl <a href="/wiki/LP_records" class="mw-redirect" title="LP records">LP records</a> have two sides, each comprising one-half of the album. If a <a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">pop</a> or <a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock</a> album contained tracks released separately as commercial <a href="/wiki/Single_(music)" title="Single (music)">singles</a>, they were conventionally placed in particular positions on the album.<sup id="cite_ref-About_Vinyl_Records_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-About_Vinyl_Records-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the sixties, particularly in the UK, singles were generally released separately from albums. Today, many commercial albums of music tracks feature one or more singles, which are released separately to radio, TV or the Internet as a way of promoting the album.<sup id="cite_ref-Chronology:_Technology_and_the_Music_Industry_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chronology:_Technology_and_the_Music_Industry-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Albums have been issued that are compilations of older tracks not originally released together, such as singles not originally found on albums, <a href="/wiki/B-sides" class="mw-redirect" title="B-sides">b-sides</a> of singles, or unfinished "<a href="/wiki/Demo_(music)" title="Demo (music)">demo</a>" recordings.<sup id="cite_ref-About_Vinyl_Records_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-About_Vinyl_Records-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Double albums during the seventies were sometimes sequenced for <a href="/wiki/Record_changers" class="mw-redirect" title="Record changers">record changers</a>. In the case of a two-record set, for example, sides 1 and 4 would be stamped on one record, and sides 2 and 3 on the other. The user would stack the two records onto the spindle of an automatic record changer, with side 1 on the bottom and side 2 (on the other record) on top. Side 1 would automatically drop onto the <a href="/wiki/Turntable" class="mw-redirect" title="Turntable">turntable</a> and be played. When finished, the tone arm's position would trigger a mechanism which moved the arm out of the way, dropped the record with side 2, and played it. When both records had been played, the user would pick up the stack, turn it over, and put them back on the spindle—sides 3 and 4 would then play in sequence.<sup id="cite_ref-About_Vinyl_Records_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-About_Vinyl_Records-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Record changers were used for many years of the LP era, but eventually fell out of use. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="8-track_tape">8-track tape</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/8-track_tape" class="mw-redirect" title="8-track tape">8-track tape</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leitor_de_cartuchos_JVC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Leitor_de_cartuchos_JVC.jpg/220px-Leitor_de_cartuchos_JVC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Leitor_de_cartuchos_JVC.jpg/330px-Leitor_de_cartuchos_JVC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Leitor_de_cartuchos_JVC.jpg/440px-Leitor_de_cartuchos_JVC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>A typical 8-track tape player</figcaption></figure> <p>8-track tape (formally Stereo 8: commonly known as the eight-track cartridge, eight-track tape, or simply eight-track) is a <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_tape_sound_recording" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic tape sound recording">magnetic tape sound recording</a> technology popular in the United States<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from the mid-1960s to the late 1970s when the <a href="/wiki/Compact_Cassette" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact Cassette">Compact Cassette</a> format took over.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The format is regarded as an obsolete technology, and was relatively unknown outside the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada and Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stereo 8 was created in 1964 by a consortium led by <a href="/wiki/Bill_Lear" title="Bill Lear">Bill Lear</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lear_Jet_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Lear Jet Corporation">Lear Jet Corporation</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Ampex" title="Ampex">Ampex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company" title="Ford Motor Company">Ford Motor Company</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motorola" title="Motorola">Motorola</a>, and <a href="/wiki/RCA_Victor_Records" class="mw-redirect" title="RCA Victor Records">RCA Victor Records</a>. It was a further development of the similar <a href="/wiki/Stereo-Pak" title="Stereo-Pak">Stereo-Pak</a> four-track cartridge created by <a href="/wiki/Earl_%22Madman%22_Muntz" class="mw-redirect" title="Earl "Madman" Muntz">Earl "Madman" Muntz</a>. A later <a href="/wiki/Quadraphonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadraphonic">quadraphonic</a> version of the format was announced by RCA in April 1970 and first known as Quad-8, then later changed to just Q8. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compact_cassette">Compact cassette</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Compact_Cassette" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact Cassette">Compact Cassette</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Compact_audio_cassette_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Compact_audio_cassette_2.jpg/220px-Compact_audio_cassette_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Compact_audio_cassette_2.jpg/330px-Compact_audio_cassette_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Compact_audio_cassette_2.jpg/440px-Compact_audio_cassette_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="588" data-file-height="378" /></a><figcaption>A blank compact cassette tape and case</figcaption></figure> <p>The Compact Cassette was a popular medium for distributing pre-recorded music from the early 1970s to the early 2000s.<sup id="cite_ref-Daniel_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daniel-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first "Compact Cassette" was introduced by <a href="/wiki/Philips" title="Philips">Philips</a> in August 1963 in the form of a prototype.<sup id="cite_ref-History_of_Compact_Cassette_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History_of_Compact_Cassette-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compact Cassettes became especially popular during the 1980s after the advent of the Sony <a href="/wiki/Walkman" title="Walkman">Walkman</a>, which allowed the person to control what they listened to.<sup id="cite_ref-History_of_Compact_Cassette_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History_of_Compact_Cassette-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Walkman was convenient because of its size, the device could fit in most pockets and often came equipped with a clip for belts or pants.<sup id="cite_ref-History_of_Compact_Cassette_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History_of_Compact_Cassette-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The compact cassette used double-sided <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_tape" title="Magnetic tape">magnetic tape</a> to distribute music for commercial sale.<sup id="cite_ref-History_of_Compact_Cassette_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History_of_Compact_Cassette-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_History_of_Recorded_Music_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_History_of_Recorded_Music-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The music is recorded on both the "A" and "B" side of the tape, with cassette being "turned" to play the other side of the album.<sup id="cite_ref-History_of_Compact_Cassette_28-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History_of_Compact_Cassette-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compact Cassettes were also a popular way for musicians to record "<a href="/wiki/Demo_(music)" title="Demo (music)">Demos</a>" or "Demo Tapes" of their music to distribute to various record labels, in the hopes of acquiring a <a href="/wiki/Recording_contract" title="Recording contract">recording contract</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Death_of_the_Demo_Tape_(At_Last)_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Death_of_the_Demo_Tape_(At_Last)-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Compact cassettes also saw the creation of <a href="/wiki/Mixtape" title="Mixtape">mixtapes</a>, which are tapes containing a compilation of songs created by any average listener of music.<sup id="cite_ref-Mixtape_History_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mixtape_History-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The songs on a mixtape generally relate to one another in some way, whether it be a conceptual theme or an overall sound.<sup id="cite_ref-Mixtape_History_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mixtape_History-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the introduction of Compact discs, the term "Mixtape" began to apply to any personal compilation of songs on any given format.<sup id="cite_ref-Mixtape_History_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mixtape_History-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The sales of Compact Cassettes eventually began to decline in the 1990s, after the release and distribution <a href="/wiki/Compact_Disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact Disc">Compact Discs</a>. The 2010s saw a revival of Compact Cassettes by <a href="/wiki/Independent_record_label" title="Independent record label">independent record labels</a> and DIY musicians who preferred the format because of its difficulty to <a href="/wiki/Copyright_infringement#"Piracy"" title="Copyright infringement">share over the internet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cassette_Revival_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cassette_Revival-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compact_disc">Compact disc</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">Compact disc</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Led_Zeppelin_III_by_Led_Zeppelin_(Vinyl-1970).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Led_Zeppelin_III_by_Led_Zeppelin_%28Vinyl-1970%29.png/220px-Led_Zeppelin_III_by_Led_Zeppelin_%28Vinyl-1970%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Led_Zeppelin_III_by_Led_Zeppelin_%28Vinyl-1970%29.png/330px-Led_Zeppelin_III_by_Led_Zeppelin_%28Vinyl-1970%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Led_Zeppelin_III_by_Led_Zeppelin_%28Vinyl-1970%29.png/440px-Led_Zeppelin_III_by_Led_Zeppelin_%28Vinyl-1970%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>The ten-track <a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">compact disc</a> studio album <i><a href="/wiki/Led_Zeppelin_III" title="Led Zeppelin III">Led Zeppelin III</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>The compact disc format replaced both the vinyl record and the cassette as the standard for the commercial mass-market distribution of physical music albums.<sup id="cite_ref-The_history_of_the_CD_-_The_beginning_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_history_of_the_CD_-_The_beginning-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Music_download" title="Music download">music downloading</a> and MP3 players such as the <a href="/wiki/IPod" title="IPod">iPod</a>, US <a href="/wiki/Album_sales" class="mw-redirect" title="Album sales">album sales</a> dropped 54.6% from 2001 to 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-Us_Album_Sales_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Us_Album_Sales-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CD is a digital <a href="/wiki/Data_storage_device" class="mw-redirect" title="Data storage device">data storage device</a> which permits <a href="/wiki/Digital_recording" title="Digital recording">digital recording</a> technology to be used to record and play-back the recorded music.<sup id="cite_ref-The_History_of_Recorded_Music_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_History_of_Recorded_Music-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_history_of_the_CD_-_The_beginning_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_history_of_the_CD_-_The_beginning-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="MP3_albums,_and_similar"><span id="MP3_albums.2C_and_similar"></span>MP3 albums, and similar</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_download" title="Music download">Music download</a></div> <p>Most recently, the <a href="/wiki/MP3" title="MP3">MP3</a> audio format has matured, revolutionizing the concept of digital storage. Early MP3 albums were essentially CD-rips created by early CD-<a href="/wiki/Ripping" title="Ripping">ripping</a> software, and sometimes real-time rips from cassettes and vinyl. </p><p>The so-called "MP3 album" is not necessarily just in MP3 file format, in which higher quality formats such as <a href="/wiki/FLAC" title="FLAC">FLAC</a> and <a href="/wiki/WAV" title="WAV">WAV</a> can be used on storage media that MP3 albums reside on, such as <a href="/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM">CD-R-ROMs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hard_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard drive">hard drives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flash_memory" title="Flash memory">flash memory</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Thumbdrives" class="mw-redirect" title="Thumbdrives">thumbdrives</a>, <a href="/wiki/MP3_player" class="mw-redirect" title="MP3 player">MP3 players</a>, <a href="/wiki/SD_card" title="SD card">SD cards</a>), etc.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_album">Types of album</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Album_types" title="Category:Album types">Category:Album types</a></div> <p>The contents of the album are usually recorded in a <a href="/wiki/Recording_studio" title="Recording studio">studio</a> or live in concert, though may be recorded in other locations, such as at home (as with JJ Cale's <i><a href="/wiki/Okie_(J._J._Cale_album)" title="Okie (J. J. Cale album)">Okie</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beck's <i><a href="/wiki/Odelay" title="Odelay">Odelay</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> David Gray's <i><a href="/wiki/White_Ladder" title="White Ladder">White Ladder</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and others),<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the field – as with early blues recordings,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in prison,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or with a mobile recording unit such as the <a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stones_Mobile_Studio" title="Rolling Stones Mobile Studio">Rolling Stones Mobile Studio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Studio"><span class="anchor" id="Studio_album"></span> Studio</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Studio album" redirects here. For the album by Tages, see <a href="/wiki/Studio_(album)" title="Studio (album)"><i>Studio</i> (album)</a>.</div> <p>Most albums are <i>studio albums</i>—that is, they are recorded in a <a href="/wiki/Recording_studio" title="Recording studio">recording studio</a> with equipment meant to give those overseeing the recording as much control as possible over the sound of the album. They minimize external noises and reverberations and have highly sensitive microphones and <a href="/wiki/Sound_mixing" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound mixing">sound mixing</a> equipment. Band members may record their parts in separate rooms or at separate times, listening to the other parts of the track with headphones to keep the timing right. In the 2000s, with the advent of <a href="/wiki/Digital_recording" title="Digital recording">digital recording</a>, it became possible for musicians to record their part of a song in another studio in another part of the world, and send their contribution over digital channels to be included in the final product.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Live">Live<span class="anchor" id="Live"></span><span class="anchor" id="Live_album"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Live album" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Live_album_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Live album (disambiguation)">Live album (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Artie_Kane_at_20th_Century_Fox.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Artie_Kane_at_20th_Century_Fox.jpg/220px-Artie_Kane_at_20th_Century_Fox.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Artie_Kane_at_20th_Century_Fox.jpg/330px-Artie_Kane_at_20th_Century_Fox.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Artie_Kane_at_20th_Century_Fox.jpg/440px-Artie_Kane_at_20th_Century_Fox.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1530" data-file-height="1085" /></a><figcaption>An orchestra recorded "live" in the studio</figcaption></figure> <p>Recordings that are done in one take without <a href="/wiki/Overdubbing" title="Overdubbing">overdubbing</a> or <a href="/wiki/Multitrack_recording" title="Multitrack recording">multi-tracking</a> are termed "live",<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> even when done in a studio.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the common understanding of a "live album" is one that was recorded at a concert with a public audience,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> even when the recording is overdubbed or multi-tracked.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Concert or stage performances are recorded using <a href="/wiki/Remote_recording" title="Remote recording">remote recording</a> techniques. Albums may be recorded at a single <a href="/wiki/Concert" title="Concert">concert</a>, or combine recordings made at multiple concerts. They may include applause, laughter and other noise from the audience, comments by the performers between pieces, improvisation, and so on. They may use <a href="/wiki/Multitrack_recording" title="Multitrack recording">multitrack recording</a> direct from the stage sound system (rather than microphones placed among the audience), and can employ additional manipulation and effects during post-production to enhance the quality of the recording. </p><p>Notable early live albums include the double album of <a href="/wiki/Benny_Goodman" title="Benny Goodman">Benny Goodman</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Famous_1938_Carnegie_Hall_Jazz_Concert" title="The Famous 1938 Carnegie Hall Jazz Concert">The Famous 1938 Carnegie Hall Jazz Concert</a></i>, released in 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Live <a href="/wiki/Double_album" title="Double album">double albums</a> later became popular during the 1970s. Appraising the concept in <i><a href="/wiki/Christgau%27s_Record_Guide:_Rock_Albums_of_the_Seventies" title="Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies">Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies</a></i> (1981), <a href="/wiki/Robert_Christgau" title="Robert Christgau">Robert Christgau</a> said most "are profit-taking recaps marred by sound and format inappropriate to phonographic reproduction (you can't put sights, smells, or fellowship on audio tape). But for <a href="/wiki/Joe_Cocker" title="Joe Cocker">Joe Cocker</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bette_Midler" title="Bette Midler">Bette Midler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob-Dylan</a>-in-the-arena, the form makes a compelling kind of sense."<sup id="cite_ref-CG_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CG-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among the best selling live albums are <a href="/wiki/Eric_Clapton" title="Eric Clapton">Eric Clapton</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Unplugged_(Eric_Clapton_album)" title="Unplugged (Eric Clapton album)">Unplugged</a></i> (1992), selling over 26 million copies,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Garth_Brooks" title="Garth Brooks">Garth Brooks</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/Double_Live_(Garth_Brooks_album)" title="Double Live (Garth Brooks album)">Double Live</a></i> (1998), over 21 million copies,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Frampton" title="Peter Frampton">Peter Frampton</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Frampton_Comes_Alive!" title="Frampton Comes Alive!">Frampton Comes Alive!</a></i> (1976), over 11 million copies.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone%27s_500_Greatest_Albums_of_All_Time" title="Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time"><i>Rolling Stone</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s 500 Greatest Albums of All Time</a>, 18 albums were live albums.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Solo">Solo<span class="anchor" id="Solo_album"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For albums titled "Solo", see <a href="/wiki/Solo_(disambiguation)#Albums" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Solo (disambiguation)">Solo (disambiguation) § Albums</a>.</div> <p>A <b>solo album</b>, in <a href="/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">popular music</a>, is an album recorded by a current or former member of a <a href="/wiki/Musical_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical group">musical group</a> which is released under that artist's name only, even though some or all other band members may be involved. The solo album appeared as early as the late 1940s. A 1947 <i><a href="/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)" title="Billboard (magazine)">Billboard</a></i> magazine article heralded "<a href="/wiki/Margaret_Whiting" title="Margaret Whiting">Margaret Whiting</a> huddling with <a href="/wiki/Capitol_Records" title="Capitol Records">Capitol</a> execs over her first solo album on which she will be backed by <a href="/wiki/Frank_De_Vol" title="Frank De Vol">Frank De Vol</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is no formal definition setting forth the amount of participation a band member can solicit from other members of their band, and still have the album referred to as a solo album. One reviewer wrote that <a href="/wiki/Ringo_Starr" title="Ringo Starr">Ringo Starr</a>'s third venture, <i><a href="/wiki/Ringo_(album)" title="Ringo (album)">Ringo</a></i>, "[t]echnically... wasn't a solo album because all four <a href="/wiki/Beatles" class="mw-redirect" title="Beatles">Beatles</a> appeared on it".<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three of the four members of the Beatles released solo albums while the group was officially still together. </p><p>A performer may record a solo album for several reasons. A <a href="/wiki/Solo_(music)" title="Solo (music)">solo performer</a> working with other members will typically have full creative control of the band, be able to hire and fire accompanists, and get the majority of the proceeds.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The performer may be able to produce songs that differ widely from the sound of the band with which the performer has been associated, or that the group as a whole chose not to include in its own albums. <a href="/wiki/Graham_Nash" title="Graham Nash">Graham Nash</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Hollies" title="The Hollies">the Hollies</a> described his experience in developing a solo album as follows: "The thing that I go through that results in a solo album is an interesting process of collecting songs that can't be done, for whatever reason, by a lot of people".<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A solo album may also represent the departure of the performer from the group. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compilation_album">Compilation album</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Compilation_album" title="Compilation album">Compilation album</a></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Compilation_album" title="Compilation album">compilation album</a> is a collection of material from various recording projects or various artists, assembled with a theme such as the "greatest hits" from one artist, B-sides and rarities by one artist, or selections from a <a href="/wiki/Record_label" title="Record label">record label</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Musical_genre" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical genre">musical genre</a>, a certain time period, or a regional music scene. Promotional <a href="/wiki/Sampler_album" title="Sampler album">sampler albums</a> are compilations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tribute_or_cover">Tribute or cover<span class="anchor" id="Tribute_album"></span></h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_tribute_albums" title="List of tribute albums">List of tribute albums</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Covers_albums" title="Category:Covers albums">Category:Covers albums</a></div> <p>A tribute or cover album is a compilation of <a href="/wiki/Cover_version" title="Cover version">cover versions</a> of songs or instrumental compositions. Its concept may involve various artists covering the songs of a single artist, genre or period, a single artist covering the songs of various artists or a single artist, genre or period, or any variation of an album of cover songs which is marketed as a "tribute".<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Album-equivalent_unit" title="Album-equivalent unit">Album-equivalent unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Album-oriented_rock" title="Album-oriented rock">Album-oriented rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_release" title="Art release">Art release</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_album" title="Comedy album">Comedy album</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compilation_album" title="Compilation album">Compilation album</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concept_album" title="Concept album">Concept album</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_albums" title="Lists of albums">Lists of albums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastering_(audio)" title="Mastering (audio)">Mastering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_sales" title="Record sales">Record sales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remix_album" title="Remix album">Remix album</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soundtrack_album" title="Soundtrack album">Soundtrack album</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_album" title="Split album">Split album</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFZipkin2020" class="citation web cs1">Zipkin, Michele (8 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thestacker.com/stories/3713/best-albums-last-decade-according-critics">"Best albums from the last decade, according to critics"</a>. <i>Stacker</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200603173944/https://thestacker.com/stories/3713/best-albums-last-decade-according-critics">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stacker&rft.atitle=Best+albums+from+the+last+decade%2C+according+to+critics&rft.date=2020-04-08&rft.aulast=Zipkin&rft.aufirst=Michele&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthestacker.com%2Fstories%2F3713%2Fbest-albums-last-decade-according-critics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKreutzmannEisen2015" class="citation book cs1">Kreutzmann, Bill; Eisen, Benjy (2015). <i>Deal: My Three Decades of Drumming, Dreams, and Drugs with the Grateful Dead</i>. <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan</a>. p. 259. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781250033796" title="Special:BookSources/9781250033796"><bdi>9781250033796</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deal%3A+My+Three+Decades+of+Drumming%2C+Dreams%2C+and+Drugs+with+the+Grateful+Dead&rft.pages=259&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781250033796&rft.aulast=Kreutzmann&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft.au=Eisen%2C+Benjy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Philip_Newell_169–170-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Philip_Newell_169–170_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilip_Newell2013" class="citation book cs1">Philip Newell (18 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tbEcAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA169"><i>Recording Studio Design</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 169–170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136115509" title="Special:BookSources/9781136115509"><bdi>9781136115509</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210522195141/https://books.google.com/books?id=tbEcAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA169">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recording+Studio+Design&rft.pages=169-170&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2013-07-18&rft.isbn=9781136115509&rft.au=Philip+Newell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtbEcAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Album_Cover_Art_Series-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Album_Cover_Art_Series_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenson" class="citation web cs1">Benson, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160328005304/http://rockartpictureshow.com/vinylgallery/">"Album Cover Art Series"</a>. Rock Art Picture Show. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rockartpictureshow.com/vinylgallery">the original</a> on 28 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Album+Cover+Art+Series&rft.pub=Rock+Art+Picture+Show&rft.aulast=Benson&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rockartpictureshow.com%2Fvinylgallery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_history_of_the_CD_-_The_'Jewel_Case'-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_history_of_the_CD_-_The_'Jewel_Case'_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20150710233446/http://www.research.philips.com/technologies/projects/cd/jewelcase.html">"The history of the CD – The 'Jewel Case'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Philips Research. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.research.philips.com/technologies/projects/cd/jewelcase.html">the original</a> on 10 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+history+of+the+CD+%E2%80%93+The+%27Jewel+Case%27&rft.pub=Philips+Research&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.research.philips.com%2Ftechnologies%2Fprojects%2Fcd%2Fjewelcase.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mendelssohn_And_Schumann-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mendelssohn_And_Schumann_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mendelssohn_And_Schumann_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130708091633/http://www.oldandsold.com/opera/music-3.shtml">"Mendelssohn And Schumann"</a>. Old and Sold. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oldandsold.com/opera/music-3.shtml">the original</a> on 8 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mendelssohn+And+Schumann&rft.pub=Old+and+Sold&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oldandsold.com%2Fopera%2Fmusic-3.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-alancross.ca-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-alancross.ca_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-alancross.ca_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-alancross.ca_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCross2012" class="citation web cs1">Cross, Alan (15 July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130408042551/http://www.alancross.ca/a-journal-of-musical-things/2012/7/15/life-after-the-album-is-going-to-get-weird.html">"Life After the Album Is Going to Get Weird"</a>. <i>A Journal of Musical Things</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alancross.ca/a-journal-of-musical-things/2012/7/15/life-after-the-album-is-going-to-get-weird.html">the original</a> on 8 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+Journal+of+Musical+Things&rft.atitle=Life+After+the+Album+Is+Going+to+Get+Weird&rft.date=2012-07-15&rft.aulast=Cross&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alancross.ca%2Fa-journal-of-musical-things%2F2012%2F7%2F15%2Flife-after-the-album-is-going-to-get-weird.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-About_Vinyl_Records-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-About_Vinyl_Records_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-About_Vinyl_Records_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-About_Vinyl_Records_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-About_Vinyl_Records_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-About_Vinyl_Records_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170430145207/http://www.recordcollectorsguild.org/modules.php?op=modload&name=sections&file=index&req=viewarticle&artid=44&page=1">"About Vinyl Records"</a>. Record Collector's Guild. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.recordcollectorsguild.org/modules.php?op=modload&name=Sections&file=index&req=viewarticle&artid=44&page=1">the original</a> on 30 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Vinyl+Records&rft.pub=Record+Collector%27s+Guild&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.recordcollectorsguild.org%2Fmodules.php%3Fop%3Dmodload%26name%3DSections%26file%3Dindex%26req%3Dviewarticle%26artid%3D44%26page%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Album" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Album">Album</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 513.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Album&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=513&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WRD-20140711-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WRD-20140711_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllain2014" class="citation magazine cs1">Allain, Rhett (11 July 2014). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/2014/07/why-are-songs-on-the-radio-about-the-same-length/">"Why Are Songs on the Radio About the Same Length?"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Wired_(magazine)" title="Wired (magazine)">Wired</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140711190729/http://www.wired.com/2014/07/why-are-songs-on-the-radio-about-the-same-length/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=Why+Are+Songs+on+the+Radio+About+the+Same+Length%3F&rft.date=2014-07-11&rft.aulast=Allain&rft.aufirst=Rhett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2F2014%2F07%2Fwhy-are-songs-on-the-radio-about-the-same-length%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120105004806/http://www.redhotjazz.com/pwo.html">"Paul Whiteman and his Orchestra"</a>. Redhotjazz.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.redhotjazz.com/pwo.html">the original</a> on 5 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Paul+Whiteman+and+his+Orchestra&rft.pub=Redhotjazz.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.redhotjazz.com%2Fpwo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://albumcoverzone.com/blog/on-alex-steinweiss-and-the-short-history-of-album-cover-art">"On Alex Steinweiss and the Short History of Album Cover Art | Album Cover Zone"</a>. <i>albumcoverzone.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=albumcoverzone.com&rft.atitle=On+Alex+Steinweiss+and+the+Short+History+of+Album+Cover+Art+%7C+Album+Cover+Zone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Falbumcoverzone.com%2Fblog%2Fon-alex-steinweiss-and-the-short-history-of-album-cover-art&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles I. Granata, "The Voice of Frank Sinatra", booklet in "The Voice of Frank Sinatra", Columbia CK 62100, 2003, p. 9 (the first CD issue of the release).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles I. Granata, "The Voice of Frank Sinatra", booklet in "The Voice of Frank Sinatra", Columbia CK 62100, 2003, p. 9 (the first CD issue of the release).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThill2010" class="citation magazine cs1">Thill, Scott (21 June 2010). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/2010/06/0621first-lp-released/">"June 21, 1948: Columbia's Microgroove LP Makes Albums Sound Good"</a></span>. <i>WIRED</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170408113753/https://www.wired.com/2010/06/0621first-lp-released/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WIRED&rft.atitle=June+21%2C+1948%3A+Columbia%27s+Microgroove+LP+Makes+Albums+Sound+Good&rft.date=2010-06-21&rft.aulast=Thill&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2F2010%2F06%2F0621first-lp-released%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott_Baneriee2004" class="citation magazine cs1">Scott Baneriee (6 November 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iRMEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA48">"New Ideas, New Outlets"</a>. <i>Billboard</i>. p. 48. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210601043500/https://books.google.com/books?id=iRMEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA48">Archived</a> from the original on 1 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=New+Ideas%2C+New+Outlets&rft.pages=48&rft.date=2004-11-06&rft.au=Scott+Baneriee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiRMEAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.grammy.com/recording-academy/press-release/recording-academy-to-transition-to-online-voting-for-the-60th-annual">"Recording Academy™ to Transition to Online Voting for the 60"</a>. <i>grammy.com</i>. 14 June 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190405220013/https://www.grammy.com/recording-academy/press-release/recording-academy-to-transition-to-online-voting-for-the-60th-annual">Archived</a> from the original on 5 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=grammy.com&rft.atitle=Recording+Academy%E2%84%A2+to+Transition+to+Online+Voting+for+the+60&rft.date=2017-06-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.grammy.com%2Frecording-academy%2Fpress-release%2Frecording-academy-to-transition-to-online-voting-for-the-60th-annual&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070627231755/http://www.theofficialcharts.com/docs/NEW_Album_Chart_Rules_2007_2.pdf">"Rules For Chart Eligibility – Albums"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/The_Official_UK_Charts_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="The Official UK Charts Company">The Official UK Charts Company</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rules+For+Chart+Eligibility+%E2%80%93+Albums&rft.pub=The+Official+UK+Charts+Company&rft.date=2007-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theofficialcharts.com%2Fdocs%2FNEW_Album_Chart_Rules_2007_2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-As_albums_fade_away,_music_industry_looks_to_shorter_records-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-As_albums_fade_away,_music_industry_looks_to_shorter_records_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesfreepress.com/news/2010/jan/04/albums-fade-away-music-industry-looks-shorter-reco/?breakingnews">"As albums fade away, music industry looks to shorter records"</a>. Associated Press. 4 January 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131020194136/http://www.timesfreepress.com/news/2010/jan/04/albums-fade-away-music-industry-looks-shorter-reco/?breakingnews">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=As+albums+fade+away%2C+music+industry+looks+to+shorter+records&rft.date=2010-01-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesfreepress.com%2Fnews%2F2010%2Fjan%2F04%2Falbums-fade-away-music-industry-looks-shorter-reco%2F%3Fbreakingnews&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gigwise.com/photos/98462/the-14-greatest-japanese-bonus-tracks">14 Truly Amazing Japanese Bonus Tracks</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180412001349/https://www.gigwise.com/photos/98462/the-14-greatest-japanese-bonus-tracks">Archived</a> 12 April 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>Gigwise</i>, 26 February 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blume, Jason. <i>The Business of Songwriting</i> (2006)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.halleonard.com/index.jsp?subsiteid=3">"Piano Songbooks"</a>. <i>Hal Leonard</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180618053546/https://www.halleonard.com/index.jsp?subsiteid=3">Archived</a> from the original on 18 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hal+Leonard&rft.atitle=Piano+Songbooks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.halleonard.com%2Findex.jsp%3Fsubsiteid%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.halleonard.com/search/search.action?_c&seriesfeature=RECVER">"Guitar Recorded Versions"</a>. <i>Hal Leonard</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180406042205/https://www.halleonard.com/search/search.action?_c&seriesfeature=RECVER">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hal+Leonard&rft.atitle=Guitar+Recorded+Versions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.halleonard.com%2Fsearch%2Fsearch.action%3F_c%26seriesfeature%3DRECVER&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chronology:_Technology_and_the_Music_Industry-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chronology:_Technology_and_the_Music_Industry_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTainter" class="citation web cs1">Tainter, Callie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/music/inside/cron.html">"Chronology: Technology and the Music Industry"</a>. <i>PBS</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210522065642/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/music/inside/cron.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PBS&rft.atitle=Chronology%3A+Technology+and+the+Music+Industry&rft.aulast=Tainter&rft.aufirst=Callie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fpages%2Ffrontline%2Fshows%2Fmusic%2Finside%2Fcron.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTatum" class="citation web cs1">Tatum, Malcolm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-8-track-tapes.htm">"What Are 8-Track Tapes?"</a>. wisegeek.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150214203425/http://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-8-track-tapes.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 14 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+Are+8-Track+Tapes%3F&rft.pub=wisegeek.com&rft.aulast=Tatum&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wisegeek.com%2Fwhat-are-8-track-tapes.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore2005" class="citation news cs1">Moore, Dan (23 December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.goldminemag.com/collector-resources/collectors-corner-the-history-of-the-eight-track-tape">"Collector's Corner: The History Of The Eight-Track Tape"</a>. <i>Goldmine Magazine: Record Collector & Music Memorabilia</i>. Goldmine Magazine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161126192728/http://www.goldminemag.com/collector-resources/collectors-corner-the-history-of-the-eight-track-tape">Archived</a> from the original on 26 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Goldmine+Magazine%3A+Record+Collector+%26+Music+Memorabilia&rft.atitle=Collector%27s+Corner%3A+The+History+Of+The+Eight-Track+Tape&rft.date=2005-12-23&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.goldminemag.com%2Fcollector-resources%2Fcollectors-corner-the-history-of-the-eight-track-tape&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Daniel-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Daniel_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEric_D._DanielC._Dennis_MeeMark_H._Clark1999" class="citation book cs1">Eric D. Daniel; C. Dennis Mee; Mark H. 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The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7803-4709-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7803-4709-0"><bdi>978-0-7803-4709-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Magnetic+Recording%3A+The+First+100+Years&rft.pub=The+Institute+of+Electrical+and+Electronics+Engineers&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-7803-4709-0&rft.au=Eric+D.+Daniel&rft.au=C.+Dennis+Mee&rft.au=Mark+H.+Clark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmagneticrecordin00eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-History_of_Compact_Cassette-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-History_of_Compact_Cassette_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-History_of_Compact_Cassette_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-History_of_Compact_Cassette_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-History_of_Compact_Cassette_28-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-History_of_Compact_Cassette_28-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vintagecassettes.com/_history/history.htm">"History of Compact Cassette"</a>. Vintage Cassettes. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110226024807/http://vintagecassettes.com/_history/history.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Compact+Cassette&rft.pub=Vintage+Cassettes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvintagecassettes.com%2F_history%2Fhistory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaire2009" class="citation news cs1">Haire, Meaghan (1 July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120609160346/http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1907884,00.html">"<i>A Brief History of The Walkman</i>"</a>. <i>Time</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1907884,00.html">the original</a> on 9 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=A+Brief+History+of+The+Walkman&rft.date=2009-07-01&rft.aulast=Haire&rft.aufirst=Meaghan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fnation%2Farticle%2F0%2C8599%2C1907884%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_History_of_Recorded_Music-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_History_of_Recorded_Music_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_History_of_Recorded_Music_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soc.duke.edu/~s142tm01/history4.html">"The History of Recorded Music"</a>. Music Cd Industry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120824175418/http://www.soc.duke.edu/~s142tm01/history4.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Recorded+Music&rft.pub=Music+Cd+Industry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.soc.duke.edu%2F~s142tm01%2Fhistory4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Death_of_the_Demo_Tape_(At_Last)-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Death_of_the_Demo_Tape_(At_Last)_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wfmu.org/~davem/docs/demotape.html">"Demo Tapes"</a>. Dave Mandl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303230604/http://wfmu.org/~davem/docs/demotape.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Demo+Tapes&rft.pub=Dave+Mandl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwfmu.org%2F~davem%2Fdocs%2Fdemotape.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mixtape_History-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mixtape_History_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mixtape_History_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mixtape_History_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120201175303/http://www.mtv.com/bands/m/mixtape/news_feature_021003/index8.jhtml">"Mixtape History"</a>. MTV. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mtv.com/bands/m/mixtape/news_feature_021003/index8.jhtml">the original</a> on 1 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mixtape+History&rft.pub=MTV&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mtv.com%2Fbands%2Fm%2Fmixtape%2Fnews_feature_021003%2Findex8.jhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cassette_Revival-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cassette_Revival_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mediageek.net/tag/cassette-revival">"Cassette Revival"</a>. Mediageek. 28 December 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111118002959/http://www.mediageek.net/tag/cassette-revival/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cassette+Revival&rft.pub=Mediageek&rft.date=2009-12-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mediageek.net%2Ftag%2Fcassette-revival&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_history_of_the_CD_-_The_beginning-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_history_of_the_CD_-_The_beginning_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_history_of_the_CD_-_The_beginning_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.research.philips.com/technologies/projects/cd/index.html">"The history of the CD – The beginning"</a>. Philips Research. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210601043512/https://www.philips.com/a-w/research/home">Archived</a> from the original on 1 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+history+of+the+CD+%E2%80%93+The+beginning&rft.pub=Philips+Research&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.research.philips.com%2Ftechnologies%2Fprojects%2Fcd%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Us_Album_Sales-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Us_Album_Sales_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120205113137/http://www.digitalmusicnews.com/stories/012709album">"Scary Stat: Album Sales Down 54.6 Percent Since 2000..."</a> Digital Music News. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digitalmusicnews.com/stories/012709album">the original</a> on 5 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scary+Stat%3A+Album+Sales+Down+54.6+Percent+Since+2000...&rft.pub=Digital+Music+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.digitalmusicnews.com%2Fstories%2F012709album&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.discogs.com/JJ-Cale-Okie/release/2982662">"JJ-Cale-Okie"</a>. <i>Discogs</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160310185238/https://www.discogs.com/JJ-Cale-Okie/release/2982662">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Discogs&rft.atitle=JJ-Cale-Okie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.discogs.com%2FJJ-Cale-Okie%2Frelease%2F2982662&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/culture-obituaries/music-obituaries/10207642/JJ-Cale.html">"JJ Cale Obituary"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. 28 July 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180916055824/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/culture-obituaries/music-obituaries/10207642/JJ-Cale.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=JJ+Cale+Obituary&rft.date=2013-07-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fobituaries%2Fculture-obituaries%2Fmusic-obituaries%2F10207642%2FJJ-Cale.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p6-UYTO7l1MC&pg=PA75">"100 Greatest Albums: 16 Beck Odelay"</a>. <i>Spin</i>: 75. July 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191215082603/https://books.google.com/books?id=p6-UYTO7l1MC&pg=PA75">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spin&rft.atitle=100+Greatest+Albums%3A+16+Beck+Odelay&rft.pages=75&rft.date=2008-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp6-UYTO7l1MC%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7RMEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA11">"UK Fave Tom McRae Bows In States Via Arista"</a>. <i>Billboard</i>. 18 August 2001. p. 11. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190405220006/https://books.google.com/books?id=7RMEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA11">Archived</a> from the original on 5 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=UK+Fave+Tom+McRae+Bows+In+States+Via+Arista&rft.pages=11&rft.date=2001-08-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7RMEAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatt_Fowler2014" class="citation web cs1">Matt Fowler (14 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mic.com/articles/78949/15-legendary-albums-that-were-recorded-in-bedrooms-kitchens-and-garages">"15 Legendary Albums That Were Recorded in Bedrooms, Kitchens, and Garages"</a>. <i>Mic</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208071225/http://mic.com/articles/78949/15-legendary-albums-that-were-recorded-in-bedrooms-kitchens-and-garages">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mic&rft.atitle=15+Legendary+Albums+That+Were+Recorded+in+Bedrooms%2C+Kitchens%2C+and+Garages&rft.date=2014-01-14&rft.au=Matt+Fowler&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmic.com%2Farticles%2F78949%2F15-legendary-albums-that-were-recorded-in-bedrooms-kitchens-and-garages&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Duncan2015" class="citation web cs1">Michael Duncan (12 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sonicscoop.com/2015/02/12/10-classic-albums-made-outside-the-recording-studio/">"10 Classic Albums Made Outside the Recording Studio"</a>. <i>sonicscoop.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208114950/http://www.sonicscoop.com/2015/02/12/10-classic-albums-made-outside-the-recording-studio/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sonicscoop.com&rft.atitle=10+Classic+Albums+Made+Outside+the+Recording+Studio&rft.date=2015-02-12&rft.au=Michael+Duncan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sonicscoop.com%2F2015%2F02%2F12%2F10-classic-albums-made-outside-the-recording-studio%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTyler_Kane2012" class="citation web cs1">Tyler Kane (17 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pastemagazine.com/blogs/lists/2012/01/10-great-albums-recorded-at-home.html">"10 Great Albums Recorded at Home"</a>. <i>pastemagazine.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151126053546/http://www.pastemagazine.com/blogs/lists/2012/01/10-great-albums-recorded-at-home.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pastemagazine.com&rft.atitle=10+Great+Albums+Recorded+at+Home&rft.date=2012-01-17&rft.au=Tyler+Kane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pastemagazine.com%2Fblogs%2Flists%2F2012%2F01%2F10-great-albums-recorded-at-home.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruce_Bastin1995" class="citation book cs1">Bruce Bastin (1 January 1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/redriverblues00bruc"><i>Red River Blues: The Blues Tradition in the Southeast</i></a></span>. University of Illinois Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/redriverblues00bruc/page/64">64</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Red+River+Blues%3A+The+Blues+Tradition+in+the+Southeast&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1995-01-01&rft.au=Bruce+Bastin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fredriverblues00bruc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thevinylfactory.com/vinyl-factory-news/rare-soul-album-recorded-in-a-prison-gets-reissue/">"Rare 1979 soul album recorded in a prison gets reissue"</a>. <i>thevinylfactory.com</i>. 19 August 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208165112/http://www.thevinylfactory.com/vinyl-factory-news/rare-soul-album-recorded-in-a-prison-gets-reissue/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thevinylfactory.com&rft.atitle=Rare+1979+soul+album+recorded+in+a+prison+gets+reissue&rft.date=2015-08-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thevinylfactory.com%2Fvinyl-factory-news%2Frare-soul-album-recorded-in-a-prison-gets-reissue%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBob_Buontempo2013" class="citation web cs1">Bob Buontempo (16 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prosoundweb.com/article/print/can_grammy_winning_recordings_be_made_in_a_home_studio">"Can Award-Winning Recordings Be Made In A Home Studio?"</a>. <i>prosoundweb.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090830220032/http://www.prosoundweb.com/article/print/can_grammy_winning_recordings_be_made_in_a_home_studio">Archived</a> from the original on 30 August 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=prosoundweb.com&rft.atitle=Can+Award-Winning+Recordings+Be+Made+In+A+Home+Studio%3F&rft.date=2013-05-16&rft.au=Bob+Buontempo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prosoundweb.com%2Farticle%2Fprint%2Fcan_grammy_winning_recordings_be_made_in_a_home_studio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank_Mastropolo2014" class="citation web cs1">Frank Mastropolo (23 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ultimateclassicrock.com/rolling-stones-mobile-studio/">"A Look Back at the Rolling Stones Mobile Studio: 'A Watershed Moment in Recording Technology'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>ultimateclassicrock.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208192255/http://ultimateclassicrock.com/rolling-stones-mobile-studio/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ultimateclassicrock.com&rft.atitle=A+Look+Back+at+the+Rolling+Stones+Mobile+Studio%3A+%27A+Watershed+Moment+in+Recording+Technology%27&rft.date=2014-10-23&rft.au=Frank+Mastropolo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fultimateclassicrock.com%2Frolling-stones-mobile-studio%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.redlightrecords.com/live-v-multi.html">"Live Vs. Multitrack"</a>. <i>redlightrecords.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210526093439/http://www.redlightrecords.com/live-v-multi.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=redlightrecords.com&rft.atitle=Live+Vs.+Multitrack&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.redlightrecords.com%2Flive-v-multi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeil_Rogers2017" class="citation web cs1">Neil Rogers (January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.soundonsound.com/techniques/session-notes-live-band-studio">"Session Notes: A Live Band In The Studio"</a>. <i>Sound On Sound</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210526093448/https://www.soundonsound.com/techniques/session-notes-live-band-studio">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sound+On+Sound&rft.atitle=Session+Notes%3A+A+Live+Band+In+The+Studio&rft.date=2017-01&rft.au=Neil+Rogers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.soundonsound.com%2Ftechniques%2Fsession-notes-live-band-studio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/live%20album">"Live album"</a>. <i>Merriam-Webster</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210526093438/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/live%20album">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster&rft.atitle=Live+album&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Flive%2520album&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreg_Moskovitch2021" class="citation web cs1">Greg Moskovitch (3 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tonedeaf.thebrag.com/truth-behind-live-albums/">"The shocking truth behind your favourite live albums"</a>. <i>tonedeaf.thebrag.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210526093438/https://tonedeaf.thebrag.com/truth-behind-live-albums/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tonedeaf.thebrag.com&rft.atitle=The+shocking+truth+behind+your+favourite+live+albums&rft.date=2021-02-03&rft.au=Greg+Moskovitch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftonedeaf.thebrag.com%2Ftruth-behind-live-albums%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruce_Eder" class="citation web cs1">Bruce Eder. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/album/live-at-carnegie-hall-1938-complete-mw0000671550">"Live at Carnegie Hall: 1938 Complete"</a>. <i>AllMusic</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210526095124/https://www.allmusic.com/album/live-at-carnegie-hall-1938-complete-mw0000671550">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=Live+at+Carnegie+Hall%3A+1938+Complete&rft.au=Bruce+Eder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Falbum%2Flive-at-carnegie-hall-1938-complete-mw0000671550&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CG-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CG_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristgau1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Christgau" title="Robert Christgau">Christgau, Robert</a> (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/bk-cg70/criteria.php">"The Criteria"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Christgau%27s_Record_Guide:_Rock_Albums_of_the_Seventies" title="Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies">Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Ticknor_%26_Fields" class="mw-redirect" title="Ticknor & Fields">Ticknor & Fields</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0899190251" title="Special:BookSources/0899190251"><bdi>0899190251</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190406135248/https://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/bk-cg70/criteria.php">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2019</span> – via robertchristgau.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Criteria&rft.btitle=Christgau%27s+Record+Guide%3A+Rock+Albums+of+the+Seventies&rft.pub=Ticknor+%26+Fields&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0899190251&rft.aulast=Christgau&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.robertchristgau.com%2Fxg%2Fbk-cg70%2Fcriteria.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChris_Steffen2015" class="citation web cs1">Chris Steffen (23 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allmusic.com/blog/post/nathan-east-eric-clapton">"Bassist Nathan East on Eric Clapton and "Change the World," Plus, Watch His Documentary"</a>. <i>AllMusic</i>. Rovi Corporation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171107155847/https://www.allmusic.com/blog/post/nathan-east-eric-clapton">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=Bassist+Nathan+East+on+Eric+Clapton+and+%22Change+the+World%2C%22+Plus%2C+Watch+His+Documentary&rft.date=2015-01-23&rft.au=Chris+Steffen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Fblog%2Fpost%2Fnathan-east-eric-clapton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://garthbrooks.com/music/double-live">"Double Live"</a>. <i>Garth Brooks</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210526104947/https://garthbrooks.com/music/double-live">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Garth+Brooks&rft.atitle=Double+Live&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgarthbrooks.com%2Fmusic%2Fdouble-live&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChris_O'Leary2019" class="citation book cs1">Chris O'Leary (13 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TGKCDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT163"><i>Ashes to Ashes: The Songs of David Bowie, 1976–2016</i></a>. Watkins. p. 163. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781912248360" title="Special:BookSources/9781912248360"><bdi>9781912248360</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210526104946/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TGKCDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT163">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ashes+to+Ashes%3A+The+Songs+of+David+Bowie%2C+1976%E2%80%932016&rft.pages=163&rft.pub=Watkins&rft.date=2019-02-13&rft.isbn=9781912248360&rft.au=Chris+O%27Leary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTGKCDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Billboard Magazine</i> (5 April 1947), p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jay Warner, <i>On this day in music history</i> (2004), p. 323.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dave Zimmer, <i>4 way street: the Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young reader</i> (2004), p. 218.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShane_Homan2006" class="citation book cs1">Shane Homan (1 September 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l5bkYhQJz_QC&pg=PA4"><i>Access All Eras: Tribute Bands and Global Pop Culture</i></a>. McGraw-Hill Education. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780335229864" title="Special:BookSources/9780335229864"><bdi>9780335229864</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210601043458/https://books.google.com/books?id=l5bkYhQJz_QC&pg=PA4">Archived</a> from the original on 1 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Access+All+Eras%3A+Tribute+Bands+and+Global+Pop+Culture&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Education&rft.date=2006-09-01&rft.isbn=9780335229864&rft.au=Shane+Homan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl5bkYhQJz_QC%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/album" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/album"><i>album</i></a> at Wiktionary</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Music_albums" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Music albums">Music albums</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Music_topics" title="Template:Music topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Music_topics" title="Template talk:Music topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Music_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Music topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Music" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">Music</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_music" title="History of music">History of music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_music" title="Prehistoric music">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_music" title="Ancient music">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_music" title="Dance music">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_music" title="Martial music">Martial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_music" title="Religious music">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_music_in_the_biblical_period" title="History of music in the biblical period">Biblical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_music" title="Secular music">Secular</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Art_music" title="Art music">Art music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Klasik" title="Klasik">Afghan classical music—Klasik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andalusi_classical_music" title="Andalusi classical music">Andalusi classical music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_music" title="Arabic music">Arabic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mugham" title="Mugham">Azerbaijani Mugham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81g%C4%ABta" title="Mahāgīta">Burmese classical music—Mahāgīta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinpeat" title="Pinpeat">Cambodian ceremonial music—Pinpeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_traditional_music" title="Chinese traditional music">Chinese traditional music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_music" title="Indian classical music">Indian classical music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_music" title="Byzantine music">Byzantine music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamelan" title="Gamelan">Indonesian art music—Gamelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagaku" title="Gagaku">Japanese court music—Gagaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_court_music" title="Korean court music">Korean court music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_classical_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Lao classical music">Lao classical music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griot" title="Griot">Mandé art music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_music" title="Ottoman music">Ottoman music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_traditional_music" title="Persian traditional music">Persian classical music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundiman" title="Kundiman">Philippine art songs—Kundiman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pibroch" title="Pibroch">Scottish Ceòl Mór</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandyan_dance" title="Kandyan dance">Kandyan dance of Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piphat" title="Piphat">Thai classical music—Piphat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nh%C3%A3_nh%E1%BA%A1c" title="Nhã nhạc">Vietnam imperial court music—Nhã nhạc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">Western classical music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vernacular_music" title="Vernacular music">Vernacular<br />music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circus_music" title="Circus music">Circus music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">Folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">Blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">Country music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">Electronic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">Hip hop music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">Jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">Pop music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_music" title="Progressive music">Progressive music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_music" title="Psychedelic music">Psychedelic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_music" title="Soul music">Soul music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">Musical instruments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arched_Harp" class="mw-redirect" title="Arched Harp">Arched Harp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angular_harp" title="Angular harp">Angular harp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_harpsichord" title="History of the harpsichord">History of the harpsichord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_lute-family_instruments" title="History of lute-family instruments">History of lute-family instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafir" title="Nafir">Nafir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_timpani_in_the_18th_and_19th_centuries" title="Evolution of timpani in the 18th and 19th centuries">Evolution of timpani in the 18th and 19th centuries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_trumpet" title="History of the trumpet">History of the trumpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_violin" title="History of the violin">History of the violin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musician" title="Musician">Musician</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Musical_ensemble" title="Musical ensemble">Ensembles</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Band_(rock_and_pop)" title="Band (rock and pop)">Band (rock and pop)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backup_band" title="Backup band">Backup band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-female_band" title="All-female band">All-female band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_section" title="Rhythm section">Rhythm section</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_band" title="Big band">Big band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_band" title="Concert band">Concert band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disc_jockey" title="Disc jockey">Disc jockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_band" title="Military band">Military band</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lead_vocalist" title="Lead vocalist">Lead vocalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backing_vocalist" title="Backing vocalist">Backing vocalist</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_theory" title="Music theory">Theory</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Musical_composition" title="Musical composition">Composition</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musical_form" title="Musical form">Form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_genre" title="Music genre">Genre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_notation" title="Musical notation">Notation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_improvisation" title="Musical improvisation">Improvisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyrics" title="Lyrics">Lyrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing" title="Singing">Singing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song" title="Song">Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_technique" title="Musical technique">Technique</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Music_education" title="Music education">Education</a> and study</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Music" title="Bachelor of Music">Bachelor of Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Music" title="Master of Music">Master of Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Musical_Arts" title="Doctor of Musical Arts">Doctor of Musical Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">PhD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Method_(music)" title="Method (music)">Method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_archaeology" title="Music archaeology">Music archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history" title="Music history">Music history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_psychology" title="Music psychology">Music psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_school" title="Music school">Music school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Composition_school" title="Composition school">Composition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musicology" title="Musicology">Musicology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biomusicology" title="Biomusicology">Biomusicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_musicology" title="Cognitive musicology">Cognitive musicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_musicology" title="Computational musicology">Computational musicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecomusicology" title="Ecomusicology">Ecomusicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomusicology" title="Ethnomusicology">Ethnomusicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_musicology" title="New musicology">New musicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organology" title="Organology">Organology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociomusicology" title="Sociomusicology">Sociomusicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoomusicology" title="Zoomusicology">Zoomusicology</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_(music)" title="Single (music)">Single</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A-side_and_B-side" title="A-side and B-side">A-side and B-side</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_play" title="Extended play">Extended play</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compilation_album" title="Compilation album">Compilation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Live">Live</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remix_album" title="Remix album">Remix</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_engineer" title="Audio engineer">Audio engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_label" title="Record label">Record label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_producer" title="Record producer">Record producer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampling_(music)" title="Sampling (music)">Sampling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_technology_(electric)" title="Music technology (electric)">Music technology (electric)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_technology_(electronic_and_digital)" title="Music technology (electronic and digital)">Music technology (electronic and digital)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproduction" title="Sound recording and reproduction">Sound recording and reproduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cover_version" title="Cover version">Cover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remix" title="Remix">Remix</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cultural_and_regional_genres_of_music" title="List of cultural and regional genres of music">Cultural and <br />regional genres</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Africa" title="Music of Africa">African</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_Central_Africa" title="Category:Music of Central Africa">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_East_Africa" title="Category:Music of East Africa">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_North_Africa" title="Music of North Africa">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_Southern_Africa" title="Category:Music of Southern Africa">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_West_Africa" title="Music of West Africa">West</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Asia" title="Music of Asia">Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Central_Asia" title="Music of Central Asia">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_East_Asia" title="Category:Music of East Asia">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_music" title="Middle Eastern music">Middle Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_South_Asia" title="Category:Music of South Asia">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Southeast_Asia" title="Music of Southeast Asia">Southeast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_Europe" title="Category:Music of Europe">European</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_music" title="Balkan music">Balkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_folk_music" title="Nordic folk music">Nordic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Latin_America" title="Music of Latin America">Latin American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_Central_America" title="Category:Music of Central America">Central American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_South_America" title="Category:Music of South America">South American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_North_America" title="Category:Music of North America">North American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_music_genres" title="List of Caribbean music genres">Caribbean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_Oceania" title="Category:Music of Oceania">Oceanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Melanesia" title="Music of Melanesia">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Micronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Micronesia">Micronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Polynesia" title="Music of Polynesia">Polynesian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By sovereign state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Afghanistan" title="Music of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Albania" title="Music of Albania">Albania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Algeria" title="Music of Algeria">Algeria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Andorra" title="Music of Andorra">Andorra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Angola" title="Music of Angola">Angola</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Music of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Argentina" title="Music of Argentina">Argentina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Armenia" title="Music of Armenia">Armenia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Australia" title="Music of Australia">Australia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Austria" title="Music of Austria">Austria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Azerbaijan" title="Music of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Bahamas" title="Music of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bahrain" title="Music of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bangladesh" title="Music of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Barbados" title="Music of Barbados">Barbados</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Belarus" title="Music of Belarus">Belarus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Belgium" title="Music of Belgium">Belgium</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Belize" title="Music of Belize">Belize</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Benin" title="Music of Benin">Benin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bhutan" title="Music of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bolivia" title="Music of Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Music of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Botswana" title="Music of Botswana">Botswana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brazil" title="Music of Brazil">Brazil</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brunei" title="Music of Brunei">Brunei</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bulgaria" title="Music of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Music of Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Burundi" title="Music of Burundi">Burundi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cambodia" title="Music of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cameroon" title="Music of Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Canada" title="Music of Canada">Canada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cape_Verde" title="Music of Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Music of the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Chad" title="Music of Chad">Chad</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Chile" title="Music of Chile">Chile</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_China" title="Music of China">China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Colombia" title="Music of Colombia">Colombia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Comoros" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Comoros">Comoros</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Costa_Rica" title="Music of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Croatia" title="Music of Croatia">Croatia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cuba" title="Music of Cuba">Cuba</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cyprus" title="Music of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Music of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Music of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Denmark" title="Music of Denmark">Denmark</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Djibouti" title="Music of Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Dominica" title="Music of Dominica">Dominica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Music of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_East_Timor" title="Music of East Timor">East Timor</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ecuador" title="Music of Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Egypt" title="Music of Egypt">Egypt</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_El_Salvador" title="Music of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Music of Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Eritrea" title="Music of Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Estonia" title="Music of Estonia">Estonia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Eswatini" title="Music of Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ethiopia" title="Music of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of the Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Fiji" title="Music of Fiji">Fiji</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Finland" title="Music of Finland">Finland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_France" title="Music of France">France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Gabon" title="Music of Gabon">Gabon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Gambia" title="Music of the Gambia">Gambia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Music of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Germany" title="Music of Germany">Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ghana" title="Music of Ghana">Ghana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Greece" title="Music of Greece">Greece</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Grenada" title="Music of Grenada">Grenada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guatemala" title="Music of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guinea" title="Music of Guinea">Guinea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guinea-Bissau" title="Music of Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guyana" title="Music of Guyana">Guyana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Haiti" title="Music of Haiti">Haiti</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Honduras" title="Music of Honduras">Honduras</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Hungary" title="Music of Hungary">Hungary</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iceland" title="Music of Iceland">Iceland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_India" title="Music of India">India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Indonesia" title="Music of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iran" title="Music of Iran">Iran</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iraq" title="Music of Iraq">Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Israel" title="Music of Israel">Israel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Italy" title="Music of Italy">Italy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ivory_Coast" title="Music of Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Jamaica" title="Music of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Japan" title="Music of Japan">Japan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Jordan" title="Music of Jordan">Jordan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kazakhstan" title="Music of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kenya" title="Music of Kenya">Kenya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kiribati" title="Music of Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kosovo" title="Music of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kuwait" title="Music of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Music of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Laos" title="Music of Laos">Laos</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Latvia" title="Music of Latvia">Latvia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Lebanon" title="Music of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Lesotho" title="Music of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Liberia" title="Music of Liberia">Liberia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Libya" title="Music of Libya">Libya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Liechtenstein" title="Music of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Lithuania" title="Music of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Luxembourg" title="Music of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Madagascar" title="Music of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Malawi" title="Music of Malawi">Malawi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Malaysia" title="Music of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Maldives">Maldives</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mali" title="Music of Mali">Mali</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Malta" title="Music of Malta">Malta</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Music of the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mauritania" title="Music of Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mauritius" title="Music of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mexico" title="Music of Mexico">Mexico</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Moldova" title="Music of Moldova">Moldova</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Monaco" title="Music of Monaco">Monaco</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mongolia" title="Music of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Morocco" title="Music of Morocco">Morocco</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mozambique" title="Music of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Myanmar" title="Music of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Namibia" title="Music of Namibia">Namibia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nauru" title="Music of Nauru">Nauru</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nepal" title="Music of Nepal">Nepal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Netherlands" title="Music of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_New_Zealand" title="Music of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nicaragua" title="Music of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Niger" title="Music of Niger">Niger</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria" title="Music of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_North_Korea" title="Music of North Korea">North Korea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_North_Macedonia" title="Music of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Norway" title="Music of Norway">Norway</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Oman" title="Music of Oman">Oman</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Pakistan" title="Music of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Palau" title="Music of Palau">Palau</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Palestine" title="Music of Palestine">Palestine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Panama" title="Music of Panama">Panama</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Music of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Paraguay" title="Music of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Peru" title="Music of Peru">Peru</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Philippines" title="Music of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Poland" title="Music of Poland">Poland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Portugal" title="Music of Portugal">Portugal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Qatar" title="Music of Qatar">Qatar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Music of the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Romania" title="Music of Romania">Romania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Russia" title="Music of Russia">Russia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Rwanda" title="Music of Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Music of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Music of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Music of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Samoa" title="Music of Samoa">Samoa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_San_Marino" title="Music of San Marino">San Marino</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Music of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Senegal" title="Music of Senegal">Senegal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Serbia" title="Music of Serbia">Serbia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Seychelles" title="Music of Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Music of Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Singapore" title="Music of Singapore">Singapore</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Slovakia" title="Music of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Slovenia" title="Music of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Solomon_Islands" title="Music of Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Somalia" title="Music of Somalia">Somalia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_South_Africa" title="Music of South Africa">South Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_South_Korea" title="Music of South Korea">South Korea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_South_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Spain" title="Music of Spain">Spain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Music of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sudan" title="Music of Sudan">Sudan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Suriname" title="Music of Suriname">Suriname</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sweden" title="Music of Sweden">Sweden</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Switzerland" title="Music of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Syria" title="Music of Syria">Syria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Music of São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Taiwan" title="Music of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tajikistan" title="Music of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tanzania" title="Music of Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Thailand" title="Music of Thailand">Thailand</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Togo" title="Music of Togo">Togo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tonga" title="Music of Tonga">Tonga</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Music of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tunisia" title="Music of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Turkey" title="Music of Turkey">Turkey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Turkmenistan" title="Music of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tuvalu" title="Music of Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Uganda" title="Music of Uganda">Uganda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ukraine" title="Music of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Music of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Music of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States" title="Music of the United States">United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Uruguay" title="Music of Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Uzbekistan" title="Music of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Vanuatu" title="Music of Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Vatican_City" title="Music of Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Venezuela" title="Music of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Vietnam" title="Music of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Western_Sahara" title="Music of Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Yemen" title="Music of Yemen">Yemen</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Zambia" title="Music of Zambia">Zambia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Zimbabwe" title="Music of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_music_articles" title="Index of music articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_music" title="Outline of music">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_musical_events" title="Timeline of musical events">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_albums" title="Lists of albums">Albums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_classical_and_art_music_traditions" title="List of classical and art music traditions">Classical and art music traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_classical_music_genres" title="List of classical music genres">Classical music genres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cultural_and_regional_genres_of_music" title="List of cultural and regional genres of music">Cultural and regional genres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_musical_instruments" title="List of musical instruments">Instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_jazz_and_popular_music" title="Glossary of jazz and popular music">Jazz and popular music glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_genres_and_styles" title="List of music genres and styles">Music genres and styles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_songs" title="Lists of songs">Songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_music_terminology" title="Glossary of music terminology">Terminology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics_of_music" title="Aesthetics of music">Aesthetics of music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Album_era" title="Album era">Album era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_music" title="Fictional music">Fictional music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_emotion" title="Music and emotion">Music and emotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_fashion" title="Music and fashion">Music and fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_industry" title="Music industry">Music industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_politics" title="Music and politics">Music and politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_political_warfare" title="Music and political warfare">Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism_in_music" title="Environmentalism in music">Environmentalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_festival" title="Music festival">Music festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_technology" title="Music technology">Music technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_therapy" title="Music therapy">Music therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">Musical instrument</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument_classification" title="Musical instrument classification">Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_instrument" title="Folk instrument">Folk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_music" title="Women in music">Women in music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/6px-GClef.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/8px-GClef.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/11px-GClef.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="41" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Music" title="Portal:Music">Music portal</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/16px-45_record.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/24px-45_record.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/32px-45_record.png 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Record_production" title="Portal:Record production">Record production portal</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Music" title="Category:Music">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Music_industry" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Music_industry" title="Template:Music industry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Music_industry" title="Template talk:Music industry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Music_industry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Music industry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Music_industry" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Music_industry" title="Music industry">Music industry</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major companies<br />and organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Representatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asociaci%C3%B3n_Mexicana_de_Productores_de_Fonogramas_y_Videogramas" title="Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas">AMPROFON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Recording_Industry_Association" title="Australian Recording Industry Association">ARIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundesverband_Musikindustrie" title="Bundesverband Musikindustrie">BVMI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry" title="British Phonographic Industry">BPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_Canada" title="Music Canada">Music Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federazione_Industria_Musicale_Italiana" title="Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana">FIMI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_the_Phonographic_Industry" title="International Federation of the Phonographic Industry">IFPI (worldwide)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-M%C3%BAsica_Brasil" title="Pro-Música Brasil">PMB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Productores_de_M%C3%BAsica_de_Espa%C3%B1a" title="Productores de Música de España">PROMUSICAE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RIAA_certification" title="RIAA certification">RIAA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SNEP" title="SNEP">SNEP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publishers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BMG_Rights_Management" title="BMG Rights Management">BMG Rights Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Music_Publishing" title="Sony Music Publishing">Sony Music Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Music_Publishing_Group" title="Universal Music Publishing Group">Universal Music Publishing Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warner_Chappell_Music" title="Warner Chappell Music">Warner Chappell Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disney_Music_Publishing" title="Disney Music Publishing">Disney Music Publishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Record labels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Record_label#Major_labels" title="Record label">Major</a></b></i>: <a href="/wiki/Sony_Music" title="Sony Music">Sony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Music_Group" title="Universal Music Group">Universal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warner_Music_Group" title="Warner Music Group">Warner</a></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Independent_record_label" title="Independent record label">Independent</a></b></i>: <a href="/wiki/Concord_(entertainment_company)" title="Concord (entertainment company)">Concord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_independent_UK_record_labels" title="List of independent UK record labels">Independent UK record labels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Artists_Music_Group" title="Allied Artists Music Group">AAMG</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Retailers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_music_store" title="Digital music store">Digital music stores</a> (<a href="/wiki/ITunes_Store" title="ITunes Store">iTunes Store</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fnac" title="Fnac">Fnac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMV" title="HMV">HMV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaspien" title="Kaspien">Kaspien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Megastores" title="Virgin Megastores">Virgin Megastores</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Live music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CTS_Eventim" title="CTS Eventim">CTS Eventim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_Nation_Entertainment" title="Live Nation Entertainment">Live Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LiveStyle" title="LiveStyle">LiveStyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticketmaster" title="Ticketmaster">Ticketmaster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_genres_and_styles" title="List of music genres and styles">Major genres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">Blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easy_listening" title="Easy listening">Easy listening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">Electronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_music" title="Experimental music">Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">Hip hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">Jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_music" title="Latin music">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal music">Metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New-age_music" title="New-age music">New Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">Pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae">Reggae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">Rhythm and blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_music" title="World music">World</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sectors<br />and roles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Album_cover#Design" title="Album cover">Album cover design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artists_and_repertoire" title="Artists and repertoire">Artists and repertoire (A&R)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disc_jockey" title="Disc jockey">Disc jockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_industry#Business_structure" title="Music industry">Distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_law" title="Entertainment law">Entertainment law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_education" title="Music education">Music education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_executive" title="Music executive">Music executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_fashion" title="Music and fashion">Music and fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_journalism" title="Music journalism">Music journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_publisher" title="Music publisher">Music publisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_store" title="Music store">Music store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_venue" title="Music venue">Music venue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">Musical instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_audio_store" title="Professional audio store">Professional audio store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promoter_(entertainment)" title="Promoter (entertainment)">Promotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_promotion" title="Radio promotion">Radio promotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_label" title="Record label">Record label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_shop" title="Record shop">Record shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_crew" title="Road crew">Road crew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talent_manager" title="Talent manager">Talent manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tour_promoter" title="Tour promoter">Tour promoter</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Production" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrangement" title="Arrangement">Arrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songwriter" title="Songwriter">Songwriter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Composer" title="Composer">Composer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyricist" title="Lyricist">Lyricist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conducting" title="Conducting">Conductor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disc_jockey" title="Disc jockey">Disc jockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_production" title="Hip hop production">Hip hop producer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horn_section" title="Horn section">Horn section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_producer" title="Record producer">Record producer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_section" title="Rhythm section">Rhythm section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchestration" title="Orchestration">Orchestrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Session_musician" title="Session musician">Session musician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backing_vocalist" title="Backing vocalist">Backup singer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_singer" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghost singer">Ghost singer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_coach" title="Vocal coach">Vocal coach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghostwriter" title="Ghostwriter">Ghostwriter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_engineer" title="Audio engineer">Sound engineer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Recording_format" title="Recording format">Release<br />formats</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_(music)" title="Single (music)">Single</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Extended_play" title="Extended play">Extended play (EP)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Twelve-inch_single" title="Twelve-inch single">12" single</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cassette_single" title="Cassette single">Cassette single</a>, <a href="/wiki/CD_single" title="CD single">CD single</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maxi_single" title="Maxi single">Maxi single</a>)</small></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Album</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_album" title="Double album">Double album</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mixtape" title="Mixtape">Mixtape</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_video" title="Music video">Music video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promotional_recording" title="Promotional recording">Promotional recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonograph_record" title="Phonograph record">Phonograph record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8-track_cartridge" title="8-track cartridge">Eight-track</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_Cassette" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact Cassette">Compact cassette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airplay" title="Airplay">Airplay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_download" title="Music download">Music download</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_streaming_service" title="Music streaming service">Music streaming service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Live shows</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concert" title="Concert">Concert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_tour" title="Concert tour">Concert tour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_residency" title="Concert residency">Concert residency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_festival" title="Music festival">Music festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_competition" title="Music competition">Music competition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Record_chart" title="Record chart">Charts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARIA_Charts" title="ARIA Charts">ARIA Charts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100" title="Billboard Hot 100"><i>Billboard</i> Hot 100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentina_Hot_100" title="Argentina Hot 100"><i>Billboard</i> Argentina Hot 100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brasil_Hot_100" title="Brasil Hot 100"><i>Billboard</i> Brasil Hot 100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Hot_100" title="Canadian Hot 100">Canadian Hot 100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circle_Chart" title="Circle Chart">Circle Chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G-Music" title="G-Music">G-Music chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Singles_Chart" title="Irish Singles Chart">Irish Singles Chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federazione_Industria_Musicale_Italiana" title="Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana">Italian singles chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GfK_Entertainment_charts" title="GfK Entertainment charts">GfK Entertainment charts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_Monitoring_Africa" title="Entertainment Monitoring Africa">Entertainment Monitoring Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oricon" title="Oricon">Oricon charts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_New_Zealand_Music_Chart" title="Official New Zealand Music Chart">New Zealand singles chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone_charts" title="Rolling Stone charts"><i>Rolling Stone</i> Top 100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino_Chart" title="Sino Chart">Sino Chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SNEP" title="SNEP">SNEP singles chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sverigetopplistan" title="Sverigetopplistan">Sverigetopplistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_singles_chart" title="UK singles chart">UK singles chart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)" title="Billboard (magazine)">Billboard</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/HitQuarters" title="HitQuarters">HitQuarters</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hot_Press" title="Hot Press">Hot Press</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kerrang!" title="Kerrang!">Kerrang!</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mojo_(magazine)" title="Mojo (magazine)">Mojo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Musica_e_dischi" title="Musica e dischi">Musica e dischi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NME" title="NME">NME</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Q_(magazine)" title="Q (magazine)">Q</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Smash_Hits" title="Smash Hits">Smash Hits</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Top_of_the_Pops_(magazine)" title="Top of the Pops (magazine)">Top of the Pops</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Music_television" title="Music television">Television</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Channels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Channel_V" title="Channel V">Channel V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMT_(American_TV_channel)" title="CMT (American TV channel)">CMT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuse_(TV_channel)" title="Fuse (TV channel)">Fuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mnet_(TV_channel)" title="Mnet (TV channel)">Mnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV" title="MTV">MTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV2" title="MTV2">MTV2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Tres" title="MTV Tres">Tr3s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Much_(TV_channel)" title="Much (TV channel)">MuchMusic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Music_Factory" title="The Music Factory">The Music Factory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VIVA_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="VIVA Media">Viva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VH1" title="VH1">VH1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Country_Network" title="The Country Network">The Country Network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Idol_(franchise)" title="Idol (franchise)"><i>Idol</i> franchise</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Popstars" title="Popstars">Popstars</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Star_Academy" title="Star Academy">Star Academy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Four_(franchise)" title="The Four (franchise)">The Four</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Voice_(franchise)" title="The Voice (franchise)">The Voice</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_X_Factor" title="The X Factor">The X Factor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rising_Star_(franchise)" title="Rising Star (franchise)">Rising Star</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Achievements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_award" title="Music award">Music award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_music_artists" title="List of best-selling music artists">Best-selling music artists</a> <ul><li>In: <a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_music_artists_in_Brazil" title="List of best-selling music artists in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_music_artists_in_Finland" title="List of best-selling music artists in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-certified_music_artists_in_Germany" title="List of highest-certified music artists in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_music_artists_in_Japan" title="List of best-selling music artists in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_female_music_artists_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of best-selling female music artists in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <small>(Females)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-certified_music_artists_in_the_United_States" title="List of highest-certified music artists in the United States">United States</a></li> <li>Genre: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_Latin_music_artists" title="List of best-selling Latin music artists">Latin</a></li></ul></li> <li>Nationality: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_Belgian_music_artists" title="List of best-selling Belgian music artists">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_music_artists_in_Brazil#Best-selling_Brazilian_artists_worldwide" title="List of best-selling music artists in Brazil">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biggest-selling_British_music_artists" title="List of biggest-selling British music artists">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_estimated_best-selling_Italian_music_artists" title="List of estimated best-selling Italian music artists">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_Swedish_music_artists" title="List of best-selling Swedish music artists">Swedish</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_albums" title="List of best-selling albums">Best-selling albums</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_albums_by_country" title="List of best-selling albums by country">by country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_singles" title="List of best-selling singles">Best-selling singles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_singles_by_country" title="List of best-selling singles by country">by country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forbes_list_of_the_world%27s_highest-paid_musicians" title="Forbes list of the world's highest-paid musicians">Highest-paid musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_live_music_artists" title="List of highest-grossing live music artists">Highest-grossing live music artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_concert_tours" title="List of highest-grossing concert tours">Highest-grossing concert tours</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_concert_tours_by_women" title="List of highest-grossing concert tours by women">by women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_concert_tours_by_Latin_artists" title="List of highest-grossing concert tours by Latin artists">Latin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-attended_concert_tours" title="List of most-attended concert tours">Most-attended concert tours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-attended_concerts" title="List of most-attended concerts">Most-attended concerts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Recording_Artist_of_the_Year" title="Global Recording Artist of the Year">Global Recording Artist of the Year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_artists_by_net_worth" title="List of music artists by net worth">Wealthiest musical artists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Album_era" title="Album era">Album era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Album-equivalent_unit" title="Album-equivalent unit">Album-equivalent unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-side_and_B-side" title="A-side and B-side">A-side and B-side</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backmasking" title="Backmasking">Backmasking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bootleg_recording" title="Bootleg recording">Bootleg recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_music_industry" title="Christian music industry">Christian music industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_music_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of the music industry">Environmental impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidden_track" title="Hidden track">Hidden track</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_music_deals" title="List of largest music deals">Largest music deals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_recorded_music_markets" title="List of largest recorded music markets">Largest recorded music markets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_albums" title="List of most expensive albums">Most expensive albums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_valuable_records" title="List of most valuable records">Most valuable records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_recording_certification" title="Music recording certification">Music certification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_Advisory" title="Parental Advisory">Parental Advisory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_sales" title="Record sales">Record sales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surprise_album" title="Surprise album">Surprise album</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_label" title="White label">White label</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/16px-45_record.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/24px-45_record.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/32px-45_record.png 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> 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