CINXE.COM

<!doctype html><html><head><title>View article</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="referrer" content="always"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1,minimum-scale=1,maximum-scale=2"><meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"><link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon.ico"><meta name="description" content="‪R Agrawal, J Tiwari‬, ‪International Proceedings of Economics Development and Research, 2014‬ - ‪Cited by 7‬"><meta property="og:description" content="‪R Agrawal, J Tiwari‬, ‪International Proceedings of Economics Development and Research, 2014‬ - ‪Cited by 7‬"><meta property="og:title" content="‪The integration of quality management and environmental management-A review‬"><meta property="og:image" content=""><meta property="og:type" content="website"><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary"><style>html,body,form,table,div,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,img,ol,ul,li,button{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;}table{border-collapse:collapse;border-width:0;empty-cells:show;}html,body{height:100%}#gs_top{position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;min-height:100%;min-width:964px;-webkit-tap-highlight-color:rgba(0,0,0,0);}#gs_top>*:not(#x){-webkit-tap-highlight-color:rgba(204,204,204,.5);}.gs_el_ph #gs_top,.gs_el_ta #gs_top{min-width:320px;}#gs_top.gs_nscl{position:fixed;width:100%;}body,td,input,button{font-size:13px;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;line-height:1.24;}body{background:#fff;color:#222;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;-moz-text-size-adjust:none;}.gs_gray{color:#777777}.gs_red{color:#dd4b39}.gs_grn{color:#006621}.gs_lil{font-size:11px}.gs_med{font-size:16px}.gs_hlt{font-weight:bold;}a:link{color:#1a0dab;text-decoration:none}a:visited{color:#660099;text-decoration:none}a:hover,a:hover .gs_lbl{text-decoration:underline}a:active,a:active .gs_lbl,a .gs_lbl:active{color:#d14836}.gs_el_tc a:hover,.gs_el_tc a:hover .gs_lbl{text-decoration:none}.gs_pfcs a:focus,.gs_pfcs button:focus,.gs_pfcs input:focus,.gs_pfcs label:focus{outline:none}.gs_a,.gs_a a:link,.gs_a a:visited{color:#006621}.gs_a a:active{color:#d14836}a.gs_fl:link,.gs_fl a:link{color:#1a0dab}a.gs_fl:visited,.gs_fl a:visited{color:#660099}a.gs_fl:active,.gs_fl a:active{color:#d14836}.gs_fl{color:#777777}.gs_ctc,.gs_ctu{vertical-align:middle;font-size:11px;font-weight:bold}.gs_ctc{color:#1a0dab}.gs_ctg,.gs_ctg2{font-size:13px;font-weight:bold}.gs_ctg{color:#1a0dab}a.gs_pda,.gs_pda a{padding:7px 0 5px 0}.gs_alrt{background:#f9edbe;border:1px solid #f0c36d;padding:0 16px;text-align:center;box-shadow:0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);border-radius:2px;}.gs_alrt:empty{display:none;}.gs_spc{display:inline-block;width:12px}.gs_br{width:0;font-size:0}.gs_ibl{display:inline-block;}.gs_scl:after{content:"";display:table;clear:both;}.gs_ind{padding-left:8px;text-indent:-8px}.gs_ico,.gs_icm{display:inline-block;background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/1x/sprite_20161020.png);background-position:-23px -161px;background-size:169px;width:21px;height:21px;}@media(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio:1.5),(min-resolution:144dpi){.gs_ico,.gs_icm{background-image:url(/intl/en/scholar/images/2x/sprite_20161020.png);}}.gs_el_ta .gs_nta,.gs_ota,.gs_el_ph .gs_nph,.gs_oph{display:none}.gs_el_ta .gs_ota,.gs_el_ph .gs_oph{display:inline}.gs_el_ta div.gs_ota,.gs_el_ph div.gs_oph{display:block}.gs_sth_g{visibility:hidden;max-height:0;}.gs_sth_vis .gs_sth_g{max-height:1000px;}.gs_sth_vis .gs_sth_b{position:fixed;top:0;}.gs_sth_trk .gs_sth_b{position:absolute;top:auto;}@keyframes gs_anm_spin{0%{transform:rotate(0deg);}100%{transform:rotate(360deg);}}.gs_invis{visibility:hidden;}.gs_rimg{display:block;background-color:#e5e5e5;border-radius:50%;overflow:hidden;position:relative;z-index:1;}.gs_rimg>img{position:absolute;margin:auto;left:0;top:0;bottom:0;right:0;}.gs_in_txtw{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;}.gs_in_txtb{display:block;}.gs_in_txt{color:#000;background-color:#fff;font-size:16px;box-sizing:border-box;height:29px;line-height:23px;border:1px solid #d9d9d9;border-top-color:#c0c0c0;padding:3px 6px 1px 8px;border-radius:1px;outline:none;-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:none;}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_txt{font-size:18px;}.gs_in_txtb .gs_in_txt{width:100%;}.gs_in_rnd .gs_in_txt{border-radius:14.5px;padding:3px 12px 1px 12px;}.gs_in_txt:hover{border-color:#b9b9b9;border-top-color:#a0a0a0;box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);}.gs_in_txte .gs_in_txt{border-color:#dd4b39;}.gs_in_txt:focus{border-color:#4d90fe;box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.3);}.gs_in_txt:disabled{color:#b8b8b8;border-color:#f1f1f1;box-shadow:none;}.gs_in_txtm .gs_in_txt{font-size:13px;height:24px;line-height:16px;padding:3px 6px;}.gs_in_txtm.gs_in_rnd .gs_in_txt{border-radius:12px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_txtm .gs_in_txt{height:29px;line-height:21px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_txtm.gs_in_rnd .gs_in_txt{border-radius:14.5px;}.gs_in_txtl .gs_in_txt{height:41px;padding:9px 43px;}.gs_in_txtl.gs_in_rnd .gs_in_txt{border-radius:20.5px;}.gs_in_txts{font-size:13px;line-height:18px;color:#666;}.gs_in_txts:not(:empty){margin-top:2px;}.gs_in_txte .gs_in_txts{color:#dd4b39;}button{position:relative;z-index:1;box-sizing:border-box;font-size:13px;cursor:pointer;height:29px;line-height:normal;min-width:72px;padding:0 8px;color:#444;border:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,.1);border-radius:3px;text-align:center;background-color:#f5f5f5;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;}button.gs_btn_rnd{border-radius:14px;padding:0 12px;}button.gs_btn_rnd.gs_btn_rndci{padding-left:4px;}button.gs_btn_lrge{height:41px;min-width:82px;padding:0 9px;}button.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_lrge_asym{padding-left:5px;padding-right:8px;}button.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_rnd{border-radius:20px;padding:0 16px;}button.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_rnd.gs_btn_rndci{padding-left:10px;}button.gs_btn_cir{border-radius:14.5px;min-width:29px;}button.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_cir{border-radius:20.5px;min-width:41px;}button.gs_btn_mini{padding:0;border:0;}.gs_el_ph button.gs_btn_mph,.gs_el_ta button.gs_btn_mta{height:41px;}button .gs_wr{position:relative;display:inline-block;width:100%;height:100%;}button .gs_wr:before{content:"";width:0;height:100%;}button .gs_wr:before,button .gs_ico,button .gs_rdt,button .gs_lbl,button .gs_icm{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;}button .gs_wr{font-size:13px;text-transform:none;}.gs_btn_lrge .gs_wr{font-size:15px;}.gs_btn_lsb .gs_wr{font-size:11px;font-weight:bold;}.gs_btn_lsu .gs_wr{font-size:11px;text-transform:uppercase;}.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_lsb .gs_wr,.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_lsu .gs_wr,.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_lrge_asym .gs_wr{font-size:13px;}.gs_btn_half,.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_hta,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_hph{min-width:36px;}.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_half,.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_hta,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_hph,.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_mta,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_mph{min-width:41px;}.gs_btn_slt{border-radius:3px 0 0 3px;}.gs_btn_srt{margin-left:-1px;border-radius:0 3px 3px 0;}.gs_btn_smd{margin-left:-1px;border-radius:0;}button:hover{z-index:2;color:#222;border-color:rgba(0,0,0,.2);background-color:#f8f8f8;}button.gs_sel{background-color:#dcdcdc;}button:active{z-index:2;background-color:#f1f1f1;}button:focus{z-index:2;}button::-moz-focus-inner{padding:0;border:0}button:-moz-focusring{outline:1px dotted ButtonText}.gs_pfcs button:-moz-focusring{outline:none}a.gs_in_ib{position:relative;display:inline-block;line-height:16px;padding:6px 0 7px 0;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;}a.gs_btn_lrge{height:40px;padding:0;}a.gs_in_bgcw{min-width:41px;}a.gs_btn_lrge.gs_in_bgcw:before{position:absolute;content:"";height:29px;width:29px;top:6px;left:6px;background-color:#fff;box-shadow:0 1px 3px rgb(0,0,0,.4);border-radius:50%;}a.gs_in_bgcw:hover:before{background-color:#f5f5f5;}a.gs_in_bgcw:active:before{background-color:#e5e5e5;}a.gs_in_bgcw.gs_dis:before{background-color:#fff;}a.gs_in_ib .gs_lbl{display:inline-block;padding-left:21px;color:#222;}a.gs_in_ib.gs_in_gray .gs_lbl{color:#444;}a.gs_in_ib .gs_lbl:not(:empty){padding-left:29px;}button.gs_in_ib .gs_lbl:not(:empty){padding-left:4px;}a.gs_in_ib:active .gs_lbl,a.gs_in_ib .gs_lbl:active,a.gs_in_ib :active~.gs_lbl{color:#d14836;}.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_hta .gs_lbl,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_hph .gs_lbl,.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_mta .gs_lbl,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_mph .gs_lbl,.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_cta .gs_lbl,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_cph .gs_lbl{display:none;}a.gs_in_ib .gs_ico{position:absolute;top:3px;left:0;}.gs_in_ib.gs_md_li .gs_ico{left:14px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ib.gs_md_li .gs_ico{top:11px;}.gs_in_ib.gs_md_li.gs_md_lix .gs_ico{top:10px;left:16px;}a.gs_btn_lrge .gs_ico{top:50%;left:50%;margin:-10.5px 0 0 -10.5px;}.gs_in_ib .gs_ico{opacity:.55;}.gs_in_ib:hover .gs_ico{opacity:.72;}.gs_in_ib:active .gs_ico,.gs_in_ib .gs_ico:active,.gs_in_ib :active~.gs_ico{opacity:1;}.gs_in_ib:disabled .gs_ico,.gs_in_ib.gs_dis .gs_ico{opacity:.28;}.gs_in_ib.gs_btn_act .gs_ico,.gs_in_ib.gs_btn_cre .gs_ico{opacity:1;}.gs_btn_act:disabled .gs_ico,.gs_btn_cre:disabled .gs_ico{opacity:.72;}.gs_rdt{position:relative;width:0;height:21px;}a.gs_in_ib .gs_rdt{left:21px;}.gs_rdt:before{content:"";position:absolute;top:1px;right:0;width:5px;height:5px;border:1px solid #fff;border-radius:50%;background-color:#dd4b39;}.gs_notf{display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;margin-left:8px;width:16px;line-height:16px;background-color:#d14836;border-radius:50%;color:#fff;text-align:center;font-size:9px;font-weight:bold;}.gs_notf:empty{display:none;}.gs_ind .gs_notf{text-indent:0;}button.gs_btn_flat{border-color:transparent;background-color:transparent;}button.gs_btn_olact{color:#4d90fe;background-color:transparent;}button.gs_btn_flat:hover,button.gs_btn_olact:hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.05);}button.gs_btn_flat:active,button.gs_btn_olact:active{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.1);}button.gs_btn_flat.gs_btn_flact{color:#1a0dab;}button.gs_btn_act{color:#fff;background-color:#4d90fe;}button.gs_btn_act:hover{color:#fff;background-color:#3983fe;}button.gs_btn_act.gs_sel{background-color:#2f6bcc;}button.gs_btn_act:active{background-color:#357ae8;}button.gs_btn_cre{color:#fff;background-color:#d14836;}button.gs_btn_cre:hover{color:#fff;background-color:#c53727;}button.gs_btn_cre.gs_sel{background-color:#992b1e;}button.gs_btn_cre:active{background-color:#b0281a;}button.gs_btn_hov_nobg:hover,button.gs_btn_hov_nobg:active{border:none;background:transparent;}button:disabled,button:disabled:hover,button:disabled:active{cursor:default;color:#b8b8b8;border-color:rgba(0,0,0,.05);background-color:transparent;z-index:0;}button.gs_btn_flat:disabled{color:#b8b8b8;border-color:transparent;}button.gs_btn_act:disabled{color:#fff;background-color:#a6c8ff;}button.gs_btn_cre:disabled{color:#fff;background-color:#e8a49b;}a.gs_in_ib.gs_dis{cursor:default;pointer-events:none}a.gs_in_ib.gs_dis .gs_lbl{color:#b8b8b8;text-decoration:none}.gs_ttp{position:absolute;top:100%;right:50%;z-index:10;pointer-events:none;visibility:hidden;opacity:0;transition:visibility 0s .13s,opacity .13s ease-out;}button:hover .gs_ttp,button:focus .gs_ttp,a:hover .gs_ttp,a:focus .gs_ttp{transition:visibility 0s .3s,opacity .13s ease-in .3s;visibility:visible;opacity:1;}.gs_md_tb.gs_sel .gs_ttp{transition:none;visibility:hidden;}button.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_cir .gs_ttp{top:75%;}.gs_ttp .gs_aro,.gs_ttp .gs_aru{position:absolute;top:-2px;right:-5px;width:0;height:0;line-height:0;font-size:0;border:5px solid transparent;border-top:none;border-bottom-color:#595959;z-index:1;}.gs_ttp .gs_aro{top:-3px;right:-6px;border-width:6px;border-top:none;border-bottom-color:white;}.gs_ttp .gs_txt{display:block;position:relative;top:2px;right:-50%;padding:4px 6px;background:#595959;color:white;font-size:11px;font-weight:bold;line-height:normal;white-space:nowrap;border:1px solid white;border-radius:3px;box-shadow:inset 0 1px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);}.gs_press,.gs_in_se,.gs_tan{touch-action:none;}.gs_in_se .gs_lbl:not(:empty){padding-right:14px;}.gs_in_se .gs_icm{position:absolute;top:50%;margin-top:-5.5px;right:0;width:7px;height:11px;background-position:-21px -88px;opacity:.55;}.gs_in_se:hover .gs_icm{opacity:.72;}.gs_in_se:active .gs_icm{opacity:1;}.gs_in_se:disabled .gs_icm{opacity:.28;}.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_hta .gs_icm,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_hph .gs_icm,.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_mta .gs_icm,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_mph .gs_icm,.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_cta .gs_icm,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_cph .gs_icm{display:none;}.gs_btn_mnu .gs_icm{margin-top:-3.5px;height:7px;background-position:0 -110px;}.gs_in_se.gs_btn_act .gs_icm,.gs_in_se.gs_btn_cre .gs_icm{margin-top:-3.5px;height:7px;background-position:-42px -44px;opacity:1;}.gs_btn_act:disabled .gs_icm,.gs_btn_cre:disabled .gs_icm{opacity:.72;}button.gs_btnG .gs_ico{width:21px;height:21px;background-position:-92px -253px;}button .gs_bs{position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;margin-top:-10px;margin-left:-10px;box-sizing:border-box;width:20px;height:20px;border-radius:50%;border:2px solid #eee;border-top-color:#4d90fe;visibility:hidden;animation:gs_anm_spin .8s linear infinite;}button.gs_bsp .gs_bs{visibility:visible;transition:visibility 0s .4s;}.gs_md_d{text-transform:none;white-space:nowrap;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;border:1px solid #ccc;border-color:rgba(0,0,0,.2);background:#fff;box-shadow:0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);z-index:1100;text-align:left;visibility:hidden;max-height:0;margin-top:-1000px;opacity:0;transition:opacity .13s,visibility 0s .13s,max-height 0s .13s,margin-top 0s .13s;}.gs_md_d.gs_vis{visibility:visible;max-height:10000px;margin-top:0;opacity:1;transition:all 0s;}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_d{transform-origin:100% 0;transform:scale(1,0);transition:opacity .218s ease-out,transform 0s .218s,visibility 0s .218s,max-height 0s .218s,margin-top 0s .218s;}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_d.gs_ttzi{transform-origin:50% 50%;transform:scale(0,0);}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_d.gs_ttzr{transform:scale(0,0);}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_d.gs_vis{transform:scale(1,1);transition:transform .218s ease-out;}.gs_md_r{position:relative;display:inline-block;}.gs_md_rmb>.gs_md_d{top:29px}.gs_md_rmbl>.gs_md_d{top:41px}.gs_md_ul{list-style-type:none;word-wrap:break-word;display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;}.gs_md_ul.gs_md_ul_tb{display:block;}.gs_md_li,.gs_in_cb.gs_md_li,.gs_md_li:link,.gs_md_li:visited{display:block;padding:6px 44px 6px 16px;font-size:13px;line-height:16px;color:#222;cursor:pointer;text-decoration:none;position:relative;z-index:0;}a.gs_md_li:hover .gs_lbl,a.gs_md_li:active .gs_lbl{text-decoration:none}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_li{padding-top:14px;padding-bottom:10px;}.gs_md_li.gs_md_lix{font-size:16px;line-height:20px;padding:12px 16px 8px 16px;}.gs_md_li:before{content:"";background-color:#f1f1f1;position:absolute;left:0;right:0;top:0;bottom:0;opacity:0;transition:opacity .13s;z-index:-1;}.gs_md_li:hover:before,.gs_md_li:focus:before{opacity:1;transition:all 0s;}a.gs_in_ib.gs_md_li .gs_lbl{color:#222}a.gs_in_ib.gs_md_li.gs_in_gray .gs_lbl{color:#444}.gs_md_li:active:before{background-color:#ddd}.gs_md_li.gs_sel,a.gs_in_ib.gs_md_li.gs_sel .gs_lbl{color:#d14836}.gs_md_d:focus,.gs_md_li:focus{outline:none}a.gs_md_lix .gs_lbl,a.gs_md_lix .gs_lbl:not(:empty){padding:0 0 0 40px;}a.gs_in_cb:link,a.gs_in_cb:visited,a.gs_in_cb:active,a.gs_in_cb:hover{cursor:pointer;color:#222;text-decoration:none;}.gs_in_cb,.gs_in_ra{position:relative;line-height:16px;display:inline-block;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;}.gs_in_cb.gs_md_li{padding:6px 44px 6px 16px;}.gs_in_cb input,.gs_in_ra input{position:absolute;top:1px;left:1px;width:15px;height:15px;margin:0;padding:0;opacity:0;z-index:2;}.gs_in_ra input{top:0;left:0}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb input{top:9px}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra input{top:8px}.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj input{top:15px;left:15px}.gs_in_cb label,.gs_in_cb .gs_lbl,.gs_in_ra label{display:inline-block;padding-left:21px;min-height:16px;}.gs_in_ra_lrge{font-size:15px;}.gs_in_cb label:empty:before,.gs_in_cb .gs_lbl:empty:before,.gs_in_ra label:empty:before{content:"\200b";}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb label,.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb .gs_lbl,.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra label{padding-top:8px;padding-bottom:5px;}.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj label,.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj .gs_lbl{padding:13px 0 12px 41px;}.gs_in_cbb,.gs_in_cbb label,.gs_in_cbb .gs_lbl{display:block;}.gs_in_cb .gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra .gs_cbx{position:absolute}.gs_in_cb .gs_cbx{top:2px;left:2px;width:11px;height:11px;border:1px solid #c6c6c6;border-radius:1px;}.gs_md_li .gs_cbx{top:8px;left:18px}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb .gs_cbx{top:10px}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_li .gs_cbx{top:16px}.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj .gs_cbx{top:15px;left:15px}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra .gs_cbx{top:8px}.gs_in_ra .gs_cbx{top:0;left:0;border:1px solid #c6c6c6;width:13px;height:13px;border-radius:7px;}.gs_in_cb:hover .gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra:hover .gs_cbx{border-color:#666;box-shadow:inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);}button.gs_in_cb:hover .gs_cbx{border-color:#c6c6c6;}.gs_in_cb :focus~label,.gs_in_ra :focus~label{outline:1px dotted #222;}.gs_pfcs .gs_in_cb :focus~label,.gs_pfcs .gs_in_ra :focus~label{outline:none;}.gs_in_cb:active .gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra:active .gs_cbx,.gs_in_cb .gs_cbx:active,.gs_in_ra .gs_cbx:active,.gs_in_cb :active~.gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra :active~.gs_cbx{border-color:#666;background-color:#ebebeb;}button.gs_in_cb:active .gs_cbx{border-color:#a6a6a6;}.gs_in_cb :disabled~.gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra :disabled~.gs_cbx,button.gs_in_cb:disabled .gs_cbx{border-color:#f1f1f1;box-shadow:none;}.gs_in_cb :disabled~label,.gs_in_ra :disabled~label{color:#b8b8b8;}.gs_in_cb.gs_err .gs_cbx{border-color:#eda29b;}.gs_in_cb .gs_chk,.gs_in_ra .gs_chk{position:absolute;z-index:1;top:-3px;left:-2px;width:21px;height:21px;}.gs_md_li .gs_chk{top:3px;left:14px}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb .gs_chk{top:5px}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_li .gs_chk{top:11px}.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj .gs_chk{top:10px;left:11px}.gs_in_ra .gs_chk{top:4px;left:4px;width:7px;height:7px;border-radius:4px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra .gs_chk{top:12px}.gs_in_cb input:checked~.gs_chk,.gs_in_cb.gs_sel .gs_chk{background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/1x/sprite_20161020.png) -69px -67px;opacity:.62;}.gs_in_ra input:checked~.gs_chk{background-color:#666}.gs_in_cb.gs_par .gs_chk{background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/1x/sprite_20161020.png) -21px -44px;opacity:.55;}@media(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio:1.5),(min-resolution:144dpi){.gs_in_cb input:checked~.gs_chk,.gs_in_cb.gs_sel .gs_chk,.gs_in_cb.gs_par .gs_chk{background-image:url(/intl/en/scholar/images/2x/sprite_20161020.png);background-size:169px;}}.gs_in_cb input:checked:disabled~.gs_chk{opacity:.22}.gs_in_ra input:checked:disabled~.gs_chk{background-color:#f1f1f1}.gs_in_cb.gs_bsp .gs_cbx{top:6px;left:16px;border-radius:6px;border-width:3px;animation:gs_cbx_spn .5s infinite linear;}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb.gs_md_li.gs_bsp .gs_cbx{top:14px}.gs_in_cb .gs_csp{background:url('/intl/en/scholar/images/spinner.gif') no-repeat;position:absolute;height:25px;width:25px;top:2px;left:12px;display:none;animation:gs_cbx_ah 9s infinite;}.gs_in_cb.gs_bsp .gs_csp{display:block}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_li .gs_csp{top:10px}@keyframes gs_cbx_spn{0%,100%{border-color:#4d90fe #c6c6c6 #c6c6c6 #c6c6c6}40%{border-color:#c6c6c6 #4d90fe #c6c6c6 #c6c6c6}50%{border-color:#c6c6c6 #c6c6c6 #4d90fe #c6c6c6}60%{border-color:#c6c6c6 #c6c6c6 #c6c6c6 #4d90fe}}@keyframes gs_cbx_ah{0%,100%{visibility:hidden}}.gs_ico_x{background-position:-113px -22px;opacity:.55;}.gs_ico_x:hover{opacity:.72;}.gs_ico_x:active{opacity:1;}.gs_ico_X{background-position:-71px 0;opacity:.55;}.gs_ico_X:hover{opacity:.72;}.gs_ico_X:active{opacity:1;}.gs_btnX .gs_ico{background-position:-71px 0;}.gs_el_tc .gs_ico_Xt{background-origin:content-box;background-clip:content-box;padding:10px 6px 10px 14px;}.gs_ico_P{background-position:0 0;opacity:.55;}.gs_ico_P:hover{opacity:.72;}.gs_ico_P:active{opacity:1;}.gs_btnP .gs_ico{background-position:-21px 0;}.gs_btnC .gs_ico{background-position:0 -66px;}.gs_btnL .gs_ico{background-position:-92px -44px;}.gs_ico_LB{background-position:-50px -44px;height:16px;}.gs_btnJ .gs_ico{background-position:-92px -22px;}.gs_btnM .gs_ico{background-position:-92px 0;}.gs_btnMW .gs_ico{background-position:-21px -22px;}.gs_btnSB .gs_ico{background-position:0 -44px;}.gs_btnTSB .gs_ico{background-position:-115px -253px;}.gs_btnPL .gs_ico{background-position:-148px -66px;}.gs_btnPR .gs_ico{background-position:-21px -66px;}.gs_btnPLW .gs_ico{background-position:-0 -230px;}.gs_btnPRW .gs_ico{background-position:-23px -230px;}.gs_btnZI .gs_ico{background-position:-148px -22px;}.gs_btnZO .gs_ico{background-position:-127px -44px;}.gs_btnDE .gs_ico{background-position:-134px 0;}.gs_btnFI .gs_ico{background-position:-50px -66px;}.gs_btnAD .gs_ico{background-position:-141px -88px;opacity:.55;}.gs_btnAD:hover .gs_ico{opacity:.72;}.gs_btnAD:active .gs_ico,.gs_btnAD .gs_ico:active,.gs_btnAD :active~.gs_ico{opacity:1;}.gs_btnBA .gs_ico{background-position:-50px -22px;}.gs_btnADD .gs_ico{background-position:-92px -66px;}.gs_btnMRG .gs_ico{background-position:-113px 0;}.gs_btnLBL .gs_ico{background-position:0 -161px;}.gs_btnCNCL .gs_ico{background-position:-71px 0;}.gs_btnDWL .gs_ico{background-position:-28px -88px;}.gs_btnMNU .gs_ico{background-position:0 -88px;}.gs_btnMNT .gs_ico{background-position:-46px -161px;}.gs_btnALT .gs_ico{background-position:-92px -161px;}.gs_btnART .gs_ico{background-position:-115px -161px;}.gs_btnGSL .gs_ico{background-position:-69px -161px;}.gs_btnCLS .gs_ico{background-position:-138px -161px;}.gs_btnXBLU .gs_ico{background-position:-138px -253px;}.gs_btnSSB .gs_ico{background-position:0 -276px;}.gs_btnSSW .gs_ico{background-position:-23px -276px;}.gs_btnFLT .gs_ico{background-position:0 -184px;}.gs_btnXT .gs_ico{background-position:-46px -184px;}.gs_btnPD .gs_ico{background-position:-69px -184px;}.gs_btnPU .gs_ico {background-position:-92px -276px;}.gs_btnCP .gs_ico{background-position:-92px -184px;}.gs_btnTP .gs_ico{background-position:-138px -184px;}.gs_btnML .gs_ico{background-position:-115px -276px;}.gs_btnCHK .gs_ico{background-position:-71px -66px;}.gs_btnDNB .gs_ico{background-position:-115px -230px;}.gs_btnDNW .gs_ico{background-position:0 -207px;}.gs_btnACA .gs_ico{background-position:-23px -207px;}.gs_btnAPT .gs_ico{background-position:-46px -207px;}.gs_btnAPTW .gs_ico{background-position:-92px -230px;}.gs_btnAFL .gs_ico{background-position:-69px -207px;}.gs_btnAN .gs_ico{background-position:-46px -276px;}.gs_btnAI .gs_ico{background-position:-69px -276px;}.gs_btnPBL .gs_ico{background-position:-92px -207px;}.gs_btnUCT .gs_ico{background-position:-115px -207px;}.gs_btnVRF .gs_ico{background-position:-138px -207px;}.gs_btnLSI .gs_ico{background-position:-46px -230px;}.gs_btnLSG .gs_ico{background-position:-69px -230px;}.gs_btnMOR .gs_ico{background-position:-23px -253px;}.gs_btnADV .gs_ico{background-position:-46px -253px;}.gs_btnPRO .gs_ico{background-position:-69px -253px;}.gs_ico_star{background-position:-71px -44px;width:13px;height:13px;}.gs_btnPLSW .gs_ico{background-position:-138px -230px;}.gs_btnPDF .gs_ico{background-position:0 -253px;}.gs_btnS .gs_ico{background-position:-138px -276px;}.gs_btnUNS .gs_ico{background-position:0 -299px;}.gs_btnMORR .gs_ico{background-position:-23px -299px;}.gs_btnTW .gs_ico{background-position:-46px -299px;}.gs_btnIN .gs_ico{background-position:-69px -299px;}.gs_btnFB .gs_ico{background-position:-92px -299px;}.gs_btnET .gs_ico{background-position:-115px -299px;}.gs_btnARC .gs_ico{background-position:-138px -299px;}.gs_btnOL .gs_ico{background-position:0px -322px;}.gs_btnFA .gs_ico{background-position:-23px -322px;}.gs_btnFAD .gs_ico{background-position:-46px -322px;}.gs_btnHP .gs_ico{background-position:-69px -322px;}.gs_btnPLM .gs_ico{background-position:-92px -322px;}.gs_btnPRM .gs_ico{background-position:-115px -322px;}.gs_btnRN .gs_ico{background-position:-138px -322px;}.gs_btnVF .gs_ico{background-position:0px -345px;}.gs_btnVP .gs_ico{background-position:-23px -345px;}.gs_btnSRT .gs_ico{background-position:-46px -345px;}#gs_md_s.gs_hdr_drs{transition:opacity .15s,visibility 0s .15s;}#gs_md_s.gs_hdr_drs.gs_vis{transition:opacity .15s,visibility 0s;}.gs_el_tc #gs_md_s.gs_hdr_drs{transition:opacity .218s,visibility 0s .218s;}.gs_el_tc #gs_md_s.gs_hdr_drs.gs_vis{transition:opacity .218s,visibility 0s;}#gs_hdr_drw{position:fixed;top:0;left:0;height:100%;z-index:1200;visibility:hidden;overflow:auto;width:228px;background-color:#fff;box-shadow:2px 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.15);outline:none;transform:translate(-100%,0);transition:transform .15s ease-in-out,visibility 0s .15s;}#gs_hdr_drw.gs_vis{visibility:visible;transform:translate(0,0);transition:transform .15s ease-in-out,visibility 0s;}.gs_el_tc #gs_hdr_drw{transition:transform .3s cubic-bezier(.4,0,.6,1),visibility 0s .3s;}.gs_el_tc #gs_hdr_drw.gs_vis{transition:transform .225s cubic-bezier(0,0,.2,1),visibility 0s;}#gs_top #gs_hdr_drw.gs_abt,#gs_top #gs_md_s.gs_abt{transition:none;}#gs_hdr_drw_in{position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;min-height:100%;padding:0 0 8px 0;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_drw_in,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_drw_in{padding:0 0 65px 0;}#gs_hdr_drw_top{position:relative;height:63px;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;margin-bottom:8px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_drw_top,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_drw_top{height:57px;}#gs_hdr_drw_mnu,#gs_hdr_drw_lgo{position:absolute;top:0;height:100%;}#gs_hdr_drw_mnu{left:0;width:55px;}#gs_hdr_drw_lgo{left:56px;}.gs_hdr_drw_sec:before{display:block;content:" ";height:0;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;margin:8px 0;}.gs_hdr_drw_sec:first-child:before{display:none;}#gs_hdr_drw_bot{display:none;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_drw_bot,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_drw_bot{display:block;position:absolute;left:0;bottom:0;width:100%;height:65px;}#gs_hdr_drw_bot .gs_md_li:before{opacity:0;}#gs_hdr_drw_bot .gs_hdr_pp{display:block;position:absolute;bottom:14px;left:15px;pointer-events:none;}#gs_hdr_drw_bot .gs_lbl{display:block;white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;}#gs_hdr{position:relative;height:63px;background-color:#f5f5f5;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;display:flex;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr{height:57px;}#gs_hdr_mnu,#gs_hdr_bck,#gs_hdr_lgo,#gs_hdr_lgt,#gs_hdr_md,#gs_hdr_sre,#gs_hdr_act{display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;position:relative;height:100%;flex:0 0 auto;}#gs_hdr_md{flex:1 1 auto;}#gs_hdr .gs_hdr_mbo,#gs_hdr .gs_hdr_mbo,.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr .gs_hdr_dso,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr .gs_hdr_dso{display:none;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr .gs_hdr_mbo,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr .gs_hdr_mbo{display:inline-block;}#gs_hdr_mnu,#gs_hdr_bck,#gs_hdr_sre{width:55px;margin-right:1px;}#gs_hdr_lgo,#gs_hdr_drw_lgo{width:149px;background:no-repeat url('/intl/en/scholar/images/1x/scholar_logo_24dp.png') 0% 50%;background-size:149px;}@media(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio:1.5),(min-resolution:144dpi){#gs_hdr_lgo,#gs_hdr_drw_lgo{background-image:url('/intl/en/scholar/images/2x/scholar_logo_24dp.png');}}#gs_hdr_lgo{margin-right:31px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_lgo{margin-right:0;}#gs_hdr_lgt{min-width:164px;margin-right:16px;}#gs_hdr_md{margin-right:16px;min-width:1px;}#gs_hdr_lgt,#gs_hdr_md h1{padding:19px 0 0 0;white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;font-size:20px;line-height:25px;font-weight:normal;color:#666;max-width:100%;text-align:left;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_md h1,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_md h1{padding:16px 0 0 0;}#gs_hdr_srch{padding:14px 0 0 0;max-width:600px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_srch,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_srch{padding:10px 0 0 0;max-width:none;}#gs_hdr_frm{position:relative;padding-right:39px;}#gs_hdr_tsi{height:38px;border-radius:2px 0 0 2px;}#gs_hdr_tsi::-ms-clear{display:none;}#gs_hdr_tsc{display:none;position:absolute;top:3px;right:41px;width:21px;height:21px;padding:6px 10px 7px 10px;}.gs_in_acw[dir="rtl"]~#gs_hdr_tsc{right:auto;left:1px;}#gs_hdr_tsb{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;width:40px;height:38px;border-radius:0 2px 2px 0;}#gs_hdr_frm_ac{top:37px;right:40px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_frm_ac{right:0;}.gs_el_ph .gs_hdr_ifc #gs_hdr_mnu,.gs_el_ph .gs_hdr_ifc #gs_hdr_bck,.gs_hdr_src #gs_hdr_srch,.gs_hdr_src #gs_hdr_lgt,.gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_sre,.gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_md h1,.gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_md h1.gs_hdr_mbo,.gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_md h1.gs_hdr_dso,.gs_el_ta .gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_lgo,.gs_el_ph .gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_lgo,.gs_el_ph .gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_mnu,.gs_el_ph .gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_bck{display:none;}.gs_el_ph .gs_hdr_ifc #gs_hdr_md,.gs_el_ph .gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_md{margin-left:16px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_hdr_tsc #gs_hdr_tsi[dir="ltr"]{padding-right:41px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_hdr_tsc #gs_hdr_tsi[dir="rtl"]{padding-left:41px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_hdr_tsc .gs_in_acw~#gs_hdr_tsc{display:block;}#gs_hdr_act{min-width:64px;max-width:200px;text-align:right;float:right;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_act,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act{display:none;}#gs_hdr_act_i,#gs_hdr_act_s{display:inline-block;padding:23px 24px 23px 16px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box;font-size:13px;line-height:17px;white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;color:#444;}#gs_hdr_act_s{text-transform:uppercase;}.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_act_i,.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_act_s{padding:23px 16px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_act_i,.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_act_s,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_i,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_s{padding:20px 16px;}#gs_hdr_act_i:active,#gs_hdr_act_s:active{color:#d14836;}#gs_hdr_act_i,.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_act_i{padding-top:15px;padding-bottom:16px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_act_i,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_i{padding-top:12px;padding-bottom:13px;}#gs_hdr_act_i .gs_hdr_pp{vertical-align:top;}#gs_hdr_act_d{top:63px;left:auto;right:24px;min-width:288px;max-width:400px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_act_d{right:16px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_act_d{top:57px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_d{top:57px;min-width:280px;max-width:280px;max-width:90vw;}/* Account dialog body. */#gs_hdr_act_aw,#gs_hdr_act_ap,.gs_hdr_act_am,#gs_hdr_act_ab{display:block;padding:10px 20px;word-wrap:break-word;white-space:normal;}#gs_hdr_act_aw{background-color:#fef9db;font-size:11px;}#gs_hdr_act_ap,.gs_hdr_act_am{border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;}#gs_hdr_act_ap{padding:20px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_ap{padding:10px;}#gs_hdr_act_apb{margin-top:12px;}#gs_hdr_act_aa:link,#gs_hdr_act_aa:visited{float:right;margin-left:8px;color:#1a0dab;}#gs_hdr_act_aa:active{color:#d14836}.gs_hdr_act_am:link,.gs_hdr_act_am:visited{color:#222;text-decoration:none;background:#fbfbfb;}.gs_hdr_act_am:hover,.gs_hdr_act_am:focus{background:#f1f1f1;}.gs_hdr_act_am:active{background:#eee;}#gs_hdr_act_ab{background:#fbfbfb;padding:10px 0;display:table;width:100%;white-space:nowrap;}#gs_hdr_act_aba,#gs_hdr_act_abs{display:table-cell;padding:0 20px;}#gs_hdr_act_abs{text-align:right;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_aba,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_abs{display:block;padding:10px;text-align:center;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_aba button,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_abs button{width:100%;}#gs_hdr_act_a1,#gs_hdr_act_a2{position:absolute;top:-9px;right:7.5px;width:0;height:0;z-index:1;border:8.5px solid transparent;border-top:none;border-bottom-color:#333;border-bottom-color:rgba(0,0,0,.2);}#gs_hdr_act_a2{top:-8px;border-bottom-color:#fff;}.gs_hdr_act_mw #gs_hdr_act_a2{border-bottom-color:#fef9db;}.gs_hdr_pp{border-radius:50%;overflow:hidden;}#gs_hdr_act_ap .gs_hdr_pp,.gs_hdr_act_am .gs_hdr_pp{float:left;}#gs_hdr_act_ap .gs_hdr_pm{margin-left:116px;}.gs_hdr_act_am .gs_hdr_pm{margin:6px 0 0 58px;}#gs_ab{position:relative;height:41px;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;display:flex;white-space:nowrap;background-color:#fff;z-index:1000;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab.gs_nta,.gs_el_ph #gs_ab.gs_nph{display:none;}.gs_sth_vis #gs_ab{position:fixed;}#gs_ab_ico,#gs_ab_ttl,#gs_ab_md,#gs_ab_btns{display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;position:relative;height:100%;flex:0 0 auto;}.gs_el_ph #gs_ab_md{display:block;}#gs_ab_ico{width:55px;margin-right:1px;}#gs_ab_ico .gs_ico{position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;margin:-10.5px 0 0 -10.5px;}#gs_ab_ttl{min-width:172px;padding-right:8px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_ttl{min-width:68px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab_ttl,.gs_el_ph #gs_ab_ttl{min-width:0;}#gs_ab_ttl,#gs_ab_ttll{font-size:18px;color:#666;text-transform:none;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_ttl,.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_ttll{font-size:16px;}#gs_ab_ttll{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;max-width:200px;}#gs_ab_md{flex:1 0 auto;}.gs_ab_st #gs_ab_md{flex:1 1 auto;font-size:13px;line-height:17px;padding:0 8px;color:#999;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;}.gs_el_ph .gs_ab_st #gs_ab_md{visibility:hidden;padding:0;}#gs_ab_btns{margin-right:8px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_btns{margin-right:0;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab_btns,.gs_el_ph #gs_ab_btns{margin-right:4px;}#gs_ab_ttl:before,#gs_ab_md:before,#gs_ab_btns:before{content:"";display:inline-block;width:0;height:100%;vertical-align:middle;}#gs_ab_md>button,#gs_ab_btns>button,#gs_ab_md>.gs_in_ib,#gs_ab_btns>.gs_in_ib,#gs_ab_md>.gs_md_r,#gs_ab_btns>.gs_md_r,#gs_ab .gs_ab_mdw,#gs_ab .gs_ab_btw{margin:0 8px;vertical-align:middle;}#gs_ab .gs_ab_mdw,.gs_ab_btw{display:inline-block;margin:0;}#gs_ab_btns>.gs_in_ib{margin:0 16px 0 8px;}#gs_ab .gs_ab_btw{margin:0 12px 0 16px;}.gs_el_ta .gs_ab_sel #gs_ab_ico,.gs_el_ph .gs_ab_sel #gs_ab_ico,.gs_el_ta .gs_ab_sel #gs_ab_ttl,.gs_el_ph .gs_ab_sel #gs_ab_ttl,.gs_el_ta .gs_ab_sel #gs_ab_btns,.gs_el_ph .gs_ab_sel #gs_ab_btns{display:none;}#gs_bdy{display:table;table-layout:fixed;width:100%;}#gs_bdy_sb{vertical-align:top;width:228px;word-wrap:break-word;display:table-cell;}.gs_el_sm #gs_bdy_sb{}.gs_el_ta #gs_bdy_sb,.gs_el_ph #gs_bdy_sb{display:none;}.gs_bdy_sb_sec{margin:0 40px 0 56px;}.gs_bdy_sb_sec:before{display:block;content:" ";height:0;margin:13px 0;border-top:1px solid #eee;}.gs_bdy_sb_sec:first-child:before{margin:21px 0 0 0;border:none;}#gs_bdy_sb ul{list-style-type:none;}.gs_bdy_sb_sec a:link,.gs_bdy_sb_sec a:visited{color:#222;}.gs_bdy_sb_sec a:active{color:#d14836;}.gs_bdy_sb_sel a:link,.gs_bdy_sb_sel a:visited{color:#d14836;text-decoration:none;}.gs_el_tc .gs_bdy_sb_sec li.gs_ind,.gs_el_tc .gs_bdy_sb_sec li.gs_ind a{padding-top:8px;padding-bottom:5px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_bdy_sb_sec:first-child li.gs_ind:first-child{margin-top:-8px;}#gs_bdy_sb .gs_ind,#gs_bdy_sb .gs_inw{margin-bottom:6px;}.gs_el_tc #gs_bdy_sb .gs_ind,.gs_el_tc #gs_bdy_sb .gs_inw{margin-bottom:0;}#gs_bdy_ccl{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top;padding:0 24px 0 16px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_bdy_ccl{padding:0 16px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_bdy_ccl,.gs_el_ph #gs_bdy_ccl{padding:0 16px 0 56px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_bdy_ccl{padding:0 16px;padding:0;}#gs_ftr_sp{height:62px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ftr_sp{height:57px;}#gs_ftr{position:absolute;bottom:0;left:0;width:100%;white-space:nowrap;border-top:1px solid #e4e4e4;background-color:#f2f2f2;display:flex;}#gs_ftr.gs_pfix{position:fixed;}#gs_ftr_rt{box-sizing:border-box;max-width:100%;overflow-x:auto;margin-left:auto;padding:0 12px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ftr_rt{padding:0 8px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_ftr_rt:after{content:" ";position:absolute;top:0;right:0;width:16px;height:100%;background-image:linear-gradient(to right,rgba(242,242,242,0),rgba(242,242,242,1) 80%);}#gs_ftr_rt>a{display:inline-block;line-height:16px;padding:12px;white-space:nowrap;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ftr_rt>a{padding:12px 8px;}#gs_ftr_rt>a:link,#gs_ftr_rt>a:visited{color:#666}#gs_ftr_rt>a:active{color:#d14836}#gs_ftr_mnu{top:auto;bottom:48px;left:auto;right:24px;padding:8px 0;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ftr_mnu{right:16px;}#gsc_sb_ui{text-align:center;margin-bottom:16px;}#gsc_sb_ui img{max-width:120px;height:auto;}.gs_el_sm #gsc_sb_ui img{max-width:100px;}.gsc_sb_addl{text-align:right;padding:0 8px;color:#777777;min-width:60px;}#gsc_ccl{max-width:862px;margin:21px 0 0 0;}.gs_el_sm #gsc_ccl{margin:16px 0 0 0;}.gsc_art_mm{font-size:24px;line-height:16px;display:inline-block;margin:-10px 0 0 4px;position:relative;top:8px;}.gs_pp_tn,.gs_el_ta .gs_pp_mo_tn,.gs_el_ph .gs_pp_mo_tn{width:32px;height:32px;}.gs_pp_sm,.gs_el_ta .gs_pp_mo_sm,.gs_el_ph .gs_pp_mo_sm{width:56px;height:56px;}.gs_pp_nm,.gs_el_ta .gs_pp_mo_nm,.gs_el_ph .gs_pp_mo_nm{width:128px;height:128px;}#gsc_vcpb{max-width:870px;padding-top:21px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_vcpb{padding:16px 8px;}#gsc_vcpb_btns{padding-bottom:16px;}#gsc_vcpb_btns:empty{display:none;}#gsc_vcpb_btns>button{margin-right:16px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_vcpb_btns>button{margin-right:8px;}#gsc_oci_title_wrapper{font-size:16px;margin:0 0 16px 0;}#gsc_oci_title{font-size:20px;}.gs_el_sm #gsc_oci_title{font-size:18px;}#gsc_oci_title_gg{float:right;padding:0 0 8px 16px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_oci_title_gg{float:none;text-align:right;padding:0;margin:-4px 0 8px 0;}.gsc_oci_title_ggt{font-size:13px;font-weight:bold;}.gsc_oci_title_ggut{font-size:13px;color:#777;padding-bottom:8px;}.gsc_oci_field{float:left;width:100px;text-align:right;color:#777;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_oci_field{float:none;width:auto;text-align:left;margin-bottom:4px;font-size:16px;color:black;}.gsc_oci_value{margin-left:116px;max-width:512px;margin-bottom:16px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_oci_value{margin-left:0;}.gsc_oci_merged_snippet{margin-bottom:1em;}#gsc_oci_graph_wrapper{height:100px;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;direction:rtl;}#gsc_oci_graph{position:relative;min-width:100%;}#gsc_oci_graph_x{position:absolute;top:57px;left:0;width:100%;height:13px;border-top:1px solid #777;}.gsc_oci_g_t{position:absolute;top:60px;color:#777;font-size:11px;}#gsc_oci_graph_bars{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;width:100%;height:100px;}.gsc_oci_g_a{position:absolute;bottom:13px;width:15px;background:#777;}.gsc_oci_g_a:hover{background:#1a0dab;text-decoration:none;}.gsc_oci_g_a:active{background:#d14836;}.gsc_oci_g_al{position:absolute;bottom:15px;left:7px;color:#222;background:white;text-align:center;font-size:11px;min-width:11px;padding:1px;border:1px solid #777;border-radius:1px;visibility:hidden;opacity:0;}.gsc_oci_g_a:hover .gsc_oci_g_al{visibility:visible;opacity:1;}.gsc_oci_g_a{transition:all .218s;}.gsc_oci_g_al{transition:opacity .218s,visibility 0s .218s;}.gsc_oci_g_a:hover,.gsc_oci_g_a:hover .gsc_oci_g_al{transition:all 0s;}a.gsc_oci_lbx:link,a.gsc_oci_lbx:visited{white-space:nowrap;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;font-size:11px;background-color:#e5e5e5;color:#777;padding:2px 6px;text-decoration:none;}a.gsc_oci_lbx:hover{color:#e5e5e5;background-color:#777;}a.gsc_oci_lbx:active{color:#d14836;}.gsc_oms_mm{font-size:24px;line-height:16px;display:inline-block;margin:-10px 0 0 4px;position:relative;top:8px;}.gsc_oms_link{white-space:nowrap;margin-right:12px;}.gsc_oms_link:last-child{margin-right:0;}.gs_fsvg line{stroke:#222222}a:link .gs_fsvg{fill:#1a0dab;}a:link .gs_fsvg line{stroke:#1a0dab;}a:visited .gs_fsvg{fill:#660099;}a:visited .gs_fsvg line{stroke:#660099;}a:active .gs_fsvg{fill:#d14836;}a:active .gs_fsvg line{stroke:#d14836;}a .gs_fsvg{border-bottom:1px solid transparent;}a:hover .gs_fsvg,a:focus .gs_fsvg{border-bottom-color:inherit;}.gs_fsml{font-size:13px}.gs_fscp{font-variant:small-caps}.gsh_clim{display:table-row}.gsh_clil,.gsh_clic{display:table-cell;padding-bottom:8px}.gsh_clil{padding-right:8px;}.gsh_lla{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.gsh_lua{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.gsh_llr{list-style-type:lower-roman}.gsh_lur{list-style-type:upper-roman}.gsh_l>li{margin-left:32px;}.gs_fma .gsh_l>li{margin-left:16px;}.gsh_h3{font-size:inherit;font-weight:normal}.gsh_h3,.gsh_csp{margin:16px 0}.gsh_h3+.gsh_csp{margin-top:-8px}.gs_fma .gsh_h3{margin:12px 0 0 0;font-size:15px;font-weight:bold;}.gs_fma_abs .gsh_csp{margin:0 0 12px 0;}.gs_fma b,.gs_fma .gsh_h3{color:#444;}.gs_fma .gsh_h3+.gsh_csp{margin:4px 0 0 0;}.gs_fma .gsh_csp:last-child,.gs_fma .gsh_h3.gsh_flh{margin:0;}.gs_fma ul .gsh_clim:last-child .gsh_clic{padding-bottom:0;}.gs_fma ul,.gs_fma ol{margin:12px 0;}.gsh_ovln{text-decoration:overline}.gsh_small .gsh_l .gsh_csp{margin:8px 0}.gsh_small .gsh_csp:first-child,.gsh_small .gsh_h3.gsh_flh{margin-top:0}.gsh_small .gsh_csp:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.gsh_dspfr{text-align:center}.gsh_dspfr svg{margin:8px 0}</style><script>!function(GSP){var aa=function(a){var b=0;return function(){return b<a.length?{done:!1,value:a[b++]}:{done:!0}}},ba=typeof Object.defineProperties=="function"?Object.defineProperty:function(a,b,c){if(a==Array.prototype||a==Object.prototype)return a;a[b]=c.value;return a},ca=function(a){a=["object"==typeof globalThis&&globalThis,a,"object"==typeof window&&window,"object"==typeof self&&self,"object"==typeof global&&global];for(var b=0;b<a.length;++b){var c=a[b];if(c&&c.Math==Math)return c}throw Error("Cannot find global object"); },da=ca(this),h=function(a,b){if(b)a:{var c=da;a=a.split(".");for(var d=0;d<a.length-1;d++){var e=a[d];if(!(e in c))break a;c=c[e]}a=a[a.length-1];d=c[a];b=b(d);b!=d&&b!=null&&ba(c,a,{configurable:!0,writable:!0,value:b})}}; h("Symbol",function(a){if(a)return a;var b=function(f,g){this.ba=f;ba(this,"description",{configurable:!0,writable:!0,value:g})};b.prototype.toString=function(){return this.ba};var c="jscomp_symbol_"+(Math.random()*1E9>>>0)+"_",d=0,e=function(f){if(this instanceof e)throw new TypeError("Symbol is not a constructor");return new b(c+(f||"")+"_"+d++,f)};return e});var ea=typeof Object.create=="function"?Object.create:function(a){var b=function(){};b.prototype=a;return new b},fa; if(typeof Object.setPrototypeOf=="function")fa=Object.setPrototypeOf;else{var ha;a:{var ia={a:!0},ka={};try{ka.__proto__=ia;ha=ka.a;break a}catch(a){}ha=!1}fa=ha?function(a,b){a.__proto__=b;if(a.__proto__!==b)throw new TypeError(a+" is not extensible");return a}:null} var la=fa,ma=function(a,b){a.prototype=ea(b.prototype);a.prototype.constructor=a;if(la)la(a,b);else for(var c in b)if(c!="prototype")if(Object.defineProperties){var d=Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(b,c);d&&Object.defineProperty(a,c,d)}else a[c]=b[c];a.qa=b.prototype};h("Symbol.dispose",function(a){return a?a:Symbol("Symbol.dispose")}); h("Math.trunc",function(a){return a?a:function(b){b=Number(b);if(isNaN(b)||b===Infinity||b===-Infinity||b===0)return b;var c=Math.floor(Math.abs(b));return b<0?-c:c}});var na=function(a){a=Math.trunc(a)||0;a<0&&(a+=this.length);if(!(a<0||a>=this.length))return this[a]};h("Array.prototype.at",function(a){return a?a:na});var n=function(a){return a?a:na};h("Int8Array.prototype.at",n);h("Uint8Array.prototype.at",n);h("Uint8ClampedArray.prototype.at",n);h("Int16Array.prototype.at",n); h("Uint16Array.prototype.at",n);h("Int32Array.prototype.at",n);h("Uint32Array.prototype.at",n);h("Float32Array.prototype.at",n);h("Float64Array.prototype.at",n);h("String.prototype.at",function(a){return a?a:na});/* Copyright The Closure Library Authors. SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 */ var oa=function(a,b){var c=Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments,1);return function(){var d=c.slice();d.push.apply(d,arguments);return a.apply(this,d)}};var t=function(){this.C=this.C;this.H=this.H};t.prototype.C=!1;t.prototype.isDisposed=function(){return this.C};t.prototype.dispose=function(){this.C||(this.C=!0,this.K())};t.prototype[Symbol.dispose]=function(){this.dispose()};t.prototype.K=function(){if(this.H)for(;this.H.length;)this.H.shift()()};var pa=function(){};function u(a,b){a.classList.add(b)}function v(a,b){a.classList.remove(b)}function w(a,b){return a.classList?a.classList.contains(b):!1}function x(a,b,c){c=c!==void 0?c:!w(a,b);(c?u:v)(a,b)};function z(a){return(navigator.userAgent||"").indexOf(a)>=0}var qa=z("iPhone")||z("iPad")||z("iPod"),ra=z("iPhone")||z("Android")&&z("Mobile");function sa(){if(b===void 0){var a=window.screen;a={width:window.innerWidth,height:window.innerHeight,pa:a.width,oa:a.height}}else a=b;var b=a;a=b.width;var c=b.height,d=b.pa;b=b.oa;var e=4;if(a<600||d*b<48E4||ra)e=1;else if(a<982)e=2;else if(a<1136||c<590)e=3;return e}var ta,ua=/[?&]tc=([01])/.exec(location.search||""); ta=ua?+ua[1]>0:z("Android")?!0:window.matchMedia&&window.matchMedia("(pointer)").matches?window.matchMedia("(pointer:coarse)").matches:!z("Firefox")||z("Mobile")||z("Tablet")?qa||"ontouchstart"in window||(navigator.msMaxTouchPoints||0)>0:!1;function va(){if(wa==void 0){wa=!1;try{var a=Object.defineProperty({},"passive",{get:function(){wa=!0}});window.addEventListener("testPassive",pa,a);window.removeEventListener("testPassive",pa,a)}catch(b){}}return wa}var wa;var xa=new function(){this.aa="INPUT"};function D(a){return document.getElementById(a)}function E(a){return a.id||(a.id="gs_id"+ya++)}function za(a){a=(a===void 0?null:a)||document.body;return(a?window.getComputedStyle(a,null):null).direction=="rtl"}function Aa(a){var b=[];a=a.elements;for(var c=a.length,d=0;d<c;d++){var e=a[d],f=encodeURIComponent(e.name||""),g=e.type;!f||e.disabled||!(g!="checkbox"&&g!="radio"||e.checked)||b.push(f+"="+encodeURIComponent(e.value||""))}return b.join("&")} function Ba(a,b){var c=a.elements[b];c||(c=document.createElement(xa.aa),c.type="hidden",c.name=b,a.appendChild(c));return c}var ya=100,Ca=/\S+/g,Da=/^(?:https?:|[^:/?#]*(?:[/?#]|$))/i,Ea=/^(?:#|\/[a-z0-9_-]*(?:[?].*)?$)/i;function F(a){return a.hasOwnProperty("gs_uid")?a.gs_uid:a.gs_uid=++Ga}var Ga=0;var G=function(){this.o=[];this.F={};this.S=this.I=0};G.prototype.add=function(a){var b=F(a);this.F[b]||(this.o.push(a),this.F[b]=this.o.length,++this.I)};G.prototype.remove=function(a){a=F(a);var b=this.F[a];b&&(this.o[b-1]=null,delete this.F[a],--this.I*2<this.o.length&&!this.S&&Ha(this))};G.prototype.notify=function(a){var b=this.o;try{++this.S;for(var c=0;c<b.length;c++){var d=b[c];d&&d.apply(null,arguments)}}finally{!--this.S&&this.I*2<b.length&&Ha(this)}};G.prototype.getSize=function(){return this.I}; var Ha=function(a){var b=a.o,c=b.length;a=a.F;for(var d=0,e=0;e<c;e++){var f=b[e];f&&(b[d]=f,a[F(f)]=++d)}b.length=d};function H(a,b,c,d,e){Ia(a,b,c,d===void 0?!1:d,e===void 0?!1:e,Ja)}function I(a,b,c,d){Ia(a,b,c,d===void 0?!1:d,!1,Ka)}function La(a,b,c,d){function e(g){I(f,a,e,c);b(g)}var f=document;c=c===void 0?!1:c;H(f,a,e,c,d===void 0?!1:d)}function Ma(a){Na?Na.add(a):a()}var Oa=window.requestAnimationFrame?function(a){window.requestAnimationFrame(a)}:function(a){setTimeout(function(){return a(window.performance&&performance.now?performance.now():Date.now())},33)}; function Pa(a){a.stopPropagation();a.preventDefault()}function Qa(a){return(a.ctrlKey?1:0)|(a.altKey?2:0)|(a.metaKey?4:0)|(a.shiftKey?8:0)}function Ja(a,b,c,d,e){var f=a.addEventListener;e=e&&va();f.call(a,b,c,e?{passive:e,capture:d}:d)}function Ka(a,b,c,d){a.removeEventListener(b,c,d)}function Ia(a,b,c,d,e,f){if(typeof b==="string")f(a,b,c,d,e);else for(var g=b.length,m=0;m<g;m++)f(a,b[m],c,d,e)}function Ra(){Na.notify();Na=null} function Sa(){document.readyState=="complete"&&(I(document,"readystatechange",Sa),Ra())}var Na,Ta=!!document.attachEvent,Ua=document.readyState;if(Ta?Ua!="complete":Ua=="loading")Na=new G,Ta?H(document,"readystatechange",Sa):La("DOMContentLoaded",Ra);function Va(){La(["mousedown","touchstart"],function(){x(document.documentElement,"gs_pfcs",!0);H(document,"keydown",Wa,!0)},!0,!0)}function Wa(a){a.keyCode==9&&(x(document.documentElement,"gs_pfcs",!1),I(document,"keydown",Wa,!0),Va())}Va();function Xa(a,b,c,d,e){var f=D(a);Ya(f,function(){u(f,"gs_vis");b&&b()},function(){v(f,"gs_vis");c&&c()},d,e)}function Za(a){a=J[a]||[0];return a[a.length-1]} function Ya(a,b,c,d,e,f){f=f===void 0?"":f;var g=E(a),m=Za(g);if(!m||m<Za(f)){var k=document.activeElement;f=D(f);$a(ab(f||a),!0);b&&b();K.push(function(l){J[g].pop();J[g].length||delete J[g];if(!l){(l=e)||k==document.body||(l=k);var p=document.activeElement;if(l)try{l.focus()}catch(A){}else p&&a.contains(p)&&p.blur()}c&&c()});J[g]||(J[g]=[]);J[g].push(K.length);k&&a.contains(k)||setTimeout(function(){var l=d,p=l&&l.type=="text";if(!l||p&&ta)l=a;try{l.focus(),p&&(l.value=l.value)}catch(A){}},0)}} function L(a){$a((Za(a)||1E6)-1,!1)}function bb(a){a=a===void 0?!1:a;K.pop()(a)}function $a(a,b){for(b=b===void 0?!1:b;K.length>a;)bb(b||K.length>a+1)}function ab(a){for(var b=0;a&&!(b=Za(a.id));)a=a.parentNode;return b}var K=[],J={};H(document,"click",function(a){var b=K.length;b&&!Qa(a)&&b>ab(a.target)&&bb(!0)});H(document,"keydown",function(a){a.keyCode==27&&!Qa(a)&&K.length&&bb()}); H(document,"focus",function(a){var b=K.length;if(b)for(var c=ab(a.target);c<b;){var d="",e;for(e in J)if(Za(e)==b){d=e;break}a:{d=(D(d).getAttribute("data-wfc")||"").match(Ca)||[];for(var f=0;f<d.length;f++){var g=D(d[f]);if(g&&g.offsetWidth){d=g;break a}}d=void 0}if(d){Pa(a);d.focus();break}else bb(!0),--b}},!0);var cb={},db={},eb;try{eb=window.sessionStorage}catch(a){};function M(a){return typeof a=="object"?a:null}function fb(){var a=gb(),b=hb();b=ib(b);a=jb(a);a=kb(a)||"#";N=M(b);lb?window.history.replaceState(b,"",a):window.location.replace(a)}function kb(a){var b=[],c;for(c in a)b.push(encodeURIComponent(c)+"="+encodeURIComponent(a[c]));return(a=b.sort().join("&"))?"#"+a:""} function mb(a){var b={};a=a.split("&");for(var c=0;c<a.length;c++){var d=a[c],e=d.indexOf("=");if(e+1){var f=d.substr(0,e);d=d.substr(e+1)}else f=d,d="";f&&(b[decodeURIComponent(f)]=decodeURIComponent(d))}return b}function nb(){var a=window.location.hash,b=a.indexOf("#")+1;return mb(b?a.substr(b):"")}function ob(a,b){for(var c in b){var d=b[c];d!==void 0?a[c]=d:delete a[c]}}function jb(a){var b=nb();ob(b,a);return b} function ib(a){var b=N||M(window.history.state),c={},d;for(d in b)c[d]=b[d];ob(c,a);return c}function pb(){setTimeout(function(){if(!qb){var a=window.history.state;qb=!0;N=M(a);rb.notify()}sb=!1},0)}var rb=new G,N,qb=!1,sb=!0,lb="pushState"in window.history,tb; if(typeof GSP=="undefined")tb=!1;else{var ub=.001*Date.now(),vb=GSP.eventId,wb=!1,O,xb=eb;if(!("nh"in cb)){var yb=xb&&xb.getItem("nh"),zb;if(yb)try{zb=JSON.parse(yb)}catch(a){}db.nh=zb}O=db.nh;O instanceof Array||(O=[]);for(var Ab=O.length,Bb=0,Cb=0;Cb<Ab;Cb++){var Db=O[Cb];if(Db instanceof Array&&Db.length==2){var Eb=Db[1]==vb;wb=wb||Eb;Ab-Cb<=10&&+Db[0]>ub-86400&&!Eb&&(O[Bb++]=Db)}}O.length=Bb;O.push([ub,vb]);var Fb=O,Gb=eb;db.nh=Fb;try{Gb&&Gb.setItem("nh",JSON.stringify(Fb))}catch(a){}tb=wb} var Hb=tb;"onpageshow"in window?H(window,"pageshow",pb):Ma(pb);H(window,lb?"popstate":"hashchange",function(a){document.readyState!="loading"&&(a=a.state,qb=!0,N=M(a),rb.notify())});function Ib(){Jb&&(I(D("gs_alrt_l"),"click",Jb),Jb=void 0)}function Kb(){var a=Lb();u(a,"gs_anm");u(a,"gs_vis");H(document,"click",Mb);clearTimeout(Nb);Nb=setTimeout(Mb,4E3);++Ob;setTimeout(Pb,0)}function Mb(){Ob||(I(document,"click",Mb),clearTimeout(Nb),Nb=void 0,Ib(),v(Lb(),"gs_vis"))}function Lb(){return D("gs_alrt")}function Pb(){Ob=0}var Nb,Ob=0,Jb;Ma(function(){var a=D("gs_alrt_m");a&&(a.innerHTML&&!Hb&&Kb(),H(window,"pagehide",function(){Ob=0;Mb();v(Lb(),"gs_anm")}))});function Qb(a,b,c){var d=new XMLHttpRequest;d.onreadystatechange=function(){if(d.readyState==4){var e=d.status,f=d.responseText,g=d.getResponseHeader("Content-Type"),m=d.responseURL,k=window.location,l=k.protocol;k="//"+k.host+"/";m&&m.indexOf(l+k)&&m.indexOf("https:"+k)&&(e=0,g=f="");c(e,f,g||"")}};d.open(b?"POST":"GET",a,!0);d.setRequestHeader("X-Requested-With","XHR");b&&d.setRequestHeader("Content-Type","application/x-www-form-urlencoded");b?d.send(b):d.send();return d} function Rb(a){a&&(a.onreadystatechange=function(){},a.abort())};var Sb=function(a,b,c){this.type=a;this.currentTarget=this.target=b;this.i=c===void 0?null:c;this.U=!1};Sb.prototype.stopPropagation=function(){this.i&&this.i.stopPropagation();this.U=!0};var P=function(a){a.i&&Pa(a.i);a.U=!0};var Q=function(a,b){this.V=a;this.na=b},Tb=function(a,b,c){this.V=a;this.types=b;this.listener=c};function Ub(a,b){var c=b.length;if(c){var d=F(a),e=Vb[d];if(!e){e=Vb[d]=[];d=Wb(b[0].V);for(var f in d){var g=Xb[f];g||(g=Xb[f]=Object.create(null));for(var m in d[f]){var k=g[m];k||(k=g[m]=[]);k.push(a)}}Yb(a,e,b[0],Zb);for(f=1;f<c;f++)Yb(a,e,b[f],$b)}}}function S(a,b,c){ac(new Sb(a,b,c===void 0?null:c))} function T(a,b,c){var d=bc;typeof b==="string"&&(cc[0]=b,b=cc);var e=b.length;a=Wb(a);for(var f in a)for(var g in a[f])for(var m=0;m<e;m++)d(f,g,b[m],c)}function Wb(a){typeof a==="string"&&(dc[0]=a,a=dc);for(var b=a.length,c=Object.create(null),d=0;d<b;d++){var e=a[d],f=e.charAt(0),g=e.substr(1);if(f!="#"&&f!="."||!g)throw Error("bad selector: "+e);(e=c[f])||(e=c[f]=Object.create(null));e[g]=!0}return c} function bc(a,b,c,d){var e=ec[c];e||(c!="touchstart"&&c!="mouseover"&&c!="mouseout"&&H(document,c,fc,c=="focus"||c=="blur"),e=ec[c]=Object.create(null));(c=e[a])||(c=e[a]=Object.create(null));(a=c[b])||(a=c[b]=new G);a.add(d)}function fc(a){var b=a.target;b&&b.nodeType==3&&(b=b.parentNode);ac(new Sb(a.type,b,a))} function ac(a){for(var b=a.target;b&&b!=document&&!b.disabled&&!w(b,"gs_dis");){a.currentTarget=b;var c=b.id;if(c&&!gc("#",c,a))break;c=b.classList||[];for(var d=c.length,e=0;e<d;e++)if(!gc(".",c[e],a))return;b=b.parentNode}}function gc(a,b,c){var d=ec[c.type];(b=(a=d&&d[a])&&a[b])&&b.notify(c);return!c.U}function Yb(a,b,c,d){var e=c.V;c=c.na;for(var f in c){var g=oa(d,a,c[f]);T(e,f,g);b.push(new Tb(e,f,g))}}function Zb(a,b,c){var d=c.currentTarget;a=hc(a,d)||a;a=ic(a,d);b.call(a,c)} function $b(a,b,c){a:{for(var d=c.currentTarget;d&&d!=document;){var e=hc(a,d);if(e){a=ic(e,d);break a}d=d.parentNode}a=void 0}a&&b.call(a,c)}function ic(a,b){var c=jc(b),d=kc[c];d||(d=kc[c]=[]);for(var e=d.length,f=0;f<e;f++){var g=d[f];if(g instanceof a)return g}b=new a(b);d.push(b);a=F(a);(d=lc[a])||(d=lc[a]=[]);d.push(c);return b}function hc(a,b){var c,d=b.id;d&&(c=mc(a,c,"#",d));b=b.classList||[];d=b.length;for(var e=0;e<d;e++)c=mc(a,c,".",b[e]);return c} function mc(a,b,c,d){c=(d=(c=Xb[c])&&c[d])?d.length:0;for(var e=0;e<c;e++){var f=d[e];!(f===a||f.prototype instanceof a)||b&&!(f===b||f.prototype instanceof b)||(b=f)}return b}function jc(a){var b=a.getAttribute("data-duid");b||a.setAttribute("data-duid",b=""+nc++);return b}var ec=Object.create(null),dc=[""],cc=[""],Xb=Object.create(null),Vb=Object.create(null),lc=Object.create(null),kc=Object.create(null),nc=100;window.gs_evt_dsp=fc;function oc(){var a=".gs_md_li";if(typeof a==="string"){var b=a.charAt(0),c=a.slice(1);if(b=="#")a=function(d){return d.id==c&&d.offsetWidth>0};else if(b==".")a=function(d){return w(d,c)&&d.offsetWidth>0};else throw Error("bad selector: "+a);}return a}function pc(a,b){return a&&((b===void 0?0:b)?a.lastElementChild:a.firstElementChild)}function qc(a,b){return a&&((b===void 0?0:b)?a.previousElementSibling:a.nextElementSibling)}function rc(a,b,c){c=c===void 0?!1:c;return sc(a,b,oc(),c,!1)} function sc(a,b,c,d,e){for(var f;b&&a;){if(c(b)){if(e)return b}else for(f=pc(b,d);f;f=qc(f,d))if(e=sc(f,f,c,d,!0))return e;for(e=!0;;){if(b==a)return null;f=b.parentNode;if(b=qc(b,d))break;b=f}}return null};var tc=["false","true","mixed"];var U=function(){this.D=Object.create(null)};U.prototype.clear=function(){this.D=Object.create(null)};U.prototype.has=function(a){return a in this.D};U.prototype.get=function(a){return this.D[a]};U.prototype.set=function(a,b){this.has(a);this.D[a]=b};U.prototype.delete=function(a){this.has(a)&&delete this.D[a]};var uc=function(a){var b=window,c=this;this.o=new G;this.Y=0;this.W=[b,a,function(){c.Y++||Oa(d)},!1];var d=function(){c.Y=0;c.o.notify()}};uc.prototype.addListener=function(a){this.o.getSize()||H.apply(null,this.W);this.o.add(a)};uc.prototype.removeListener=function(a){this.o.remove(a);this.o.getSize()||I.apply(null,this.W)};var vc=new uc("scroll"),wc=new uc("resize");var xc=new G;function yc(){var a=document.documentElement,b=sa();b={gs_el_ph:b==1,gs_el_ta:b==2,gs_el_sm:b!=4,gs_el_tc:ta||b==1};var c;for(c in b){var d=b[c];if(w(a,c)!=d){var e=!0;x(a,c,d)}}e&&xc.notify()}x(document.documentElement,"gs_el_ios",qa);yc();wc.addListener(yc);H(window,["pageshow","load"],yc);var zc=function(a,b,c,d,e,f){this.g=a;this.B=b;this.v=c;this.A=d;this.T=e;this.s=f;this.m=null},Ac=function(a,b){a.m=b},Bc=function(){this.l=[];this.j=-1};Bc.prototype.push=function(a){++this.j;this.j==this.l.length?this.l.push(a):(this.l[this.j]=a,this.l.splice(this.j+1,this.l.length-this.j))};Bc.prototype.pop=function(){--this.j};var Ec=function(a){for(var b=W;b.j>a;)L(b.top().g)},Fc=function(a,b){for(var c=0;c<a.l.length&&!(a.l[c].s>=b);++c);return c};Bc.prototype.top=function(){return this.at(this.j)}; Bc.prototype.at=function(a){return this.l[a]||null};function Gc(a,b){var c=a==W.j;W.j=a;b&&!N&&!M(window.history.state)&&fb();c||Hc()}function Ic(a,b){b=b===void 0?"":b;var c=c===void 0?"":c;var d=d===void 0?"":d;var e=W.top();e&&a==e.g&&b==e.B&&c==e.v||(W.push(new zc(a,b,c,d,e&&e.g==a?e.T+1:1,Date.now())),b=gb(),a=hb(),a=ib(a),b=jb(b),b=kb(b)||"#",N=M(a),lb?window.history.pushState(a,"",b):window.location.assign(b),Hc())} function Jc(a){a=Kc(D(a));return!!a&&w(a,"gs_md_wmw")&&w(document.documentElement,"gs_el_ph")}function Lc(){var a=D("gs_top"),b=document.documentElement;a=a.scrollHeight>b.clientHeight;for(var c=!1,d=0;d<=W.j&&!c;++d)c=!Jc(W.at(d).g);x(D("gs_md_s"),"gs_vis",c);c=W.j;c>=1&&(c=W.at(c-1).g,d=Jc(c),x(D(c),"gs_md_ins_vis",!d));b.style.overflowY=a&&!Jc(W.top().g)?"scroll":""} function Hc(){function a(){var y=c.clientHeight,q=+B.getAttribute("data-h");q||(g.style.maxHeight="none",q=f.offsetHeight);var r=f.querySelector(".gs_md_ftr");q=Math.max((y-q)/2,10);y=Math.max(y-48-(r?r.offsetHeight:0)-2*q,10);r=Jc(e);f.style.top=r?"auto":q+"px";g.style.maxHeight=r?"none":y+"px";Mc(g)}var b=W.top(),c=document.documentElement,d=D("gs_top"),e=b.g,f=D(e),g=D(e+"-bdy"),m=1200+W.j,k=D(f.getAttribute("data-cid")||f.id+"-bdy")||f,l=b.A,p=b.v,A=b.B,C=D("gs_md_s"),V=D(e).getAttribute("data-shd")|| "",B=Kc(f),R=window.pageYOffset,Cc=A&&A[0]!="#"&&!l,Dc=W.j>0?W.at(W.j-1).g:"",ja=!!J[e];Cc?(ja?x(k,"gs_md_ldg",!0):Nc(f,k,'<div class="gs_md_prg">'+D("gs_md_ldg").innerHTML+"</div>",b),S("gs-md-ldin",k)):(l&&Nc(f,k,l,b),S("gs-md-lded",k));ja&&e==Dc||Ya(f,function(){(B||f).style.zIndex=m;Oc(V);if(!ja){B&&u(B,"gs_vis");u(f,"gs_vis");x(f,"gs_abt",sb);x(C,"gs_abt",sb);Pc(e);if(W.j==0){var y=Lc;xc.add(y);y()}else Lc();B&&g&&(a(),wc.addListener(a))}W.j==0&&(u(d,"gs_nscl"),d.style.top=-R+"px")},function(){ja|| (wc.removeListener(a),B&&v(B,"gs_vis"),v(f,"gs_vis"),v(f,"gs_abt"));for(var y=W.top()?W.top().T:0;W.top()&&W.top().g==e;){var q=W.top();Rb(q.m);q.m=null;W.pop()}if(W.top()){if(q=W.top().g,Oc(D(q).getAttribute("data-shd")||""),v(D(q),"gs_md_ins_vis"),ja){a:{q=W;for(var r=q.j;r>=0;r--)if(q.l[r].g==e){q=r;break a}q=-1}r=W.at(q);(B||f).style.zIndex=1200+q;Nc(f,k,r.A,r)}}else v(C,"gs_vis"),v(C,"gs_abt");W.j==-1?(xc.remove(Lc),c.style.overflowY="",v(d,"gs_nscl"),d.style.top="auto",window.scrollTo(0,R)): Lc();Qc||(y>0?window.history.go(-y):fb())},Rc(f),Sc(f),Dc);Cc&&(Rb(b.m),b.m=null,Ac(b,Qb(A,p,function(y,q,r){b.m=null;r=(y=y==200&&r.match(/^text\/html(;.*)?$/i))?q:Tc();Nc(f,k,r,b);if(y)for(y=e,r=0;r<W.l.length;++r){var Fa=W.at(r);y==Fa.g&&A==Fa.B&&p==Fa.v&&(Fa.A=q,r==W.j&&fb())}S("gs-md-lded",k)})))}function Kc(a){a=a.parentNode;return w(a,"gs_md_wnw")?a:null}function Rc(a){return(a=a.getAttribute("data-ifc"))?D(a):null}function Sc(a){return(a=a.getAttribute("data-cfc"))?D(a):null} function Nc(a,b,c,d){x(b,"gs_md_ldg",!1);for(var e=b.querySelectorAll("[data-duid]"),f=e.length,g={},m=0;m<f;m++){for(var k=jc(e[m]),l=kc[k],p=l?l.length:0,A=0;A<p;A++){var C=l[A],V=F(C.constructor),B=g[V];B||(B=g[V]={});B[k]=!0;C&&typeof C.dispose=="function"&&C.dispose()}delete kc[k]}for(var R in g){R=+R;e=g[R];m=(f=lc[R])?f.length:0;for(l=k=0;l<m;l++)p=f[l],p in e||(f[k++]=p);k?f.length=k:delete lc[R]}b.innerHTML=c;d.A=c;Pc(a.id);Rb(d.m);d.m=null} function Pc(a){if(a=document.querySelector("#"+a+">.gs_md_bdy"))a.scrollTop=a.scrollLeft=0,Mc(a)}function Mc(a){var b=a.style,c="padding"+(za(a)?"Left":"Right");b[c]="";var d=a.offsetWidth-a.clientWidth;d>2&&(a=parseInt(window.getComputedStyle(a,null)[c],10)||0,b[c]=Math.max(a-d,0)+"px")}function Tc(){return'<div class="gs_md_prg"><div class="gs_alrt">'+D("gs_md_err").innerHTML+"</div></div>"} function gb(){var a=W.top();return{d:a&&a.g||void 0,u:a&&a.B||void 0,p:a&&a.v?"1":void 0,t:a&&a.s||void 0}}function hb(){var a=W.top();return{n:a&&a.T||0,p:a&&a.v||"",h:a&&a.A||""}}function Oc(a){if(Uc!=a){var b=D("gs_md_s");Uc&&v(b,Uc);(Uc=a)&&u(b,a)}}var Qc=0,Uc="",W=new Bc; rb.add(function(){var a=nb(),b=a.d||"",c=b?D(b):null;++Qc;if(c){var d=a.u||"";c=+a.p>0;var e=+a.t||0,f=N||M(window.history.state)||{};a=+f.n||0;var g=""+(f.p||"");f=""+(f.h||"");d.match(Ea)||(d="");for(var m=Fc(W,e),k=m;k<W.l.length;++k){var l=W.at(k);if(e<l.s&&l.g!=b)break}for(l=m-1;l>=0;--l){var p=W.at(l);if(e>p.s&&p.g!=b)break}Ec(k-1);for(k=0;k<=l;++k)p=W.at(k).g,J[p]||Gc(l,!1);if(l=m<W.l.length)l=W.at(m),l=b==l.g&&d==l.B&&c==!!l.v&&e==l.s;l?Gc(m,!0):(a==0&&(Ec(-1),W=new Bc,e=Date.now()),c!=!!g&& (d=g="",f=Tc()),b=new zc(b,d,g,f,a,e),c=W,e=b.s,a=Fc(c,e),e=a<c.l.length&&e==c.at(a).s,c.l.splice(a,e?1:0,b),W.j=a,fb(),Hc())}else Ec(-1);--Qc});var Vc=function(a){t.call(this);this.G=a;this.R=Object.create(null);this.m=null;a=a.querySelectorAll(".gs_in_txtw>input[type=text]");for(var b=a.length;b--;){var c=a[b],d=c.parentNode.querySelector(".gs_in_txts");c=c.name;d&&c&&(this.R[c]=d.innerHTML)}};ma(Vc,t);Vc.prototype.K=function(){Rb(this.m);this.G=this.m=null;t.prototype.K.call(this)}; Vc.prototype.ja=function(a){var b=this;P(a);if((a=this.G)&&!this.m){var c="json=&"+Aa(a);Wc(this,!0);this.m=Qb(a.action,c,function(d,e){b.m=null;Wc(b,!1);var f=b.G,g=f.getAttribute("data-alrt");if(g=g?D(g):null)g.innerHTML="";try{var m=d==200&&JSON.parse(e)}catch(B){}d=!1;m&&typeof m=="object"||(Xc(g,D("gs_md_err").innerHTML),m={},d=!0);f.setAttribute("data-p",""+(m.P||""));S("gs-ajax-form-done",f);if(e=m.L){var k=""+e;k.match(Da)&&(window.location.href=k)}else{if(e=m.M)Xc(g,e),d=!0;e=1E6;g&&g.innerHTML&& (k=g,e=g.getBoundingClientRect().top);g=f.elements;m=m.E;typeof m=="object"||(m=Object.create(null));for(var l in b.R){var p=g[l],A=void 0,C=""+(m[l]||""),V=p.parentNode.querySelector(".gs_in_txts");x(p.parentNode,"gs_in_txte",!!C);V&&(V.innerHTML=C||b.R[l]||"");C&&(A=p.getBoundingClientRect().top)<e&&(k=p,e=A);d=d||!!C}(f=f.getAttribute("data-d"))&&!d&&L(f);k&&k.scrollIntoView&&(e<0||e+20>window.innerHeight)&&k.scrollIntoView()}})}}; var Wc=function(a,b){a=a.G;var c=a.getAttribute("data-bsel");a=c?document.querySelectorAll(c):a.querySelectorAll("button");for(c=a.length;c--;){var d=a[c];d.disabled=b;x(d,"gs_bsp",b)}},Xc=function(a,b){if(a)a.innerHTML=b;else{var c=c===void 0?"":c;var d=d===void 0?"":d;var e=e===void 0?[]:e;D("gs_alrt_m").innerHTML=b;Lb().action=d.match(Da)?d:"";a=D("gs_alrt_l");a.textContent=c;c=D("gs_alrt_h");c.innerHTML="";for(var f in e)b=document.createElement(xa.aa),b.type="hidden",b.name=f,b.value=e[f],c.appendChild(b); Ib();x(a,"gs_fm_s",!0);Kb()}};Ub(Vc,[new Q(".gs_ajax_frm",{submit:Vc.prototype.ja})]);var Yc=[[1,0,1],[2,0,1]];T(".gs_cb_gen","click",function(a){var b=a.currentTarget,c=(w(b,"gs_sel")?1:0)+2*(w(b,"gs_par")?1:0),d=+b.getAttribute("data-s")==2;c=Yc[+d][c];d=!0;d=d===void 0?!1:d;x(b,"gs_sel",c==1);x(b,"gs_par",c==2);b.setAttribute("aria-checked",tc[c]);d||b.setAttribute("data-s",""+c);S("gs-change",b,a.i)});T(".gs_cb_gen",["keydown","keyup"],function(a){var b=a.currentTarget,c=a.i.keyCode;b.tagName!="BUTTON"||c!=13&&c!=32||(P(a),a.type=="keydown"&&b.click())});T([".gs_cb_gen",".gs_md_li"],"keydown",function(a){var b=a.currentTarget,c=b.tagName,d=a.i.keyCode;c!="BUTTON"&&(d==32||d==13&&c!="A")&&(P(a),b.click())});var Zc=["click","contextmenu","mouseup"].concat(navigator.sendBeacon?[]:["mousedown","touchstart"]),$c="",ad=null;function bd(){ad=null}function cd(a){navigator.sendBeacon?navigator.sendBeacon(a):ad&&a==ad.src||((ad=new Image).src=a,setTimeout(bd,1E3))} function dd(){var a=document.location.href,b=a.indexOf("?")+1;a=b?a.substr(b):"";b=a.indexOf("#");a=mb(b+1?a.substr(0,b):a).hl||"";a="/scholar_bfnav?url="+encodeURIComponent(document.location.href)+"&hl="+encodeURIComponent(a)+"&ei="+GSP.eventId;cd(a)}Ma(function(){$c=Hb?"&bn=1":"";Hb&&dd()});H(window,"pageshow",function(a){a.persisted&&($c="&bn=1",dd())}); H(document,Zc,function(a){if(!(a.type=="click"&&a.button||a.type=="mouseup"&&a.button!=1)){var b,c;a:{for(a=a.target;a;){var d=a.nodeName;if(d=="A")break a;if(d=="SPAN"||d=="B"||d=="I"||d=="EM"||d=="IMG")a=a.parentNode;else break}a=null}a&&(b=a.getAttribute("href"))&&(c=a.getAttribute("data-clk"))&&(b="/scholar_url?url="+encodeURIComponent(b)+"&"+c+"&ws="+window.innerWidth+"x"+window.innerHeight+"&at=",c=encodeURIComponent,a=(a=a.getAttribute("data-clk-atid"))?D(a):null,b=b+c(a&&a.innerText||"")+ $c,cd(b))}},!1,!0);T(".gs_fm_s","click",function(a){a=a.currentTarget.getAttribute("data-fm")||"";(a=D(a))&&a.submit()});var X=function(a){this.g=E(a.querySelector(".gs_md_d"));this.J=E(a.querySelector(".gs_md_tb"))};X.prototype.N=function(a){var b=D(this.g);return a!==void 0?rc(b,b,a):null};X.prototype.open=function(a){a=this.N(a);if(w(D(this.J),"gs_sel"))try{a&&a.focus()}catch(c){}else{var b=D(this.J);Xa(this.g,function(){u(b,"gs_sel")},function(){v(b,"gs_sel")},a,b)}};X.prototype.close=function(){L(this.g)};X.prototype.ca=function(a){P(a);w(D(this.J),"gs_sel")?this.close():this.open(a.i.type=="keydown"?!1:void 0)}; X.prototype.X=function(a){var b=a.i.keyCode;if(b==38||b==40)P(a),this.open(b==38)};X.prototype.ea=function(a){a.target.id==this.g&&this.X(a)};Ub(X,[new Q(".gs_md_rmb",{}),new Q(".gs_md_tb",{"gs-press":X.prototype.ca,keydown:X.prototype.X}),new Q(".gs_md_d",{keydown:X.prototype.ea})]);var Y=function(a){X.call(this,a);this.la=E(a.querySelector(".gs_md_in"));this.ma=E(a.querySelector(".gs_md_tb .gs_lbl"))};ma(Y,X);Y.prototype.N=function(){return D(this.g).querySelector(".gs_md_li[aria-selected]")};Y.prototype.fa=function(a){ed(this,a)};Y.prototype.O=function(a){var b=a.i.keyCode;b!=13&&b!=32||ed(this,a)}; var ed=function(a,b){var c=b.currentTarget,d=D(a.la),e=a.N();c!=e&&(d.value=c.getAttribute("data-v"),D(a.ma).innerHTML=c.innerHTML,e&&fd(e,!1),fd(c,!0));P(b);a.close();S("gs-change",d,b.i)},fd=function(a,b){x(a,"gs_sel",b);b?a.setAttribute("aria-selected","true"):a.removeAttribute("aria-selected")};Ub(Y,[new Q(".gs_md_ris",{}),new Q(".gs_md_li",{click:Y.prototype.fa,keydown:Y.prototype.O})]);T("#gs_lp","click",function(a){P(a);Ic("gs_lp_d")});T("#gs_lp_cur","click",function(a){P(a);L("gs_lp_d")});var gd=function(a){this.Z=E(a)};gd.prototype.O=function(a){var b=a.currentTarget,c=a.i.keyCode;if(c==38||c==40){var d=D(this.Z);d=rc(d,b,c==38)||rc(d,d,c==38)}else if(c==37||c==39)a:{c=c==37!=za(b.parentNode);d=b.parentNode;var e=d.children,f=e.length;if(d.id!=this.Z){for(;e[--f]!=b;);d=qc(d,c)||pc(d.parentNode,c);e=d.children;if(f=Math.min(f+1,e.length))if(d=e[f-1],w(d,"gs_md_li")&&d.offsetLeft!=b.offsetLeft)break a}d=void 0}d&&(P(a),d.focus())};Ub(gd,[new Q(".gs_md_ulr",{}),new Q(".gs_md_li",{keydown:gd.prototype.O})]);T("#gs_hdr_mnu","click",function(a){P(a);Ic("gs_hdr_drw")});T("#gs_hdr_drw_mnu","click",function(a){P(a);L("gs_hdr_drw")});T("#gs_hdr_act_i","click",function(a){P(a);sa()==1?(a=document.querySelector("#gs_hdr_drw_bot>a").href,a.match(Da)&&(window.location.href=a)):Xa("gs_hdr_act_d")});T("#gs_hdr_drw","keydown",function(a){var b=a.i.keyCode;if(b==38||b==40){var c=a.currentTarget;if(b=rc(c,c,b==38))P(a),b.focus()}}); T("#gs_hdr_tsi",["focus","blur"],function(a){function b(){var g=d.getBoundingClientRect().top-10;Math.abs(g)>10&&window.scrollBy(0,g);clearTimeout(e);c()}function c(){I(window,f,b)}var d=a.target;a=a.type=="focus";x(D("gs_hdr"),"gs_hdr_ifc",a);if(a&&ta&&!(window.innerHeight>749)){var e=setTimeout(c,1E3),f=["scroll","resize"];H(window,f,b)}});T("#gs_hdr_tsi",["input","gs-change"],function(a){x(D("gs_hdr_frm"),"gs_hdr_tsc",!!a.currentTarget.value)}); T("#gs_hdr_tsc","mousedown",function(a){P(a);var b=D("gs_hdr_tsi");b.value="";b.focus();S("input",b,a.i)});T("#gs_hdr_sre","click",function(a){P(a);var b=D("gs_hdr");Xa("gs_hdr_frm",function(){v(b,"gs_hdr_src");u(b,"gs_hdr_srx")},function(){u(b,"gs_hdr_src");v(b,"gs_hdr_srx")},D("gs_hdr_tsi"))});T(".gs_md_x","click",function(a){(a=a.currentTarget.getAttribute("data-mdx"))&&L(a)});var Z=function(){},hd,id;Z.prototype.da=function(a){a.i.button||(P(a),jd(a))};Z.prototype.ga=function(a){kd(a)&&(P(a),jd(a))};Z.prototype.ha=function(a){kd(a)&&P(a)};Z.prototype.ia=function(a){if(!a.i.button){P(a);var b=a.i;b&&(ld=b.clientX||0,md=b.clientY||0,H(document,nd,od,!0),clearTimeout(hd),hd=setTimeout(pd,2E3));jd(a)}}; Z.prototype.ka=function(a){P(a);if(qd){var b=a.i;b=b&&b.touches||[];if(b=b.length==1?b[0]:null)rd=b.clientX,sd=b.clientY,H(document,td,ud,!0),clearTimeout(id),id=setTimeout(vd,2E3)}jd(a)}; var kd=function(a){a=a.i.keyCode;return a==32||a==13},jd=function(a){S("gs-press",a.currentTarget,a.i)},pd=function(){I(document,nd,od,!0);clearTimeout(hd);hd=void 0},od=function(a){a.type!="mousedown"&&Math.abs(a.clientX-ld)<10&&Math.abs(a.clientY-md)<10?(Pa(a),a.type=="click"&&pd()):pd()},vd=function(){I(document,td,ud,!0);clearTimeout(id);id=void 0},ud=function(a){a.type!="touchstart"&&Math.abs(a.clientX-rd)<10&&Math.abs(a.clientY-sd)<10?(Pa(a),a.type=="click"&&vd()):vd()},ld=0,md=0,nd=["mousedown", "mouseup","click"],qd=z("Android")&&!z("Chrome"),rd=0,sd=0,td=["touchstart","mousedown","mouseup","click"];Ub(Z,[new Q(".gs_press",{click:Z.prototype.da,keydown:Z.prototype.ga,keyup:Z.prototype.ha,mousedown:Z.prototype.ia,touchstart:Z.prototype.ka})]);function wd(a){xd.style.left=yd&&zd===Ad?a.left+"px":"auto";xd.style.width=yd?a.width+"px":"auto";S("gs-sth-change",D("gs_sth"))}function Bd(){var a=Cd.getBoundingClientRect(),b=a.top,c=xd.offsetHeight,d=b<0,e;if(e=d&&qa)e=document.activeElement,e=!!e&&e.tagName=="INPUT"&&e.type=="text";b=e?-b-a.height:Ad;var f=yd!=d||zd!==Ad!=e;b!==zd&&(zd=b,xd.style.transform=b===Ad?"none":"translate3d(0,"+b+"px,0)");f&&(yd=d,x(Dd,"gs_sth_vis",d),x(Dd,"gs_sth_trk",e),wd(a),Cd.style.height=yd?c+"px":"auto")} function Ed(){yd&&wd(Cd.getBoundingClientRect())}var Ad,Dd,Cd,xd,yd=!1,zd;Ma(function(){if(Dd=D("gs_sth"))Cd=Dd.querySelector(".gs_sth_g"),xd=Dd.querySelector(".gs_sth_b"),vc.addListener(Bd),wc.addListener(Ed),Bd()});(function(a){Ma(function(){return setTimeout(a,0)})})(function(){var a=document.querySelectorAll(".gs_invis");var b=typeof Symbol!="undefined"&&Symbol.iterator&&a[Symbol.iterator];if(b)a=b.call(a);else if(typeof a.length=="number")a={next:aa(a)};else throw Error(String(a)+" is not an iterable or ArrayLike");for(b=a.next();!b.done;b=a.next())v(b.value,"gs_invis")});new U;new U;var Fd=(new Date).getTimezoneOffset();T("#gs_vcpb_cita_edit","click",function(a){a.i&&Pa(a.i);a=D("gsc_vcpb").getAttribute("data-edit-link")+"&tzom="+Fd;Ic("gs_md_cita-d",a)});T("#gs_md_cita-b-save","click",function(){var a=D("gsc_ecd_form");Ba(a,"continue").value=window.location.pathname+window.location.search;S("submit",a)}); T(".gsc_ecd_form_tsel","click",function(a){var b=D("gsc_ecd_form"),c=D("gsc_ecd_table");b=Ba(b,"articletype");a=a.currentTarget;b.value=a.getAttribute("data-type")||"";c.className=a.getAttribute("data-class")||"";c=document.querySelectorAll("#gsc_ecd_citation_type button");for(b=c.length;b--;)x(c[b],"gs_sel",c[b]==a)}); }({"customAC":0,"eventId":"XE5iZ6DuAoSJy9YPwY2GyQY"});</script></head><body><div id="gs_top" onclick=""><style>#gs_md_s,.gs_md_wnw{z-index:1200;position:fixed;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;visibility:hidden;}.gs_md_ds:before{content:'';position:absolute;background-color:#fff;z-index:100;opacity:0;visibility:hidden;top:0;bottom:0;right:0;left:0;}.gs_md_ds.gs_md_d:not(.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wmw):before{top:-1px;bottom:-1px;right:-1px;left:-1px;}#gs_md_s{background-color:#fff;opacity:0;}.gs_el_ta #gs_md_s,.gs_el_ph #gs_md_s,.gs_el_ta .gs_md_ds:before,.gs_el_ph .gs_md_ds:before{background-color:#666;}#gs_md_s.gs_vis,.gs_md_ds.gs_md_ins_vis:before{opacity:.5;visibility:visible;}.gs_md_wnw{transition:all 0s .218s;}.gs_md_wnw.gs_vis{visibility:visible;transition:all 0s;}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_ds:before{transition:opacity .15s,visibility 0s .15s;}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_ds.gs_md_ins_vis:before{transition:opacity .218s,visibility 0s;}.gs_md_wnw>.gs_md_d{position:relative;margin:0 auto;width:464px;box-shadow:2px 2px 8px rgba(0,0,0,.2);white-space:normal;}.gs_el_ta .gs_md_wnw>.gs_md_d,.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wnw>.gs_md_d{box-shadow:2px 2px 8px rgba(0,0,0,.65);}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wnw>.gs_md_d{width:80%;max-width:440px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wmw>.gs_md_d{display:flex;flex-direction:column;width:100%;height:100%;max-width:none;border:none;box-shadow:none;transform:translate(0,100%);transform:translate(0,100vh);transition:transform .27s cubic-bezier(.4,0,.6,1),opacity 0s .27s,visibility 0s .27s,max-height 0s .27s;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wmw>.gs_md_d.gs_vis{transform:translate(0,0);transition:transform .3s cubic-bezier(0,0,.2,1);}.gs_md_wmw>.gs_md_d.gs_abt,.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wmw>.gs_md_d.gs_abt{transition:none;}.gs_md_hdr{display:flex;align-items:center;height:47px;border-bottom:1px solid #e0e0e0;border-bottom-color:rgba(0,0,0,.12);background-color:#f5f5f5;}.gs_md_hdr>a,.gs_md_hdr>a.gs_btn_lrge{flex:0 0 auto;width:41px;height:47px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_hdr>a{margin:0 2px 0 0;}.gs_el_ph a.gs_md_hdr_c{margin:0 0 0 2px;}.gs_md_hdr_b{margin:0 41px 0 16px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_hdr_b{margin:0 16px;}.gs_md_hdr_t:empty~.gs_md_hdr_b{margin-left:0;}.gs_md_hdr_b:empty{width:41px;margin:0;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_hdr_b:empty{margin-right:2px;}.gs_md_hdr_b:empty:not(:last-child){display:none;}.gs_md_hdr_b>button{min-width:51px;height:33px;}.gs_md_hdr_t{flex:1 1 auto;font-size:18px;font-weight:normal;color:#666;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;white-space:nowrap;text-align:center;}.gs_md_bdy{position:relative;overflow-y:auto;box-sizing:border-box;padding:24px 41px 0 41px;}.gs_md_bdy:after{display:block;content:"";clear:both;padding-bottom:24px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_bdy{padding:16px 16px 0 16px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_bdy:after{padding-bottom:16px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wmw .gs_md_bdy{flex:1;}.gs_md_ftr{border-top:1px solid #e0e0e0;}.gs_md_lbl{display:block;font-size:16px;margin:0 0 16px 0;word-wrap:break-word;}.gs_md_btns{margin:24px 0 0 0;white-space:nowrap;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_btns{margin:16px 0 0 0;}.gs_md_btns button{margin-right:16px;}.gs_md_btns button:last-child{margin-right:0;}.gs_md_prg{margin:24px 0;text-align:center;}.gs_md_prg .gs_alrt{padding:4px 16px;}.gs_md_ldg:before{content:"";position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0;background-color:#fff;opacity:.5;z-index:100;}</style><div id="gs_md_ldg" style="display:none">Loading...</div><div id="gs_md_err" style="display:none">The system can't perform the operation now. Try again later.</div><div id="gs_md_s"></div><div data-h="800" class="gs_md_wnw gs_md_ds gs_md_wmw"><div id="gs_md_cita-d" class="gs_md_d gs_md_ds gs_ttzi" role="dialog" tabindex="-1" aria-labelledby="gs_md_cita-d-t" data-cid="gs_md_cita-l" data-wfc="gs_md_cita-d-x"><div class="gs_md_hdr"><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="gs_md_cita-d-x" role="button" aria-label="Cancel" data-mdx="gs_md_cita-d" class="gs_btnCLS gs_md_x gs_md_hdr_c gs_in_ib gs_btn_lrge"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></a><h2 id="gs_md_cita-d-t" class="gs_md_hdr_t"></h2><div class="gs_md_hdr_b"><button type="button" id="gs_md_cita-b-save" aria-label="Save" class="gs_btnDNW gs_in_ib gs_btn_act gs_btn_half gs_btn_lsb"><span class="gs_wr"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></span></button></div></div><div id="gs_md_cita-d-bdy" class="gs_md_bdy"><style>#gs_md_cita-d{width:90%;max-width:1000px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_md_cita-d{width:100%;max-width:none;}#gs_md_cita-d .gs_md_prg{min-height:600px;}</style><div id="gs_md_cita-l" aria-live="assertive"></div></div></div></div><div id="gs_hdr_drw" class="gs_md_ulr gs_md_ds" role="dialog" tabindex="-1" data-shd="gs_hdr_drs" data-wfc="gs_hdr_drw_mnu" data-cfc="gs_hdr_mnu"><div id="gs_hdr_drw_in"><div id="gs_hdr_drw_top"><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="gs_hdr_drw_mnu" role="button" aria-controls="gs_hdr_drw" aria-label="Options" class="gs_btnMNT gs_in_ib gs_btn_lrge"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></a><a id="gs_hdr_drw_lgo" href="/schhp?hl=en" aria-label="Homepage"></a></div><div><div class="gs_hdr_drw_sec"><a href="/citations?hl=en" role="menuitem" class="gs_btnPRO gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">My profile</span></a><a href="/scholar?scilib=1&hl=en" role="menuitem" class="gs_btnL gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">My library</span></a><a href="/citations?view_op=metrics_intro&hl=en" role="menuitem" class="gs_btnJ gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">Metrics</span></a><a href="/scholar_alerts?view_op=list_alerts&hl=en" role="menuitem" class="gs_btnM gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">Alerts</span></a></div><div class="gs_hdr_drw_sec"><a href="/scholar_settings?hl=en" role="menuitem" class="gs_btnP gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">Settings</span></a></div></div><div id="gs_hdr_drw_bot" class="gs_hdr_drw_sec"><a href="https://accounts.google.com/Login?hl=en&continue=https://scholar.google.com/schhp%3Fhl%3Den" class=" gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">Sign in</span></a></div></div></div><div id="gs_hdr" role="banner"><a href="/citations?view_op=list_works&hl=en&hl=en&user=OtdBQfcAAAAJ" id="gs_hdr_bck" role="button" class="gs_btnALT gs_in_ib gs_btn_lrge"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></a><div id="gs_hdr_md"><h1 dir="ltr">View article</h1></div><div id="gs_hdr_act"><a id="gs_hdr_act_s" href="https://accounts.google.com/Login?hl=en&continue=https://scholar.google.com/schhp%3Fhl%3Den">Sign in</a></div></div><style>#gs_alrt{position:fixed;bottom:48px;left:16px;max-width:384px;z-index:1250;display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;font-size:13px;line-height:16px;color:#e2e2e2;background:#333;text-align:left;border-radius:3px;box-shadow:0 3px 5px -1px rgba(0,0,0,.2),0 6px 10px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.14),0 1px 18px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.12);visibility:hidden;transform-origin:center;transform:scale(0.8,0.8) translate(0,100%);}.gs_el_ph #gs_alrt{bottom:0;left:0;width:100%;max-width:none;border-radius:0;box-shadow:none;transform:scale(1,1) translate(0,100%);}#gs_alrt.gs_vis{visibility:visible;transform:scale(1,1) translate(0,0);}#gs_alrt.gs_anm{transition:transform .067s cubic-bezier(.4,0,1,1),visibility 0s .067s;}#gs_alrt.gs_vis.gs_anm{transition:transform .067s cubic-bezier(0,0,.2,1);}.gs_el_ph #gs_alrt.gs_anm{transition:transform .084s cubic-bezier(.4,0,1,1),visibility 0s .084s;}.gs_el_ph #gs_alrt.gs_vis.gs_anm{transition:transform .1s cubic-bezier(0,0,.2,1);}#gs_alrt_m{display:block;padding:16px;}#gs_alrt_l{display:block;padding:8px;margin:0 8px 0 -8px;border-radius:3px;color:#fcc934;text-transform:uppercase;text-decoration:none;}#gs_alrt_l:hover{background-color:rgba(255,255,255,.05)}#gs_alrt_l:active{background-color:rgba(255,255,255,.1)}#gs_alrt_l:empty{display:none}#gs_alrt_m a{padding:8px 0;color:#e2e2e2;text-decoration:underline;}#gs_alrt_m a:active{color:#f6aea9}</style><form action="" method="post" id="gs_alrt"><span id="gs_alrt_m"></span><span id="gs_alrt_h"></span><a id="gs_alrt_l" href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_fm_s" data-fm="gs_alrt"></a></form><div id="gs_bdy"><div id="gs_bdy_sb" role="navigation"><div id="gs_bdy_sb_in"><div id="gsc_sb_ui" class="gs_bdy_sb_sec"><a href="/citations?user=OtdBQfcAAAAJ&hl=en" class="gs_ibl"><span class="gs_rimg gs_pp_sm"><img alt="Jeetendra Kumar Tiwari" sizes="56px" src="/citations/images/avatar_scholar_56.png" srcset="/citations/images/avatar_scholar_56.png 56w,/citations/images/avatar_scholar_128.png 128w" width="56" height="56"></span></a><div><a href="/citations?user=OtdBQfcAAAAJ&hl=en">Jeetendra Kumar Tiwari</a></div></div></div></div><div id="gs_bdy_ccl" role="main"><div id="gsc_vcpb" data-edit-link="/citations?view_op=edit_citation&hl=en&user=OtdBQfcAAAAJ&citation_for_view=OtdBQfcAAAAJ:zYLM7Y9cAGgC&citation_for_view=OtdBQfcAAAAJ:zYLM7Y9cAGgC&back_view_op=view_citation"><form method="post" id="gsc_vcpb_btns" action="/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en"><input type="hidden" name="xsrf" value="AE3b8UAAAAAAZ2Of3Gi0P44PcG1Ew_l4RzMn6zY"><input type="hidden" name="s" value="OtdBQfcAAAAJ:zYLM7Y9cAGgC"><input type="hidden" name="continue" value="/citations?view_op=list_works&hl=en&hl=en&user=OtdBQfcAAAAJ"></form><div id="gsc_oci_title_wrapper"><div id="gsc_oci_title_gg"><div class="gsc_oci_title_ggi"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/download/104365674/03_ICQM2014-006.pdf" data-clk="hl=en&sa=T&ei=XE5iZ6DuAoSJy9YPwY2GyQY"><span class='gsc_vcd_title_ggt'>[PDF]</span> from academia.edu</a></div></div><div id="gsc_oci_title"><a class="gsc_oci_title_link" href="https://www.academia.edu/download/104365674/03_ICQM2014-006.pdf" data-clk="hl=en&sa=T&ei=XE5iZ6DuAoSJy9YPwY2GyQY">The integration of quality management and environmental management-A review</a></div></div><div id="gsc_oci_table"><div class="gs_scl"><div class="gsc_oci_field">Authors</div><div class="gsc_oci_value">Rishabh Agrawal, Jeetendra Tiwari</div></div><div class="gs_scl"><div class="gsc_oci_field">Publication date</div><div class="gsc_oci_value">2014/1/1</div></div><div class="gs_scl"><div class="gsc_oci_field">Source</div><div class="gsc_oci_value">International Proceedings of Economics Development and Research</div></div><div class="gs_scl"><div class="gsc_oci_field">Volume</div><div class="gsc_oci_value">75</div></div><div class="gs_scl"><div class="gsc_oci_field">Pages</div><div class="gsc_oci_value">9</div></div><div class="gs_scl"><div class="gsc_oci_field">Publisher</div><div class="gsc_oci_value">IACSIT Press</div></div><div class="gs_scl"><div class="gsc_oci_field">Description</div><div class="gsc_oci_value" id="gsc_oci_descr"><div class="gsh_small"><div class="gsh_csp">The relationship between quality management and firm's performance as well as between environmental management systems and firm performance has conventionally been a key issue in the operations organization literature. Total Quality Management (TQM) implementation in firms often shows that costs can be reduced and differentiation levels increased. Higher quality implies lower costs and increased productivity, which in turn gives the firm a greater market share and enhanced competitiveness. On the same lines, environmental management improves performance levels of industries and hence it could become a key success factor as well as a source of competitive advantage. This idea suggests that Environmental Management system impacts on performance. TQM focuses on waste when it applies to process inefficiencies, whereas environmental management pays more attention to pollution in the form of air emissions and solid and hazardous waste. Pollution prevention can allow a firm to save control costs, input and energy consumption, and also to reuse materials through recycling. Pollution prevention can consequently help firms to reach a win-win situation, from which both the firm and the environment will benefit. Because the two systems ie quality management systems and environmental management systems share a similar focus, it makes sense to use many of the TQM tools, methods and practices when implementing an environmental management system. Therefore, organizations now put emphasis on integrating these two management systems. This paper presents a review of the relationship between quality …</div></div></div></div><div class="gs_scl"><div class="gsc_oci_field">Total citations</div><div class="gsc_oci_value"><div style="margin-bottom:1em"><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=4123437035100489281&as_sdt=5">Cited by 7</a></div><div id="gsc_oci_graph_wrapper"><div id="gsc_oci_graph" style="width:195px;"><div id="gsc_oci_graph_x"></div><div id="gsc_oci_graph_bars"><span class="gsc_oci_g_t" style="left:0px">2017</span><span class="gsc_oci_g_t" style="left:33px">2018</span><span class="gsc_oci_g_t" style="left:66px">2019</span><span class="gsc_oci_g_t" style="left:99px">2020</span><span class="gsc_oci_g_t" style="left:132px">2021</span><span class="gsc_oci_g_t" style="left:165px">2022</span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=4123437035100489281&as_sdt=5&as_ylo=2017&as_yhi=2017" class="gsc_oci_g_a" style="left:5px;height:19px;top:38px;z-index:6"><span class="gsc_oci_g_al">1</span></a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=4123437035100489281&as_sdt=5&as_ylo=2018&as_yhi=2018" class="gsc_oci_g_a" style="left:38px;height:57px;top:0px;z-index:5"><span class="gsc_oci_g_al">3</span></a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=4123437035100489281&as_sdt=5&as_ylo=2020&as_yhi=2020" class="gsc_oci_g_a" style="left:104px;height:38px;top:19px;z-index:3"><span class="gsc_oci_g_al">2</span></a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=4123437035100489281&as_sdt=5&as_ylo=2022&as_yhi=2022" class="gsc_oci_g_a" style="left:170px;height:19px;top:38px;z-index:1"><span class="gsc_oci_g_al">1</span></a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="gs_scl"><div class="gsc_oci_field">Scholar articles</div><div class="gsc_oci_value"><div class="gsc_oci_merged_snippet"><div><a href="/scholar?oi=bibs&cluster=4123437035100489281&btnI=1&hl=en">The integration of quality management and environmental management-A review</a></div><div>R Agrawal, J Tiwari - International Proceedings of Economics Development …, 2014</div><div><a class="gsc_oms_link" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=4123437035100489281&as_sdt=5">Cited by 7</a> <a class="gsc_oms_link" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&q=related:Qcba8iJkOTkJ:scholar.google.com/">Related articles</a> <a class="gsc_oms_link" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cluster=4123437035100489281">All 2 versions</a> </div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div id="gs_ftr_sp" role="presentation"></div><div id="gs_ftr" class="gs_md_rmb" role="contentinfo"><div id="gs_ftr_rt"><a href="//www.google.com/intl/en/policies/privacy/">Privacy</a><a href="//www.google.com/intl/en/policies/terms/">Terms</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" ontouchstart="gs_evt_dsp(event)" role="button" aria-controls="gs_ftr_mnu" aria-haspopup="true" class="gs_press gs_md_tb">Help</a></div><div id="gs_ftr_mnu" class="gs_md_d gs_md_ds gs_ttzi gs_md_ulr" role="menu" tabindex="-1"><a role="menuitem" href="/intl/en/scholar/about.html" tabindex="-1" class="gs_md_li">About Scholar</a><a role="menuitem" href="//support.google.com/websearch?p=scholar_dsa&hl=en" tabindex="-1" class="gs_md_li">Search help</a></div></div></div></body></html>