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<span>The ghetto</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_ghetto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uprising" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uprising"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Uprising</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uprising-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rescue_attempts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rescue_attempts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Rescue attempts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rescue_attempts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commemoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commemoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Commemoration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commemoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-People_of_the_Będzin_Ghetto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#People_of_the_Będzin_Ghetto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>People of the Będzin Ghetto</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-People_of_the_Będzin_Ghetto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div 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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Będzin Ghetto</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gueto_de_B%C4%99dzin" title="Gueto de Będzin – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gueto de Będzin" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%AA%D9%88_%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%86" title="گتو بنجن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گتو بنجن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghetto_de_B%C4%99dzin" title="Ghetto de Będzin – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ghetto de Będzin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghetto_di_B%C4%99dzin" title="Ghetto di Będzin – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ghetto di Będzin" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%98%D7%95_%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9F" title="גטו בנדין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גטו בנדין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getto_van_B%C4%99dzin" title="Getto van Będzin – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Getto van Będzin" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:24em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #f4e9c5;">The Będzin Ghetto</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:B%C4%99dzin-Ghetto-1942-ul-Modrzejowska.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ghetto in Będzin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/B%C4%99dzin-Ghetto-1942-ul-Modrzejowska.jpg/300px-B%C4%99dzin-Ghetto-1942-ul-Modrzejowska.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/B%C4%99dzin-Ghetto-1942-ul-Modrzejowska.jpg/450px-B%C4%99dzin-Ghetto-1942-ul-Modrzejowska.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/B%C4%99dzin-Ghetto-1942-ul-Modrzejowska.jpg/600px-B%C4%99dzin-Ghetto-1942-ul-Modrzejowska.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1317" data-file-height="894" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Będzin Ghetto in <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>, Modrzejowska Street, 1942</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="center"> <div class="floatnone"> <div style="width:250px;"> <div style="position:relative; background-color:#FFFFFF; ;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WW2-Holocaust-Poland.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/WW2-Holocaust-Poland.PNG/250px-WW2-Holocaust-Poland.PNG" decoding="async" width="250" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/WW2-Holocaust-Poland.PNG/375px-WW2-Holocaust-Poland.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/WW2-Holocaust-Poland.PNG/500px-WW2-Holocaust-Poland.PNG 2x" data-file-width="2007" data-file-height="2161" /></a></span><div style="position: absolute; z-index: 2; height: 0; width: 0; margin: 0; padding: 0; top: 68.7%; left: 28.0%;"> <div style="position: relative; z-index: 3; line-height: 0; text-align: center; width: 8px; left: -4px; top: -4px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_pog.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div style="position: relative; z-index: 4; font-size: 90%; line-height: 111%; width: 6em; top: -1.5em; left: 0.5em; text-align: left;"><span style="padding: 1px;"></span></div> </div></div> </div> </div> </div><div class="infobox-caption">Będzin location during <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Poland" title="The Holocaust in Poland">the Holocaust in Poland</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/B%C4%99dzin" title="Będzin">Będzin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)">German-occupied Poland</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Incident type</th><td class="infobox-data">Imprisonment, forced labor, starvation</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Organizations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">SS</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Camp</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz">Auschwitz</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Victims</th><td class="infobox-data">30,000 <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_20th-century_Poland" title="History of the Jews in 20th-century Poland">Polish Jews</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Będzin Ghetto</b> (a.k.a. the Bendzin Ghetto, <a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a>: <span lang="yi" dir="rtl">בענדינער געטאָ</span>, Bendiner geto; <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Ghetto von Bendsburg</i>) was a <a href="/wiki/Ghettos_in_Nazi-occupied_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghettos in Nazi-occupied Europe">World War II ghetto</a> set up by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> for <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland" title="History of the Jews in Poland">the Polish Jews</a> in the town of <a href="/wiki/B%C4%99dzin" title="Będzin">Będzin</a> in <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)">occupied south-western Poland</a>. The formation of the <a href="/wiki/Ghettos_in_Nazi-occupied_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghettos in Nazi-occupied Europe">'Jewish Quarter'</a> was pronounced by the German authorities in July 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-jhi_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jhi-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over 20,000 local Jews from Będzin, along with additional 10,000 Jews expelled from neighbouring communities, were forced to subsist there until the end of the ghetto history during <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>. Most of the able-bodied poor were forced to work in German military factories before being transported aboard <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_trains" title="Holocaust trains">Holocaust trains</a> to the nearby concentration camp at <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz">Auschwitz</a> where they were exterminated. The last major deportation of the ghetto inmates by the German <a href="/wiki/SS" class="mw-redirect" title="SS">SS</a> – men, women and children – between 1 and 3 August 1943 was marked by the <a href="/wiki/Ghetto_uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghetto uprising">ghetto uprising</a> by members of the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Combat_Organization" title="Jewish Combat Organization">Jewish Combat Organization</a>. </p><p>The Będzin Ghetto formed a single administrative unit with the <a href="/wiki/Sosnowiec_Ghetto" title="Sosnowiec Ghetto">Sosnowiec Ghetto</a> in the bordering Środula district of Sosnowiec,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because both cities are a part of <a href="/wiki/Katowice_urban_area" title="Katowice urban area">the same urban area</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Zag%C5%82%C4%99bie_D%C4%85browskie" class="mw-redirect" title="Zagłębie Dąbrowskie">Dąbrowa Basin</a>. The Jews from both ghettos shared the "Farma" vegetable garden allocated to Zionist youth by the Judenrat.<sup id="cite_ref-HMM_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HMM-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Fridrich_Kuczynski" title="Fridrich Kuczynski">Fridrich Kuczynski</a> a member of the <a href="/wiki/Organization_Schmelt" title="Organization Schmelt">Organization Schmelt</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sentenced to death for being responsible of 100,000 Jewish victims.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=B%C4%99dzin_Ghetto&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Jewish_ghettos_in_German-occupied_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland">Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland</a></div> <p>Before the 1939 <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">invasion of Poland</a> at the onset of World War II, Będzin had a <a href="/wiki/Polish_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Jews">vibrant Jewish community</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-szaniewscy_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-szaniewscy-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/Polish_census_of_1921" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish census of 1921">Polish census of 1921</a>, the town's Jewish population consisted of 17,298 people, or 62.1 percent of its total population.<sup id="cite_ref-jhi_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jhi-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-szaniewscy_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-szaniewscy-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1938, the number of Jews had increased to about 22,500.<sup id="cite_ref-szaniewscy_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-szaniewscy-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Nazi-Soviet invasion of <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Poland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/German_Army_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="German Army (Wehrmacht)">German military</a> overran the area in early September 1939. The army was followed by mobile <a href="/wiki/Einsatzkommando" title="Einsatzkommando">death squads</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a>, and the persecution of the Jews began immediately. On 7 September the first draconian economic sanctions were imposed.<sup id="cite_ref-szaniewscy_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-szaniewscy-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A day later, on 8 September, the <a href="/wiki/B%C4%99dzin" title="Będzin">Będzin</a> Synagogue was burned.<sup id="cite_ref-szaniewscy_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-szaniewscy-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 9 September 1939 the first mass murder of local Jews took place with 40 prominent individuals executed.<sup id="cite_ref-jhi_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jhi-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A month later, on 8 October 1939, <a href="/wiki/Hitler" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler">Hitler</a> declared that Będzin would become part of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_territories_annexed_by_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish territories annexed by Germany">Polish territories annexed by Germany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kalisz_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kalisz-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Order_Police_battalions" title="Order Police battalions">Order Police battalions</a> began to deport Jewish families from all neighbouring communities of the <i><a href="/wiki/Zag%C5%82%C4%99bie_D%C4%85browskie" class="mw-redirect" title="Zagłębie Dąbrowskie">Zagłębie Dąbrowskie</a></i> region into Będzin. Among them were the Jews of <a href="/wiki/Bohumin" class="mw-redirect" title="Bohumin">Bohumin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kielce" title="Kielce">Kielce</a> and <a href="/wiki/O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim" title="Oświęcim">Oświęcim</a> (Auschwitz).<sup id="cite_ref-szaniewscy_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-szaniewscy-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overall, about 30,000 Jews would live in Będzin during World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-szaniewscy_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-szaniewscy-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By late 1942, Będzin and the nearby <a href="/wiki/Sosnowiec" title="Sosnowiec">Sosnowiec</a> bordering Będzin (see <a href="/wiki/Sosnowiec_Ghetto" title="Sosnowiec Ghetto">Sosnowiec Ghetto</a>), became the only two cities in the Zagłębie Dąbrowskie region that were inhabited by the Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-Namyslo_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Namyslo-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_ghetto">The ghetto</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=B%C4%99dzin_Ghetto&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The ghetto"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From October 1940 to May 1942, about 4,000 Jewish people were deported from Będzin to slave labour in the rapidly growing number of camps.<sup id="cite_ref-szaniewscy_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-szaniewscy-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until October 1942 the internal boundaries of the ghetto remained unmarked. No fence was built. The area was defined by neighbourhoods of Kamionka and Mała Środula bordering the <a href="/wiki/Sosnowiec_Ghetto" title="Sosnowiec Ghetto">Sosnowiec Ghetto</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Ghetto_Police" title="Jewish Ghetto Police">Jewish police</a> placed by the SS along the perimeter.<sup id="cite_ref-CS_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CS-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As was the case in other ghettos across occupied Poland, German authorities exterminated most of the Jews of Będzin during the murderous <a href="/wiki/Operation_Reinhard" title="Operation Reinhard">Operation Reinhard</a>, deporting them to Nazi <a href="/wiki/Death_camps" class="mw-redirect" title="Death camps">death camps</a>, primarily to nearby <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz-Birkenau</a> for gassing. During this time, the leaders of the Jewish community in Zagłebie including <a href="/wiki/Moshe_Merin" title="Moshe Merin">Moshe Merin</a> (Mojżesz Merin, in Polish) cooperated with the Germans in the hope that the survival of the Jews might be tied to their forced labour exploitation. It was a false assumption.<sup id="cite_ref-Namyslo_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Namyslo-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Major deportation actions, commanded by <i><a href="/wiki/SS-Standartenf%C3%BChrer" class="mw-redirect" title="SS-Standartenführer">SS-Standartenführer</a></i> Alexander von Woedtke,<sup id="cite_ref-Fleming_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fleming-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> took place in 1942 with 2,000 Jews sent to be murdered in <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz</a> in May and 5,000 Jews in August.<sup id="cite_ref-szaniewscy_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-szaniewscy-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another 5,000 jews of the ghettos were deported from Będzin aboard <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_trains" title="Holocaust trains">Holocaust trains</a> between August 1942 and June 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-szaniewscy_6-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-szaniewscy-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last major deportations took place in 1943 whereas 5,000 Jews were sent away on 22 June 1943 and 8,000 around 1–3 August 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-szaniewscy_6-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-szaniewscy-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 1,000 remaining Jews were deported in the subsequent months. It is estimated that of the 30,000 inhabitants of the ghetto, only 2,000 survivors remained.<sup id="cite_ref-szaniewscy_6-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-szaniewscy-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1941_B%C4%99dzin_Ghetto_Police_ID.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/1941_B%C4%99dzin_Ghetto_Police_ID.jpg/220px-1941_B%C4%99dzin_Ghetto_Police_ID.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/1941_B%C4%99dzin_Ghetto_Police_ID.jpg/330px-1941_B%C4%99dzin_Ghetto_Police_ID.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/1941_B%C4%99dzin_Ghetto_Police_ID.jpg/440px-1941_B%C4%99dzin_Ghetto_Police_ID.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2123" data-file-height="1660" /></a><figcaption>1941 Będzin Ghetto Police ID.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uprising">Uprising</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=B%C4%99dzin_Ghetto&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Uprising"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frumka-Plotnicka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Frumka-Plotnicka.jpg/170px-Frumka-Plotnicka.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Frumka-Plotnicka.jpg/255px-Frumka-Plotnicka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Frumka-Plotnicka.jpg/340px-Frumka-Plotnicka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="775" /></a><figcaption>Frumka Płotnicka who fought in the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising" title="Warsaw Ghetto Uprising">Warsaw Ghetto Uprising</a> at age 29, led the uprising in the Będzin Ghetto during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Reinhard" title="Operation Reinhard">Operation Reinhard</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>During the final deportation action of early August 1943, the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Combat_Organization" title="Jewish Combat Organization">Jewish Combat Organization</a> (ŻOB) in Będzin <a href="/wiki/Ghetto_uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghetto uprising">staged an uprising</a> against the Germans (as in nearby Sosnowiec).<sup id="cite_ref-Namyslo_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Namyslo-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Already in 1941 a local chapter of ŻOB was created in Będzin,<sup id="cite_ref-Namyslo_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Namyslo-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on the advice of <a href="/wiki/Mordechai_Anielewicz" title="Mordechai Anielewicz">Mordechai Anielewicz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CS_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CS-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weapons were obtained from the Jewish underground in Warsaw. Pistols and hand-grenades were smuggled in perilous train rides. Edzia Pejsachson was caught and tortured to death. Using patterns supplied by the headquarters the <a href="/wiki/Molotov_cocktail" title="Molotov cocktail">Molotov cocktails</a> were being manufactured. The bombs that the Jews produced – according to surviving testimonies – were comparable with those of the Nazis. Several bunkers were dug out within the ghetto boundary to produce and hide these weapons. The attitude of the <i><a href="/wiki/Judenrat" title="Judenrat">Judenrat</a></i> in Będzin to the resistance was negative from the start, but it changed during the ghetto liquidation.<sup id="cite_ref-AB_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AB-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The revolt was an ultimate act of defiance of the ghetto insurgents who fought in the neighbourhoods of Kamionka and Środula. A group of partisans barricaded themselves in the bunker at Podsiadły Street along with their female leader, <a href="/wiki/Frumka_P%C5%82otnicka" title="Frumka Płotnicka">Frumka Płotnicka</a>, age 29,<sup id="cite_ref-Fleming_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fleming-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who fought in the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising" title="Warsaw Ghetto Uprising">Warsaw Ghetto Uprising</a> several weeks earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-bedzin/8_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bedzin/8-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All of them were killed by the German forces once they ran out of bullets, but the fighting, which began on 3 August 1943, lasted for several days.<sup id="cite_ref-CS_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CS-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the remaining Jews perished soon thereafter, when the ghetto was liquidated,<sup id="cite_ref-szaniewscy_6-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-szaniewscy-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Namyslo_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Namyslo-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the deportations had to be extended from a few days to two weeks and the <i>SS</i> from Auschwitz (45 km distance) was summoned to assist.<sup id="cite_ref-Fleming_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fleming-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Posthumously, Frumka Płotnicka received the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Cross_of_Grunwald" title="Order of the Cross of Grunwald">Order of the Cross of Grunwald</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Committee_of_National_Liberation" title="Polish Committee of National Liberation">Polish Committee of National Liberation</a> on <span class="nowrap">19 April 1945</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-bedzin/8_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bedzin/8-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rescue_attempts">Rescue attempts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=B%C4%99dzin_Ghetto&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Rescue attempts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Christian efforts to rescue Jews from the Nazi persecution began immediately during the German invasion. When on 8 September 1939 the Synagogue was set on fire by the SS with a crowd of Jewish worshippers inside, the Catholic priest, Father Mieczysław Zawadzki <i><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wincenty_Mieczys%C5%82aw_Zawadzki" class="extiw" title="pl:Wincenty Mieczysław Zawadzki">(pl)</a></i>, opened the gates of his church at Góra Zamkowa for all runaways seeking refuge. It is not known how many Jews he saved inside until the danger subsided; likely more than one hundred.<sup id="cite_ref-Namyslo_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Namyslo-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Father Zawadzki was awarded the title of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Righteous_Among_the_Nations" title="Polish Righteous Among the Nations">Polish Righteous Among the Nations</a> posthumously in 2007. He died in 1975 in Będzin.<sup id="cite_ref-zawadzki_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zawadzki-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the Synagogue burned, other houses caught fire as well. Many escaping Jews saved by Father Zawadzki were also wounded and required medical help. They were rescued by Dr. Tadeusz Kosibowicz, director of the state hospital in Będzin, aided by Dr. Ryszard Nyc and Sister Rufina Świrska. The critically injured Jews were taken by them to the hospital under false names. Other Jews hid at the hospital also by being given instant employment. However, Director Kosibowicz was denounced by one of his ethnically German patients and arrested by the Gestapo on 8 May 1940. All three rescuers were sentenced to death, soon commuted to camp imprisonment. Dr Kosibowicz was in <a href="/wiki/KZ_Dachau" class="mw-redirect" title="KZ Dachau">KZ Dachau</a>, <a href="/wiki/KL_Sachsenhausen" class="mw-redirect" title="KL Sachsenhausen">KL Sachsenhausen</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Majdanek" class="mw-redirect" title="Majdanek">Majdanek</a> (KL Lublin) as well as in KL <a href="/wiki/Gross-Rosen" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross-Rosen">Gross-Rosen</a>. He worked as prisoner medic and survived. Kosibowicz returned to Będzin after liberation and resumed his position of the hospital director. He died on 6 July 1971; and was awarded the title of Righteous posthumously in 2006 by the State of Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-kosibowicz_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kosibowicz-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hundreds of Polish Jews remained in hiding when the Auschwitz deportations ended in August 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-AN52_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AN52-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The survivors were smuggled out of the bunkers in small groups by ŻOB members: Fela Kac, Schmuel Ron and Kasia Szancer. Polish rescuers who picked them up on the 'Aryan' side of the city included Roman Kołodziej, killed for saving Jews on 2 January 1944, and Zofia Klemens arrested by Gestapo and sent to a concentration camp; Klemens survived. She was awarded the title of the Righteous in 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-AN52_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AN52-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Kobylec family rescued over seventy Jews; they received Righteous medals twenty years later.<sup id="cite_ref-AN52_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AN52-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Escape attempts took place during the ghetto liquidation actions. Cela Kleinmann and her brother Icchak escaped from the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_train" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust train">Holocaust train</a> in 1943 thanks to a loose plank in the roof. They were rescued by the family of Stanisław Grzybowski, with whom their father had worked in a coal mine. However, Cela was caught while looking for "Aryan" ID paper and murdered. After that, Grzybowski brought Icchak to his own daughter Wanda and her husband Kazimierz in 1944. Wanda and Kazimierz Kafarski were awarded recognition as the Righteous in 2004, long after Stanisław Grzybowski died of old age.<sup id="cite_ref-kafarski2_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kafarski2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commemoration">Commemoration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=B%C4%99dzin_Ghetto&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Commemoration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are several diaries from survivors and hundreds of written correspondences made to relations from those in the ghetto at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-szaniewscy_6-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-szaniewscy-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Photos of many of the ghetto's deportees to Auschwitz were preserved. A collection of over 2,000 photographs was discovered in October, 1986, including many images of life in Będzin and the ghetto. Some of them have been published in a book<sup id="cite_ref-The_Last_Album:_Eyes_from_the_Ashes_of_Auschwitz-Birkenau,_2nd_ed._18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Last_Album:_Eyes_from_the_Ashes_of_Auschwitz-Birkenau,_2nd_ed.-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or in a video.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Last_Album_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Last_Album-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Eyes from the Ashes Foundation administers the collection. </p><p>In 2004, Będzin City Council decided to dedicate the city square to the heroes of the Jewish ghetto uprising in Będzin.<sup id="cite_ref-aktualnosci_urzedu_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aktualnosci_urzedu-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 2005 new memorial was unveiled at the site of the Będzin Ghetto.<sup id="cite_ref-sztetl_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sztetl-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="People_of_the_Będzin_Ghetto"><span id="People_of_the_B.C4.99dzin_Ghetto"></span>People of the Będzin Ghetto</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=B%C4%99dzin_Ghetto&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: People of the Będzin Ghetto"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ghetto Partisans: </p> <ul><li>Zvi Brandes (1917-1943), Hashomer Hatzair, commander Jewish Fighting Organization (ZOB)</li></ul> <ul><li>Baruch Gaftek (1913-1943), Dror – Halutz Underground, commander Jewish resistance</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chajka_Klinger" title="Chajka Klinger">Chajka Klinger</a> (1917-1958), Hashomer Hatzair</li></ul> <ul><li>Shlomo Lerner (d. 1943), founder Halutz underground Zaglembia, commander Jewish Fighteing Organizations, ZOB</li></ul> <ul><li>David Liver, ghetto underground</li></ul> <ul><li>Frumka Plotnitzka (1914-1943), leader underground resistance</li></ul> <ul><li>E zriel ("Yozek") Koszok, leader underground resistance</li></ul> <ul><li>Mordecai Anielewicz, Jewish Fighting Organization (ZOB), Bedzin, Warsaw</li></ul> <ul><li>Marcus Pohorila (1912-1943)</li></ul> <ul><li>Herschel Springer, leader, underground</li></ul> <ul><li>Rebecca Granz (1915-1943), also Czenstochow and Warsaw Ghetto</li></ul> <ul><li>Israel Kozhuch (1922-1943)</li></ul> <p><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%A9_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%98.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%A9_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%98.jpg/250px-%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%A9_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%98.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%A9_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%98.jpg/375px-%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%A9_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%98.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%A9_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%98.jpg/500px-%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%A9_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%98.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2354" data-file-height="2417" /></a><figcaption>Hirsh Barenblat</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Hirsch_Barenblat" title="Hirsch Barenblat">Hirsch Barenblat</a>, the conductor of the Israel National Opera, was first tried in 1964 for having turned Jews over to the Nazis as head of the Jewish police in the Bendzin ghetto, Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having arrived in Israel in 1958-9, Barenblat was arrested after a ghetto survivor recognised him while he was conducting an opera. Found guilty of helping the Nazis by ensuring that Jews selected for the death camps did not escape, Barenblat was sentenced to five years in prison. On May 1, 1964, having served three months of the sentence, Barenblat was absolved of the charge, freed and Israel's Supreme Court quashed his conviction.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=B%C4%99dzin_Ghetto&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-jhi-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jhi_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jhi_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jhi_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Polish)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120216021111/http://www.jhi.pl/en/gminy/miasto/613.html">Będzin in the Jewish Historical Institute community database.</a> Internet Archive.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDawid_Fischer" class="citation web cs1">Dawid Fischer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://polishjews.org/shoahtts/010.htm">"The Ghetto of Sosnowiec (Srodula)"</a>. <i>Holocaust Testimonies</i>. PolishJews.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Holocaust+Testimonies&rft.atitle=The+Ghetto+of+Sosnowiec+%28Srodula%29&rft.au=Dawid+Fischer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpolishjews.org%2Fshoahtts%2F010.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AB%C4%99dzin+Ghetto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HMM-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HMM_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121210194550/http://digitalassets.ushmm.org/photoarchives/detail.aspx?id=1098030">"Jewish youth at the "Farma" collective"</a>. Washington, DC: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalassets.ushmm.org/photoarchives/detail.aspx?id=1098030">the original</a> on December 10, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2016</span> – via Internet Archive. <q>The "Farma" was a plot of land between Bedzin and Sosnowiec that was allocated to the local Zionist youth movements by the Jewish Council for the growing of vegetables.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jewish+youth+at+the+%22Farma%22+collective&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitalassets.ushmm.org%2Fphotoarchives%2Fdetail.aspx%3Fid%3D1098030&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AB%C4%99dzin+Ghetto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yadvashem.org/yv/he/research/ghettos_encyclopedia/ghetto_details.asp?cid=150">Będzin, The Encyclopedia of the Ghettos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jta.org/archive/major-war-criminal-responsible-for-murder-of-100000-police-jews-gets-death-sentence">"Major War Criminal Responsible for Murder of 100,000 Police Jews Gets Death Sentence"</a>. <i>Jewish Telegraphic Agency</i>. 20 March 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Telegraphic+Agency&rft.atitle=Major+War+Criminal+Responsible+for+Murder+of+100%2C000+Police+Jews+Gets+Death+Sentence&rft.date=2015-03-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jta.org%2Farchive%2Fmajor-war-criminal-responsible-for-murder-of-100000-police-jews-gets-death-sentence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AB%C4%99dzin+Ghetto" class="Z3988"></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.bentley.umich.edu/djnews/djn.1948.09.10.001/19">"Major War Criminal Gets Death Sentence"</a>. <i>The Detroit Jewish News Digital Archives</i>. September 10, 1948<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Detroit+Jewish+News+Digital+Archives&rft.atitle=Major+War+Criminal+Gets+Death+Sentence&rft.date=1948-09-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.bentley.umich.edu%2Fdjnews%2Fdjn.1948.09.10.001%2F19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AB%C4%99dzin+Ghetto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-szaniewscy-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-szaniewscy_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-szaniewscy_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-szaniewscy_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-szaniewscy_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-szaniewscy_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-szaniewscy_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-szaniewscy_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-szaniewscy_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-szaniewscy_6-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-szaniewscy_6-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-szaniewscy_6-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-szaniewscy_6-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-szaniewscy_6-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-szaniewscy_6-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaciej_SzaniawscyEwa_Szaniawscy" class="citation web cs1">Maciej Szaniawscy; Ewa Szaniawscy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120222180551/http://jews.w.interia.pl/relacje.html">"Zagłada Żydów w Będzinie w świetle relacji"</a> [The extermination of the Jews of Będzin in survivor testimonies]. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jews.w.interia.pl/relacje.html">the original</a> on 22 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zag%C5%82ada+%C5%BByd%C3%B3w+w+B%C4%99dzinie+w+%C5%9Bwietle+relacji&rft.au=Maciej+Szaniawscy&rft.au=Ewa+Szaniawscy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjews.w.interia.pl%2Frelacje.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AB%C4%99dzin+Ghetto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kalisz-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kalisz_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Katarzyna Kalisz, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ceo.org.pl/_files_/slady/sprawiedliwi/bedzin_jerozolima_zaglebia.doc">"Będzin - Jerozolima Zagłębia"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716114745/http://www.ceo.org.pl/_files_/slady/sprawiedliwi/bedzin_jerozolima_zaglebia.doc">Archived</a> July 16, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Namyslo-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Namyslo_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Namyslo_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Namyslo_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Namyslo_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Namyslo_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Namyslo_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Aleksandra Namysło, Stanisław Bubin (28 July 2006), <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160329235303/http://katowice.naszemiasto.pl/archiwum/rozmowa-z-dr-aleksandra-namyslo-historykiem-z-oddzialu%2C1248626%2Cart%2Ct%2Cid%2Ctm.html">Rozmowa z dr Aleksandrą Namysło, historykiem z Oddziału Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej w Katowicach</a></i>, Dziennik Zachodni via Internet Archive <span class="languageicon">(in Polish)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CS-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CS_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CS_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CS_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCyryl_Skibiński2013" class="citation web cs1">Cyryl Skibiński (August 23, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200726155636/http://www.jhi.pl/en/blog/2013-08-23-the-bedzin-ghetto-we-remember">"The Bedzin Ghetto. We remember"</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Historical_Institute" title="Jewish Historical Institute">Jewish Historical Institute</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jhi.pl/en/blog/2013-08-23-the-bedzin-ghetto-we-remember">the original</a> on 2020-07-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Bedzin+Ghetto.+We+remember&rft.pub=The+Jewish+Historical+Institute&rft.date=2013-08-23&rft.au=Cyryl+Skibi%C5%84ski&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jhi.pl%2Fen%2Fblog%2F2013-08-23-the-bedzin-ghetto-we-remember&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AB%C4%99dzin+Ghetto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fleming-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fleming_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fleming_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fleming_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Fleming2014" class="citation book cs1">Michael Fleming (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lBkmAwAAQBAJ&q=Frumka+P%C5%82otnicka&pg=PA184"><i>Auschwitz, the Allies and Censorship of the Holocaust</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 184. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-06279-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-06279-5"><bdi>978-1-107-06279-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Auschwitz%2C+the+Allies+and+Censorship+of+the+Holocaust&rft.pages=184&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-107-06279-5&rft.au=Michael+Fleming&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlBkmAwAAQBAJ%26q%3DFrumka%2BP%25C5%2582otnicka%26pg%3DPA184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AB%C4%99dzin+Ghetto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AB-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AB_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAharon_Brandes1959" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Aharon Brandes (1959) [1945]. "The demise of the Jews in Western Poland". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishgen.org/Yizkor/bedzin/bed363.html#Page364"><i>In the Bunkers</i></a> (in Hebrew and Yiddish). Translated by Lance Ackerfeld. pp. 364–365 – via Jewishgen.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+demise+of+the+Jews+in+Western+Poland&rft.btitle=In+the+Bunkers&rft.pages=364-365&rft.date=1959&rft.au=Aharon+Brandes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishgen.org%2FYizkor%2Fbedzin%2Fbed363.html%23Page364&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AB%C4%99dzin+Ghetto" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bedzin/8-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bedzin/8_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bedzin/8_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartyna_SypniewskaAdam_MarczewskiZofia_SochańskaAdam_Dylewski" class="citation web cs1">Martyna Sypniewska; Adam Marczewski; Zofia Sochańska; Adam Dylewski. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sztetl.org.pl/pl/article/bedzin/5,historia/?action=view&page=8">"Jewish history of Będzin"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Virtual_Shtetl" title="Virtual Shtetl">Virtual Shtetl</a></i>. p. 9<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-01-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historia+pomocy&rft.atitle=Mieczys%C5%82aw+Zawadzki.+Sprawiedliwy+w%C5%9Br%C3%B3d+Narod%C3%B3w+%C5%9Awiata+-+tytu%C5%82+przyznany%3A+2007&rft.date=2013-09&rft.au=Paulina+Berczy%C5%84ska&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sprawiedliwi.org.pl%2Fpl%2Ffamily%2F670%2Cmieczyslaw-zawadzki%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AB%C4%99dzin+Ghetto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kosibowicz-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kosibowicz_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaria_Ciesielska2014" class="citation web cs1">Maria Ciesielska (August 2014). Klara Jackl (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160716123254/http://www.sprawiedliwi.org.pl/pl/family/685,kosibowicz-tadeusz/">"Dr. Tadeusz Kosibowicz. Sprawiedliwy wśród Narodów Świata - tytuł przyznany: 20 marca 2006"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/POLIN_Museum_of_the_History_of_Polish_Jews" title="POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews">POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sprawiedliwi.org.pl/pl/family/685,kosibowicz-tadeusz/">the original</a> on 2016-07-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-01-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=POLIN+Museum+of+the+History+of+Polish+Jews&rft.atitle=Dr.+Tadeusz+Kosibowicz.+Sprawiedliwy+w%C5%9Br%C3%B3d+Narod%C3%B3w+%C5%9Awiata+-+tytu%C5%82+przyznany%3A+20+marca+2006&rft.date=2014-08&rft.au=Maria+Ciesielska&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sprawiedliwi.org.pl%2Fpl%2Ffamily%2F685%2Ckosibowicz-tadeusz%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AB%C4%99dzin+Ghetto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AN52-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AN52_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AN52_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AN52_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAleksandra_Namysło2009" class="citation journal cs1">Aleksandra Namysło (March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130517205414/https://pamiec.pl/download/49/29335/Biuletyn_3_2009.pdf">"Nie znoszę, kiedy krzywdzą niewinnych ludzi"</a> ["I hate it, when they hurt innocent people!" 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-05-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aktualno%C5%9Bci+Urz%C4%99du&rft.pub=Katowice.uw.gov.pl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.katowice.uw.gov.pl%2Furzad%2Faktualnosci_urzedu%2Fst%3A217%2Fprintpag%2Fprintpag%2Fi%2Fprintpage%2Fidn%3A847.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AB%C4%99dzin+Ghetto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sztetl-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sztetl_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sztetl.org.pl/pl/article/staszow/7,organizacje-i-stowarzyszenia/13646,22-08-2005-iii-dni-kultury-zydowskiej-w-bedzinie/">"III Dni Kultury Żydowskiej w Będzinie 22.08.2005 - Aktualności - Miasto dziś - Będzin - Wirtualny Sztetl"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jewishholocaustrescuers.com&rft.atitle=Organizations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishholocaustrescuers.com%2FOrganizations.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AB%C4%99dzin+Ghetto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPortnoy2014" class="citation web cs1">Portnoy, Eddy (5 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forward.com/culture/looking-back/192203/conductor-of-israel-national-opera-guilty-of-nazi/">"Conductor of Israel National Opera Guilty of Nazi Collaboration"</a>. <i>Forward.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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New York Times. 2 May 1964<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=ISRAELI+ABSOLVED+OF+HELP+TO+NAZIS%3B+Court+Reverses+Conviction+of+Ex-Polish+Gestapo+Aide&rft.date=1964-05-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1964%2F05%2F02%2Farchives%2Fisraeli-absolved-of-help-to-nazis-court-reverses-conviction-of.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AB%C4%99dzin+Ghetto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=B%C4%99dzin_Ghetto&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Jaworski Wojciech, Żydzi będzińscy – dzieje i zagłada, Będzin 1993</li> <li>Zagłada Żydów Zagłębiowskich, red. A. Namysło, Będzin 2004</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161129043638/http://www.sprawiedliwi.org.pl/pl/cms/strona-glowna/">Polscy Sprawiedliwi - Przywracanie Pamięci</a> (<a href="/wiki/Polish_Righteous_Among_the_Nations" title="Polish Righteous Among the Nations">Polish Righteous Among the Nations</a>. <a href="/wiki/POLIN_Museum_of_the_History_of_Polish_Jews" title="POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews">POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews</a> (search inside). Retrieved 16 January 2017.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=B%C4%99dzin_Ghetto&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fridrich_Kuczynski" title="Fridrich Kuczynski">Fridrich Kuczynski</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=B%C4%99dzin_Ghetto&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishgen.org/Communities/community.php?usbgn=-493096">Będzin, Poland</a> at <a href="/wiki/JewishGen" 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aria-labelledby="Holocaust_in_German-occupied_Poland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Holocaust_in_German-occupied_Poland" title="Template:Holocaust in German-occupied Poland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Holocaust_in_German-occupied_Poland" title="Template talk:Holocaust in German-occupied Poland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Holocaust_in_German-occupied_Poland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Holocaust in German-occupied Poland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Holocaust_in_German-occupied_Poland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Poland" title="The Holocaust in Poland">Holocaust in German-occupied Poland</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>Main article</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></dd> <dt>Related articles by country</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Belarus" title="The Holocaust in Belarus">Belarus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Belgium" title="The Holocaust in Belgium">Belgium</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Croatia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_the_Danish_Jews" title="Rescue of the Danish Jews">Denmark</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Estonia" title="The Holocaust in Estonia">Estonia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_France" title="The Holocaust in France">France</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Germany" title="The Holocaust in Germany">Germany</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Latvia" title="The Holocaust in Latvia">Latvia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Lithuania" title="The Holocaust in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Norway" title="The Holocaust in Norway">Norway</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Romania" title="The Holocaust in Romania">Romania</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Russia" title="The Holocaust in Russia">Russia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Slovakia" title="The Holocaust in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Ukraine" title="The Holocaust in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Holocaust_Poland_Camps" title="Template:Holocaust Poland Camps"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Holocaust_Poland_Camps" title="Template talk:Holocaust Poland Camps"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Holocaust_Poland_Camps" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Holocaust Poland Camps"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Camps,_ghettos,_execution_sites_and_attacks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Camps, ghettos, execution sites and attacks</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Camps</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Extermination</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp#Auschwitz_II-Birkenau" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz II-Birkenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82mno_extermination_camp" title="Chełmno extermination camp">Chełmno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majdanek_concentration_camp" title="Majdanek concentration camp">Majdanek</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Reinhard" title="Operation Reinhard">Operation Reinhard</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belzec_extermination_camp" title="Belzec extermination camp">Belzec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobibor_extermination_camp" title="Sobibor extermination camp">Sobibor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treblinka_extermination_camp" title="Treblinka extermination camp">Treblinka</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Concentration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp#Auschwitz_I" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gross-Rosen_concentration_camp" title="Gross-Rosen concentration camp">Gross-Rosen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w-P%C5%82asz%C3%B3w_concentration_camp" title="Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp">Kraków-Płaszów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potulice_concentration_camp" title="Potulice concentration camp">Potulice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldau_concentration_camp" title="Soldau concentration camp">Soldau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stutthof_concentration_camp" title="Stutthof concentration camp">Stutthof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szebnie_concentration_camp" title="Szebnie concentration camp">Szebnie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trawniki_concentration_camp" title="Trawniki concentration camp">Trawniki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_concentration_camp" title="Warsaw concentration camp">Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Danzig-Matzkau_concentration_camp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Danzig-Matzkau concentration camp (page does not exist)">Danzig-Matzkau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mass shootings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1941_Bia%C5%82ystok_massacres" title="1941 Białystok massacres">Białystok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw%C3%B3w_Ghetto#Bloody_Sunday_massacre" title="Stanisławów Ghetto">Bloody Sunday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronna_G%C3%B3ra" title="Bronna Góra">Bronna Góra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_of_Death_(Bydgoszcz)" title="Valley of Death (Bydgoszcz)">Bydgoszcz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_in_Dyn%C3%B3w" title="Massacre in Dynów">Dynów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aktion_Erntefest" class="mw-redirect" title="Aktion Erntefest">Erntefest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kielce_cemetery_massacre" title="Kielce cemetery massacre">Kielce cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Reinhard_in_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Operation Reinhard in Kraków">Aktion Krakau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmiry_massacre" title="Palmiry massacre">Palmiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonderaktion_Krakau" title="Sonderaktion Krakau">Sonderaktion Krakau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pogroms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kielce_pogrom" title="Kielce pogrom">Kielce</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jedwabne_pogrom" title="Jedwabne pogrom">Jedwabne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lviv_pogroms" class="mw-redirect" title="Lviv pogroms">Lviv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szczuczyn_pogrom" title="Szczuczyn pogrom">Szczuczyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tykocin_pogrom" class="mw-redirect" title="Tykocin pogrom">Tykocin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C4%85sosz_pogrom" title="Wąsosz pogrom">Wąsosz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ghettos_in_German-occupied_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland">Ghettos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Będzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok_Ghetto" title="Białystok Ghetto">Białystok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brze%C5%9B%C4%87_Ghetto" title="Brześć Ghetto">Brest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa_Ghetto" title="Częstochowa Ghetto">Częstochowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grodno_Ghetto" title="Grodno Ghetto">Grodno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kielce_Ghetto" title="Kielce Ghetto">Kielce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Kraków Ghetto">Kraków</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Lwów Ghetto">Lwów</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lviv_pogroms_(1941)" title="Lviv pogroms (1941)">Lviv pogroms (1941)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_Ghetto" title="Łódź Ghetto">Łódź</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubart%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Lubartów Ghetto">Lubartów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lublin_Ghetto" title="Lublin Ghetto">Lublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%C4%99dzyrzec_Podlaski_Ghetto" title="Międzyrzec Podlaski Ghetto">Międzyrzec Podlaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizocz_Ghetto" class="mw-redirect" title="Mizocz Ghetto">Mizocz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nowy_S%C4%85cz_Ghetto" title="Nowy Sącz Ghetto">Nowy Sącz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi%C5%84sk_Ghetto" title="Pińsk Ghetto">Pińsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radom_Ghetto" title="Radom Ghetto">Radom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siedlce_Ghetto" title="Siedlce Ghetto">Siedlce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambor_Ghetto" title="Sambor Ghetto">Sambor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%82onim_Ghetto" title="Słonim Ghetto">Słonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosnowiec_Ghetto" title="Sosnowiec Ghetto">Sosnowiec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Stanisławów Ghetto">Stanisławów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarnopol_Ghetto" title="Tarnopol Ghetto">Tarnopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilna_Ghetto" title="Vilna Ghetto">Wilno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto" title="Warsaw Ghetto">Warsaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other atrocities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aktion_T4" title="Aktion T4">Action T4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grossaktion_Warsaw_(1942)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grossaktion Warsaw (1942)">Grossaktion Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation" title="Nazi human experimentation">Human medical experiments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS-Truppen%C3%BCbungsplatz_Heidelager" title="SS-Truppenübungsplatz Heidelager">Heidelager</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Perpetrators_of_the_Holocaust_in_Poland" title="Template:Perpetrators of the Holocaust in Poland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Perpetrators_of_the_Holocaust_in_Poland" title="Template talk:Perpetrators of the Holocaust in Poland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Perpetrators_of_the_Holocaust_in_Poland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Perpetrators of the Holocaust in Poland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Perpetrators,_participants,_organizations,_and_collaborators" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Perpetrators, participants, organizations, and collaborators</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Perpetrators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Brack" title="Viktor Brack">Viktor Brack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_B%C3%BChler" title="Josef Bühler">Josef Bühler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann">Adolf Eichmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Eicke" title="Theodor Eicke">Theodor Eicke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Fischer" title="Ludwig Fischer">Ludwig Fischer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Frank" title="Hans Frank">Hans Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odilo_Globocnik" title="Odilo Globocnik">Odilo Globocnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Gl%C3%BCcks" title="Richard Glücks">Richard Glücks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Greiser" title="Arthur Greiser">Arthur Greiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_H%C3%B6fle" title="Hermann Höfle">Hermann Höfle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Katzmann" title="Fritz Katzmann">Fritz Katzmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Koppe" title="Wilhelm Koppe">Wilhelm Koppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich-Wilhelm_Kr%C3%BCger" title="Friedrich-Wilhelm Krüger">Friedrich-Wilhelm Krüger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Kutschera" title="Franz Kutschera">Franz Kutschera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Lambert" title="Erwin Lambert">Erwin Lambert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Lerch" title="Ernst Lerch">Ernst Lerch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Michalsen" title="Georg Michalsen">Georg Michalsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Pohl" title="Oswald Pohl">Oswald Pohl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Reinefarth" title="Heinz Reinefarth">Heinz Reinefarth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Scherner" title="Julian Scherner">Julian Scherner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Seyss-Inquart" title="Arthur Seyss-Inquart">Arthur Seyss-Inquart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_Sporrenberg" title="Jakob Sporrenberg">Jakob Sporrenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Streckenbach" title="Bruno Streckenbach">Bruno Streckenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Thomalla" title="Richard Thomalla">Richard Thomalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_W%C3%A4chter" title="Otto Wächter">Otto Wächter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieter_Wisliceny" title="Dieter Wisliceny">Dieter Wisliceny</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Camp command</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Aumeier" title="Hans Aumeier">Hans Aumeier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Baer" title="Richard Baer">Richard Baer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Boger" title="Wilhelm Boger">Wilhelm Boger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermine_Braunsteiner" title="Hermine Braunsteiner">Hermine Braunsteiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irmfried_Eberl" title="Irmfried Eberl">Irmfried Eberl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_van_Eupen" title="Theodor van Eupen">Theodor van Eupen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Franz" title="Kurt Franz">Kurt Franz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Frenzel" title="Karl Frenzel">Karl Frenzel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Fritzsch" title="Karl Fritzsch">Karl Fritzsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amon_G%C3%B6th" title="Amon Göth">Amon Göth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Grabner" title="Maximilian Grabner">Maximilian Grabner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Hantke" title="Otto Hantke">Otto Hantke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Hartjenstein" title="Fritz Hartjenstein">Fritz Hartjenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottlieb_Hering" title="Gottlieb Hering">Gottlieb Hering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_H%C3%B6ss" title="Rudolf Höss">Rudolf Höss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_H%C3%B6ssler" title="Franz Hössler">Franz Hössler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl-Otto_Koch" title="Karl-Otto Koch">Karl-Otto Koch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Kramer" title="Josef Kramer">Josef Kramer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Liebehenschel" title="Arthur Liebehenschel">Arthur Liebehenschel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Mandl" title="Maria Mandl">Maria Mandl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Matthes" title="Heinrich Matthes">Heinrich Matthes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Michel" title="Hermann Michel">Hermann Michel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_M%C3%B6ckel" title="Karl Möckel">Karl Möckel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mulka" title="Robert Mulka">Robert Mulka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Niemann" title="Johann Niemann">Johann Niemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Oberhauser" title="Josef Oberhauser">Josef Oberhauser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Reichleitner" title="Franz Reichleitner">Franz Reichleitner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Schwarz" title="Heinrich Schwarz">Heinrich Schwarz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Schwarzhuber" title="Johann Schwarzhuber">Johann Schwarzhuber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Stangl" title="Franz Stangl">Franz Stangl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Wagner" title="Gustav Wagner">Gustav Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Wirth" title="Christian Wirth">Christian Wirth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gas chamber<br />executioners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Bauer" title="Erich Bauer">Erich Bauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Bolender" title="Kurt Bolender">Kurt Bolender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenz_Hackenholt" title="Lorenz Hackenholt">Lorenz Hackenholt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Klehr" title="Josef Klehr">Josef Klehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Koch_(SS_man)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hans Koch (SS man)">Hans Koch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Lange" title="Herbert Lange">Herbert Lange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Moll" title="Otto Moll">Otto Moll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Plagge" title="Ludwig Plagge">Ludwig Plagge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Theuer" title="Adolf Theuer">Adolf Theuer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation" title="Nazi human experimentation">Physicians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Bodmann" title="Franz von Bodmann">Franz von Bodmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Clauberg" title="Carl Clauberg">Carl Clauberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Gebhardt" title="Karl Gebhardt">Karl Gebhardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horst_Fischer" title="Horst Fischer">Horst Fischer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Klein" title="Fritz Klein">Fritz Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Mengele" title="Josef Mengele">Josef Mengele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horst_Schumann" title="Horst Schumann">Horst Schumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Trzebinski" title="Alfred Trzebinski">Alfred Trzebinski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Wirths" title="Eduard Wirths">Eduard Wirths</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ghetto command</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Auerswald" title="Heinz Auerswald">Heinz Auerswald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Biebow" title="Hans Biebow">Hans Biebow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Bl%C3%B6sche" title="Josef Blösche">Josef Blösche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_B%C3%BCrkl" class="mw-redirect" title="Franz Bürkl">Franz Bürkl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Klaustermeyer" title="Heinrich Klaustermeyer">Heinrich Klaustermeyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Konrad_(SS_officer)" title="Franz Konrad (SS officer)">Franz Konrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Palfinger" title="Alexander Palfinger">Alexander Palfinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_von_Sammern-Frankenegg" title="Ferdinand von Sammern-Frankenegg">Ferdinand von Sammern-Frankenegg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Stroop" title="Jürgen Stroop">Jürgen Stroop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Birkner" title="Wolfgang Birkner">Wolfgang Birkner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Bischoff" title="Helmut Bischoff">Helmut Bischoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothar_Beutel" title="Lothar Beutel">Lothar Beutel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Blobel" title="Paul Blobel">Paul Blobel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Brunner_(SS_general)" title="Karl Brunner (SS general)">Karl Brunner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Damzog" title="Ernst Damzog">Ernst Damzog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Flesch" title="Gerhard Flesch">Gerhard Flesch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Hahn" title="Ludwig Hahn">Ludwig Hahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Landau" title="Felix Landau">Felix Landau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Albert_Meisinger" title="Josef Albert Meisinger">Josef Meisinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_M%C3%BCller" title="Bruno Müller">Bruno Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Naumann" title="Erich Naumann">Erich Naumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Sch%C3%A4fer" title="Emanuel Schäfer">Emanuel Schäfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Schaper" title="Hermann Schaper">Hermann Schaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Eberhard_Sch%C3%B6ngarth" title="Karl Eberhard Schöngarth">Karl Eberhard Schöngarth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udo_von_Woyrsch" title="Udo von Woyrsch">Udo von Woyrsch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personnel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Camp guards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Anhalt" title="Hans Anhalt">Hans Anhalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenny-Wanda_Barkmann" title="Jenny-Wanda Barkmann">Jenny-Wanda Barkmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herta_Bothe" title="Herta Bothe">Herta Bothe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juana_Bormann" title="Juana Bormann">Juana Bormann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_B%C3%BClow" title="Alexander Bülow">Alexander Bülow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luise_Danz" title="Luise Danz">Luise Danz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Demjanjuk" title="John Demjanjuk">John Demjanjuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margot_Dreschel" title="Margot Dreschel">Margot Dreschel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodor_Fedorenko" title="Feodor Fedorenko">Feodor Fedorenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Hoffmann" title="Hans Hoffmann">Hans Hoffmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Gerstein" title="Kurt Gerstein">Kurt Gerstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_G%C3%B6tze" title="Paul Götze">Paul Götze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irma_Grese" title="Irma Grese">Irma Grese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl-Friedrich_H%C3%B6cker" title="Karl-Friedrich Höcker">Karl-Friedrich Höcker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Jeschke" title="Karl Jeschke">Karl Jeschke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Kaduk" title="Oswald Kaduk">Oswald Kaduk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Kollmer" title="Josef Kollmer">Josef Kollmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_L%C3%A4chert" title="Hildegard Lächert">Hildegard Lächert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johanna_Langefeld" title="Johanna Langefeld">Johanna Langefeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Lechner" title="Anton Lechner">Anton Lechner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Lorenz" title="Eduard Lorenz">Eduard Lorenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Muhsfeldt" title="Erich Muhsfeldt">Erich Muhsfeldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detlef_Nebbe" title="Detlef Nebbe">Detlef Nebbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Orlowski" title="Alice Orlowski">Alice Orlowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Volkenrath" title="Elisabeth Volkenrath">Elisabeth Volkenrath</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By camp</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Sobib%C3%B3r_extermination_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Sobibór extermination camp">Sobibor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Treblinka_extermination_camp" title="Template:Treblinka extermination camp">Treblinka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">SS</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_Police_battalions" title="Order Police battalions">Order Police battalions</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ordnungspolizei" title="Ordnungspolizei">Ordnungspolizei</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Main_Economic_and_Administrative_Office" title="SS Main Economic and Administrative Office">WVHA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reich_Commissioner_for_the_Consolidation_of_German_Nationhood" title="Reich Commissioner for the Consolidation of German Nationhood">RKFDV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volksdeutsche_Mittelstelle" title="Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle">VoMi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Government" title="General Government">General Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_Polski" title="Hotel Polski">Hotel Polski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Collaboration_in_German-occupied_Poland" title="Collaboration in German-occupied Poland">Collaboration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schutzmannschaft" title="Schutzmannschaft">Schutzmannschaft</a> (<a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Auxiliary_Police" title="Belarusian Auxiliary Police">Belarusian Auxiliary Police</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Auxiliary_Police" title="Estonian Auxiliary Police">Estonian Auxiliary Police</a> / <a href="/wiki/36th_Estonian_Police_Battalion" title="36th Estonian Police Battalion">36th Estonian Police Battalion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvian_Auxiliary_Police" title="Latvian Auxiliary Police">Latvian Auxiliary Police</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arajs_Kommando" title="Arajs Kommando">Arajs Kommando</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Auxiliary_Police_Battalions" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Auxiliary Police Battalions">Lithuanian Auxiliary Police Battalions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ypatingasis_b%C5%ABrys" title="Ypatingasis būrys">Ypatingasis būrys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Auxiliary_Police" title="Ukrainian Auxiliary Police">Ukrainian Auxiliary Police</a> / <a href="/wiki/Schutzmannschaft_Battalion_118" title="Schutzmannschaft Battalion 118">Schutzmannschaft Battalion 118</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trawniki_men" title="Trawniki men">Trawniki men</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Holocaust_Poland_Resistance" title="Template:Holocaust Poland Resistance"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Holocaust_Poland_Resistance" title="Template talk:Holocaust Poland Resistance"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Holocaust_Poland_Resistance" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Holocaust Poland Resistance"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Resistance,_victims,_documentation_and_technical" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Resistance, victims, documentation and technical</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Home_Army" title="Home Army">AK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Fascist_Military_Organisation" title="Anti-Fascist Military Organisation">AOB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Jewish_Labour_Bund_in_Poland" title="General Jewish Labour Bund in Poland">Bund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwardia_Ludowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwardia Ludowa">GL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Corps" title="National Security Corps">PKB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBegota" title="Żegota">Żegota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Combat_Organization" title="Jewish Combat Organization">ŻOB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Military_Union" title="Jewish Military Union">ŻZW</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Uprisings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghetto uprising">Ghetto uprisings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok_Ghetto_uprising" title="Białystok Ghetto uprising">Białystok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa_Ghetto_uprising" title="Częstochowa Ghetto uprising">Częstochowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobibor_extermination_camp#The_uprising" title="Sobibor extermination camp">Sobibor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treblinka_extermination_camp" title="Treblinka extermination camp">Treblinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising" title="Warsaw Ghetto Uprising">Warsaw Ghetto Uprising</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mordechai_Anielewicz" title="Mordechai Anielewicz">Mordechai Anielewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Zuckerman" title="Yitzhak Zuckerman">Icchak Cukierman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordechai_Tenenbaum" title="Mordechai Tenenbaum">Mordechai Tenenbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marek_Edelman" title="Marek Edelman">Marek Edelman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Feldhendler" class="mw-redirect" title="Leon Feldhendler">Leon Feldhendler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawe%C5%82_Frenkiel" title="Paweł Frenkiel">Paweł Frenkiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Iwa%C5%84ski" title="Henryk Iwański">Henryk Iwański</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itzhak_Katzenelson" title="Itzhak Katzenelson">Itzhak Katzenelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Klepfisz" title="Michał Klepfisz">Michał Klepfisz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miles_Lerman" title="Miles Lerman">Miles Lerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pechersky" title="Alexander Pechersky">Alexander Pechersky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witold_Pilecki" title="Witold Pilecki">Witold Pilecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frumka_P%C5%82otnicka" title="Frumka Płotnicka">Frumka Płotnicka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roza_Robota" title="Roza Robota">Roza Robota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szmul_Zygielbojm" title="Szmul Zygielbojm">Szmul Zygielbojm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Victim lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ghettos</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_the_Krak%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Category:People who died in the Kraków Ghetto">Kraków</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_the_%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_Ghetto" title="Category:People who died in the Łódź Ghetto">Łódź</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_the_Lw%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Category:People who died in the Lwów Ghetto">Lviv (Lwów)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_the_Warsaw_Ghetto" title="Category:People who died in the Warsaw Ghetto">Warsaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Camps</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Category:People who died in Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_Belzec_extermination_camp" title="Category:People who died in Belzec extermination camp">Bełżec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_Gross-Rosen_concentration_camp" title="Category:People who died in Gross-Rosen concentration camp">Gross-Rosen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_Izbica_Ghetto" title="Category:People who died in Izbica Ghetto">Izbica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_Majdanek_concentration_camp" title="Category:People who died in Majdanek concentration camp">Majdanek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_Sobibor_extermination_camp" title="Category:People who died in Sobibor extermination camp">Sobibór</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_Soldau_concentration_camp" title="Category:People who died in Soldau concentration camp">Soldau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_Stutthof_concentration_camp" title="Category:People who died in Stutthof concentration camp">Stutthof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_Trawniki_concentration_camp" title="Category:People who died in Trawniki concentration camp">Trawniki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_Treblinka_extermination_camp" title="Category:People who died in Treblinka extermination camp">Treblinka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Evidence_and_documentation_for_the_Holocaust" title="Evidence and documentation for the Holocaust">Documentation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nazi sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_Album" title="Auschwitz Album">Auschwitz Album</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Frank_memorandum" title="August Frank memorandum">Frank memorandum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6cker_Album" title="Höcker Album">Höcker Album</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6fle_telegram" title="Höfle telegram">Höfle telegram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katzmann_Report" title="Katzmann Report">Katzmann Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korherr_Report" title="Korherr Report">Korherr Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posen_speeches" title="Posen speeches">Posen speeches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobibor_perpetrator_album" title="Sobibor perpetrator album">Sobibor perpetrator album</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Prosecution_Book_%E2%80%93_Poland" title="Special Prosecution Book – Poland">Special Prosecution Book – Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroop_Report" title="Stroop Report">Stroop Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wannsee_Conference" title="Wannsee Conference">Wannsee Conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Witness accounts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Friedrich_Graebe" title="Hermann Friedrich Graebe">Graebe affidavit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerstein_Report" title="Gerstein Report">Gerstein Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrba%E2%80%93Wetzler_report" title="Vrba–Wetzler report">Vrba–Wetzler report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witold%27s_Report" title="Witold's Report">Witold's Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonderkommando_photographs" title="Sonderkommando photographs"><i>Sonderkommando</i> photographs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concealment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sonderaktion_1005" title="Sonderaktion 1005">Sonderaktion 1005</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technical and logistics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camp_badge" title="Nazi concentration camp badge">Identification in camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_chamber#Nazi_Germany" title="Gas chamber">Gas chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_gas_van" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi gas van">Gas van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_train" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust train">Holocaust train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation" title="Nazi human experimentation">Human medical experimentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zyklon_B" title="Zyklon B">Zyklon B</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Holocaust_Poland_Aftermath" title="Template:Holocaust Poland Aftermath"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Holocaust_Poland_Aftermath" title="Template talk:Holocaust Poland Aftermath"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Holocaust_Poland_Aftermath" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Holocaust Poland Aftermath"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Aftermath,_trials_and_commemoration" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Aftermath, trials and commemoration</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust" title="Aftermath of the Holocaust">Aftermath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_survivors" title="Holocaust survivors">Holocaust survivors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_population_transfers_(1944%E2%80%931946)" title="Polish population transfers (1944–1946)">Population transfers (1944–1946)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricha" title="Bricha">Bricha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kielce_pogrom" title="Kielce pogrom">Kielce pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Jewish_violence_in_Poland,_1944%E2%80%931946" title="Anti-Jewish violence in Poland, 1944–1946">Anti-Jewish violence, 1944–1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Security_(Poland)" title="Ministry of Public Security (Poland)">Ministry of Public Security</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Holocaust_trials" title="Category:Holocaust trials">Trials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West German trials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Auschwitz_trials" title="Frankfurt Auschwitz trials">Frankfurt Auschwitz trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treblinka_trials" title="Treblinka trials">Treblinka trials</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Polish, East German, and Soviet trials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_trial" title="Auschwitz trial">Auschwitz trial (Poland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stutthof_trials" title="Stutthof trials">Stutthof trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraordinary_State_Commission" title="Extraordinary State Commission">Extraordinary (Soviet) State Commission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Holocaust_memorials_and_museums" title="List of Holocaust memorials and museums">Memorials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_Ghetto_Heroes" title="Monument to the Ghetto Heroes">Monument to the Ghetto Heroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz-Birkenau_State_Museum" title="Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum">Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majdanek_State_Museum" title="Majdanek State Museum">Majdanek State Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobib%C3%B3r_Museum" title="Sobibór Museum">Sobibór Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Youth_Meeting_Center_in_O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim/Auschwitz" title="International Youth Meeting Center in Oświęcim/Auschwitz">International Youth Meeting Center in Oświęcim/Auschwitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_the_Living" title="March of the Living">March of the Living</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Righteous_Among_the_Nations" title="Righteous Among the Nations">Righteous Among the Nations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Righteous_Among_the_Nations" title="Polish Righteous Among the Nations">Polish Righteous Among the Nations</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_Righteous" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Polish Righteous">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_Jews_by_Poles_during_the_Holocaust" title="Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust">Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_of_the_Righteous_Among_the_Nations" title="Garden of the Righteous Among the Nations">Garden of the Righteous</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Będzin_Ghetto&oldid=1252411745">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Będzin_Ghetto&oldid=1252411745</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:B%C4%99dzin_Ghetto" title="Category:Będzin Ghetto">Będzin Ghetto</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ghetto_uprisings" title="Category:Ghetto uprisings">Ghetto uprisings</a></li><li><a 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