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href="#Verb_Conjugation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Verb Conjugation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verb_Conjugation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Modern use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scholarship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scholarship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Scholarship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scholarship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الحكيتية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الحكيتية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haquet%C3%ADa" title="Haquetía – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Haquetía" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haketia" title="Haketia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Haketia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haketia" title="Haketia – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Haketia" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haketia" title="Haketia – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Haketia" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haquet%C3%ADa" title="Haquetía – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Haquetía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haketia" title="Haketia – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Haketia" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haketia" title="Haketia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Haketia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%94" title="חכיתיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חכיתיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haketia" title="Haketia – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Haketia" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haketia" title="Haketia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Haketia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haquitia" title="Haquitia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Haquitia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haketia" title="Haketia – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Haketia" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Haketia" title="Special:EditPage/Haketia">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Haketia%22">"Haketia"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Haketia%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Haketia%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Haketia%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Haketia%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Haketia%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2010</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Haketia</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Hakitia, Haquitía, Western Judeo-Spanish</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Delacroix_letter.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Delacroix_letter.png/200px-Delacroix_letter.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Delacroix_letter.png/300px-Delacroix_letter.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Delacroix_letter.png/400px-Delacroix_letter.png 2x" data-file-width="712" data-file-height="618" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;">An original letter in <a href="/wiki/Solitreo" title="Solitreo">Solitreo</a> script from Tangier, written in 1832.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="lad-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ħakeˈti.a]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">The Maghreb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amazonas_(Brazilian_state)" title="Amazonas (Brazilian state)">Amazonas state</a> in Brazil<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunha200911_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunha200911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/North_African_Sephardic_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="North African Sephardic Jews">North African Sephardic Jews</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">1000 (2023)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Latino-Faliscan_languages" title="Latino-Faliscan languages">Latino-Faliscan</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Western_languages" title="Italo-Western languages">Italo-Western</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Romance_languages" title="Western Romance languages">Western Romance</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Gallo-Iberian<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Romance_languages" title="Iberian Romance languages">Ibero-Romance</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/West_Iberian_languages" title="West Iberian languages">West Iberian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Castilian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Castilian languages">Castilian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Spanish" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Spanish">Judeo-Spanish</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Haketia</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Latin" title="Old Latin">Old Latin</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Romance_language" title="Proto-Romance language">Proto-Romance</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Spanish" title="Old Spanish">Old Spanish</a> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tetuani_Ladino" title="Tetuani Ladino">Tetuani Ladino</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Originally, <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a> (typically either <a href="/wiki/Rashi_script" title="Rashi script">Rashi</a> or <a href="/wiki/Solitreo" title="Solitreo">Solitreo</a>; now, mostly <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">–</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/IETF_language_tag" title="IETF language tag">IETF</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code>lad-015</code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Judeo-Spanish_mediterranean_speech_communities.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Judeo-Spanish_mediterranean_speech_communities.svg/320px-Judeo-Spanish_mediterranean_speech_communities.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Judeo-Spanish_mediterranean_speech_communities.svg/480px-Judeo-Spanish_mediterranean_speech_communities.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Judeo-Spanish_mediterranean_speech_communities.svg/640px-Judeo-Spanish_mediterranean_speech_communities.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="252" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Historical Judeo-Spanish <a href="/wiki/Speech_communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Speech communities">speech communities</a> in the Mediterranean. Ringed circles represent modern speech communities. Haketia is spoken on the southwest Mediterranean.</div></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Judaism" title="Outline of Judaism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:180%;"><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jew_(word)" title="Jew (word)">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who_is_a_Jew%3F" title="Who is a Jew?">Who is a Jew?</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Religion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God in Judaism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">names</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith">Principles of faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">Mitzvot</a> (<a href="/wiki/613_commandments" title="613 commandments">613</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_prayer" title="Jewish prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzedakah" title="Tzedakah">Tzedakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_and_customs_of_the_Land_of_Israel_in_Judaism" title="Laws and customs of the Land of Israel in Judaism"><span class="wrap">Land of Israel</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brit_milah" title="Brit milah">Brit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_and_bat_mitzvah" title="Bar and bat mitzvah"><span class="wrap">Bar and bat mitzvah</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_marriage" title="Jewish views on marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bereavement_in_Judaism" title="Bereavement in Judaism">Bereavement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baal_teshuva_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Baal teshuva movement">Baal teshuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minhag" title="Minhag">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusach_(Jewish_custom)" title="Nusach (Jewish custom)">Rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbi</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sifrei_Kodesh" title="Sifrei Kodesh">Texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemara" title="Gemara">Gemara</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Targum" title="Targum">Targum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Yosef_(book)" title="Beit Yosef (book)">Beit Yosef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arba%27ah_Turim" title="Arba'ah Turim">Tur</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> General</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jewish_history" title="Timeline of Jewish history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_name_Judea" title="Timeline of the name Judea">Name "Judea"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism" title="History of antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Judaism" title="Anti-Judaism">Anti-Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_leadership" title="Jewish leadership">Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Jewish_historiography" title="Modern Jewish historiography">Modern historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jewish_population" title="Historical Jewish population">Historical population comparisons</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Ancient Israel</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tribes_of_Israel" title="Twelve Tribes of Israel">Twelve Tribes of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah"><span class="wrap">Kingdom of Judah</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Kingdom of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_in_Judaism" title="Jerusalem in Judaism">in Judaism</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jerusalem" title="Timeline of Jerusalem">timeline</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem"><span class="wrap">Temple in Jerusalem</span></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple" title="Solomon's Temple">First</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_captivity" title="Assyrian captivity"><span class="wrap">Assyrian captivity</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity"><span class="wrap">Babylonian captivity</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yehud_Medinata" title="Yehud Medinata">Yehud Medinata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maccabean_Revolt" title="Maccabean Revolt">Maccabean Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty"><span class="wrap">Hasmonean dynasty</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_schisms" title="Jewish schisms">Schisms</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Essenes" title="Essenes">Essenes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zealots" title="Zealots">Zealots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicarii" title="Sicarii">Sicarii</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Judaism" title="Second Temple Judaism">Second Temple Judaism</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic Judaism</a></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_wars" title="Jewish–Roman wars">Jewish–Roman wars</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/First_Jewish-Roman_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Jewish-Roman War">Great Revolt</a></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Diaspora_revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Diaspora revolt">Diaspora</a></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba</a></span>)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_period" title="Rabbinic period">Rabbinic period</a> and Middle Ages</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire">History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Christianity and Judaism"><span class="wrap">Christianity and Judaism</span></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Jews_and_Christmas" title="Jews and Christmas">Jews and Christmas</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism"><span class="wrap">Hinduism and Judaism</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations"><span class="wrap"><span class="nowrap">Islamic–Jewish</span> relations</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_European_Jews_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="History of European Jews in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_Jewish_culture_in_Spain" title="Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain">Golden Age</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Modern era</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabbateans" title="Sabbateans">Sabbateans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_atheism" title="Jewish atheism">Jewish atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_emancipation" title="Jewish emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Yishuv" title="Old Yishuv">Old Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Zionism" title="History of Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Jews in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel" title="History of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict"><span class="wrap"><span class="nowrap">Arab–Israeli</span> conflict</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethnic_divisions" title="Jewish ethnic divisions">Communities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Jews" title="Galician Jews">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvaks" title="Litvaks">Litvak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Teimanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Gruzinim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Jews" title="Mountain Jews">Juhurim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews" title="Bukharan Jews">Bukharim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Jews" title="Italian Jews">Italkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romaniote_Jews" title="Romaniote Jews">Romanyotim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Jews" title="Cochin Jews">Cochinim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bene_Israel" title="Bene Israel">Bene Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Jews" title="Berber Jews">Berber</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Related groups</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Bnei_Anusim" title="Sephardic Bnei Anusim">Bnei Anusim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemba_people" title="Lemba people">Lemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaifeng_Jews" title="Kaifeng Jews">Kaifeng Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_Jews" title="Igbo Jews">Igbo Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-Judaism" title="Crypto-Judaism">Crypto-Jews</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anusim" title="Anusim">Anusim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6nmeh" title="Dönmeh">Dönmeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marrano" title="Marrano">Marranos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neofiti" title="Neofiti">Neofiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xueta" title="Xueta">Xueta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_tribes_of_Arabia" title="Jewish tribes of Arabia">Mosaic Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subbotniks" title="Subbotniks">Subbotniks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noahidism" title="Noahidism">Noahides</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_population_by_country" title="Jewish population by country">Population</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_by_country" title="Judaism by country">Judaism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Jews" title="Lists of Jews">Lists of Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jewish_population_by_country" title="Historical Jewish population by country">Historical population by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_of_Jews" title="Genetic studies of Jews">Genetic studies</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Yishuv" title="Old Yishuv">Old Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yishuv" title="Yishuv">New Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Israeli Jews</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Africa" title="History of the Jews in Africa">Africa</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Algeria" title="History of the Jews in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Angola" title="History of the Jews in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_of_Bilad_el-Sudan" title="Jews of Bilad el-Sudan">Bilad-el-Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Botswana" title="History of the Jews in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cameroon" title="History of the Jews in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cape_Verde" title="History of the Jews in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Benin" title="History of the Jews in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="History of the Jews in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Djibouti" title="History of the Jews in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ethiopia" title="History of the Jews in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Eritrea" title="History of the Jews in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Eswatini" title="History of the Jews in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Gabon" title="History of the Jews in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Gambia" title="History of the Jews in the Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ghana" title="History of the Jews in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guinea" title="History of the Jews in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="History of the Jews in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ivory_Coast" title="History of the Jews in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kenya" title="History of the Jews in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Libya" title="History of the Jews in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Madagascar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Malawi" title="History of the Jews in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mali" title="History of the Jews in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mauritius" title="History of the Jews in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Moroccan_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Moroccan Jews">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mozambique" title="History of the Jews in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Namibia" title="History of the Jews in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Nigeria" title="History of the Jews in Nigeria">Nigeria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Igbo_Jews" title="Igbo Jews">Igbo</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="History of the Jews in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="History of the Jews in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sierra_Leone" title="History of the Jews in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jews_in_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Jews in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_South_Africa" title="History of the Jews in South Africa"><span class="wrap">South Africa</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sudan" title="History of the Jews in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tanzania" title="History of the Jews in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tunisia" title="History of the Jews in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Uganda" title="History of the Jews in Uganda">Uganda</a> (<a href="/wiki/Abayudaya" title="Abayudaya">Abayudaya</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Zambia" title="History of the Jews in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Zimbabwe" title="History of the Jews in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Asia</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Afghanistan" title="History of the Jews in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bahrain" title="History of the Jews in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cambodia" title="History of the Jews in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_China" title="History of the Jews in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_India" title="History of the Jews in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Indonesia" title="History of the Jews in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iran" title="History of the Jews in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq" title="History of the Jews in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Japan" title="History of the Jews in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Jordan" title="History of the Jews in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kazakhstan" title="History of the Jews in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kurdistan" title="History of the Jews in Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kuwait" title="History of the Jews in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="History of the Jews in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Lebanon" title="History of the Jews in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Malaysia" title="History of the Jews in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mongolia" title="History of the Jews in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Myanmar" title="History of the Jews in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_Nepal" title="Judaism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Oman" title="History of the Jews in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Pakistan" title="History of the Jews in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Philippines" title="History of the Jews in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Qatar" title="History of the Jews in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="History of the Jews in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_South_Korea" title="History of the Jews in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Singapore" title="History of the Jews in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sri_Lanka" title="History of the Jews in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Syria" title="History of the Jews in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tajikistan" title="History of the Jews in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Thailand" title="History of the Jews in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Turkey" title="History of the Jews in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="History of the Jews in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Uzbekistan" title="History of the Jews in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Vietnam" title="History of the Jews in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Yemen</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Europe" title="History of the Jews in Europe">Europe</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Armenia" title="History of the Jews in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Austria" title="History of the Jews in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Azerbaijan" title="History of the Jews in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Belarus" title="History of the Jews in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bulgaria" title="History of the Jews in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cyprus" title="History of the Jews in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Czech_lands" title="History of the Jews in the Czech lands">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Denmark" title="History of the Jews in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Estonia" title="History of the Jews in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Finland" title="History of the Jews in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_France" title="History of the Jews in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Germany" title="History of the Jews in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Greece" title="History of the Jews in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hungary" title="History of the Jews in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy" title="History of the Jews in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Latvia" title="History of the Jews in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Lithuania" title="History of the Jews in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Moldova" title="History of the Jews in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Netherlands" title="History of the Jews in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Norway" title="History of the Jews in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland" title="History of the Jews in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Portugal" title="History of the Jews in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia" title="History of the Jews in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Serbia" title="History of the Jews in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Spain" title="History of the Jews in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sweden" title="History of the Jews in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ukraine" title="History of the Jews in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the Jews in the United Kingdom"><span class="wrap">United Kingdom</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Northern America</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Canada" title="History of the Jews in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States" title="History of the Jews in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Greenland" title="Jews in Greenland">Greenland</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="History of the Jews in Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and Caribbean</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Argentina" title="History of the Jews in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bolivia" title="History of the Jews in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Brazil" title="History of the Jews in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Chile" title="History of the Jews in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Colombia" title="History of the Jews in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cuba" title="History of the Jews in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="History of the Jews in the Dominican Republic"><span class="wrap">Dominican Republic</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ecuador" title="History of the Jews in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_El_Salvador" title="History of the Jews in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guyana" title="History of the Jews in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Haiti" title="History of the Jews in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Jamaica" title="History of the Jews in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mexico" title="History of the Jews in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Paraguay" title="History of the Jews in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Peru" title="History of the Jews in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Puerto_Rico" title="History of the Jews in Puerto Rico"><span class="wrap">Puerto Rico</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Suriname" title="History of the Jews in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Uruguay" title="History of the Jews in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Venezuela" title="History of the Jews in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Oceania" title="History of the Jews in Oceania">Oceania</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Australia" title="History of the Jews in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Fiji" title="History of the Jews in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guam" title="History of the Jews in Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_New_Zealand" title="History of the Jews in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Palau" title="History of the Jews in Palau">Palau</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Denominations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism"><span class="wrap">Reform</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Science" title="Jewish Science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Customs</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minyan" title="Minyan">Minyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_wedding" title="Jewish wedding">Wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_clothing" title="Jewish religious clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niddah" title="Niddah">Niddah</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Pidyon_haben" title="Pidyon haben">Pidyon haben</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shidduch" title="Shidduch">Shidduch</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Zeved_habat" title="Zeved habat">Zeved habat</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism" title="Conversion to Judaism"><span class="wrap">Conversion to Judaism</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">Aliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiloni" title="Hiloni">Hiloni</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_music" title="Jewish music">Music</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Jewish_music" title="Religious Jewish music">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Jewish_music" title="Secular Jewish music">Secular</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_art" title="Jewish art">Art</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Jewish_art" title="Ancient Jewish art">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_theatre" title="Yiddish theatre">Yiddish theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_dance" title="Jewish dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_humor" title="Jewish humor">Humour</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine" title="Jewish cuisine">Cuisine</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_cuisine" title="American Jewish cuisine">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine#Ashkenazi" title="Jewish cuisine">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jewish_cuisine" title="Bukharan Jewish cuisine">Bukharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Jewish_cuisine" title="Ethiopian Jewish cuisine">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_cuisine" title="Israeli cuisine">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Israelite_cuisine" title="Ancient Israelite cuisine">Israelite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jewish_cuisine" title="Mizrahi Jewish cuisine">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jewish_cuisine" title="Sephardic Jewish cuisine">Sephardic</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_literature" title="Jewish literature">Literature</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_literature" title="Israeli literature">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_literature" title="Yiddish literature">Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_American_literature" title="Jewish American literature">American</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">Languages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshivish" title="Yeshivish">Yeshivish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Koine_Greek" title="Jewish Koine Greek">Jewish Koine Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevanic_language" title="Yevanic language">Yevanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Judeo-Tat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Sign_Language" title="Israeli Sign Language">Shassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iranian_languages" title="Judeo-Iranian languages">Judaeo-Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Judaeo-Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Gascon" title="Judeo-Gascon">Judeo-Gascon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Jewish_Sign_Language" title="Algerian Jewish Sign Language">Ghardaïa Sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharian_(Judeo-Tajik_dialect)" title="Bukharian (Judeo-Tajik dialect)">Bukharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knaanic_language" title="Knaanic language">Knaanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarphatic_language" title="Zarphatic language">Zarphatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Georgian" title="Judaeo-Georgian">Judaeo-Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Aramaic_languages" title="Judeo-Aramaic languages">Judeo-Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Arabic dialects">Judeo-Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Berber_language" title="Judeo-Berber language">Judeo-Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malayalam" title="Judeo-Malayalam">Judeo-Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domari_language" title="Domari language">Domari</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_politics" title="Judaism and politics">Politics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_political_movements" title="Jewish political movements">Jewish political movements</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Autonomism" title="Jewish Autonomism">Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundism" title="Bundism">Bundism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_left" title="Jewish left">Leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_secularism" title="Jewish secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Territorial_Organization" title="Jewish Territorial Organization">Territorialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Agudath_Israel" title="World Agudath Israel">World Agudath Israel</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Zionists" title="General Zionists">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Zionism" title="Green Zionism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Zionism" title="Labor Zionism">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahanism" title="Kahanism">Kahanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Maximalism" title="Revisionist Maximalism">Maximalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Zionism" title="Neo-Zionism">Neo-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Zionism" title="Revisionist Zionism">Revisionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Zionism" title="Post-Zionism">Post-Zionism</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Category:Jews and Judaism">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jews_and_Judaism_sidebar" title="Template:Jews and Judaism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jews_and_Judaism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Jews and Judaism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jews_and_Judaism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jews and Judaism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Haketia</b> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">חַכִּיתִּיָה</span> <i>Ḥakkītīyā</i>; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الحَكِيتِيَةُ</span> <i>al-Ḥakītiya</i>; <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">Haquetía</i>) (also written as <b>Hakitia</b> or <b>Haquitía</b>) is an <a href="/wiki/Endangered_language" title="Endangered language">endangered</a> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">Jewish</a> <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance language</a> also known as <i>Djudeo Spañol</i>, <i>Ladino Occidental</i>, or Western <a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Judaeo-Spanish</a>. It was historically spoken by the <a href="/wiki/North_African_Sephardim" title="North African Sephardim">North African Sephardim</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Moroccan</a> cities of <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9touan" title="Tétouan">Tétouan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tangier" title="Tangier">Tangier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asilah" title="Asilah">Asilah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Larache" title="Larache">Larache</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chefchaouen" title="Chefchaouen">Chefchaouen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ksar_el-Kebir" title="Ksar el-Kebir">Ksar el-Kebir</a>, and the Spanish towns of <a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tetuani_Ladino" title="Tetuani Ladino">Tetuani Ladino</a> was also spoken in <a href="/wiki/Oran" title="Oran">Oran</a>, Algeria. One of the distinctions between <a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Ladino</a> and Haketia (Haquetia) is that the latter incorporates <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Arabic" title="Moroccan Arabic">Moroccan Arabic</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haketia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name "Haketia" derived from the Arabic <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">حَكَى</span></span> <i>ḥakā</i>, "tell",<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is therefore pronounced with [<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiceless pharyngeal fricative">ħ</a></span>], reflecting the Arabic <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="ح">ح</a></span></span> <i><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ḥāʾ</i></span></i>. In some places it is written "Jaquetía" with the same pronunciation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haketia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The well-known form of Judaeo-Spanish spoken by Jews living in the Balkans, Greece, Turkey and Jerusalem is <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Ladino Oriental</i></span> (eastern <a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Ladino</a>). Haketia may be described by contrast as <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Ladino Occidental</i></span>. The language is a variety of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> that borrows heavily from <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Moroccan_Arabic" title="Judeo-Moroccan Arabic">Judeo-Moroccan Arabic</a>. It evidently also contains a number of words of Hebrew origin and was originally written using <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew letters</a>. There is some cultural resemblance between the two Judaeo-Spanish dialect communities, including a rich shared stock of <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">romanzas</i></span> (ballads) from medieval Spain, though both words and music often differ in detail (as indeed they do between one Oriental-Sephardic community and another). </p><p>The Haketia lexicon is made up mostly of Spanish words but 34.5% of words are from Arabic and 18.5% are from Hebrew. It contains many <a href="/wiki/Calque" title="Calque">calques</a> of Hebrew phrases, such as <i>hiĵas de Israel</i>, a literal translation of the Hebrew phrase <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">בנות ישראל</span></span>, meaning "daughters of Israel"<i>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other words have shifted in meaning. For example, <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">שכן</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃaˈχen]</span>, "neighbor", became <i>sajén</i>, which has taken on the meaning "Christian/Spanish".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Spanish prefixes and suffixes are combined with Hebrew base words.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haketia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Characteristics of Haketia's phonology include:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The pharyngeal fricatives <i>ḥ</i> /ħ/ and <i>ˁ</i> /ʕ/ in words with Arabic or Hebrew roots. For example: <i>ya ḥasrá</i> /ja ħasˈɾa/ ('those were the days!', from Moroccan Arabic يا حسرة /jaː ħasˈɾa/), <i>yˁatik</i> /jʕaˈtik/ ('will give you', from Moroccan Arabic يعاطيك /jʕaːˈtˤiːk/), <i>ḥanukía</i> /ħanuˈki.a/ ('<a href="/wiki/Hanukkiah" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanukkiah">Hanukkiah</a>', from Hebrew חֲנֻכִּיָּה /ħănukkijˈjaː/); <i>Maˁarab</i> /maʕaˈɾab/ ('Morocco', from Hebrew מַעֲרָב 'west' /maʕăˈɾaːv/).</li> <li>The glottal fricative /h/ (frequently voiced [ɦ]) in Hebrew words, like in <i>kehiŀlá</i> /kehilˈla/ ('community', from Hebrew קְהִלָּה /qəhilˈlaː), or Arabic words, like in <i>haraĵ</i> /haˈɾaʒ/ ('uproar', from Moroccan Arabic هرج). An etymological <h> written but no longer pronounced in modern Spanish may be retained in Haketia: <i>hazer</i> /haˈzeɾ/ ('to do'. cf. Modern Spanish <i>hacer</i> /aˈθeɾ/). Word-medial sequences of vowels in hiatus in words of Spanish origin are sometimes interrupted by the insertion of /h/: <i>dihablo</i> /diˈhablo/ ('devil', cf. Spanish <i>diablo</i> /ˈdjablo/) or /ʔ/: <i>ma'uyar</i> /maʔuˈjaɾ/ ('to meow', cf. Spanish <i>maullar</i> /mauˈʎaɾ/). The glottal stop is also sometimes added word-initially to reinforce exclamations or words of encouragement of Spanish origin: <i>'ay!</i> /ʔaj/ ('alas!', cf. Spanish <i>ay</i> /aj/), <i>'anda</i>! /ˈʔanda/ ('go on!', cf. Spanish <i>anda</i> /ˈanda/), <i>'arsa</i> /ˈʔaɾsa/ ('lift it!', cf. Spanish <i>alza</i> /ˈalθa/). On the other hand /ʔ/ is lost in borrowings from Hebrew: gueuŀlá /ɡeulˈla/ ('redemption [of the Jewish people]', from Hebrew גְּאֻלָּה /gəʔulˈlaː/).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The profusion of gemination, especially in loanwords from Arabic or Hebrew, even when absent in the original form, as in <i>berajjá</i> /beɾaxˈxa/ ('blessing', from Hebrew בְּרָכָה /bəɾaːˈxaː/) and <i>azzul</i> /azˈzul/ ('blue', cf. Spanish <i>azul</i> /aˈθul/);<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also, by consonantal assimilation, at word boundaries, like in <i>salimos de Pésaḥ</i> /saˈlimos de ˈpesaħ/ → <i>salímod-de Pésaḥ</i> [saˈlimodde ˈpesaħ] ('at the end of Passover', lit. 'we exited Passover').</li> <li>Words from Moroccan Arabic maintain their original form even when it contradicts the phonotactic rules of Spanish: <i>ghzal</i> /ɣzal/ ('handsome young person', from Moroccan Arabic غزال /ɣzaːl/ 'gazelle, beautiful'), <i>kbir</i> /kbiɾ/ ('notable, chief', from Moroccan Arabic كبير /kbiːɾ/ 'big, great'), <i>ghrib</i> /ɣɾib/ ('foreigner', from Moroccan Arabic غريب /ɣɾiːb/), <i>ḥram</i> /ħɾam/ ('forbidden', from Moroccan Arabic حرام /ħɾaːm/).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The phonemes <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/b/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d/</span>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡ/</span> are pronounced as voiced <a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">stops</a> only after a pause, after a <a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">nasal consonant</a>, when they are geminated or—in the case of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d/</span>—after a <a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">lateral consonant</a>; in all other contexts, they are realized as <a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">fricatives</a> (namely <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiced bilabial fricative">β</a></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">ð</a></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a></span>]</span>) or <a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">approximants</a>. The velar fricative <i>gh</i> /ɣ/ also appears as a phoneme in words from Arabic: <i>guer</i> /geɾ/ ('proselyte', from Hebrew גֵּר /geːɾ/) vs. <i>gher</i> /ɣeɾ/ ('only', from Moroccan Arabic غير /ɣiːɾ/).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">Pharyngealized consonants</a> of Moroccan Arabic and Hebrew (/sˤ/, /dˤ/, /tˤ/) are borrowed as regular consonants (/s/, /d/, /t/): saddik /sadˈdik/ ('saint', from Hebrew צַדִּיק /sˤadˈdiːq/), <i>qaddear</i> /qaddeˈaɾ/ ('to finish, to terminate', from Moroccan Arabic قضى /qdˤa/), terefá /teɾeˈfa/ ('<a href="/wiki/Treif" class="mw-redirect" title="Treif">treif</a>', from Hebrew טְרֵפָה /tˤəɾeːˈfaː/).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>/q/ and /w/ are retained in borrowings from Arabic, but change to /k/ and /v/ in borrowings from Hebrew: qaddear /qaddeˈaɾ/ vs. kehiŀlá /kehilˈla/, waḥsh /waħʃ/ ('nostalgia, longing, missing', from Moroccan Arabic وحش) vs. vadday /vadˈdaj/ ('for sure, of course', from Hebrew וַדַּאי /wadˈdaj/).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Like other dialects of Judeo-Spanish, Haketia has <a href="/wiki/Seseo" class="mw-redirect" title="Seseo">Seseo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ye%C3%ADsmo" title="Yeísmo">Yeísmo</a>: <i>corassón</i> /koɾasˈson/ ('heart', cf. Spanish <i>corazón</i> /koɾaˈθon/), <i>buya</i> /ˈbuja/ ('rowdiness, racket, ruckus', cf. Spanish <i>bulla</i> /ˈbuʎa/).</li> <li>Texts written in Hebrew letters show occurrences of a trilled /r/, as in אוררורוסו /oroˈɾoso/ ('dreadful', cf. Spanish <i>horroroso</i>). In this respect Spanish influence is widespread in Haketia speech, as evidenced in <i>Marruecos</i> /maˈrwekos/ ('Morocco'). Older texts show occurrences of a simple alveolar tap /ɾ/: טיירה /ˈtjeɾa/ ('earth, ground, land', cf. Spanish <i>tierra</i> /ˈtjera/).</li> <li>The voiced sibilant /z/, not only in Hebrew or Arabic words but also in the realization of an original /s/ as a result of assimilation between vowels: <i>laz alegríaz</i> /laz aleˈgɾi.az/ ('the joys', cf. Modern Spanish <i>las alegrías</i> /las aleˈgɾi.as/); this /z/ can evolve in a second phase from sibilant to an interdental fricative [ð]: <i>mozotros</i> /moˈzotɾos/ → [moˈðotɾos] ('we').</li> <li>Under the influence of Moroccan Arabic phonology, the Old Spanish [ʒ] and [dʒ] allophones of the /dʒ/ phoneme merged in Haketia as /ʒ/: <i>ĵudió</i> /ʒuˈdjo/ ('Jew', cf. Eastern Ladino <i>djudyó</i> /dʒuˈdjo/ or <i>djidyó</i> /dʒiˈdjo/).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Like other dialects of Judeo-Spanish, Haketia has retained the postalveolar sibilants of Old Spanish, the voiced <i>ĵ</i> /ʒ/ as in <i>hiĵas</i> /ˈiʒas/ ('daughters', cf. modern Spanish <i>hijas</i> /ˈixas/) and <i>muĵer</i> /muˈʒeɾ/ ('wife, woman', cf. modern Spanish <i>mujer</i> /muˈxeɾ/) and the unvoiced <i>sh</i> /ʃ/ as in <i>shabón</i> /ʃaˈbon/ ('soap', cf. modern Spanish <i>jabón</i> /xaˈbon/) and <i>enshawar</i> /enʃaˈwaɾ/ ('to rinse', cf. modern Spanish <i>enjuagar</i> /enxwaˈgaɾ/); but in spoken Haketia, influenced by modern Spanish <j>, most of these cases are sometimes pronounced as the voiceless velar fricative [x]. /ʃ/ is also a phoneme in Haketia in words of Arabic or Hebrew origin; often it is pronounced [s], principally by women: <i>shabbat shalom</i> /ʃabˈbat ʃaˈlom/ → <i>sabbat salom</i> [sabˈbat saˈlom] ('<a href="/wiki/Jewish_greetings" title="Jewish greetings">Shabbat shalom</a>', from Hebrew שַׁבָּת שָׁלוֹם /ʃabˈbaːθ ʃaːˈloːm/); <i>kiddush</i> /kidˈduʃ/ → <i>kiddús</i> [kidˈdus] ('<a href="/wiki/Kiddush" title="Kiddush">Kiddush</a>' from Hebrew קִדּוּשׁ /qidˈduːʃ/), etc.; next to a voiced consonant, this [s] can become [z]: <i>ḥeshván</i> /ħeʃˈvan/ → ḥezván [ħezˈvan] ('<a href="/wiki/Cheshvan" title="Cheshvan">Cheshvan</a>', from Hebrew חֶשְׁוָן‎ /ħeʃˈwaːn/). On the other hand [ʃ] can also be the realization of an /s/ before a /k/ as in <i>moshca</i> [ˈmoʃka] ('fly', cf. Spanish <i>mosca</i> /ˈmoska/), and <i>bushcar</i> [buʃˈkaɾ] ('to look at', cf. Spanish <i>buscar</i> /busˈkaɾ/).</li> <li>Bilabial consonants become velars before /w/: <i>güeno</i> /ˈgweno/ ~ <i>ueno</i> /ˈweno/ ('good', cf. Spanish <i>bueno</i> /ˈbweno/), <i>cuerta</i> /ˈkweɾta/ ('door, gate', cf. Spanish <i>puerta</i> /ˈpweɾta/).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">Labialization</a> of velar consonants when after /u(n)/ and before /a/: <i>ḥanukká</i> /ħanukˈka/ → <i>ḥanukkwá</i> [ħanukˈkwa] ('<a href="/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah">Hanukkah</a>', from Hebrew חֲנֻכָּה /ħănukˈkaː/), <i>ukuán</i> /uˈkwan/ ('only, nothing more', from Moroccan Arabic وكان /wkaːn/), <i>nuncua</i> /ˈnunkwa/ ('never', cf. Spanish <i>nunca</i> /ˈnunka/), <i>ĵuguada</i> /ʒuˈɡwada/ ('play, move, turn', cf. Spanish <i>jugada</i> /xuˈɡada/).</li> <li>Coalescence of the cluster /nj/ into the palatal nasal /ɲ/: <i>quiñentos</i> /kiˈɲentos/ ('five hundred', cf. Spanish <i>quinientos</i> /kiˈnjentos/).</li> <li>Reduction of /j/ after a stressed /i/: <i>maravía</i> /maɾaˈbi.a/ ('wonder', cf. Spanish <i>maravilla</i> /maɾaˈbiʎa/).</li> <li>In some communities, particularly in Tétouan, consonant elision: <i>poned</i> /poˈned/ → <i>poné</i> [poˈne] ('put [2PL.IMP]'), <i>comites</i> /koˈmites/ → <i>comite</i> [koˈmite] ('you ate').</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonant_Phonemes">Consonant Phonemes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haketia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Consonant Phonemes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">Bilabial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labiodental_consonant" title="Labiodental consonant">Labiodental</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Post-</a> <p><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">alveolar</a> </p> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labialized_velar_consonant" title="Labialized velar consonant">Labiovelar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">Uvular</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_consonant" title="Pharyngeal consonant">Pharyngeal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stop</a>/<a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">Affricate</a> </th> <th>Voiceless </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Voiced </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">g</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <th>Voiceless </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiceless pharyngeal fricative">ħ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Voiced </th> <td rowspan="2">(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiced bilabial fricative">β</a></span>) </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a></span> </td> <td rowspan="2">(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">ð</a></span>) </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiced pharyngeal fricative">ʕ</a></span> </td> <td rowspan="2">(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_glottal_fricative" title="Voiced glottal fricative">ɦ</a></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Flap_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Flap consonant">Tap</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowel_Phonemes">Vowel Phonemes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haketia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Vowel Phonemes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">e</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">a</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morphology">Morphology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haketia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Morphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Native words form the plural by suffixing the morpheme |-s| (which corresponds to /-s/ in words ending with unstressed vowels and /-es/ otherwise). Masculine nouns loaned from Hebrew typically form the plural by suffixing the morpheme |-ˈim|, though some use |-ˈot| instead. For instance, the plural of masculine <i>sefer</i> 'book' is <i>safar<b>im</b></i>, whereas the plural of masculine <i>mazón</i> 'victual' is <i>mezon<b>ot</b></i>. Feminine nouns loaned from Hebrew usually form the plural with |-ˈot|, though some use |-ˈim| instead.</li> <li>The dual number only appears in nouns loaned from Hebrew in certain verses, such as "<i>Mosé subió a los <b>shamaim</b></i>" ("Moses rose to the <b>two heavens</b>"). These nouns form the dual number by suffixing the morpheme |-ˈaim|.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verb_Conjugation">Verb Conjugation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haketia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Verb Conjugation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Regular conjugations: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>-ar verbs </th> <th>-er verbs </th> <th>-ir verbs </th></tr> <tr> <td>Infinitive </td> <td>-ar </td> <td>-er </td> <td>-ir </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gerund </td> <td>-ando </td> <td colspan="2">-iendo </td></tr> <tr> <td>Participle </td> <td>-ado </td> <td colspan="2">-ido </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Present Indicative: Singular </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>-ar verbs </th> <th>-er verbs </th> <th>-ir verbs </th></tr> <tr> <td>First Person </td> <td colspan="3">-oy </td></tr> <tr> <td>Second Person </td> <td>-as </td> <td colspan="2">-es </td></tr> <tr> <td>Third Person </td> <td>-a </td> <td colspan="2">-e </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Present Indicative: Plural </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>-ar verbs </th> <th>-er verbs </th> <th>-ir verbs </th></tr> <tr> <td>First Person </td> <td>-amos </td> <td>-emos </td> <td>-imos </td></tr> <tr> <td>Second Person </td> <td>-áis </td> <td colspan="2">-ís </td></tr> <tr> <td>Third Person </td> <td>-an </td> <td colspan="2">-en </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Imperfect Indicative: Singular </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>-ar verbs </th> <th>-er verbs </th> <th>-ir verbs </th></tr> <tr> <td>First Person </td> <td>-aba </td> <td colspan="2">-ía </td></tr> <tr> <td>Second Person </td> <td>-abas </td> <td colspan="2">-ías </td></tr> <tr> <td>Third Person </td> <td>-aba </td> <td colspan="2">-ía </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Imperfect Indicative: Plural </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>-ar verbs </th> <th>-er verbs </th> <th>-ir verbs </th></tr> <tr> <td>First Person </td> <td>-abamós </td> <td colspan="2">-íamos </td></tr> <tr> <td>Second Person </td> <td>-abais </td> <td colspan="2">-íais </td></tr> <tr> <td>Third Person </td> <td>-aban </td> <td colspan="2">-ían </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Preterite Indicative: Singular </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>-ar verbs </th> <th>-er verbs </th> <th>-ir verbs </th></tr> <tr> <td>First Person </td> <td colspan="3">-í </td></tr> <tr> <td>Second Person </td> <td>-ates </td> <td colspan="2">-ites </td></tr> <tr> <td>Third Person </td> <td>-ó </td> <td colspan="2">-ió </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Preterite Indicative: Plural </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>-ar verbs </th> <th>-er verbs </th> <th>-ir verbs </th></tr> <tr> <td>First Person </td> <td colspan="3">-imos </td></tr> <tr> <td>Second Person </td> <td>-atis </td> <td colspan="2">-itis </td></tr> <tr> <td>Third Person </td> <td>-aron </td> <td colspan="2">-ieron </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Future Indicative: Singular </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>-ar verbs </th> <th>-er verbs </th> <th>-ir verbs </th></tr> <tr> <td>First Person </td> <td>-aré </td> <td>-eré </td> <td>-iré </td></tr> <tr> <td>Second Person </td> <td>-arás </td> <td>-erás </td> <td>-irás </td></tr> <tr> <td>Third Person </td> <td>-ará </td> <td>-erá </td> <td>-irá </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Future Indicative: Plural </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>-ar verbs </th> <th>-er verbs </th> <th>-ir verbs </th></tr> <tr> <td>First Person </td> <td>-aremos </td> <td>-eremos </td> <td>-iremos </td></tr> <tr> <td>Second Person </td> <td>-arís </td> <td>-erís </td> <td>-irís </td></tr> <tr> <td>Third Person </td> <td>-arán </td> <td>-erán </td> <td>-irán </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Singular Conditional </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>-ar verbs </th> <th>-er verbs </th> <th>-ir verbs </th></tr> <tr> <td>First Person </td> <td>-aría </td> <td>-ería </td> <td>-iría </td></tr> <tr> <td>Second Person </td> <td>-arías </td> <td>-erías </td> <td>-irías </td></tr> <tr> <td>Third Person </td> <td>-aría </td> <td>-ería </td> <td>-iría </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Plural Conditional </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>-ar verbs </th> <th>-er verbs </th> <th>-ir verbs </th></tr> <tr> <td>First Person </td> <td>-aríamos </td> <td>-eríamos </td> <td>-iríamos </td></tr> <tr> <td>Second Person </td> <td>-aríais </td> <td>-eríais </td> <td>-iríais </td></tr> <tr> <td>Third Person </td> <td>-arían </td> <td>-erían </td> <td>-irían </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Imperative </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>-ar verbs </th> <th>-er verbs </th> <th>-ir verbs </th></tr> <tr> <td>Singular </td> <td>-a </td> <td colspan="2">-e </td></tr> <tr> <td>Plural </td> <td>-ái </td> <td colspan="2">-í </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Present Subjunctive: Singular </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>-ar verbs </th> <th>-er verbs </th> <th>-ir verbs </th></tr> <tr> <td>First Person </td> <td>-e </td> <td colspan="2">-a </td></tr> <tr> <td>Second Person </td> <td>-es </td> <td colspan="2">-as </td></tr> <tr> <td>Third Person </td> <td>-e </td> <td colspan="2">-a </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Present Subjunctive: Plural </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>-ar verbs </th> <th>-er verbs </th> <th>-ir verbs </th></tr> <tr> <td>First Person </td> <td>-emos </td> <td colspan="2">-amos </td></tr> <tr> <td>Second Person </td> <td>-ís </td> <td colspan="2">-áis </td></tr> <tr> <td>Third Person </td> <td>-en </td> <td colspan="2">-an </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Imperfect Subjunctive: Singular </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>-ar verbs </th> <th>-er verbs </th> <th>-ir verbs </th></tr> <tr> <td>First Person </td> <td>-ara </td> <td colspan="2">-iera </td></tr> <tr> <td>Second Person </td> <td>-aras </td> <td colspan="2">-ieras </td></tr> <tr> <td>Third Person </td> <td>-ara </td> <td colspan="2">-iera </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Imperfect Subjunctive: Plural </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>-ar verbs </th> <th>-er verbs </th> <th>-ir verbs </th></tr> <tr> <td>First Person </td> <td>-aramós </td> <td colspan="2">-ieramós </td></tr> <tr> <td>Second Person </td> <td>-arais </td> <td colspan="2">-ierais </td></tr> <tr> <td>Third Person </td> <td>-aran </td> <td colspan="2">-ieran </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Future Subjunctive: Singular </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>-ar verbs </th> <th>-er verbs </th> <th>-ir verbs </th></tr> <tr> <td>First Person </td> <td>-are </td> <td colspan="2">-iere </td></tr> <tr> <td>Second Person </td> <td>-ares </td> <td colspan="2">-ieres </td></tr> <tr> <td>Third Person </td> <td>-are </td> <td colspan="2">-iere </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Future Subjunctive: Plural </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>-ar verbs </th> <th>-er verbs </th> <th>-ir verbs </th></tr> <tr> <td>First Person </td> <td>-aremós </td> <td colspan="2">-ieremós </td></tr> <tr> <td>Second Person </td> <td>-areis </td> <td colspan="2">-iereis/-ieris </td></tr> <tr> <td>Third Person </td> <td>-aren </td> <td colspan="2">-ieren </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_use">Modern use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haketia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Modern use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Haketia, unlike other varieties of Judaeo-Spanish, did not develop a literary tradition, so the language remained as a colloquial form of communication and was not used as a vehicle for formal education since in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Morocco">Spanish Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> was used, along with <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_Isra%C3%A9lite_Universelle" title="Alliance Israélite Universelle">Alliance Israélite Universelle</a> schools. Due to the influence of the Spanish and French conquests and the large number of Jews from northern Morocco who emigrated to <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>, Spain and later <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, the language was levelled with modern Spanish, which has contributed greatly to its diminution. Nevertheless, there has been a slow renaissance of the language, helped by <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_music#Musicians" title="Sephardic music">musicians</a> such as Vanessa Paloma<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a variety of performances and the recordings of her sound archive KHOYA<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as others such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doris_Benmaman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doris Benmaman (page does not exist)">Doris Benmaman</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doris_Benmaman" class="extiw" title="lad:Doris Benmaman">lad</a>]</span>, <a href="/wiki/Mor_Karbasi" title="Mor Karbasi">Mor Karbasi</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kol_Oud_Tof_Trio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kol Oud Tof Trio (page does not exist)">Kol Oud Tof Trio</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kol_Oud_Tof_Trio" class="extiw" title="lad:Kol Oud Tof Trio">lad</a>]</span>, among others. <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Benoliel" title="José Benoliel">José Benoliel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alegr%C3%ADa_Benday%C3%A1n_de_Bendelac" title="Alegría Bendayán de Bendelac">Alegría Bendayán de Bendelac</a> have both compiled Spanish-Haketía<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dictionaries, published in 1977 and 1995, respectively. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Caracas_Center_of_Sephardic_Studies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caracas Center of Sephardic Studies (page does not exist)">Caracas Center of Sephardic Studies</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentro_de_Estudios_Sefardis_de_Caracas" class="extiw" title="lad:Sentro de Estudios Sefardis de Caracas">lad</a>]</span> regularly publishes articles in Haketia in its magazine <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maguen-Escudo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maguen-Escudo (page does not exist)">Maguen-Escudo</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The language is also spoken in some communities in the Amazon areas of Brazil.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scholarship">Scholarship</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haketia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Scholarship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Benoliel" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Benoliel">Joseph Benoliel</a> collected oral tradition, grammar, and a lexicon. <a href="/wiki/Alegr%C3%ADa_Benday%C3%A1n_de_Bendelac" title="Alegría Bendayán de Bendelac">Alegria Bendelac</a> conducted fieldwork.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nina_Pinto-Abecasis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nina Pinto-Abecasis (page does not exist)">Nina Pinto-Abecasis</a> collected folklore.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vanessa Paloma Elbaz collected many songs from the oral tradition and published extensively on the community and its music in the early twenty first century.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Status">Status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haketia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Decline began as early as 1860 during the Spanish occupation of Tetuan and accelerated as a increasing share of Haketia speakers adopted Modern Spanish. Today Haketia is a declining language with only 1000 speakers remaining, down from 30,000 in 1900.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haketia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECunha200911-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunha200911_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCunha2009">Cunha (2009)</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSisso_Raz" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sisso Raz, Alicia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vocesdehaketia.com/La_Haketia.htm">"La Haketía"</a>. <i>Voces de Haketia</i> (in Spanish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170921064336/http://www.vocesdehaketia.com/La_Haketia.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Voces+de+Haketia&rft.atitle=La+Haket%C3%ADa&rft.aulast=Sisso+Raz&rft.aufirst=Alicia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vocesdehaketia.com%2FLa_Haketia.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaketia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenoliel1977" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Benoliel, José (1977). <i>Dialecto Judeo-hispano-marroquí o Hakitía</i> (in Spanish). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2024</span> – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=KHOYA+Haketia&rft.date=2016-02-29&rft.au=Vanessa+Paloma+Elbaz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DwPCGoq-rvbM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaketia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200107003651/http://www.anajnu.cl/haketia.htm">"Haketía: El Djudeo-Espagnol de la Afrika del Nord"</a>. <i>Anajnu.cl</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anajnu.cl/haketia.htm">the original</a> on 7 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Anajnu.cl&rft.atitle=Haket%C3%ADa%3A+El+Djudeo-Espagnol+de+la+Afrika+del+Nord&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anajnu.cl%2Fhaketia.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaketia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoreno2016" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Moreno, Aviad (14 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-jews-in-the-islamic-world/maguen-escudo-SIM_000773">"Maguén-Escudo"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231110020054/https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-jews-in-the-islamic-world/maguen-escudo-SIM_000773">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Magu%C3%A9n-Escudo&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Jews+in+the+Islamic+World&rft.date=2016-10-14&rft.aulast=Moreno&rft.aufirst=Aviad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopedia-of-jews-in-the-islamic-world%2Fmaguen-escudo-SIM_000773&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaketia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCunha2012" class="citation book cs1">Cunha, Álvaro (2012). <i>Hakitia: o judeu-árabe na Amazônia</i>. São Paulo: Sapientia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hakitia%3A+o+judeu-%C3%A1rabe+na+Amaz%C3%B4nia&rft.place=S%C3%A3o+Paulo&rft.pub=Sapientia&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Cunha&rft.aufirst=%C3%81lvaro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaketia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/haketia">"Haketia"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230330131749/https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/haketia">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=Haketia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Freligion%2Fencyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps%2Fhaketia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaketia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinto-Abecasis2011" class="citation journal cs1">Pinto-Abecasis, Nina (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41306583">"Towards the Inclusion of Nicknames in the Genres of Folklore: The Case of the Former Jewish Community of Tetuan, Morocco"</a>. <i>Folklore</i>. <b>122</b> (2): 135–154. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0015587X.2011.570520">10.1080/0015587X.2011.570520</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0015-587X">0015-587X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41306583">41306583</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147182606">147182606</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327150732/https://www.jstor.org/stable/41306583">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Folklore&rft.atitle=Towards+the+Inclusion+of+Nicknames+in+the+Genres+of+Folklore%3A+The+Case+of+the+Former+Jewish+Community+of+Tetuan%2C+Morocco&rft.volume=122&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=135-154&rft.date=2011&rft.issn=0015-587X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147182606%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41306583%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0015587X.2011.570520&rft.aulast=Pinto-Abecasis&rft.aufirst=Nina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41306583&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaketia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/23219125/THE_POWER_IN_TRANSMISSION_HAKETI_A_AS_A_VECTOR_FOR_WOMEN_S_COMMUNAL_POWER">"The Power in Transmission: Haketía as a Vector for Women's Communal Power"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13629387.2021.1884855">"Jewish music in northern Morocco and the building of sonic identity boundaries"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hesperis-tamuda.com/Downloads/2010-2019/2016/fascicule-3/9.pdf">"<i>De tu boca a los cielos</i>: Jewish Women's Songs in Northern Morocco as Oracles of Communal Holiness</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haketia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCunha2009" class="citation thesis cs1">Cunha, Álvaro (2009). <i>Introdução à fonologia da hakítia</i> (Master's dissertation). <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="University of São Paulo">University of São Paulo</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11606%2FD.8.2009.tde-29032010-140949">10.11606/D.8.2009.tde-29032010-140949</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Introdu%C3%A7%C3%A3o+%C3%A0+fonologia+da+hak%C3%ADtia&rft.inst=University+of+S%C3%A3o+Paulo&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11606%2FD.8.2009.tde-29032010-140949&rft.aulast=Cunha&rft.aufirst=%C3%81lvaro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaketia" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haketia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and 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href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:_Haketia" class="extiw" title="wikt:Category: Haketia"><b><i>Haketia</i></b></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishlanguages.org/haketia">Jewish Language Research website's page on Haketia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esefarad.com/?cat=1361">List of articles written in Haketia at eSefarad.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8142/tde-12092012-095311/pt-br.php">Rodrigues da Cunha, Álvaro Fernando (2012): <i>Narrativa na (língua judaico-marroquina) hakitía</i></a> (Portuguese and English summaries)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=hK0vNUHylYc">YouTube video in Haketia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links_2">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haketia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Hebrew" title="Ashkenazi Hebrew">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Hebrew" title="Sephardi Hebrew">Sephardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Hebrew" title="Mizrahi Hebrew">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Hebrew" title="Italian Hebrew">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Hebrew" title="Yemenite Hebrew">Yemenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Aramaic_languages" title="Judeo-Aramaic languages">Judaeo-Aramaic</a>/<a href="/wiki/Targum_(Aramaic_dialects)" title="Targum (Aramaic dialects)">Targum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Aramaic" title="Biblical Aramaic">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishnaic_Hebrew" title="Mishnaic Hebrew">Talmudic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Babylonian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Babylonian Aramaic">Babylonian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Palestinian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Palestinian Aramaic">Jewish Palestinian Aramaic</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Galilean_dialect" title="Galilean dialect">Galilean</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Barzani" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Barzani">Barzani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Zab_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic" title="Trans-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic">Hulaulá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Zakho" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Zakho">Lishana Deni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Urmia" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Urmia">Lishán Didán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Zab_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic" title="Inter-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic">Lishanid Noshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Betanure" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Betanure">Betanure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic" title="Judeo-Arabic">Judaeo-Arabic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Algerian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Algerian Arabic">Judaeo-Algerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Egyptian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Egyptian Arabic">Judaeo-Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fessi_dialect#Jewish_Fessi_dialect" title="Fessi dialect">Judaeo-Fessi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iraqi_Arabic" title="Judeo-Iraqi Arabic">Judaeo-Iraqi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Jewish_Arabic" title="Baghdad Jewish Arabic">Judaeo-Baghdadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Moroccan_Arabic" title="Judeo-Moroccan Arabic">Judaeo-Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Palestinian_Judeo-Arabic" title="Modern Palestinian Judeo-Arabic">Judaeo-Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tripolitanian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic">Judaeo-Tripolitanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Syrian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Syrian Arabic">Judaeo-Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tunisian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tunisian Arabic">Judaeo-Tunisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Yemeni_Arabic" title="Judeo-Yemeni Arabic">Judaeo-Yemeni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez" title="Geʽez">Geʽez</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Semitic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Semitic languages">Ethiosemitic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayla_dialect" title="Kayla dialect">Kayla</a>/<i><a href="/wiki/Qwara_dialect" title="Qwara dialect">Qwara</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Cushitic_languages" title="Cushitic languages">Cushitic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Berber_language" title="Judeo-Berber language">Judaeo-Berber</a> (<a href="/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Berber</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yiddish_dialects" title="Yiddish dialects">dialects</a>/<i><a href="/wiki/Argot" class="mw-redirect" title="Argot">argots</a></i>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Yiddish">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galitzish" class="mw-redirect" title="Galitzish">Galitzish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Yiddish">Litvish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poylish" class="mw-redirect" title="Poylish">Poylish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_dialects" title="Yiddish dialects">Ukrainish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurtish" class="mw-redirect" title="Udmurtish">Udmurtish</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Klezmer-loshn" title="Klezmer-loshn">Klezmer-loshn</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Yiddish">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Alsatian" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Alsatian">Judaeo-Alsatian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lachoudisch" title="Lachoudisch">Lachoudisch</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots-Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Scots-Yiddish">Scots-Yiddish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_English_varieties" title="Jewish English varieties">Jewish English</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yeshivish" title="Yeshivish">Yeshivish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yinglish" class="mw-redirect" title="Yinglish">Yinglish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heblish" class="mw-redirect" title="Heblish">Heblish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Romance_languages" title="Judaeo-Romance languages">Judaeo-Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Catalan" title="Judaeo-Catalan">Judaeo-Catalan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judaeo-Italian</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Livornese" title="Judeo-Livornese">Judaeo-Livornese</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Mantuan" title="Judeo-Mantuan">Judaeo-Mantuan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Piedmontese" title="Judaeo-Piedmontese">Judaeo-Piedmontese</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Roman_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Roman language">Judaeo-Roman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Judaeo-Spanish</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Haketia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tetuani_Ladino" title="Tetuani Ladino">Tetuani</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Latin" title="Judeo-Latin">Judaeo-Latin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Judeo-Provençal">Judaeo-Provençal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Gascon" title="Judeo-Gascon">Judaeo-Gascon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Portuguese" title="Judaeo-Portuguese">Judaeo-Portuguese</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Aragonese" title="Judaeo-Aragonese">Judaeo-Aragonese</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zarphatic_language" title="Zarphatic language">Zarphatic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iranian_languages" title="Judeo-Iranian languages">Judaeo-Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bukharian_(Judeo-Tajik_dialect)" title="Bukharian (Judeo-Tajik dialect)">Bukhori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Judaeo-Tat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Persian" title="Judeo-Persian">Judaeo-Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Hamedani%E2%80%93Borujerdi" title="Judeo-Hamedani–Borujerdi">Judaeo-Hamedani–Borujerdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Shirazi" title="Judeo-Shirazi">Judaeo-Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_Dari" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian Dari">Judaeo-Yazdi–Kermani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Kashani" title="Judeo-Kashani">Judaeo-Kashani</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Golpaygani" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Golpaygani">Judaeo-Golpaygani</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Koine_Greek" title="Jewish Koine Greek">Jewish Koine Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yevanic_language" title="Yevanic language">Yevanic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hellenic_languages" title="Hellenic languages">Hellenic</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Knaanic_language" title="Knaanic language">Knaanic</a></i>, Pre-1970s <a href="/wiki/Odesan_Russian" title="Odesan Russian">Odesan Russian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Urdu" title="Judeo-Urdu">Judaeo-Urdu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Marathi" title="Judeo-Marathi">Judaeo-Marathi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krymchak_language" title="Krymchak language">Krymchak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karaim_language" title="Karaim language">Karaim</a> (<a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malayalam" title="Judeo-Malayalam">Judaeo-Malayalam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Georgian" title="Judaeo-Georgian">Judaeo-Georgian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">Kartvelian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Papiamento" title="Judaeo-Papiamento">Judaeo-Papiamento</a> (<a href="/wiki/Portuguese-based_creole_languages" title="Portuguese-based creole languages">Portuguese-based Creole</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malay" title="Judeo-Malay">Judaeo-Malay</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Malayic_languages" title="Malayic languages">Malayic</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Sign languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Sign_Language" title="Israeli Sign Language">Israeli Sign Language</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_Sign_Language_family" title="German Sign Language family">German Sign</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Jewish_Sign_Language" title="Algerian Jewish Sign Language">Algerian Jewish Sign Language</a> (<a href="/wiki/Village_sign_language" title="Village sign language">village sign language</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Morocco" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Morocco" title="Template:Languages of Morocco"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Morocco" title="Template talk:Languages of Morocco"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Morocco" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Morocco"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Morocco" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Morocco" title="Languages of Morocco">Languages of Morocco</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">Official languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Moroccan_Tamazight" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Moroccan Tamazight">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a><sup>1</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">Native vernaculars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Arabic" title="Varieties of Arabic">Arabic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Hilalian_Arabic_dialects" title="Pre-Hilalian Arabic dialects">Pre-Hilalian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jebli_Arabic" title="Jebli Arabic">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Moroccan_Arabic" title="Judeo-Moroccan Arabic">Judeo-Moroccan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Hilalian_dialects" title="Hilalian dialects">Hilal-Mâqil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Morocco_Arabic" title="Western Morocco Arabic">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Morocco_Arabic" title="Eastern Morocco Arabic">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassaniya_Arabic" title="Hassaniya Arabic">Hassaniya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Koiné</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Arabic" title="Moroccan Arabic">Darija</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Berber</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Atlas_languages" title="Atlas languages">Atlas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Atlas_Tamazight" title="Central Atlas Tamazight">Central Atlas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilha_language" title="Shilha language">Tashelhit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Berber_language" title="Judeo-Berber language">Judeo-Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanhaja_de_Srair_language" title="Sanhaja de Srair language">Sanhaja de Srair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghomara_language" title="Ghomara language">Ghomara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisan_al-Gharbi" title="Lisan al-Gharbi">Gharbi</a><sup>†</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Zenati_languages" title="Zenati languages">Zenati</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Riffian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Riffian language">Tarifit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Oran_and_Figuig_Berber" title="South Oran and Figuig Berber">Tabeldit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Middle_Atlas_Berber" title="Eastern Middle Atlas Berber">Eastern Middle Atlas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Morocco_Zenati" title="Eastern Morocco Zenati">Eastern Morocco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Western_Romance_languages" title="Western Romance languages">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Lingua_Franca" title="Mediterranean Lingua Franca">Sabir</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Haketia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a><sup>†,4</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Undescribed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Romance" title="African Romance">African Latin</a><sup>†</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_language" title="Foreign language">Main foreign languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_language_in_Morocco" title="French language in Morocco">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a><sup>4</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgical language">Main liturgical languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a><sup>1</sup> <sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a><sup>3</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i><sup>1</sup> <a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Modern Standard Arabic</a></i></li> <li><i><sup>2</sup> <a href="/wiki/Classical_Arabic" title="Classical Arabic">Classical Arabic</a></i></li> <li><i><sup>3</sup> <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Hebrew" title="Medieval Hebrew">Medieval Hebrew</a></i></li> <li><i><sup>4</sup> Formerly native to <a href="/wiki/Morisco" title="Morisco">Moriscos</a>, extinct as native in Morocco</i></li> <li><i><sup>†</sup> Extinct</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ceuta" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ceuta" title="Template:Ceuta"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ceuta" title="Template talk:Ceuta"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ceuta" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ceuta"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ceuta" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Architecture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anyera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anyera (page does not exist)">Anyera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Baths_(Ceuta)" title="Arab Baths (Ceuta)">Arab Baths</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Bien_de_Inter%C3%A9s_Cultural_in_Ceuta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Bien de Interés Cultural in Ceuta (page does not exist)"><i>Bienes de interés cultural</i> in Ceuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_de_los_Dragones" title="Casa de los Dragones">Casa de los Dragones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceuta_Cathedral" title="Ceuta Cathedral">Cathedral of St Mary of the Assumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceuta_border_fence" title="Ceuta border fence">Ceuta border fence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceuta_Heliport" title="Ceuta Heliport">Ceuta Heliport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_San_Francisco,_Ceuta" title="Church of San Francisco, Ceuta">Church of San Francisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_Our_Lady_of_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrine of Our Lady of Africa">Shrine of Our Lady of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ermita_de_San_Antonio" title="Ermita de San Antonio">Ermita de San Antonio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estadio_Alfonso_Murube" title="Estadio Alfonso Murube">Estadio Alfonso Murube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_Tryp_Ceuta" class="mw-redirect" title="Hotel Tryp Ceuta">Hotel Tryp Ceuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punta_Almina_Lighthouse" title="Punta Almina Lighthouse">Punta Almina Lighthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Museum_of_the_Legion" title="Military Museum of the Legion">Military Museum of the Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monumento_del_Llano_Amarillo" title="Monumento del Llano Amarillo">Monumento del Llano Amarillo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosque_of_Muley_El_Mehdi,_Ceuta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mosque of Muley El Mehdi, Ceuta (page does not exist)">Mosque of Muley El Mehdi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palace_of_Assembly_of_Ceuta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palace of Assembly of Ceuta (page does not exist)">Palace of Assembly of Ceuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parque_Mar%C3%ADtimo_del_Mediterr%C3%A1neo" title="Parque Marítimo del Mediterráneo">Parque Marítimo del Mediterráneo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plaza_de_%C3%81frica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plaza de África (page does not exist)">Plaza de África</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Walls_of_Ceuta" title="Royal Walls of Ceuta">Royal Walls of Ceuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marinid_Walls_of_Ceuta" title="Marinid Walls of Ceuta">Marinid Walls of Ceuta</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta"><img alt="Ceuta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Ceuta.svg/84px-Flag_of_Ceuta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="84" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Ceuta.svg/126px-Flag_of_Ceuta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Ceuta.svg/168px-Flag_of_Ceuta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Ceuta" title="Bay of Ceuta">Bay of Ceuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benz%C3%BA" title="Benzú">Benzú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isla_de_Santa_Catalina" title="Isla de Santa Catalina">Isla de Santa Catalina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Hacho" title="Monte Hacho">Monte Hacho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsula_of_Almina" title="Peninsula of Almina">Peninsula of Almina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perejil_Island" title="Perejil Island">Perejil Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pillars_of_Hercules" title="Pillars of Hercules">Pillars of Hercules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playa_Ben%C3%ADtez" title="Playa Benítez">Playa Benítez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playa_Calamocarro" title="Playa Calamocarro">Playa Calamocarro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playa_del_Chorillo" class="mw-redirect" title="Playa del Chorillo">Playa del Chorillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playa_El_Desnarigado" title="Playa El Desnarigado">Playa El Desnarigado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playa_El_Tarajal" title="Playa El Tarajal">Playa El Tarajal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Playa_Miramar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Playa Miramar (page does not exist)">Playa Miramar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playa_de_la_Ribera" title="Playa de la Ribera">Playa de la Ribera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playa_del_Sarchal" class="mw-redirect" title="Playa del Sarchal">Playa del Sarchal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playa_San_Amaro" class="mw-redirect" title="Playa San Amaro">Playa San Amaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Ceuta" title="Port of Ceuta">Port of Ceuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%ADncipe_(Ceuta)" title="Príncipe (Ceuta)">Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punta_Blanca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Punta Blanca (page does not exist)">Punta Blanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tingitan_Peninsula" title="Tingitan Peninsula">Tingitan Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tramaguera" class="mw-redirect" title="Tramaguera">Tramaguera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Septem_(Ceuta)" class="mw-redirect" title="Septem (Ceuta)">Septem (Roman Ceuta)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian,_Count_of_Ceuta" title="Julian, Count of Ceuta">Julian, Count of Ceuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Isam" title="Banu Isam">Banu Isam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taifa_of_Ceuta" title="Taifa of Ceuta">Taifa of Ceuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_and_companions" title="Daniel and companions">Daniel and Companions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Ceuta" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquest of Ceuta">Conquest of Ceuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Algarve" title="Kingdom of the Algarve">Kingdom of the Algarve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Ceuta" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Ceuta">Roman Catholic Diocese of Ceuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ceuta_(1419)" title="Siege of Ceuta (1419)">Siege of Ceuta (1419)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lisbon_(1668)" title="Treaty of Lisbon (1668)">Treaty of Lisbon (1668)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidal_Mar%C3%ADn_del_Campo" class="mw-redirect" title="Vidal Marín del Campo">Vidal Marín del Campo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sieges_of_Ceuta_(1694%E2%80%931727)" title="Sieges of Ceuta (1694–1727)">Sieges of Ceuta (1694–1727)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ceuta_(1790%E2%80%931791)" title="Siege of Ceuta (1790–1791)">Siege of Ceuta (1790–1791)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ceuta" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Ceuta">COVID-19 pandemic in Ceuta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2007_Morocco%E2%80%93Spain_diplomatic_conflict" title="2007 Morocco–Spain diplomatic conflict">2007 Morocco–Spain diplomatic conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caballas_Coalition" title="Caballas Coalition">Caballas Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceuta_(Spanish_Congress_Electoral_District)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceuta (Spanish Congress Electoral District)">Ceuta (Spanish Congress Electoral District)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceuta_(Senate_constituency)" title="Ceuta (Senate constituency)">Ceuta (Senate constituency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceuta_Ya!" title="Ceuta Ya!">Ceuta Ya!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceutan_Democratic_Union" title="Ceutan Democratic Union">Ceutan Democratic Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_and_Social_Party_of_Ceuta" title="Democratic and Social Party of Ceuta">Democratic and Social Party of Ceuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Dignity_and_Citizenship" title="Movement for Dignity and Citizenship">Movement for Dignity and Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Ceuta" title="List of governors of Ceuta">List of governors of Ceuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayor-President_of_Ceuta" title="Mayor-President of Ceuta">Mayor-President of Ceuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_of_Ceuta" title="People's Party of Ceuta">People's Party of Ceuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_the_People_of_Ceuta" title="Socialist Party of the People of Ceuta">Socialist Party of the People of Ceuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Autonomy_of_Ceuta" title="Statute of Autonomy of Ceuta">Statute of Autonomy of Ceuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Muslims_of_Ceuta" title="Union of Muslims of Ceuta">Union of Muslims of Ceuta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceuta_Football_Federation" title="Ceuta Football Federation">Ceuta Football Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divisiones_Regionales_de_F%C3%BAtbol_in_Ceuta_and_Melilla" title="Divisiones Regionales de Fútbol in Ceuta and Melilla">Divisiones Regionales de Fútbol in Ceuta and Melilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estadio_Alfonso_Murube" title="Estadio Alfonso Murube">Estadio Alfonso Murube</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Teams</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AD_Ceuta" title="AD Ceuta">AD Ceuta</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/AD_Ceuta_B" title="AD Ceuta B">AD Ceuta B</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_Ceuta_FC" title="AD Ceuta FC">AD Ceuta FC</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/AD_Ceuta_FC_B" title="AD Ceuta FC B">AD Ceuta FC B</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AgD_Ceuta" title="AgD Ceuta">AgD Ceuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SD_Ceuta" title="SD Ceuta">SD Ceuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AUGC_Deportiva_Ceuta" title="AUGC Deportiva Ceuta">AUGC Deportiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD_Ceuta_6_de_Junio" title="CD Ceuta 6 de Junio">Ceuta 6 de Junio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_Imperio_de_Ceuta_SD" title="Club Imperio de Ceuta SD">Imperio de Ceuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CB_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal" title="CB Ramón y Cajal">Ramón y Cajal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Star" title="Africa Star">Africa Star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Ceuta" title="Coat of arms of Ceuta">Coat of arms of Ceuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Ceuta" title="Flag of Ceuta">Flag of Ceuta</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Haketia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medalla_de_la_Autonom%C3%ADa_de_Ceuta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medalla de la Autonomía de Ceuta (page does not exist)">Medalla de la Autonomía de Ceuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Televisi%C3%B3n_Ceuta" title="Radio Televisión Ceuta">Radio Televisión Ceuta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Melilla" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Melilla" title="Template:Melilla"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Melilla" title="Template talk:Melilla"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Melilla" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Melilla"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Melilla" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Architecture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bien_de_Inter%C3%A9s_Cultural_in_Melilla" title="List of Bien de Interés Cultural in Melilla"><i>Bienes de interés cultural</i> in Melilla</a> (<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anexo:Bienes_de_inter%C3%A9s_cultural_de_Melilla" class="extiw" title="es:Anexo:Bienes de interés cultural de Melilla">es</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melilla_border_fence" title="Melilla border fence">Melilla border fence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estadio_Municipal_%C3%81lvarez_Claro" title="Estadio Municipal Álvarez Claro">Estadio Municipal Álvarez Claro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melilla_Airport" title="Melilla Airport">Melilla Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melilla_la_Vieja" title="Melilla la Vieja">Melilla la Vieja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Melilla" title="Transport in Melilla">Transport in Melilla</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Melilla.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Melilla"><img alt="Coat of arms of Melilla" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Coat_of_Arms_of_Melilla.svg/90px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Melilla.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Coat_of_Arms_of_Melilla.svg/135px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Melilla.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Coat_of_Arms_of_Melilla.svg/180px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Melilla.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="872" data-file-height="1247" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_de_Oro_(Melilla)" title="Río de Oro (Melilla)">Río de Oro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Melilla" title="Conquest of Melilla">Conquest of Melilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Melilla_(1774%E2%80%931775)" title="Siege of Melilla (1774–1775)">Siege of Melilla (1774–1775)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Melillan_campaign" title="First Melillan campaign">First Melillan campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Melillan_campaign" title="Second Melillan campaign">Second Melillan campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_1936_military_uprising_in_Melilla" title="July 1936 military uprising in Melilla">July 1936 military uprising in Melilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Melilla" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Melilla">COVID-19 pandemic in Melilla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2007_Morocco%E2%80%93Spain_diplomatic_conflict" title="2007 Morocco–Spain diplomatic conflict">2007 Morocco–Spain diplomatic conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_of_Melilla" title="People's Party of Melilla">People's Party of Melilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_for_Melilla" title="Coalition for Melilla">Coalition for Melilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melilla_(Spanish_Congress_Electoral_District)" class="mw-redirect" title="Melilla (Spanish Congress Electoral District)">Melilla (Spanish Congress Electoral District)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Melilla_Assembly_election" title="2019 Melilla Assembly election">2019 Melilla Assembly election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Melilla" title="List of governors of Melilla">List of governors of Melilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayor-President_of_Melilla" title="Mayor-President of Melilla">Mayor-President of Melilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Autonomy_of_Melilla" title="Statute of Autonomy of Melilla">Statute of Autonomy of Melilla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Melillan_Football_Federation" title="Royal Melillan Football Federation">Royal Melillan Football Federation</a></li> <li>Ceuta-Melilla derby</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divisiones_Regionales_de_F%C3%BAtbol_in_Ceuta_and_Melilla" title="Divisiones Regionales de Fútbol in Ceuta and Melilla">Divisiones Regionales de Fútbol in Ceuta and Melilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estadio_Municipal_%C3%81lvarez_Claro" title="Estadio Municipal Álvarez Claro">Estadio Municipal Álvarez Claro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Teams</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casino_del_Real_CF" title="Casino del Real CF">Casino del Real</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(dissolved)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD_Hurac%C3%A1n_Melilla" title="CD Huracán Melilla">Huracán Melilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melilla_CD" title="Melilla CD">Melilla CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melilla_CF" title="Melilla CF">Melilla CF</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(dissolved)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SD_Melilla" title="SD Melilla">SD Melilla</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(dissolved)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UD_Melilla_(1943)" title="UD Melilla (1943)">UD Melilla (1943)</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(dissolved)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UD_Melilla" title="UD Melilla">UD Melilla</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/UD_Melilla_B" title="UD Melilla B">UD Melilla B</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_Melilla_Baloncesto" title="Club Melilla Baloncesto">Melilla Baloncesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CF_Rusadir" title="CF Rusadir">Rusadir</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(dissolved)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD_Tercio" title="CD Tercio">Tercio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Melilla" title="Coat of arms of Melilla">Coat of arms of Melilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Melilla" title="Flag of Melilla">Flag of Melilla</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Haketia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melilla_Airlines" title="Melilla Airlines">Melilla Airlines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sephardi_Jewish_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sephardic_Jews_topics" title="Template:Sephardic Jews topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sephardic_Jews_topics" title="Template talk:Sephardic Jews topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sephardic_Jews_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sephardic Jews topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sephardi_Jewish_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardi Jewish</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">Origins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sepharad" title="Sepharad">Sepharad</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_Jewish_culture_in_Spain" title="Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Jews_from_Spain" title="Expulsion of Jews from Spain">Expulsion from Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alhambra_Decree" title="Alhambra Decree">Alhambra Decree</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews_and_Muslims_by_Manuel_I_of_Portugal" title="Persecution of Jews and Muslims by Manuel I of Portugal">Expulsion from Portugal</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Converso" title="Converso">Conversos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Degredado" title="Degredado">Degredados</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lan%C3%A7ados" title="Lançados">Lançados</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marrano" title="Marrano">Marranos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Megorashim" title="Megorashim">Megorashim</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_Jews" title="Maghrebi Jews">Maghrebi Jews</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Christian" title="New Christian">New Christian</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Expulsions_and_exoduses_of_Jews" title="Expulsions and exoduses of Jews">Dispersion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Sephardim" title="Eastern Sephardim">Eastern Mediterranean</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Albania" title="History of the Jews in Albania">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="History of the Jews in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bulgaria" title="History of the Jews in Bulgaria">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Croatia" title="History of the Jews in Croatia">Croatian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dubrovnik_Synagogue" title="Dubrovnik Synagogue">Ragusan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_Synagogue" title="Split Synagogue">Splicani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Alexandria" title="History of the Jews in Alexandria">Alexandria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Greece" title="History of the Jews in Greece">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Rhodes" title="History of the Jews in Rhodes">Rhodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Thessaloniki" title="History of the Jews in Thessaloniki">Thessalonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews_in_Hungary" title="Sephardic Jews in Hungary">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_North_Macedonia" title="History of the Jews in North Macedonia">Macedonian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Monastir" title="History of the Jews in Monastir">Monastir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Yishuv" title="Old Yishuv">Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews_in_Romania" title="Sephardic Jews in Romania">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Serbia" title="History of the Jews in Serbia">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Jews" title="Syrian Jews">Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Turkey" title="History of the Jews in Turkey">Turkish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Istanbul" title="History of the Jews in Istanbul">Istanbulite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_%C4%B0zmir" title="History of the Jews in İzmir">Symirniote</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/North_African_Sephardim" title="North African Sephardim">North Africa</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Algeria" title="History of the Jews in Algeria">Algerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Gibraltar" title="History of the Jews in Gibraltar">Gibraltarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Libya" title="History of the Jews in Libya">Libyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Jews" title="Moroccan Jews">Moroccan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9touan#Jewish_presence" title="Tétouan">Tetuani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tunisia" title="History of the Jews in Tunisia">Tunisian</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Spanish_and_Portuguese_Jews" title="Spanish and Portuguese Jews">Western Europe and overseas</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Colonial_America" title="History of the Jews in Colonial America">American</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Jewish_community_in_Antwerp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Portuguese Jewish community in Antwerp (page does not exist)">Antwerp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews_in_the_Netherlands" title="Sephardic Jews in the Netherlands">Dutch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Aruba" title="History of the Jews in Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cura%C3%A7ao" title="History of the Jews in Curaçao">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Suriname" title="History of the Jews in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_arrival_in_New_Amsterdam" title="Jewish arrival in New Amsterdam">New Amsterdam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Marranos_in_England" title="History of the Marranos in England">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_and_Portuguese_Jews#History" title="Spanish and Portuguese Jews">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Jewish_community_in_Hamburg" title="Portuguese Jewish community in Hamburg">Hamburger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews_in_India" title="Sephardic Jews in India">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paradesi_Jews" title="Paradesi Jews">Paradesi Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Jews#Sephardi_Jews_in_Italy" title="Italian Jews">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Livorno" title="History of the Jews in Livorno">Livornese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Bnei_Anusim" title="Sephardic Bnei Anusim">Crypto-Sephardim</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazonian_Jews" title="Amazonian Jews">Amazonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Belmonte" title="History of the Jews in Belmonte">Belmonte Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xueta" title="Xueta">Xuetas</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_under_Muslim_rule" title="History of the Jews under Muslim rule">History of the Jews under Muslim rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Arab_world" title="Antisemitism in the Arab world">Antisemitism in the Arab world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Islam" title="Antisemitism in Islam">Antisemitism in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_exodus_from_Arab_and_Muslim_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries">Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Berber_language" title="Judeo-Berber language">Judeo-Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Hebrew" title="Sephardi Hebrew">Sephardi Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Arabic languages">Judeo-Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Portuguese" title="Judaeo-Portuguese">Judaeo-Portuguese</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Judaeo-Spanish</a></b> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Haketia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetuani_Ladino" title="Tetuani Ladino">Tetuani Ladino</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Gascon" title="Judeo-Gascon">Judeo-Gascon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagitto" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagitto">Bagitto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Religion and culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Sephardic_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of the Sephardic Jews">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_music" title="Sephardic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_law_and_customs" title="Sephardic law and customs">Rite and customs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sephardi_chief_rabbis_of_the_Land_of_Israel" title="List of Sephardi chief rabbis of the Land of Israel">Sephardi chief rabbi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Haredim" title="Sephardic Haredim">Haredim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_political_movements" title="Jewish political movements">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Panthers_(Israel)" title="Black Panthers (Israel)">Black Panthers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shas" title="Shas">Shas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardim_and_Oriental_Communities" title="Sephardim and Oriental Communities">Sephardim and Oriental Communities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major communal organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Sephardi_Federation" title="American Sephardi Federation">American Sephardi Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Community_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi Community Council">Sephardi Community Council</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Sephardi_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="World Sephardi Federation (page does not exist)">World Sephardi Federation</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA" class="extiw" title="he:הפדרציה הספרדית העולמית">he</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Studies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caracas_Center_of_Sephardic_Studies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caracas Center of Sephardic Studies (page does not exist)">Caracas Center of Sephardic Studies</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centro_de_Estudios_Sefard%C3%ADes_de_Caracas" class="extiw" title="es:Centro de Estudios Sefardíes de Caracas">es</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foundation_for_the_Advancement_of_Sephardic_Studies_and_Culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foundation for the Advancement of Sephardic Studies and Culture (page does not exist)">Foundation for the Advancement of Sephardic Studies and Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_for_Sephardic_Studies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Institute for Sephardic Studies (page does not exist)">Institute for Sephardic Studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosephardism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philosephardism (page does not exist)">Philosephardism</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosefardismo" class="extiw" title="es:Filosefardismo">es</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sephardization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sephardization (page does not exist)">Sephardization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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